98:
634:
1219:
550:
22:
566:
759:. The tuning fork is kept vibrating at its resonant frequency by a piezoelectric device. Upon coming in contact with solids, amplitude of oscillation goes down, the same is used as a switching parameter for detecting point level for solids. For liquids, the resonant frequency of tuning fork changes upon coming in contact with the liquids, change in frequency is used to detect level.
694:(pain receptors), causing a local sharp pain. This can indicate a fracture, which the practitioner refers for medical X-ray. The sharp pain of a local sprain can give a false positive. Established practice, however, requires an X-ray regardless, because it's better than missing a real fracture while wondering if a response means a sprain. A systematic review published in 2014 in
196:(point of no vibratory motion) which can therefore be handled without removing energy from the oscillation (damping). However, there is still a tiny motion induced in the handle in its longitudinal direction (thus at right angles to the oscillation of the prongs) which can be made audible using any sort of
180:
octaves above it). By comparison, the first overtone of a vibrating string or metal bar is one octave above (twice) the fundamental, so when the string is plucked or the bar is struck, its vibrations tend to mix the fundamental and overtone frequencies. When the tuning fork is struck, little of the
263:
that many orchestras use. That A is the pitch of the violin's second-highest string, the highest string of the viola, and an octave above the highest string of the cello. Orchestras between 1750 and 1820 mostly used A = 423.5 Hz, though there were many forks and many slightly different
251:
Commercial tuning forks are tuned to the correct pitch at the factory, and the pitch and frequency in hertz is stamped on them. They can be retuned by filing material off the prongs. Filing the ends of the prongs raises the pitch, while filing the inside of the base of the prongs lowers it.
624:
steel tuning fork as its timekeeper, powered by electromagnets attached to a battery-powered transistor oscillator circuit. The fork provided greater accuracy than conventional balance wheel watches. The humming sound of the tuning fork was audible when the watch was held to the ear.
803:
Feldmann, H. (1997). "History of the tuning fork. I: Invention of the tuning fork, its course in music and natural sciences. Pictures from the history of otorhinolaryngology, presented by instruments from the collection of the
Ingolstadt German Medical History Museum".
685:
have explored using a tuning fork (lowest frequency C=128) to assess injuries where bone fracture is suspected. They hold the end of the vibrating fork on the skin above the suspected fracture, progressively closer to the suspected fracture. If there is a fracture, the
730:
that measures the speed of cars or a ball in sports is usually calibrated with a tuning fork. Instead of the frequency, these forks are labeled with the calibration speed and radar band (e.g., X-band or K-band) they are calibrated for.
216:, by pressing the tuning fork against the bone just behind the ear, or even by holding the stem of the fork in one's teeth, conveniently leaving both hands free. Bone conduction using a tuning fork is specifically used in the
361:
271:
of steel with increasing temperature. A change in frequency of 48 parts per million per °F (86 ppm per °C) is typical for a steel tuning fork. The frequency decreases (becomes
181:
energy goes into the overtone modes; they also die out correspondingly faster, leaving a pure sine wave at the fundamental frequency. It is easier to tune other instruments with this pure tone.
200:. Thus by pressing the tuning fork's base against a sound board such as a wooden box, table top, or bridge of a musical instrument, this small motion, but which is at a high
279:
is now 20 °C (68 °F), but 15 °C (59 °F) is an older standard. The pitch of other instruments is also subject to variation with temperature change.
112:
used in many applications to produce a fixed tone. The main reason for using the fork shape is that, unlike many other types of resonators, it produces a very
679:, respectively. Lower-pitched ones, usually at C128, are also used to check vibration sense as part of the examination of the peripheral nervous system.
1613:
1051:
671:
Tuning forks, usually C512, are used by medical practitioners to assess a patient's hearing. This is most commonly done with two exams called the
645:
192:
of vibration is symmetric, with the two prongs always moving in opposite directions, so that at the base where the two prongs meet there is a
264:
pitches. Standard tuning forks are available that vibrate at all the pitches within the central octave of the piano, and also other pitches.
293:
240:, largely cancelling each other. Thus when a solid sheet is slid in between the prongs of a vibrating fork, the apparent volume actually
1394:
70:
fade out. A tuning fork's pitch depends on the length and mass of the two prongs. They are traditional sources of standard pitch for
1104:
740:
1424:
657:
981:
Han, Seon M.; Benaroya, Haym; Wei, Timothy (1999). "Dynamics of
Transversely Vibrating Beams Using Four Engineering Theories".
1313:
1158:
1247:
212:) at a relatively low pressure (thus low acoustic impedance). The pitch of a tuning fork can also be heard directly through
275:) with increasing temperature. Tuning forks are manufactured to have their correct pitch at a standard temperature. The
924:
865:
534:
1082:
892:
276:
66:
when set vibrating by striking it against a surface or with an object, and emits a pure musical tone once the high
1329:
744:
756:
597:
range (above the range of human hearing). It is made to vibrate by small oscillating voltages applied by an
232:
between the steel and air. Moreover, since the feeble sound waves emanating from each prong are 180° out of
97:
1608:
1417:
1025:
882:
237:
1488:
1378:
1047:
613:
1218:
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is in the form of a tiny tuning fork. It usually vibrates at a frequency of 32,768 Hz in the
1176:"Is there sufficient evidence for tuning fork tests in diagnosing fractures? A systematic review"
1074:
1410:
665:
661:
78:
941:
840:
1478:
1456:
1372:
1306:
Proceedings of
Anniversary Workshop on Solid-State Gyroscopy (19–21 May 2008. Yalta, Ukraine)
641:
598:
529:
musical instruments use principles similar to tuning forks. The most popular of these is the
510:
431:
268:
256:
245:
117:
1066:
633:
424:(elastic modulus or stiffness) of the material the fork is made from, (Pa or N/m or kg/(ms))
1388:
990:
953:
707:
267:
Tuning fork pitch varies slightly with temperature, due mainly to a slight decrease in the
8:
1618:
526:
228:. If just held in open air, the sound of a tuning fork is very faint due to the acoustic
197:
51:
1067:
994:
957:
184:
Another reason for using the fork shape is that it can then be held at the base without
1623:
1555:
1202:
1175:
1126:
1099:
1006:
682:
582:
502:
421:
229:
208:), is partly converted into audible sound in air which involves a much greater motion (
205:
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59:
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1131:
1078:
1010:
920:
888:
861:
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45:
34:
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The frequency of a tuning fork depends on its dimensions and what it is made from:
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1113:
998:
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813:
768:
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suggests that this technique is not reliable or accurate enough for clinical use.
549:
537:, creating a signal that drives electric amplification. The earlier, un-amplified
408:, which arises from the boundary conditions of the prong’s cantilevered structure.
1473:
1254:
213:
1193:
1174:
Mugunthan, Kayalvili; Doust, Jenny; Kurz, Bodo; Glasziou, Paul (4 August 2014).
101:
Motion of an A-440 tuning fork (greatly exaggerated) vibrating in its principal
1628:
1565:
1519:
1504:
1117:
499:
201:
193:
71:
1602:
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1529:
1451:
1437:
660:, physicists and acoustic instrument makers used this pitch. The tuning fork
602:
514:
260:
233:
185:
63:
25:
Tuning fork by John Walker stamped with note (E) and frequency in hertz (659)
601:
circuit to metal electrodes plated on the surface of the crystal. Quartz is
1582:
1524:
1509:
1371:
1364:
1232:
Hawkins, Heidi (August 1995). "SONOPUNCTURE: Acupuncture
Without Needles".
1211:
1002:
778:
711:
586:
554:
533:, in which hammers hit metal tines that vibrate in the magnetic field of a
530:
272:
120:. The reason for this is that the frequency of the first overtone is about
1135:
1026:"Vibrations of Cantilever Beams: Deflection, Frequency, and Research Uses"
825:
817:
1483:
638:
557:, formed in the shape of a tuning fork. It vibrates at 32,768 Hz, in the
389: ≈ 3.516015 is the square of the smallest positive solution to
189:
102:
1279:
509:
have largely replaced them. Forks can be driven electrically by placing
1577:
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773:
691:
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672:
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225:
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1402:
1153:(10th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
356:{\displaystyle f={\frac {N}{2\pi L^{2}}}{\sqrt {\frac {EI}{\rho A}}},}
1433:
966:
727:
538:
374:
113:
37:
244:, as this cancellation is reduced, just as a loudspeaker requires a
1357:
1180:
695:
609:
378:
67:
1387:
605:, so the voltage causes the tines to bend rapidly back and forth.
21:
441:
82:
856:
Rossing, Thomas D.; Moore, F. Richard; Wheeler, Paul A. (2001).
617:
570:
391:
573:
Accutron watch from the 1960s, which uses a steel tuning fork
541:, which used tuning forks directly, suffered from low volume.
621:
590:
55:
739:
Doubled and H-type tuning forks are used for tactical-grade
1151:
Bates' guide to the physical examination and history taking
565:
451:
86:
41:
1173:
255:
Currently, the most common tuning fork sounds the note of
16:
Device that generates sounds of constant pitch when struck
77:
The tuning fork was invented in 1711 by
British musician
701:
486:
if the prongs have rectangular cross-section of width
296:
1253:. National Bureau of Standards. 1976. Archived from
855:
644:used by the U.S. National Bureau of Standards (now
1398:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 392.
1280:"A detailed explanation of how police radars work"
652:Alternatives to the common A=440 standard include
355:
585:that serves as the timekeeping element in modern
1600:
755:Tuning fork forms the sensing part of vibrating
1330:"Vital- Vibrating Fork Level Switch for Solids"
1148:
914:
188:the oscillation. That is because its principal
980:
915:Fletcher, Neville H.; Rossing, Thomas (2008).
845:. New York: D. Appleton & Co. p. 156.
628:
1418:
1097:
498:Tuning forks have traditionally been used to
116:, with most of the vibrational energy at the
616:developed by Max Hetzel and manufactured by
656:with standard pitch of C=512. According to
282:
1425:
1411:
475:if the prongs are cylindrical with radius
468:in the equation above can be rewritten as
1248:"Calibration of Police Radar Instruments"
1201:
1125:
1098:Bickerton, RC; Barr, GS (December 1987).
965:
706:Tuning forks also play a role in several
520:
1614:Musical instrument parts and accessories
1286:. Perth, Australia: TCG Industrial. 2009
1105:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
1064:
802:
721:
632:
564:
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544:
96:
20:
1432:
1231:
1149:Bickley, Lynn; Szilagyi, Peter (2009).
1023:
880:
838:
553:Quartz crystal resonator from a modern
1601:
1308:. Kyiv/Kharkiv: ATS of Ukraine. 2009.
1406:
939:
702:Non-medical and non-scientific uses
224:for hearing in order to bypass the
13:
917:The Physics of Musical Instruments
648:) in 1927 as a frequency standard.
444:of the fork's material (kg/m), and
14:
1640:
1351:
942:"On the History of Musical Pitch"
654:philosophical or scientific pitch
248:in order to radiate efficiently.
1217:
1028:. University of Nebraska–Lincoln
1024:Whitney, Scott (23 April 1999).
750:
734:
414:is the length of the prongs, (m)
50:) formed from a U-shaped bar of
1322:
1298:
1272:
1240:
1225:
1167:
1142:
1100:"The origin of the tuning fork"
1091:
1058:
884:Teach Yourself to Play Mandolin
690:of the bone vibrates and fires
490:along the direction of motion.
108:A tuning fork is a fork-shaped
1360:, an online tuning fork using
1040:
1017:
983:Journal of Sound and Vibration
974:
946:Journal of the Society of Arts
933:
908:
874:
849:
832:
796:
745:microelectromechanical systems
741:Vibrating Structure Gyroscopes
620:beginning in 1960, used a 360-
92:
1:
789:
166:times the fundamental (about
40:in the form of a two-pronged
940:Ellis, Alexander J. (1880).
7:
1194:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005238
1073:. New York: Dover. p.
1065:Rayleigh, J. W. S. (1945).
887:. Alfred Music Publishing.
762:
629:Medical and scientific uses
236:, those two opposite waves
10:
1645:
1379:Collier's New Encyclopedia
1118:10.1177/014107688708001215
919:(2nd ed.). Springer.
454:of the prongs (tines) (m).
1543:
1497:
1489:Scientific pitch notation
1444:
860:(3rd ed.). Pearson.
577:vibrating at 360 Hz.
434:of the cross-section, (m)
1469:Helmholtz pitch notation
283:Calculation of frequency
1395:Encyclopædia Britannica
637:1 kHz tuning fork
614:electromechanical watch
493:
450:is the cross-sectional
377:the fork vibrates at, (
62:at a specific constant
1003:10.1006/jsvi.1999.2257
839:Tyndall, John (1915).
806:Laryngo-rhino-otologie
666:George Frideric Handel
649:
578:
562:
521:In musical instruments
357:
105:
26:
1479:Piano key frequencies
818:10.1055/s-2007-997398
743:and various types of
722:Radar gun calibration
636:
599:electronic oscillator
568:
552:
545:In clocks and watches
517:close to the prongs.
511:electronic oscillator
432:second moment of area
358:
269:modulus of elasticity
118:fundamental frequency
100:
74:musical instruments.
24:
1358:Onlinetuningfork.com
1234:Holistic Health News
858:The Science of Sound
294:
277:standard temperature
257:A = 440 Hz
89:to the royal court.
1389:"Tuning Fork"
1373:"Tuning Fork"
1260:on 22 February 2012
1069:The Theory of Sound
995:1999JSV...225..935H
958:1880Natur..21..550E
757:point level sensors
710:practices, such as
708:alternative therapy
683:Orthopedic surgeons
575:(visible in center)
503:musical instruments
1609:1711 introductions
1334:Sapcon Instruments
650:
579:
563:
353:
230:impedance mismatch
206:acoustic impedance
204:(thus a very high
110:acoustic resonator
106:
27:
1596:
1595:
1515:Pitch circularity
1315:978-976-0-25248-5
1160:978-0-7817-8058-2
507:electronic tuners
348:
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210:particle velocity
202:acoustic pressure
44:with the prongs (
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1551:Electronic tuner
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952:(545): 293–336.
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881:Dan Fox (1996).
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769:Electronic tuner
716:polarity therapy
668:produces C=512.
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1112:(12): 771–773.
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422:Young's modulus
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1352:External links
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989:(5): 935–988.
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1452:Concert pitch
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1284:Radars.com.au
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812:(2): 116–22.
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735:In gyroscopes
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1337:. Retrieved
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639:vacuum tube
222:Rinne tests
198:sound board
93:Description
81:, sergeant
31:tuning fork
1619:Idiophones
1603:Categories
1578:Pitch pipe
1561:Microtuner
1498:Perception
1464:Enharmonic
1362:Macromedia
1264:29 October
1032:9 November
790:References
774:Pitch pipe
688:periosteum
677:Rinne test
673:Weber test
662:John Shore
642:oscillator
595:ultrasonic
559:ultrasonic
458:The ratio
226:middle ear
79:John Shore
1624:Acoustics
1434:Frequency
1048:ch 312290
1011:121014931
784:Tonometer
728:radar gun
539:dulcitone
505:, though
375:frequency
341:ρ
313:π
242:increases
238:interfere
114:pure tone
83:trumpeter
68:overtones
60:resonates
38:resonator
1544:See also
1445:Notation
1212:25091014
1181:BMJ Open
763:See also
696:BMJ Open
664:gave to
658:Rayleigh
610:Accutron
527:keyboard
513:-driven
379:SI units
87:lutenist
35:acoustic
1571:Beating
1382:. 1921.
1290:8 April
1203:4127942
1136:3323515
1127:1291142
991:Bibcode
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440:is the
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366:where
246:baffle
72:tuning
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1629:Sound
1438:pitch
1258:(PDF)
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1007:S2CID
842:Sound
622:hertz
612:, an
234:phase
218:Weber
64:pitch
56:steel
47:tines
1457:A440
1436:and
1341:2023
1310:ISBN
1292:2010
1266:2008
1208:PMID
1155:ISBN
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1079:ISBN
1034:2011
921:ISBN
902:2015
889:ISBN
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822:PMID
714:and
675:and
646:NIST
608:The
589:and
581:The
500:tune
494:Uses
452:area
400:cosh
273:flat
220:and
194:node
190:mode
103:mode
85:and
42:fork
1198:PMC
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