659:", and were also called the "Khan of Chīn". The Qara Khitai used the "image of China" to legitimize their rule to the Central Asians. The Chinese emperor, together with the rulers of the Turks, Arabs, India and the Byzantine Romans, were known to Islamic writers as the world's "five great kings". Qara Khitai kept the trappings of a Chinese state, such as Chinese coins, Chinese imperial titles, the Chinese writing system, tablets, seals, and used Chinese products like porcelain, mirrors, jade and other Chinese customs. The adherence to Liao Chinese traditions has been suggested as a reason why the Qara Khitai did not convert to
1947:
1631:
53:
322:
487:
433:
712:, which is the medieval Latin appellation for China. Names derived from Khitai are still current in modern usage, such as the Russian, Bulgarian, Uzbek and Mongolian names for China. However, the use of the name Khitai to mean "China" or "Chinese" by
1016:
in 1864, the
Russians took it, and many writers affirm that mistaking its name for that of the entire region, they adopted the appellation of "Turkestan" for their new territory. Up to that time, they assure us
469:
sale contract of a female slave from the period of the
Gaochang kingdom under the rule of Qu clan and mentioned the Sogdian word "twrkstn", which may have referred to the lands to the east and north of
689:
has the effect of reinforcing the view among some Muslim writers that
Central Asia was linked to China even though the Tang dynasty had lost control of the region a few hundred years ago.
407:) was called Turkestan (Turk land), although they were both inhabited by linguistically Turkic ethnic groups. Beginning in the nineteenth century, the term Turkestan was also applied to
428:
1274:
2953:
These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas.
539:, and, through nomadic settlement, started their long journey westwards. Much earlier than the Gokturks or their Orkhon Inscriptions, other groups such as the
1145:
562:
dynasty subsequently conquered it and the area experienced economic success. The entire territory was held at various times by Turkic forces, such as the
339:
663:. Despite the Chinese trappings, there were comparatively few Han Chinese among the population of the Qara Khitai. These Han Chinese had lived in
2537:
2922:
114:). The region is located in the northwest of modern day China and to the northwest of its borders, and extends directly to the east of the
2982:
932:
The name
Turkestan is of Persian origin and was apparently first used by Persian geographers to describe "the country of the Turks". The
708:
The association of Khitai with China meant that the most enduring trace of the Khitan's power is names that are derived from it, such as
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1904:
1428:
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ethnic origins gained prestige by portraying themselves as the legitimate dynasty of China. Qara Khitai monarchs used the title of "
2955:
1619:
664:
1289:
1128:
1541:
The Heart of Asia: A History of
Russian Turkestan and the Central Asian Khanates from the Earliest Times by Edward Den Ross.
145:
Throughout history, the area has been conquered and reconquered by several different groups and countries, including the
1160:
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1597:
1371:
1352:
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was a former part of China, while Fakhr al-Dīn Mubārak Shāh defined China as part of "Turkestan", and the cities of
1388:
729:
380:
2246:
2698:
842:
2917:
2532:
1946:
2580:
617:
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1532:
Mission to
Turkestan: Being the memoirs of Count K.K. Pahlen, 1908–1909 by Konstantin Konstanovich Pahlen.
1005:
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1612:
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1344:
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35:
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are some of the Turkic inhabitants of the region who, as history progressed, have spread further into
2997:
1120:
641:
2294:
1550:
1464:
1460:. "Sowjetrußische Orientpolitik am Beispiel Turkestan. "Köln-Berlin: Kiepenhauer & Witsch, 1956
508:
The history of the
Central Asian region that was later called Turkestan dates back to at least the
930:. London, England, St. Antony's College (University of Oxford): Central Asian Research Centre: 3.
2322:
2266:
2013:
2009:
1849:
1667:
1662:
1515:
Baymirza Hayit. "Some thoughts on the problem of
Turkestan" Institute of Turkestan Research, 1984
503:
77:
516:
were produced in that period, with much trade being conducted. The region was a focal point for
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1917:
1894:
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1605:
793:
765:
603:
513:
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832:
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1305:
1114:
682:, Jurchen, and Mongol tribes, as well as other Khitans in addition to the Xiao consort clan.
632:
2942:
2005:
1724:
1679:
1590:
446:) in 1864. Mistaking its name for the entire region, they adopted the name of "Turkestan" (
8:
2683:
2302:
1927:
1749:
1571:
1080:
532:
388:
89:
1337:
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rulers took over
Eastern Central Asia, which was centuries later also called Turkestan.
189:
when approached from the south, emphasizing
Turkestan's long-standing relationship with
2977:
2678:
2527:
2500:
1734:
1627:
1525:
Baymirza Hayit. "Basmatschi: Nationaler Kampf Turkestans in den Jahren 1917 bis 1934."
1377:
986:
936:
revived the word as a convenient name for the governorate-general established in 1867 (
517:
491:
1339:
The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: between China and the Islamic World
2987:
2819:
2738:
2491:
2238:
1912:
1824:
1799:
1789:
1784:
1754:
1694:
1418:
David Christian "A History Of Russia, Central Asia, and Mongolia" (Oxford) 1998 Vol.I
1367:
1348:
1311:
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1046:
978:
962:
838:
509:
455:
376:
344:
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127:
99:
1381:
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took over the western portion of Turkestan in 1369, and the area became part of the
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2542:
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2298:
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2262:
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2223:
2176:
2078:
2041:
1932:
1869:
1864:
1829:
1779:
1704:
1684:
1644:
1445:
776:
748:
713:
656:
579:
466:
447:
439:
354:
278:
123:
68:
31:
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1674:
1409:
185:
by western travelers. The latter two names refer to its position beyond the River
2938:
Organization of the Eurasian Law Enforcement Agencies with Military Status (TAKM)
2620:
2597:
2570:
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document from 639 CE was found in the Astana district of Turpan, which recorded
267:
122:, as well as Russian and Tajik-Persian minorities. Turkestan is subdivided into
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2703:
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1955:
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1834:
1809:
1794:
1714:
1652:
1635:
1457:
1436:
933:
804:
587:
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412:
383:, Turkestan historically referred only to the western portion of Central Asia:
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95:
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2106:
2091:
2056:
1963:
1879:
1859:
1844:
1585:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 419–426.
1576:
1494:
Baymirza Hayit. "Documents: Soviet Russia's Anti-Islam-Policy in Turkestan. "
1488:
1403:
982:
870:
575:
563:
298:
1495:
720:, is considered pejorative by the Chinese authorities, who tried to ban it.
675:
535:, in the 8th century AD, state that Turkic peoples originated in the nearby
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2184:
2146:
1998:
1968:
947:
686:
648:
637:
621:
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46:
1549:
967:"The Formation of Modern Turkic 'Ethnic' Groups in Central and Inner Asia"
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1421:
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591:
396:
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294:
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1469:
The Arts and Crafts of Turkestan (Arts & Crafts) by Johannes Kalter.
990:
966:
2814:
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2635:
2615:
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1814:
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in the early 2nd century BC. With the dissolution of the Huns' Empire,
443:
286:
2441:
371:. Persian geographers first used the word to describe the place where
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1982:
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during the Liao dynasty, and in 1124 migrated with the Khitans under
544:
528:
521:
471:
400:
251:
205:
2849:
903:
Never a single nation, the name Turkestan means simply the place of
142:, where Turkic peoples constitute more than half of the population.
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2769:
2718:
2673:
2522:
2496:
2471:
2421:
2396:
2213:
2026:
1990:
1974:
1519:
1406:"Turkestan Down to the Mongol Invasion" (London) 1968 (3rd Edition)
834:
The Monumental Inscriptions from Early Islamic Iran and Transoxiana
408:
404:
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139:
111:
52:
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1570:
1472:
The Desert Road to Turkestan (Kodansha Globe) by Owen Lattimore.
1303:
1079:
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2121:
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1030:
709:
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335:
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178:
42:
1478:
Turkestan and the Fate of the Russian Empire by Daniel Brower.
2896:
2481:
2416:
2151:
1194:
1026:
660:
583:
548:
387:
The Eastern part of Central Asia (inhabited by nomads of the
358:
170:
1304:
James A. Millward; Peter C. Perdue (2004). S.F.Starr (ed.).
30:"Turkistan" redirects here. For the city in Kazakhstan, see
2937:
2713:
1538:
Tribal Rugs from Afghanistan and Turkestan by Jack Frances.
1362:
Rezakhani, Khodadad (2017). "East Iran in Late Antiquity".
552:
190:
186:
146:
1518:
Baymirza Hayit. "Islam and Turkestan Under Russian Rule."
837:. Leiden/New York/Copenhagen/Cologne: Brill. p. 115.
594:
and continued to be ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan.
399:(“Mongol land”). The Western part (inhabited by nomads of
1508:
Baymirza Hayit. "Turkestan Zwischen Russland Und China. "
1484:
Turkestan Reunion (Kodansha Globe) by Eleanor Lattimore.
498:, showing the 11th century distribution of Turkic tribes
177:, western Turkestan has also been known historically as
1254:
851:
2923:
International Organization of Turkic Culture (TÜRKSOY)
1475:
Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion. by W. BARTHOLD.
1364:
ReOrienting the Sasanians: East Iran in Late Antiquity
1242:
1589:
Turkestan avant-garde. Exhibition catalog. Design by
1433:(Baltimore) 1954, 183 pp., complete text online.
1007:
In Russian Turkestan: a garden of Asia and its people
624:. The history of the Qara Khitai was included in the
82:
2374:
1230:
1218:
1206:
871:"Turkistan | Map, History, & Facts | Britannica"
798:
770:
574:
in 1220. Genghis Khan gave the territory to his son
1560:. Vol. XXIII (9th ed.). pp. 631–640.
1487:Turkestan Solo: A Journey Through Central Asia, by
1182:
1170:
1094:
1069:
1067:
1065:
590:. The eastern portion of Turkestan was also called
181:, "Ma wara'u'n-nahr" (by its Arab conquerors), and
1336:
1146:"Like a Might Wall: The armies of the Qara Khitai"
1090:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). pp. 419–426.
2969:
1465:Basmachi: Turkestan National Liberation Movement
1062:
161:also included the majority of Turkestan's land.
102:in Central Asia corresponding to the regions of
1564:
1501:Baymirza Hayit. "Turkestan im XX Jahrhundert. "
1073:
1044:
138:in China). Today, "Turkestan" mainly refers to
1366:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–256.
678:along with other people of Kedun, such as the
419:On their way southward during the conquest of
367:) had historically never referred to a single
329:
285:(the latter of which extended in the south to
56:The Turkestan region is noted on this 1914 map
1613:
937:
611:
362:
2956:State with limited international recognition
1106:
685:Qara Khitai's rule over the Muslim-majority
636:), which was compiled officially during the
610:is most commonly called the "Western Liao" (
316:
1275:"Chapter 11 – The Kitan and the Kara Kitay"
896:
555:forces captured it in the 8th century. The
531:" legend, and written sources, such as the
1620:
1606:
1430:The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia
1424:"A History of Inner Asia" (Cambridge) 2000
1280:, in Asimov, M.S.; Bosworth, C.E. (eds.),
1137:
1116:Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang
1593:. M.: State Museum of Oriental Art, 2009.
1544:
1361:
1284:, vol. 4 part I, UNESCO Publishing,
892:
890:
857:
330:
1903:
1282:History of Civilisations of Central Asia
1112:
543:conquered the area after they conquered
485:
320:
51:
1535:Turkestan: The Heart of Asia by Curtis.
897:Clewell, Gladys D.; Thompson, Holland.
616:) and is considered to be a legitimate
334:), from the November 1931 issue of the
14:
2970:
1481:Tiger of Turkestan by Nonny Hogrogian.
1266:
1003:
950:, etc., came into use only after 1924.
917:
915:
887:
118:. Turkestan is primarily inhabited by
1601:
1334:
1272:
1260:
1248:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1200:
1188:
1176:
1153:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam
1143:
1100:
899:Lands and Peoples: The world in color
830:
1307:Xinjiang: China's Muslim Boarderland
1045:豊, 吉田; 孝夫, 森安; 新疆ウィグル自治区博物館 (1988).
961:
939:Туркестанское генерал-губернаторство
597:
274:form sizable non-Turkic minorities.
912:
788:
716:speakers within China, such as the
363:
328:-language map depicting Turkestan (
72:
24:
2983:Subdivisions of the Russian Empire
1498:: Gerhard von Mende, 2 vols, 1958.
1396:
25:
3014:
375:lived. According to ethnographer
153:, various Turkic forces, and the
136:Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region
27:Historical region in Central Asia
1945:
1629:
1440:Работы по Исторической Географии
1033:were known by these names alone.
730:Russian conquest of Central Asia
429:Nikolai Aleksandrovich Veryovkin
149:, the Chinese, Arab forces, the
2928:Parliamentary Assembly (TURKPA)
1297:
971:The Hungarian Historical Review
705:were considered part of China.
250:, and subnational regions like
246:forming such Turkic nations as
1038:
1004:Meakin, Annette M. B. (1903).
997:
955:
922:"Soviet Affairs Study Group".
863:
824:
742:
13:
1:
2918:Organization of Turkic States
817:
297:Seas and in the northeast to
1546:Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch
1450:Work on Historical Geography
1012:On their way southward from
901:. Vol. 3. p. 163.
7:
1448:translation: V.V. Barthold
1310:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 43.
1113:Millward, James A. (2007).
799:
771:
723:
651:, various dynasties of non-
527:Turkic sagas, such as the "
391:and settled peoples of the
164:
83:
10:
3019:
1345:Cambridge University Press
1328:
501:
481:
40:
36:Turkestan (disambiguation)
29:
2993:Geography of Central Asia
2951:
2910:
2874:
2757:
2731:
2644:
2596:
2589:
2510:
2459:
1954:
1943:
1643:
1121:Columbia University Press
938:
760:
752:
620:, as is the case for the
612:
451:
423:in the 19th century, the
361:), the term "Turkestan" (
317:Etymology and terminology
2533:Timeline of the Göktürks
1055:
1047:
735:
578:and the area became the
566:, until the conquest by
41:Not to be confused with
1582:Encyclopædia Britannica
1557:Encyclopædia Britannica
1529:: Dreisam-Verlag, 1993.
1203:, p. 102, 196–201.
1087:Encyclopædia Britannica
504:History of Central Asia
403:and settled peoples of
2247:Bosnia and Herzegovina
1335:Biran, Michal (2005).
1144:Biran, Michal (2001).
831:Blair, Sheila (1992).
808:
780:
647:After the fall of the
604:Chinese historiography
499:
476:First Turkic Khaganate
417:
350:
277:It is subdivided into
57:
34:. For other uses, see
2744:Proto-Turkic language
2375:Extinct Turkic groups
1565:Bealby, John Thomas;
1389:registration required
1074:Bealby, John Thomas;
633:Twenty-Four Histories
502:Further information:
489:
385:
324:
289:, in the west to the
55:
2943:World Turks Qurultai
1463:Hasan Bülent Paksoy
1413:L'empire des steppes
1382:10.3366/j.ctt1g04zr8
1159:: 46. Archived from
924:Central Asian Review
512:millennium BC. Many
496:Dīwān Lughat al-Turk
474:in the realm of the
2684:Karachay-Cherkessia
1512:: Philo Press, 1971
533:Orkhon Inscriptions
456:their new territory
389:Tien Shan Mountains
305:) in the west, and
3003:Historical regions
2875:Traditional sports
2679:Kabardino-Balkaria
2299:Meskhetia (Ahiska)
1522::Can Matbaa, 1987.
1427:E. D. Sokol,
1273:Sinor, D. (1998),
1048:麹氏高昌国時代ソグド文女奴隷売買文書
963:Kara, Dávid Somfai
875:www.britannica.com
518:cultural diffusion
500:
492:Mahmud al-Kashgari
351:
58:
2963:
2962:
2739:Old Turkic script
2727:
2726:
2538:Timeline 500–1300
2455:
2454:
1941:
1940:
1800:Kipchak languages
1755:Karamanli Turkish
1572:"Turkestan"
1551:"Turkestan"
1291:978-92-3-103467-1
1263:, p. 99–101.
1130:978-0-231-13924-3
1081:"Turkestan"
797:
769:
598:Chinese influence
440:city of Turkistan
377:Dávid Somfai Kara
307:Chinese Turkestan
283:Russian Turkestan
128:Russian Turkestan
100:historical region
94:'land of the
93:
81:
16:(Redirected from
3010:
2998:Cultural regions
2785:Tibetan Buddhism
2765:Turkic mythology
2646:Autonomous areas
2598:Sovereign states
2594:
2593:
2372:
2371:
2354:
2329:
2226:
2203:
2165:
2116:
2081:
2042:Crimean Karaites
2016:
1993:
1949:
1901:
1900:
1780:Khorasani Turkic
1634:
1633:
1632:
1622:
1615:
1608:
1599:
1598:
1586:
1574:
1567:Kropotkin, Peter
1561:
1553:
1392:
1385:
1358:
1342:
1322:
1321:
1301:
1295:
1294:
1279:
1270:
1264:
1258:
1252:
1251:, p. 98–99.
1246:
1240:
1234:
1228:
1222:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1186:
1180:
1174:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1150:
1141:
1135:
1134:
1123:. pp. 42–.
1110:
1104:
1098:
1092:
1091:
1083:
1076:Kropotkin, Peter
1071:
1060:
1059:
1042:
1036:
1035:
1001:
995:
994:
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953:
952:
941:
940:
919:
910:
909:
894:
885:
884:
882:
881:
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855:
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848:
828:
811:
802:
792:
790:
774:
764:
762:
754:
746:
673:
615:
614:
580:Chagatai Khanate
453:
442:(in present-day
437:
415:by the Russians.
381:Russian conquest
366:
365:
348:
333:
332:
279:Afghan Turkestan
124:Afghan Turkestan
88:
86:
76:
74:
32:Turkistan (city)
21:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2947:
2906:
2870:
2753:
2723:
2640:
2621:Northern Cyprus
2585:
2571:Altai Mountains
2506:
2451:
2370:
2350:
2295:North Macedonia
2237:
2218:
2175:
2161:
2157:Siberian Tatars
2112:
2097:Khorasani Turks
2077:
2004:
1973:
1950:
1937:
1899:
1820:Ottoman Turkish
1740:Karachay-Balkar
1639:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1596:
1399:
1397:Further reading
1386:
1374:
1355:
1331:
1326:
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1318:
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1292:
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1267:
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1211:
1207:
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1195:
1187:
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1175:
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1163:
1148:
1142:
1138:
1131:
1111:
1107:
1099:
1095:
1072:
1063:
1057:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1002:
998:
960:
956:
921:
920:
913:
905:Turkish peoples
895:
888:
879:
877:
869:
868:
864:
856:
852:
845:
829:
825:
820:
815:
814:
803:
783:
775:
755:
747:
743:
738:
726:
667:
657:Chinese emperor
627:History of Liao
618:Chinese dynasty
600:
537:Altai Mountains
506:
484:
431:
379:, prior to the
342:
319:
281:and historical
214:(also known as
195:Persian Empires
167:
63:, also spelled
50:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3000:
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2990:
2985:
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2949:
2948:
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2945:
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2933:Turkic Academy
2930:
2925:
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2914:
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2908:
2907:
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2899:
2894:
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2863:
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2853:
2847:
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2830:Khalwati order
2827:
2822:
2817:
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2810:Bektashi Order
2807:
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2711:
2706:
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2696:
2691:
2689:Karakalpakstan
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2654:Altai Republic
2650:
2648:
2642:
2641:
2639:
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2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
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2600:
2591:
2587:
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2562:
2555:Nomadic empire
2552:
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2530:
2525:
2520:
2514:
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2368:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2355:
2342:
2337:
2332:
2331:
2330:
2323:Western Thrace
2229:
2228:
2227:
2211:
2206:
2205:
2204:
2168:
2167:
2166:
2154:
2149:
2144:
2139:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2119:
2118:
2117:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2083:
2082:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2047:Crimean Tatars
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2018:
2017:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1966:
1960:
1958:
1952:
1951:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1915:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1892:
1887:
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Siberian Tatar
1847:
1842:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1817:
1812:
1807:
1802:
1797:
1792:
1787:
1782:
1777:
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1752:
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1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
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1677:
1672:
1671:
1670:
1665:
1655:
1649:
1647:
1641:
1640:
1625:
1624:
1617:
1610:
1602:
1595:
1594:
1587:
1577:Chisholm, Hugh
1562:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1523:
1516:
1513:
1506:
1499:
1492:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1473:
1470:
1467:
1461:
1458:Baymirza Hayit
1455:
1454:
1453:
1442:(Moscow) 2002
1437:Vasily Bartold
1434:
1425:
1419:
1416:
1407:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1393:
1372:
1359:
1353:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1323:
1316:
1296:
1290:
1265:
1253:
1241:
1239:, p. 146.
1229:
1227:, p. 27–.
1217:
1215:, p. 96–.
1205:
1193:
1181:
1169:
1166:on 2015-12-10.
1136:
1129:
1105:
1093:
1061:
1037:
1010:. p. 44.
996:
954:
934:Russian Empire
911:
886:
862:
860:, p. 178.
858:Rezakhani 2017
850:
843:
822:
821:
819:
816:
813:
812:
740:
739:
737:
734:
733:
732:
725:
722:
599:
596:
588:Timurid Empire
524:traversed it.
483:
480:
413:Mawara-an-nahr
373:Turkic peoples
340:Yash Turkistan
318:
315:
311:East Turkestan
166:
163:
151:Persian Empire
132:East Turkistan
120:Turkic peoples
108:East Turkestan
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3015:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2975:
2973:
2966:
2957:
2950:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2915:
2913:
2911:Organizations
2909:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2879:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2866:Vattisen Yaly
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
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2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
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2766:
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2760:
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2750:
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2736:
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2730:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2659:Bashkortostan
2657:
2655:
2652:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2619:
2617:
2614:
2612:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2599:
2595:
2592:
2588:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2568:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2549:
2548:Turkification
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2464:
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2458:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
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2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
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2383:
2380:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2347:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2333:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2280:
2276:
2272:
2268:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
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2240:
2235:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2172:
2169:
2164:
2163:Baraba Tatars
2160:
2159:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2143:
2140:
2138:
2135:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2109:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
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2075:
2074:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1972:
1971:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1924:
1921:
1919:
1918:Common Turkic
1916:
1914:
1911:
1910:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1895:Western Yugur
1893:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1861:
1858:
1856:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
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1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1816:
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1796:
1793:
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1773:
1771:
1768:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1711:
1710:Crimean Tatar
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1648:
1646:
1642:
1637:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1552:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1521:
1517:
1514:
1511:
1507:
1505:: Leske, 1956
1504:
1500:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1489:Ella Maillart
1486:
1483:
1480:
1477:
1474:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1452:(Moscow) 2002
1451:
1447:
1444:
1443:
1441:
1438:
1435:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1423:
1420:
1417:
1414:
1411:
1410:René Grousset
1408:
1405:
1404:V.V. Barthold
1402:
1401:
1390:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1373:9781474400305
1369:
1365:
1360:
1356:
1354:9780521842266
1350:
1346:
1343:. Cambridge:
1341:
1340:
1333:
1332:
1319:
1317:9781317451372
1313:
1309:
1308:
1300:
1293:
1287:
1283:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1257:
1250:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1221:
1214:
1209:
1202:
1197:
1191:, p. 97.
1190:
1185:
1179:, p. 34.
1178:
1173:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1147:
1140:
1132:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1117:
1109:
1103:, p. 93.
1102:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1082:
1077:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1056:神戸市外国語大学外国学研究
1054:
1053:神戸市外国語大学外国学研究
1050:
1041:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1015:
1009:
1008:
1000:
992:
988:
984:
980:
977:(1): 98–110.
976:
972:
968:
964:
958:
951:
949:
945:
942:); the terms
935:
929:
925:
918:
916:
908:
906:
900:
893:
891:
876:
872:
866:
859:
854:
846:
840:
836:
835:
827:
823:
810:
806:
801:
795:
786:
782:
778:
773:
767:
758:
750:
745:
741:
731:
728:
727:
721:
719:
715:
711:
706:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
671:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
645:
643:
639:
635:
634:
629:
628:
623:
619:
609:
605:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
558:
554:
550:
546:
542:
538:
534:
530:
525:
523:
519:
515:
511:
505:
497:
493:
488:
479:
477:
473:
468:
464:
459:
457:
449:
445:
441:
435:
430:
426:
422:
416:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
395:) was called
394:
390:
384:
382:
378:
374:
370:
360:
356:
346:
341:
337:
327:
323:
314:
313:in the east.
312:
308:
304:
300:
299:Lake Balkhash
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
275:
273:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
207:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
162:
160:
156:
152:
148:
143:
141:
137:
133:
129:
125:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
101:
98:'), is a
97:
91:
85:
79:
70:
66:
62:
54:
48:
44:
37:
33:
19:
2965:
2845:Qalandariyya
2820:Christianity
2631:Turkmenistan
2569: /
2560:Turco-Mongol
2517:
1999:Azerbaijanis
1580:
1555:
1449:
1439:
1429:
1415:(Paris) 1965
1412:
1363:
1338:
1306:
1299:
1281:
1268:
1256:
1244:
1232:
1220:
1208:
1196:
1184:
1172:
1161:the original
1156:
1152:
1139:
1115:
1108:
1096:
1085:
1052:
1040:
1011:
1006:
999:
974:
970:
957:
948:Turkmenistan
931:
927:
923:
902:
898:
878:. Retrieved
874:
865:
853:
833:
826:
744:
707:
687:Central Asia
684:
649:Tang dynasty
646:
638:Yuan dynasty
631:
630:(one of the
625:
622:Liao dynasty
601:
568:Genghis Khan
526:
507:
460:
421:Central Asia
418:
386:
369:nation state
357:origin (see
352:
276:
210:
168:
144:
64:
60:
59:
47:Turkmenistan
2835:Malamatiyya
2487:Pan-Turkism
2467:Grey Wolves
2432:Oghuz Turks
2352:Afghanistan
2137:Qarai Turks
2067:Karakalpaks
1835:Sakha/Yakut
1725:Fuyü Gïrgïs
1680:Azerbaijani
1591:Petr Maslov
1422:Svat Soucek
695:Transoxiana
693:wrote that
668: [
608:Qara Khitai
592:Moghulistan
461:In 1969, a
432: [
397:Moghulistan
393:Tarim Basin
343: [
303:Lake Zaysan
212:Oghuz Turks
183:Transoxiana
159:Qara Khitai
116:Caspian Sea
104:Transoxiana
2972:Categories
2815:Burkhanism
2780:Aiyy Faith
2699:Nakhchivan
2636:Uzbekistan
2616:Kyrgyzstan
2611:Kazakhstan
2606:Azerbaijan
2477:Burkhanism
2303:Montenegro
2267:Dodecanese
1928:Old Uyghur
1913:Old Turkic
1815:Old Turkic
1750:Karakalpak
1496:Düsseldorf
1261:Biran 2005
1249:Biran 2005
1237:Biran 2005
1225:Biran 2005
1213:Biran 2005
1201:Biran 2005
1189:Biran 2005
1177:Biran 2005
1101:Biran 2005
944:Uzbekistan
880:2024-03-17
844:9004093672
818:References
699:Balāsāghūn
676:Yelü Dashi
444:Kazakhstan
206:Caliphates
197:, and the
18:Turkestani
2978:Turkestan
2861:Zahediyeh
2856:Safaviyya
2805:Bayramiye
2800:Batiniyya
2775:Shamanism
2758:Religions
2749:Turkology
2709:Tatarstan
2694:Khakassia
2664:Chuvashia
2590:Locations
2567:Tian Shan
2543:Migration
2518:Turkestan
2501:Hungarian
2492:Turkesism
2189:Kryashens
2177:Astrakhan
2102:Krymchaks
2062:Karachays
1983:Telengits
1979:Kumandins
1905:Alphabets
1735:Ili Turki
1645:Languages
1510:Amsterdam
1503:Darmstadt
983:2063-8647
809:Turkiston
800:Türkistan
794:romanized
789:تۈركىستان
781:Türküstan
772:Türkıstan
766:romanized
761:Түркістан
545:Kashgaria
529:Ergenekon
522:Silk Road
520:, as the
514:artifacts
490:Map from
472:Syr Darya
463:Turfanian
452:Туркестан
438:took the
401:Syr-darya
326:Chaghatay
252:Tatarstan
169:Known as
84:Torkestân
78:romanized
65:Turkistan
61:Turkestan
2988:Xinjiang
2825:Hurufism
2770:Tengrism
2719:Xinjiang
2674:Gagauzia
2523:Mongolia
2497:Turanism
2472:Kemalism
2460:Politics
2422:Kipchaks
2402:Göktürks
2397:Dughlats
2251:Bulgaria
2239:Abkhazia
2214:Turkmens
2197:Nağaybäk
2027:Bashkirs
1991:Tubalars
1975:Chelkans
1969:Altaians
1923:Cyrillic
1825:Pecheneg
1790:Krymchak
1695:Chagatai
1668:Southern
1663:Northern
1569:(1911).
1548:(1888).
1520:Istanbul
1078:(1911).
1019:Khanates
991:26571579
965:(2018).
724:See also
703:Kashghar
576:Chagatai
570:and the
564:Göktürks
425:Russians
409:Ferghana
405:Khwarazm
349:magazine
331:تورکستان
272:Russians
216:Turkmens
175:Persians
165:Overview
140:Xinjiang
112:Xinjiang
2902:Chovgan
2882:Kyz kuu
2795:Alevism
2732:Studies
2528:History
2511:Origins
2442:Türgesh
2412:Khazars
2407:Karluks
2387:Bulgars
2362:(Sakha)
2340:Uyghurs
2319:Tunisia
2307:Romania
2287:Lebanon
2255:Croatia
2243:Algeria
2232:Turkish
2224:Iranian
2209:Tofalar
2181:Chinese
2142:Qashqai
2127:Naimans
2072:Kazakhs
2052:Dolgans
2037:Chuvash
2032:Chulyms
2022:Balkars
2014:Georgia
2010:Armenia
1987:Teleuts
1964:Afshars
1956:Peoples
1933:Persian
1870:Turkmen
1865:Turkish
1830:Qashqai
1785:Kipchak
1705:Chuvash
1685:Bashkir
1579:(ed.).
1527:Cologne
1446:English
1329:Sources
1058:: 1–50.
1023:Bokhara
1014:Siberia
796::
777:Turkmen
768::
749:Chinese
718:Uyghurs
691:Marwazī
644:et al.
642:Toqto'a
572:Mongols
560:Samanid
557:Persian
549:Chinese
482:History
467:Sogdian
448:Russian
364:ترکستان
355:Persian
338:-based
295:Caspian
264:Ukraine
244:Eurasia
240:Hazaras
236:Uyghurs
232:Khazars
228:Kazakhs
220:Kyrgyzs
203:Abbasid
199:Umayyad
173:to the
155:Mongols
92:
80::
73:ترکستان
69:Persian
2892:Kokpar
2887:Jereed
2850:Rifaʽi
2840:Qadiri
2669:Crimea
2626:Turkey
2576:Otuken
2437:Shatuo
2427:K'o-sa
2392:Cumans
2382:Bulaqs
2366:Yugurs
2360:Yakuts
2345:Uzbeks
2335:Tuvans
2311:Serbia
2283:Kosovo
2279:Israel
2263:Cyprus
2220:Afghan
2193:Mishar
2171:Tatars
2132:Nogais
2122:Kumyks
2107:Kyrgyz
2092:Khalaj
2087:Khakas
2057:Gagauz
1885:Uyghur
1805:Kyrgyz
1775:Khazar
1770:Khalaj
1765:Khakas
1760:Kazakh
1745:Karaim
1730:Gagauz
1720:Dolgan
1700:Chulym
1690:Bulgar
1653:Afshar
1638:topics
1636:Turkic
1380:
1370:
1351:
1314:
1288:
1127:
1031:Kokand
989:
981:
841:
785:Uyghur
757:Kazakh
751::
714:Turkic
710:Cathay
606:, the
454:) for
427:under
336:Berlin
287:Persia
268:Tajiks
260:Crimea
256:Russia
248:Turkey
238:, and
224:Uzbeks
193:, the
179:Sogdia
157:. The
130:, and
67:(from
43:Turkey
2897:Jigit
2790:Islam
2704:Sakha
2482:Jadid
2417:Kimek
2327:Yemen
2315:Syria
2291:Libya
2271:Egypt
2259:Crete
2201:Volga
2185:Lipka
2152:Shors
2147:Salar
2114:China
2079:China
1890:Uzbek
1875:Tuvan
1855:Tatar
1840:Salar
1810:Nogai
1795:Kumyk
1715:Cuman
1658:Altai
1575:. In
1378:JSTOR
1278:(PDF)
1164:(PDF)
1149:(PDF)
1027:Khiva
987:JSTOR
805:Uzbek
736:Notes
680:Bohai
672:]
665:Kedun
661:Islam
584:Timur
510:third
436:]
359:-stan
347:]
171:Turan
134:(the
96:Turks
2714:Tuva
2581:Oğuz
2447:Uzes
2275:Iraq
2006:Iran
1880:Urum
1860:Tofa
1845:Shor
1675:Äynu
1368:ISBN
1349:ISBN
1312:ISBN
1286:ISBN
1125:ISBN
1029:and
979:ISSN
839:ISBN
753:突厥斯坦
701:and
553:Arab
541:Huns
411:and
301:and
293:and
291:Aral
270:and
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201:and
191:Iran
187:Oxus
147:Huns
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653:Han
640:by
602:In
494:'s
353:Of
309:or
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1981:,
1977:,
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