2963:
3273:
509:
2112:. Verbs can be grouped into 19 morphological classes; some of these classes can be defined semantically. Verbs carry information on the subject of the sentence in the form of pronominal marking. No simple adjectives exist in the Tuareg languages; adjectival concepts are expressed using a relative verb form traditionally called 'participle'. The Tuareg languages have very heavily influenced Northern
1364:
1344:
1324:
1303:
1282:
1277:
1256:
1251:
1230:
1209:
1161:
1140:
1119:
1098:
1077:
1056:
1035:
1030:
968:
947:
912:
891:
870:
849:
815:
762:
741:
693:
672:
625:
2132:
structure (like in
American Sign Language, Modern Hebrew, Japanese and Russian), allowing the emphasized concept to be placed first, be it the subject or object, the latter giving an effect somewhat like the English passive. Sudlow uses the following examples, all expressing the concept "Men don't
2200:
Again like
Japanese, the "pronoun/particle 'a' is used with a following relative clause to bring a noun in a phrase to the beginning for emphasis," a structure which can be used to emphasize even objects of prepositions. Sudlow's example (s denotes voiceless palato-alveolar fricative):
179:
504:
Tifinagh usage is now restricted mainly to writing magical formulae, writing on palms when silence is required, and in letter-writing. The Arabic script is mostly in use by tribes more involved in
Islamic learning, and little is known about its conventions.
4511:
1923:
is non-phonemic. It occurs at the beginning of vowel-initial words to fill the place of the initial consonant in the syllable structure (see below), although if the words is preceded by a word ending in a consonant, it makes a
2024:
is mostly lost in Ayer Tuareg, while it is maintained in almost every position in Mali Tuareg. The
Iwellemmeden and Ahaggar Tuareg dialects are midway between these positions. The Proto-Berber consonant
1465:
Sudlow classes the "semivowels" /w, j/ with the vowels, and notes the following possible diphthongs: /əw/ (> ), /ăw/, /aw/, /ew/, /iw/, /ow/, /uw/, /əj/ (> ), /ăj/, /aj/, /ej/, /ij/, /oj/, /uj/.
3551:
3615:
K.-G. Prasse (1990), New Light on the Origin of the Tuareg Vowels E and O, in: H. G. Mukarovsky (ed), Proceedings of the Fifth
International Hamito-Semitic Congress, Vienna, I 163–170.
2707:
Imperfective: future or possible actions, "often used following a verb expressing emotion, decision or thought," it can be marked with "'ad'" (shortened to "'a-'" with prepositions).
4155:
4135:
4284:
4279:
4418:
1430:). Some of the vowels have more open "emphatic" allophones that occur immediately before emphatic consonants, subject to dialectal variation. These allophones include for
4425:
2248:(three-consonant bases) are the most common in Tamasheq. Niels and Regula Christiansen use the root k-t-b (to write) to demonstrate past completed aspect conjugation:
4432:
4294:
4289:
4036:
4031:
4026:
478:
and the government literacy program in
Burkina, while in Niger a different system was used. There is also some variation in Tifinagh and in the Arabic script.
4021:
3026:
Christiansen, Niels, and Regula. "Some verb morphology features of
Tadaksahak ." SIL Electronic Working Papers. 2002. SIL International. 2 December 2007 <
2120:, whose speakers are culturally Tuareg but speak Songhay; this influence includes points of phonology and sometimes grammar as well as extensive loanwords.
4081:
2917:, which tends to be a form of the imperfective aspect, unless the action is to be repeated or continued, in which case the cursive aspect is preferred.
4207:
4005:
3168:
Nicolaisen, Johannes, and Ida
Nicolaisen. The Pastoral Tuareg: Ecology, Culture, and Society. Vol. 1,2. New York: Thames and Hudson, Inc, 1997. 2 vols.
3555:
3448:
3417:
528:
are adjacent to themselves or to each other, the second one is inclined: ⵍ ("l"), ⵏⵏ ("nn"), ⵍⵏ ("ln"), ⵏⵍ ("nl"), ⵍⵍ ("ll"), ⵏⵏⵏ ("nnn").
2241:
1908:
The consonant inventory largely resembles Arabic: differentiated voicing; uvulars, pharyngeals (traditionally referred to as emphatics)
3929:
287:
in some respects; they retain two short vowels where
Northern-Berber languages have one or none, and have a much lower proportion of
2029:
comes out differently in different dialects, a development that is to some degree reflected in the dialect names. It is realized as
1382:
orthography, not indicating initial vowel shortening, always writing the directional particle as < dd⟩, and not indicating all
4542:
3132:
4506:
3502:
3753:
3734:
4496:
3367:
Briggs, L. Cabot (February 1957). "A Review of the
Physical Anthropology of the Sahara and Its Prehistoric Implications".
1462:, while /o/ is derived from /u/. Comparative evidence shows that /ə/ derives from a merger of Proto-Berber */ĭ/ and */ŭ/.
4501:
1792:
3902:
3035:
Essai de grammaire de la langue tamachek' : renfermant les principes du langage parlé par les Imouchar' ou Touareg
4202:
3874:
3305:
271:
Tuareg dialects belong to the South Berber group and are sometimes regarded as a single language (as for instance by
3475:
1705:
2962:
1682:
1427:
17:
3922:
1720:
4516:
4590:
1912:; requiring the pharynx muscles to contract and influencing the pronunciation of the following vowel, and no
1758:
4103:
2950:
1689:
2062:
2058:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1967:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1909:
1898:
1886:
1882:
1843:
1828:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1423:
1419:
1415:
4070:
2109:
1773:
1728:
2933:
Langues et litteratures berberes des origines a nos jours. Bibliographie internationale et systematique.
2053:. In Tawallammat and especially Tayart, this kind of palatalization actually does not confine itself to
275:). They are distinguished mainly by a few sound shifts (notably affecting the pronunciation of original
1913:
1583:
1383:
4585:
4580:
4314:
4262:
4088:
4053:
3915:
1847:
1744:
1712:
3452:
3421:
3272:
520:. Gemination is not indicated. Most of the letters have more than one common form. When the letters
4366:
4319:
3964:
3187:À la croisée des études libyco-berbères. Mélanges offerts à Paulette Galand-Pernet et Lionel Galand
2016:
Different dialects have slightly different consonant inventories. Some of these differences can be
1611:
447:
385:– language of the Iwellemmeden, spoken in Mali and Niger by approximately 800,000 people. The term
3342:
4240:
1641:
1635:
1604:
284:
3298:
474:
has established a standard for the Latin alphabet, which is used with modifications in Prasse's
4537:
4468:
4453:
4411:
4140:
4076:
2697:
The verbal correspondence with the use of aspect; Tamasheq uses four, as delineated by Sudlow:
2017:
1765:
1597:
2072:
Other differences can easily be traced back to borrowing. For example, the Arabic pharyngeals
4473:
4463:
4257:
4167:
3953:
3016:. 2nd edition revised; 2 vol. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen.
1966:
Voicing assimilation occurs, with the first consonant taking the voicing of the second (e.g.
1545:
1538:
1459:
272:
79:
3418:"Orthography in a plurigraphic society: the case of Tuareg in Niger (https://www.narcis.nl)"
4356:
4351:
4212:
2970:, showcasing De Foucauld's meticulous handwriting accompanied by detailed illustrations of
1657:
1506:
420:
414:
408:
382:
372:
121:
117:
3999:
3286:
3121:
Chants touaregs. Recueillis et traduits par Charles de Foucauld. Paris, Albin Michel, 1997
3080:"Il n'y a qu'un soleil sur terre". Contes, proverbes et devinettes des Touaregs Kel-Adagh.
8:
2985:
386:
3094:
Poésies et chant touaregs de l'Ayr. Tandis qu'ils dorment tous, je dis mon chant d'amour
1885:
are only used in Arabic words in the Tanəsləmt dialect (most Tamasheq replace them with
4445:
4374:
4150:
3384:
3318:
1556:
1524:
1486:
443:
426:
3853:
169:
4404:
4346:
4306:
4108:
4098:
3870:
3301:
3294:
3120:
2129:
2113:
1973:
1849:
1800:
1784:
1751:
1697:
1648:
1590:
1511:
1491:
366:
358:
113:
3027:
404:(ms, 2006) lists the following as separate languages, with dialects in parentheses:
4396:
4341:
4252:
4190:
4162:
4130:
4062:
3938:
3506:
3376:
2245:
2080:
have been borrowed along with Arabic loanwords by dialects specialized in Islamic (
1501:
1481:
436:
431:
335:
224:
197:
106:
84:
4379:
4274:
4267:
4246:
4235:
4217:
4123:
4118:
4093:
4016:
3992:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3041:
Galand, Lionel. (1974) 'Introduction grammaticale'. In: Petites Soeurs de Jesus,
3034:
2914:
1532:
1496:
1379:
288:
74:
3115:
Textes touaregs en prose de Charles de Foucauld et. A. de Calassanto-Motylinski.
4561:
4532:
4184:
4178:
4145:
4113:
3987:
3885:
2117:
490:
3529:
305:
is commonly used in some areas (and has been since medieval times), while the
4574:
4195:
4043:
3009:
1394:
467:
302:
232:
41:
3500:
2942:
Travaux et Documents de i.R.E.M.A.M. no. 5. Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM / LAPMO.
4173:
4011:
3225:
3003:
2232:
The indirect object marker takes the form i/y in Tudalt and e/y in Tadɣaq.
1997:
1929:
1920:
1621:
463:
401:
350:
and in the north of Niger by around 77,000 people. Also known as Tahaggart.
306:
252:
3260:
141:
3479:
2976:
498:
379:(sometimes spelled Aïr), spoken in Niger by approximately 250,000 people.
339:
3530:"Base extended-Latin characters and combinations for languages of Mali"
3388:
3265:
3229:
3147:
Louali-Raynal, Naïma & Nadine Decourt & Ramada Elghamis (1997)
2704:
Stative: "lasting states as the ongoing results of a completed action."
2081:
3817:
1671:
1393:
In Burkina Faso the emphatics are denoted by "hooked" letters, as in
494:
486:
362:
343:
163:
149:
135:
131:
3380:
2947:
Bibliographie des populations touaregues: Sahara et Soudan centraux.
155:
4458:
3907:
3113:
Chaker, Salem & Hélène Claudot & Marceau Gast, eds. (1984)
2041:
in the Tamajaq dialects Tawallammat and Tayart. In the latter two,
1870:
Sudlow (2001:26) doesn't specify whether these are velar or uvular.
482:
459:
298:
291:
389:(the name of the people) is sometimes used to denote the language.
1570:
508:
376:
297:
The Tuareg languages are traditionally written in the indigenous
244:
228:
3224:
Sudlow (2001:26) does not make it clear whether this is a true
2057:. In these dialects, dentals in general are palatalized before
1925:
471:
53:
178:
3503:"Alphabets of Tamashek in Mali: Alphabetization and Tifinagh"
3241:
Note that the geminate is dropped if not followed by a vowel.
2940:
Etudes touaregues. Bilan des recherches en sciences sociales.
2008:
Contrastive stress may occur in the stative aspect of verbs.
1855:
347:
314:
248:
240:
57:
3552:"alphabet tamajaq (arrété 214-99 de la République du Niger)"
209:
3185:
Cohen, David (1993) 'Racines'. In: Drouin & Roth, eds.
310:
260:
236:
212:
3428:
3134:
Lettres au marabout. Messages touaregs au Père de Foucauld
1928:
instead. Phrase-final /a/ is also followed by a phonetic
770:
215:
3851:
3823:
3052:. (Mouton Grammar Series.) the Hague: Mouton de Gruyter.
3698:
3688:
3686:
3684:
3671:
3669:
3642:
3630:
3618:
3599:
3597:
1363:
1343:
1323:
1302:
1281:
1276:
1255:
1250:
1229:
1208:
1160:
1139:
1118:
1097:
1076:
1055:
1034:
1029:
967:
946:
911:
890:
869:
848:
814:
761:
740:
692:
671:
624:
3793:
3654:
3348:
458:
The Tuareg languages may be written using the ancient
27:
Group of closely related Berber languages and dialects
3805:
3323:
Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Sixteenth edition
512:
Traditional Tifinagh, including various ligatures of
481:
Early uses of the Tifinagh script have been found on
206:
3829:
3781:
3769:
3741:
3710:
3681:
3666:
3594:
3582:
3570:
3501:
Fukui, Yusuf Yoshinori; Walett Mahmoud, Khadijatou.
3287:"Quelques éléments sur les Kinnin d’Abbéché (Tchad)"
3085:
Aghali-Zakara, Mohamed & Jeannine Drouin (1979)
446:(Tetserret) identify as Tuareg, but the language is
203:
3144:. Berber Linguistics Series. Cologne: Koeppe Verlag
3060:, Berber Studies, vol. 30, Köln: Rüdiger Köppe
1955:are predominantly geminate. In addition, in Tadɣaq
200:
3852:Christiansen, Niels; Christiansen, Regula (2002).
3722:
3549:
3173:Folklore Twareg. Poésies et Chansons de l'Azawarh.
3012:, Ghoubeid Alojaly and Ghabdouane Mohamed, (2003)
369:), spoken in Mali by approximately 500,000 people.
223:) languages constitute a group of closely related
3446:
3149:Littérature orale touarègue. Contes et proverbes.
3101:Ǎttarikh ən-Kəl-Dənnəg – Histoire des Kel-Denneg.
2974:'tent-pole' and other tent-building terms of the
4572:
3161:Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (2003)
3154:Mohamed, Ghabdouane & Karl-G. Prasse (1989)
2992:. 4 vol. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale de France.
2128:Tamasheq prefers VSO order; however it contains
2485:
1866:
1864:
3406:. Los Angeles: Undena Publications. p. 3.
3163:əlqissǎt ən-təməddurt-in – Le récit de ma vie.
3092:Albaka, Moussa & Dominique Casajus (1992)
2710:Cursive: ongoing actions, often habitual ones.
2645:
2582:
2427:
2389:
2382:
2368:
2361:
2342:
2335:
2321:
2314:
2297:
2290:
2278:
2271:
2219:
2207:
2187:
2175:
2163:
2151:
2139:
3923:
3854:"Some verb morphology features of Tadaksahak"
3449:"Les différents systèmes d'écriture amazighe"
3004:Grammaire, dialogues et dictionnaire touaregs
2544:
2509:
1959:is usually geminate, but in Tudalt singleton
2673:
2610:
2451:
1878:
1876:
1861:
1839:
1837:
1414:The vowel system includes five long vowels,
3752:sfn error: no target: CITEREFKossmann1999 (
3527:
2133:cook porridge" (e denotes Sudlow's schwa):
2049:before palatal vowels, explaining the form
1458:. Karl Prasse argued that /e/ goes back to
3930:
3916:
3473:
3319:"Ethnologue report for language code: thz"
3127:Poésies touarègues. Dialecte de l'Ahaggar.
1996:Syllable structure is CV(C)(C), including
3733:sfn error: no target: CITEREFPrasse1969 (
3066:Manuel de grammaire touaregue (tahaggart)
2782:'He stood up (and so he is standing up)'
2020:accounted for. For example, Proto-Berber
1873:
1834:
3747:
3401:
3194:Essai sur la phonologie du proto-berbère
3055:
2961:
2614:
2586:
2513:
2356:
2309:
2011:
507:
4543:Amazigh Cultural Association in America
3887:The Tamasheq of North-East Burkina Faso
2677:
2649:
2548:
2377:
2330:
2194:'Men are not those who cook porridge.'
470:. The Malian national literacy program
14:
4573:
3883:
3867:A grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
3835:
3811:
3799:
3787:
3775:
3728:
3716:
3704:
3692:
3675:
3660:
3648:
3636:
3624:
3603:
3588:
3576:
3434:
3366:
3354:
3142:Tamashek Texts from Timbuktu and Kidal
2997:Dictionnaire tamachek–anglais–français
2084:) learning. Other dialects substitute
283:). The Tuareg varieties are unusually
3911:
3864:
3014:Dictionnaire touareg–francais (Niger)
1478:
501:have been found on one of its walls.
3937:
3824:Christiansen & Christiansen 2002
3228:or something else, possibly a front
3179:
3165:Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press.
3158:2 vol. Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
3108:Peau d'Âne et autres contes touaregs
3050:Grammar of Tamashek (Tuareg of Mali)
1935:Gemination is contrastive. Normally
533:Representative alphabets for Tuareg
320:
3903:Souag, L.: Writing Berber Languages
24:
3869:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 745.
3254:
3087:Traditions touarègues nigériennes.
2920:
2182:'It isn't men who cook porridge.'
2108:The basic word order in Tuareg is
2003:
25:
4602:
3896:
2925:
2857:'He will arrive (here) tomorrow'
1799:
1791:
1772:
1764:
1757:
1750:
1743:
1727:
1719:
1711:
1704:
1696:
1688:
1681:
1656:
1647:
1640:
1620:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1589:
1582:
1555:
1544:
1537:
3271:
3058:A Grammar of Ayer Tuareg (Niger)
1378:The DNAFLA system is a somewhat
1362:
1342:
1322:
1301:
1280:
1275:
1254:
1249:
1228:
1207:
1159:
1138:
1117:
1096:
1075:
1054:
1033:
1028:
966:
945:
910:
889:
868:
847:
813:
760:
739:
691:
670:
623:
392:Tamashaq language of Kal Asakan.
196:
177:
3844:
3760:
3609:
3543:
3521:
3494:
3467:
3440:
3235:
3218:
3045:(Paris: SELAF), pp. 15–41.
2957:
2226:'It was millet that I bought.'
2177:wădde meddăn a isakădawăn ăsink
2170:'Porridge, men don't cook it.'
1991:
1892:
1846:only occur in Arabic loans and
1822:
497:, where vestiges of a Tifinagh
3410:
3395:
3360:
3336:
3311:
3279:
2913:Commands are expressed in the
491:1,500 year old monumental tomb
453:
266:
13:
1:
3890:. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.
3858:SIL Electronic Working Papers
3248:
3175:BIFAN VI, 1–4, p. 1–463.
3103:Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag.
3056:Kossmann, Maarten G. (2011),
2990:Dictionnaire touareg–francais
2968:Dictionnaire Touareg–Français
2401:Conjugation of k-t-b 'write'
2235:
2189:meddăn a wăren isekediw ăsink
1468:
3860:. Dallas: SIL International.
3402:Penchoen, Thomas G. (1973).
3291:Études et Documents Berbères
3125:Foucauld, Charles de (1925)
2907:'I used to work over there'
2732:Cursive/intensive imperfect
2729:Imperfective/simple perfect
2701:Perfective: complete actions
2165:ăsinkwăr ti-sekediwăn meddăn
1454:may be less open), and for
1404:
462:(Libyco-Berber) script, the
294:than most Berber languages.
69:2.8 million (2020–2022)
7:
3554:(in French). Archived from
3550:Enguehard, Chantal (2007).
3478:(in French). Archived from
3451:(in French). Archived from
3189:(Paris: Geuthner), 161–175.
3156:Poèmes touarègues de l'Ayr.
3020:
2931:Bougchiche, Lamara. (1997)
2033:in Tamahaq (Tahaggart), as
346:spoken in Algeria, western
255:, with a few speakers, the
10:
4607:
4170:(transitional to Eastern)
3404:Tamazight of the Ayt Ndhir
3232:or some sort of affricate.
3106:Casajus, Dominique (1985)
3078:Ag Erless, Mohamed (1999)
2938:Chaker, Salem, ed. (1988)
2726:Stative/intensive perfect
2723:Perfective/simple perfect
2240:As a root-and-pattern, or
2153:wăr sekediwăn meddăn ăsink
2141:meddăn wăr sekediwăn ăsink
2103:
2069:is pronounced in Tayart.
2037:in Tamasheq and as simple
1976:turns word/morpheme-final
1914:voiceless bilabial plosive
4555:
4525:
4489:
4482:
4444:
4388:
4365:
4332:
4305:
4228:
4061:
4052:
3963:
3945:
3201:A propos de l'origine de
3192:Kossmann, Maarten (1999)
3099:Alojaly, Ghoubeïd (1975)
2887:
2863:
2839:
2835:'I am learning Tamasheq'
2812:
2786:
2763:
2736:
2566:
2477:
2469:
2416:
2405:
2350:
2305:
2286:
2267:
2257:
2253:Tamasheq subject affixes
2123:
1783:
1763:
1710:
1670:
1569:
1531:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1409:
771:
548:
545:
542:
537:
231:. They are spoken by the
176:
162:
148:
130:
99:
75:Linguistic classification
73:
63:
47:
37:
32:
4073:(transitional to Atlas)
3211:
3171:Nicolas, Francis (1944)
3117:Aix-en-Provence: Édisud.
3082:Aix-en-Provence: IREMAM.
3072:
3043:Contes touaregs de l'Air
2832:'I will learn Tamasheq'
1910:/tˤ/,/lˤ/,/sˤ/,/dˤ/,/zˤ/
1442:may be less open), for
1388:⟨Tămašăɣt⟩
493:of the Tuareg matriarch
3865:Heath, Jeffrey (2005).
3447:Ridouane Ziri, Rachid.
3199:Prasse, Karl G. (1969)
3064:Prasse, Karl G. (1973)
3002:Motylinski, A. (1908).
2804:'I am going to market'
2390:
2383:
2369:
2362:
2343:
2336:
2322:
2315:
2298:
2291:
2279:
2272:
2220:
2208:
2188:
2176:
2164:
2152:
2140:
301:alphabet. However, the
4538:World Amazigh Congress
4469:Berber Arabic alphabet
4454:Libyco-Berber alphabet
3884:Sudlow, David (2001).
3196:. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe.
3140:Heath, Jeffrey (2005)
3048:Heath, Jeffrey. 2005.
2981:
2945:Leupen, A.H.A. (1978)
2872:iwan tattănăt alemmoZ
1418:and two short vowels,
529:
489:. Among these are the
4474:Judeo-Berber alphabet
4464:Berber Latin alphabet
4104:South Oran and Figuig
3437:, pp. 28, 35–36.
3110:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
3096:. Paris: L'Harmattan.
2995:Jeffrey Heath (2006)
2966:Page 247 of the 1951
2965:
2012:Dialectal differences
1426:is used to represent
511:
273:Karl-Gottfried Prasse
4591:Languages of Algeria
4419:Fezzan-Tripolitanian
4071:Eastern Middle Atlas
3766:Prasse e.a. 2003:xiv
3528:Osborn, Don (2002).
3293:14 (1996), 199–212 (
3136:. Paris, Belin, 1999
3068:. 4 vol. Copenhagen.
3038:. Alger: A. Jourdan.
3032:Hanoteau, A. (1896)
3006:. Alger: P. Fontana.
2951:Afrika Studiecentrum
1854:only in the name of
1474:Tamasheq consonants
411:(Abalagh/East, West)
3509:on February 1, 2004
3205:touareg (tahaggart)
3151:Paris: L'Harmattan.
3089:Paris: L'Harmattan.
2999:. Paris: Karthala.
2986:Charles de Foucauld
2896:ăru tasăɣalăɣ siha
2820:ad elmedăɣ Tămasăq
2801:'I went to market'
2716:
2402:
2254:
2214:'I bought millet.'
2110:verb–subject–object
1988:> 'Tamasheq').
1475:
1399:⟨ɗ ƭ⟩
534:
3476:"Ecriture amazigh"
3345:, Blench, ms, 2006
2982:
2935:Paris: Ibis Press.
2755:'He has gone out'
2714:
2400:
2252:
2092:respectively with
1901:is rare in Tadɣaq.
1473:
532:
530:
375:– language of the
361:– language of the
338:– language of the
235:in large parts of
4568:
4567:
4562:extinct languages
4551:
4550:
4328:
4327:
3707:, pp. 28–29.
3639:, pp. 26–28.
3627:, pp. 25–26.
3558:on March 10, 2018
3455:on April 30, 2017
3357:, pp. 33–36.
3269:(27th ed., 2024)
3180:Linguistic topics
2911:
2910:
2883:'Cows eat straw'
2823:lammădăɣ Tămasăq
2695:
2694:
2635:
2572:
2534:
2475:
2397:
2396:
2230:
2229:
2198:
2197:
2114:Songhay languages
1974:Cluster reduction
1818:
1817:
1527:
1520:
1376:
1375:
432:Tahaggart/Ahaggar
367:Adrar des Ifoghas
321:Subclassification
185:
184:
16:(Redirected from
4598:
4586:Berber languages
4581:Tuareg languages
4487:
4486:
4315:Moroccan Amazigh
4263:Sanhaja de Srayr
4203:Western Algerian
4141:Eastern Moroccan
4089:Northern Saharan
4059:
4058:
3939:Berber languages
3932:
3925:
3918:
3909:
3908:
3891:
3880:
3861:
3839:
3833:
3827:
3821:
3815:
3809:
3803:
3797:
3791:
3785:
3779:
3773:
3767:
3764:
3758:
3757:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3726:
3720:
3714:
3708:
3702:
3696:
3690:
3679:
3673:
3664:
3663:, pp. 26–7.
3658:
3652:
3651:, p. 26-28.
3646:
3640:
3634:
3628:
3622:
3616:
3613:
3607:
3601:
3592:
3586:
3580:
3574:
3568:
3567:
3565:
3563:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3525:
3519:
3518:
3516:
3514:
3505:. Archived from
3498:
3492:
3491:
3489:
3487:
3482:on April 5, 2001
3474:Bizari, Brahim.
3471:
3465:
3464:
3462:
3460:
3444:
3438:
3432:
3426:
3425:
3420:. Archived from
3414:
3408:
3407:
3399:
3393:
3392:
3364:
3358:
3352:
3346:
3340:
3334:
3333:
3331:
3329:
3315:
3309:
3283:
3277:
3276:
3275:
3258:
3242:
3239:
3233:
3222:
3061:
2717:
2713:
2679:
2675:
2651:
2647:
2633:
2616:
2612:
2588:
2584:
2570:
2550:
2546:
2532:
2515:
2511:
2487:
2473:
2453:
2429:
2403:
2399:
2393:
2386:
2379:
2372:
2365:
2358:
2351:Participle form,
2346:
2339:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2301:
2294:
2282:
2275:
2255:
2251:
2246:triliteral roots
2223:
2221:enăle a essensăɣ
2211:
2204:
2203:
2191:
2179:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2136:
2135:
2064:
2060:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1911:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1871:
1868:
1859:
1853:
1845:
1841:
1832:
1830:
1826:
1803:
1795:
1776:
1768:
1761:
1754:
1747:
1738:
1731:
1723:
1715:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1660:
1651:
1644:
1632:
1624:
1614:
1607:
1600:
1593:
1586:
1577:
1559:
1548:
1541:
1523:
1518:
1476:
1472:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1389:
1366:
1346:
1326:
1305:
1284:
1279:
1258:
1253:
1232:
1211:
1163:
1142:
1121:
1100:
1079:
1058:
1037:
1032:
970:
949:
914:
893:
872:
851:
817:
773:
764:
743:
695:
674:
627:
535:
531:
225:Berber languages
222:
221:
218:
217:
214:
211:
208:
205:
202:
195:
181:
172:
158:
144:
30:
29:
21:
4606:
4605:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4571:
4570:
4569:
4564:
4547:
4521:
4507:IRCAM (Morocco)
4478:
4440:
4384:
4361:
4324:
4320:Algerian Berber
4301:
4285:Central-Western
4280:Central-Eastern
4236:Atlas languages
4224:
4168:Tunisian-Zuwara
4156:Western Riffian
4136:Central Riffian
4048:
3959:
3941:
3936:
3899:
3894:
3877:
3847:
3842:
3834:
3830:
3822:
3818:
3810:
3806:
3802:, p. 1.1..
3798:
3794:
3786:
3782:
3774:
3770:
3765:
3761:
3751:
3746:
3742:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3715:
3711:
3703:
3699:
3691:
3682:
3674:
3667:
3659:
3655:
3647:
3643:
3635:
3631:
3623:
3619:
3614:
3610:
3602:
3595:
3587:
3583:
3575:
3571:
3561:
3559:
3548:
3544:
3534:
3532:
3526:
3522:
3512:
3510:
3499:
3495:
3485:
3483:
3472:
3468:
3458:
3456:
3445:
3441:
3433:
3429:
3424:on May 3, 2008.
3416:
3415:
3411:
3400:
3396:
3381:10.2307/2793877
3365:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3341:
3337:
3327:
3325:
3317:
3316:
3312:
3284:
3280:
3270:
3259:
3255:
3251:
3246:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3182:
3075:
3023:
2960:
2928:
2923:
2921:Further reading
2915:imperative mood
2846:a-dd-as asekka
2691:
2681:
2663:
2653:
2628:
2618:
2600:
2590:
2562:
2552:
2527:
2517:
2499:
2489:
2465:
2455:
2441:
2431:
2398:
2353:i.e. "who ..."
2352:
2238:
2126:
2106:
2065:. For example,
2045:is realised as
2014:
2006:
2004:Suprasegmentals
1994:
1906:
1905:
1897:
1893:
1881:
1874:
1869:
1862:
1842:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1736:
1676:
1630:
1575:
1471:
1422:(on this page,
1412:
1407:
1398:
1387:
539:
485:and in various
456:
399:
365:(also known as
323:
309:is official in
269:
199:
193:
192:
168:
154:
140:
66:
65:Native speakers
49:
28:
23:
22:
18:Tuareg language
15:
12:
11:
5:
4604:
4594:
4593:
4588:
4583:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4546:
4545:
4540:
4535:
4533:Berber Academy
4529:
4527:
4523:
4522:
4520:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4504:
4499:
4497:AAAL (Algeria)
4493:
4491:
4484:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4466:
4461:
4456:
4450:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4439:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4429:
4422:
4415:
4401:
4392:
4390:
4386:
4385:
4383:
4382:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4354:
4349:
4344:
4338:
4336:
4330:
4329:
4326:
4325:
4323:
4322:
4317:
4311:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4300:
4299:
4298:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4243:
4232:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4222:
4221:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4200:
4199:
4198:
4193:
4188:
4181:
4176:
4165:
4160:
4159:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4128:
4127:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4079:
4067:
4065:
4056:
4050:
4049:
4047:
4046:
4041:
4040:
4039:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4014:
4009:
4002:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3975:
3969:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3957:
3949:
3947:
3943:
3942:
3935:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3912:
3906:
3905:
3898:
3897:External links
3895:
3893:
3892:
3881:
3875:
3862:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3840:
3828:
3816:
3814:, p. 118.
3804:
3792:
3780:
3768:
3759:
3740:
3721:
3709:
3697:
3680:
3665:
3653:
3641:
3629:
3617:
3608:
3593:
3581:
3569:
3542:
3520:
3493:
3466:
3439:
3427:
3409:
3394:
3359:
3347:
3335:
3310:
3278:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3234:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3209:
3208:
3197:
3190:
3181:
3178:
3177:
3176:
3169:
3166:
3159:
3152:
3145:
3138:
3130:
3129:Paris: Leroux.
3123:
3118:
3111:
3104:
3097:
3090:
3083:
3074:
3071:
3070:
3069:
3062:
3053:
3046:
3039:
3030:
3022:
3019:
3018:
3017:
3007:
3000:
2993:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2943:
2936:
2927:
2926:Bibliographies
2924:
2922:
2919:
2909:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2901:
2898:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2780:
2779:'He stood up'
2776:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:'He went out'
2749:
2748:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2738:
2734:
2733:
2730:
2727:
2724:
2721:
2712:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2702:
2693:
2692:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2630:
2629:
2604:
2603:
2601:
2576:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2529:
2528:
2503:
2502:
2500:
2479:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2467:
2466:
2445:
2444:
2442:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2414:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2395:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2374:
2373:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2327:
2326:
2319:
2312:
2307:
2303:
2302:
2295:
2288:
2284:
2283:
2276:
2269:
2265:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2250:
2237:
2234:
2228:
2227:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2212:
2209:essensăɣ enăle
2196:
2195:
2192:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2160:
2159:
2156:
2148:
2147:
2144:
2125:
2122:
2105:
2102:
2018:diachronically
2013:
2010:
2005:
2002:
1993:
1990:
1943:becomes , and
1904:
1903:
1891:
1889:respectively).
1872:
1860:
1833:
1820:
1819:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1805:
1796:
1789:
1787:
1781:
1780:
1778:
1769:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1741:
1739:
1733:
1732:
1725:
1716:
1709:
1702:
1693:
1686:
1679:
1674:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1663:
1661:
1654:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1617:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1594:
1587:
1580:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1470:
1467:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1380:morphophonemic
1374:
1373:
1370:
1367:
1360:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1350:
1347:
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1330:
1327:
1320:
1317:
1313:
1312:
1309:
1306:
1299:
1296:
1292:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1273:
1270:
1266:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1247:
1244:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1226:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1175:
1171:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1157:
1154:
1150:
1149:
1146:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1128:
1125:
1122:
1115:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1104:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1087:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1073:
1070:
1066:
1065:
1062:
1059:
1052:
1049:
1045:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1016:
1014:
1012:
1009:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1001:
999:
996:
992:
991:
989:
987:
985:
982:
978:
977:
974:
971:
964:
961:
957:
956:
953:
950:
943:
940:
936:
935:
933:
931:
929:
926:
922:
921:
918:
915:
908:
905:
901:
900:
897:
894:
887:
884:
880:
879:
876:
873:
866:
863:
859:
858:
855:
852:
845:
842:
838:
837:
835:
833:
831:
828:
825:
824:
821:
818:
811:
808:
804:
803:
801:
799:
797:
794:
791:
790:
788:
786:
784:
781:
777:
776:
768:
765:
758:
755:
751:
750:
747:
744:
737:
734:
730:
729:
727:
725:
723:
720:
717:
716:
714:
712:
710:
707:
703:
702:
699:
696:
689:
686:
682:
681:
678:
675:
668:
665:
661:
660:
658:
656:
654:
651:
648:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
635:
634:
631:
628:
621:
618:
614:
613:
611:
609:
607:
604:
600:
599:
597:
595:
593:
590:
586:
585:
583:
581:
579:
576:
573:
572:
570:
568:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
551:
550:
547:
544:
541:
455:
452:
448:Western Berber
440:
439:
434:
429:
424:
418:
417:(Ingal, Gofat)
412:
398:
397:
396:
395:
394:
393:
390:
380:
370:
353:
352:
351:
324:
322:
319:
268:
265:
233:Tuareg Berbers
183:
182:
174:
173:
166:
160:
159:
152:
146:
145:
138:
128:
127:
126:
125:
110:
101:
97:
96:
95:
94:
93:
92:
77:
71:
70:
67:
64:
61:
60:
51:
45:
44:
39:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4603:
4592:
4589:
4587:
4584:
4582:
4579:
4578:
4576:
4563:
4559:
4554:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4536:
4534:
4531:
4530:
4528:
4524:
4518:
4515:
4513:
4512:DNAFLA (Mali)
4510:
4508:
4505:
4503:
4502:HCA (Algeria)
4500:
4498:
4495:
4494:
4492:
4488:
4485:
4481:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4467:
4465:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4455:
4452:
4451:
4449:
4447:
4443:
4435:
4434:
4433:West Numidian
4430:
4428:
4427:
4423:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:East Numidian
4409:
4408:
4407:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4398:
4394:
4393:
4391:
4387:
4381:
4378:
4376:
4373:
4372:
4370:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4350:
4348:
4345:
4343:
4340:
4339:
4337:
4335:
4331:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4312:
4310:
4308:
4304:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4273:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4241:Central Atlas
4239:
4238:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4231:
4227:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4205:
4204:
4201:
4197:
4194:
4192:
4189:
4187:
4186:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4133:
4132:
4129:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4087:
4083:
4080:
4078:
4075:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4066:
4064:
4060:
4057:
4055:
4051:
4045:
4042:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4019:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4007:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3970:
3968:
3966:
3962:
3956:
3955:
3951:
3950:
3948:
3946:Reconstructed
3944:
3940:
3933:
3928:
3926:
3921:
3919:
3914:
3913:
3910:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3889:
3888:
3882:
3878:
3876:3-11-018484-2
3872:
3868:
3863:
3859:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3838:, p. 57.
3837:
3832:
3825:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3790:, p. 48.
3789:
3784:
3778:, p. 46.
3777:
3772:
3763:
3755:
3749:
3748:Kossmann 1999
3744:
3736:
3730:
3725:
3719:, p. 29.
3718:
3713:
3706:
3701:
3695:, p. 28.
3694:
3689:
3687:
3685:
3678:, p. 27.
3677:
3672:
3670:
3662:
3657:
3650:
3645:
3638:
3633:
3626:
3621:
3612:
3606:, p. 25.
3605:
3600:
3598:
3591:, p. 33.
3590:
3585:
3579:, p. 34.
3578:
3573:
3557:
3553:
3546:
3531:
3524:
3508:
3504:
3497:
3481:
3477:
3470:
3454:
3450:
3443:
3436:
3431:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3405:
3398:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3356:
3351:
3344:
3339:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3307:
3306:2-85744-972-0
3303:
3300:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3285:Monique Jay,
3282:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3253:
3238:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3217:
3207:. Copenhagen.
3206:
3202:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3184:
3183:
3174:
3170:
3167:
3164:
3160:
3157:
3153:
3150:
3146:
3143:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3109:
3105:
3102:
3098:
3095:
3091:
3088:
3084:
3081:
3077:
3076:
3067:
3063:
3059:
3054:
3051:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3031:
3028:
3025:
3024:
3015:
3011:
3010:Karl-G Prasse
3008:
3005:
3001:
2998:
2994:
2991:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2973:
2969:
2964:
2952:
2948:
2944:
2941:
2937:
2934:
2930:
2929:
2918:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2899:
2895:
2893:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2876:
2875:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2815:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2785:
2781:
2778:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2728:
2725:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2680:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2652:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2631:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2617:
2607:
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2589:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2565:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2551:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2523:
2520:
2516:
2506:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2488:
2482:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2454:
2448:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2430:
2424:
2419:
2415:
2411:
2408:
2404:
2392:
2388:
2385:
2381:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2349:
2345:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2329:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2317:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2270:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2247:
2243:
2233:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2169:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2157:
2154:
2150:
2149:
2145:
2142:
2138:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:topic–comment
2121:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2101:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2070:
2068:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2032:
2028:
2023:
2019:
2009:
2001:
2000:(see above).
1999:
1998:glottal stops
1989:
1982:/-kt,-ɟt,-ɡt/
1975:
1971:
1964:
1933:
1931:
1927:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1895:
1879:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1857:
1851:
1840:
1838:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1812:
1810:
1808:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1794:
1790:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1775:
1770:
1767:
1760:
1756:
1753:
1749:
1746:
1742:
1740:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1699:
1694:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1680:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1616:
1613:
1609:
1606:
1602:
1599:
1595:
1592:
1588:
1585:
1581:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1558:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1517:
1516:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1488:
1483:
1477:
1466:
1463:
1461:
1429:
1402:
1396:
1391:
1385:
1384:assimilations
1381:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1348:
1345:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1297:
1294:
1293:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1278:
1274:
1271:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1260:
1257:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1224:
1221:
1220:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1147:
1144:
1141:
1137:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1099:
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1031:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
1000:
997:
994:
993:
990:
988:
986:
983:
980:
979:
975:
972:
969:
965:
962:
959:
958:
954:
951:
948:
944:
941:
938:
937:
934:
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
916:
913:
909:
906:
903:
902:
898:
895:
892:
888:
885:
882:
881:
877:
874:
871:
867:
864:
861:
860:
856:
853:
850:
846:
843:
840:
839:
836:
834:
832:
829:
827:
826:
822:
819:
816:
812:
809:
806:
805:
802:
800:
798:
795:
793:
792:
789:
787:
785:
782:
779:
778:
775:
769:
766:
763:
759:
756:
753:
752:
748:
745:
742:
738:
735:
732:
731:
728:
726:
724:
721:
719:
718:
715:
713:
711:
708:
705:
704:
700:
697:
694:
690:
687:
684:
683:
679:
676:
673:
669:
666:
663:
662:
659:
657:
655:
652:
650:
649:
646:
644:
642:
640:
637:
636:
632:
629:
626:
622:
619:
616:
615:
612:
610:
608:
605:
602:
601:
598:
596:
594:
591:
588:
587:
584:
582:
580:
577:
575:
574:
571:
569:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
552:
536:
527:
523:
519:
515:
510:
506:
502:
500:
496:
492:
488:
484:
479:
477:
473:
469:
468:Arabic script
465:
461:
451:
449:
445:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
406:
405:
403:
391:
388:
384:
381:
378:
374:
371:
368:
364:
360:
357:
356:
354:
349:
345:
341:
337:
334:
333:
331:
330:
329:
326:
325:
318:
316:
312:
308:
304:
303:Arabic script
300:
295:
293:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
220:
190:
180:
175:
171:
167:
165:
161:
157:
153:
151:
147:
143:
139:
137:
133:
129:
123:
119:
115:
111:
108:
104:
103:
102:
98:
91:
88:
87:
86:
83:
82:
81:
78:
76:
72:
68:
62:
59:
55:
52:
46:
43:
40:
36:
31:
19:
4557:
4517:CRB (France)
4490:Governmental
4483:Institutions
4431:
4424:
4417:
4410:
4403:
4395:
4333:
4307:Standardised
4258:Judeo-Berber
4245:
4183:
4004:
3954:Proto-Berber
3952:
3886:
3866:
3857:
3845:Bibliography
3831:
3826:, p. 5.
3819:
3807:
3795:
3783:
3771:
3762:
3743:
3724:
3712:
3700:
3656:
3644:
3632:
3620:
3611:
3584:
3572:
3560:. Retrieved
3556:the original
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3523:
3511:. Retrieved
3507:the original
3496:
3484:. Retrieved
3480:the original
3469:
3457:. Retrieved
3453:the original
3442:
3430:
3422:the original
3412:
3403:
3397:
3372:
3368:
3362:
3350:
3338:
3326:. Retrieved
3322:
3313:
3290:
3281:
3264:
3256:
3237:
3226:palatal stop
3220:
3204:
3200:
3193:
3186:
3172:
3162:
3155:
3148:
3141:
3133:
3126:
3114:
3107:
3100:
3093:
3086:
3079:
3065:
3057:
3049:
3042:
3033:
3013:
2996:
2989:
2988:(1951–1952)
2975:
2971:
2967:
2958:Dictionaries
2946:
2939:
2932:
2912:
2696:
2689:'They wrote'
2688:
2685:
2682:
2671:
2668:
2660:
2657:
2654:
2643:
2640:
2626:'They wrote'
2625:
2622:
2619:
2608:
2605:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2580:
2577:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2542:
2539:
2524:
2521:
2518:
2507:
2504:
2496:
2493:
2490:
2483:
2480:
2462:
2459:
2456:
2449:
2446:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2425:
2422:
2239:
2231:
2199:
2127:
2107:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2071:
2066:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2021:
2015:
2007:
1995:
1992:Phonotactics
1984:into (e.g.
1972:
1965:
1934:
1930:glottal stop
1921:glottal stop
1918:
1907:
1894:
1824:
1464:
1460:Proto-Berber
1413:
1392:
1377:
525:
521:
517:
513:
503:
480:
475:
464:Latin script
457:
442:Speakers of
441:
400:
387:Iwellemmeden
327:
307:Latin script
296:
285:conservative
280:
276:
270:
256:
253:Burkina Faso
188:
186:
100:Subdivisions
89:
80:Afro-Asiatic
50:distribution
4446:Orthography
4426:Mauretanian
4352:Tawellemmet
4077:Seghrouchen
3836:Sudlow 2001
3812:Sudlow 2001
3800:Sudlow 2001
3788:Sudlow 2001
3776:Sudlow 2001
3729:Prasse 1969
3717:Sudlow 2001
3705:Sudlow 2001
3693:Sudlow 2001
3676:Sudlow 2001
3661:Sudlow 2001
3649:Sudlow 2001
3637:Sudlow 2001
3625:Sudlow 2001
3604:Sudlow 2001
3589:Sudlow 2001
3577:Sudlow 2001
3435:Sudlow 2001
3355:Sudlow 2001
2977:Kel Ahaggar
2792:ekkêɣ hebu
2789:ekkeɣ hebu
2661:'She wrote'
2560:'You wrote'
2525:'You wrote'
2497:'You wrote'
2306:3rd person
2287:2nd person
2268:1st person
1963:may occur.
1416:/a,e,i,o,u/
499:inscription
454:Orthography
373:Air Tamajaq
340:Kel Ahaggar
267:Description
122:Tawellemmet
118:Air Tamajeq
4575:Categories
4405:Old Libyan
4229:Non-Zenati
3562:August 19,
3535:August 18,
3513:August 18,
3486:August 19,
3459:August 19,
3328:August 17,
3266:Ethnologue
3249:References
3230:velar stop
2686:write.3P/F
2658:write.3S/F
2623:write.3P/M
2598:'He wrote'
2595:write.3S/M
2557:write.2P/F
2522:write.2P/M
2463:'We wrote'
2244:language,
2236:Morphology
2082:Maraboutic
1986:/tămaʃăɣt/
1980:into and
1947:becomes .
1939:becomes ,
1507:Pharyngeal
1469:Consonants
1450:(although
1438:(although
487:sepulchres
421:Tamesgrest
409:Tawellemet
383:Tawellemet
194:English:
112:Southern (
105:Northern (
48:Geographic
4560:indicate
4375:Tetserret
3375:: 20–23.
3299:0295-5245
2554:tektabmat
2540:tektabmat
2439:'I wrote'
2409:Singular
2323:t-...-măt
2260:singular
2242:templatic
1978:/-ɣt,-ɣk/
1677:voiceless
1672:Fricative
1576:voiceless
1405:Phonology
546:Tifinagh
495:Tin Hinan
427:Tafaghist
423:(Azerori)
363:Kel Adrar
355:Southern
344:Kel Ajjer
332:Northern
292:loanwords
164:Glottolog
150:ISO 639-3
132:ISO 639-2
38:Ethnicity
4459:Tifinagh
4347:Tamashek
4119:Wad Righ
4109:Tidikelt
4099:Mozabite
4054:Northern
4000:Ghadamès
3261:Tamashek
3021:Grammars
2949:Leiden:
2715:aspects
2683:ektabnat
2669:ektabnat
2519:tektabam
2505:tektabam
2494:write.2S
2491:tektabad
2481:tektabad
2460:write.1P
2436:write.1S
2384:t-...-ăt
2363:y-...-ăn
2299:t-...-ăm
2292:t-...-ăd
2116:such as
1970:> ).
1968:/edˤkăr/
1831:is rare.
1525:emphatic
1487:Alveolar
557:Unicode
483:rock art
460:Tifinagh
444:Tin Sert
377:Kel Ayer
359:Tamasheq
299:Tifinagh
229:dialects
170:tuar1240
114:Tamasheq
90:Tamashek
33:Tamashek
4558:Italics
4397:Guanche
4367:Western
4342:Tamahaq
4295:Western
4290:Eastern
4253:Ghomara
4208:Gouraya
4191:Douiret
4179:Matmata
4163:Shawiya
4146:Iznasen
4131:Riffian
4006:Jaghbub
3965:Eastern
3389:2793877
3343:AA list
2972:tasdest
2620:ektaban
2606:ektaban
2433:ektabaɣ
2423:ektabaɣ
2412:Plural
2406:Person
2391:...-nen
2370:...-năt
2263:plural
2104:Grammar
2051:Tamajaq
1926:liaison
1844:/lˤ,sˤ/
1785:Lateral
1571:Plosive
1512:Glottal
1492:Palatal
1397:, e.g.
1390:for ).
774:
549:Arabic
540:(Mali)
476:Lexique
466:or the
336:Tamahaq
245:Algeria
107:Tamahaq
4389:Others
4380:Zenaga
4357:Tayart
4334:Tuareg
4275:Kabyle
4268:Shilha
4218:Shenwa
4213:Shelif
4196:Zuwara
4151:Snouss
4124:Wargla
4094:Gurara
4082:Warayn
4063:Zenati
4037:Yefren
4032:Wazzin
4017:Nafusi
3993:Tmessa
3983:Foqaha
3978:Fezzan
3973:Awjila
3873:
3387:
3304:
3297:
2813:l-m-d
2770:ibdăd
2767:ibdăd
2764:b-d-d
2743:izgăr
2740:izgăr
2737:z-g-r
2672:write.
2655:tektab
2644:write.
2641:tektab
2609:write.
2581:write.
2543:write.
2508:write.
2484:write.
2457:nektab
2450:write.
2447:nektab
2426:write.
2344:...-ăn
2273:...-ăɣ
2124:Syntax
1945:/dˤdˤ/
1737:voiced
1631:voiced
1502:Uvular
1482:Labial
1410:Vowels
1386:(e.g.
554:Image
543:Niger
538:DNAFLA
472:DNAFLA
415:Tayiṛt
402:Blench
342:, and
328:Tuareg
289:Arabic
257:Kinnin
189:Tuareg
85:Berber
54:Sahara
42:Tuareg
4247:Gharb
4185:Sened
4174:Jerba
4114:Tuwat
4027:Nalut
4012:Kufra
3988:Sokna
3385:JSTOR
3212:Notes
3073:Texts
3029:>.
2720:Verb
2592:iktab
2578:iktab
2337:t-...
2316:y-...
2280:n-...
2118:Sawaq
2067:tidət
1887:/x,ɣ/
1883:/ħ,ʕ/
1856:Allah
1533:Nasal
1519:plain
1497:Velar
1420:/ə,ă/
1316:ž (ʒ)
1111:š (ʃ)
348:Libya
315:Niger
259:, in
249:Libya
241:Niger
58:Sahel
4526:NGOs
4044:Siwa
4022:Jadu
3871:ISBN
3754:help
3735:help
3564:2012
3537:2012
3515:2012
3488:2012
3461:2012
3330:2012
3302:ISBN
3295:ISSN
2567:3rd
2470:2nd
2417:1st
2158:VSO
2146:SVO
2096:and
2088:and
2076:and
2061:and
1953:/tˤ/
1951:and
1941:/ww/
1937:/ɣɣ/
1919:The
1446:and
1434:and
1395:Fula
1287:ⵌ, ⵣ
1261:ⵢ, ⵉ
1040:ⵆ, ⵈ
524:and
516:and
437:Ghat
313:and
311:Mali
279:and
261:Chad
251:and
237:Mali
227:and
187:The
56:and
3377:doi
3369:Man
3263:at
2634:(f)
2571:(m)
2533:(f)
2474:(m)
2063:/j/
2059:/i/
1961:/ɡ/
1957:/ɡ/
1949:/q/
1899:/ʒ/
1829:/ŋ/
1456:/ə/
1452:/u/
1448:/u/
1444:/o/
1440:/i/
1436:/i/
1432:/e/
1428:IPA
1424:/ă/
1357:(ʕ)
772:گ ݣ
638:(ḅ)
210:ɑːr
156:tmh
142:tmh
4577::
3856:.
3683:^
3668:^
3596:^
3383:.
3373:56
3371:.
3321:.
3308:).
3289:.
2674:3P
2646:3S
2611:3P
2583:3S
2545:2P
2510:2P
2486:2S
2452:1P
2428:1S
2100:.
2043:*z
2027:*z
2022:*h
1932:.
1916:.
1875:^
1863:^
1850:lˤ
1836:^
1804:)
1801:lˤ
1777:)
1752:zˤ
1724:)
1701:)
1698:sˤ
1649:dˤ
1625:)
1591:tˤ
1401:.
1372:ع
1352:ح
1332:ج
1311:ظ
1290:ز
1264:ي
1238:خ
1217:و
1169:ط
1148:ت
1127:ش
1106:ص
1085:س
1064:ر
1043:ق
976:ن
955:م
920:ل
899:ک
878:ه
857:غ
823:چ
749:ف
701:ض
680:د
633:ب
450:.
317:.
263:.
247:,
243:,
239:,
134:/
120:,
116:,
4400:?
3931:e
3924:t
3917:v
3879:.
3756:)
3750:.
3737:)
3731:.
3566:.
3539:.
3517:.
3490:.
3463:.
3391:.
3379::
3332:.
3203:h
2980:.
2953:.
2678:F
2676:/
2650:F
2648:/
2615:M
2613:/
2587:M
2585:/
2549:F
2547:/
2514:M
2512:/
2378:F
2357:M
2331:F
2310:M
2098:ɣ
2094:x
2090:ʻ
2086:ħ
2078:ʻ
2074:ħ
2055:z
2047:ž
2039:z
2035:š
2031:h
1858:.
1852:/
1848:/
1798:(
1793:l
1774:ʕ
1771:(
1766:ɣ
1759:ʒ
1745:z
1729:h
1721:ħ
1718:(
1713:x
1706:ʃ
1695:(
1690:s
1683:f
1658:ɡ
1642:d
1636:b
1622:ʔ
1619:(
1612:q
1605:k
1598:ɟ
1584:t
1557:ŋ
1546:n
1539:m
1369:ⵄ
1349:ⵆ
1337:ḥ
1329:ⵊ
1319:ǧ
1308:ⵥ
1298:ẓ
1295:ẓ
1272:z
1269:z
1246:y
1243:y
1235:ⵅ
1225:x
1222:x
1214:ⵓ
1204:w
1201:w
1190:û
1177:u
1174:u
1166:ⵟ
1156:ṭ
1153:ṭ
1145:ⵜ
1135:t
1132:t
1124:ⵛ
1114:š
1103:ⵚ
1093:ṣ
1090:ṣ
1082:ⵙ
1072:s
1069:s
1061:ⵔ
1051:r
1048:r
1025:q
1022:q
1011:ô
998:o
995:o
984:ŋ
981:ŋ
973:ⵏ
963:n
960:n
952:ⵎ
942:m
939:m
928:ḷ
925:ḷ
917:ⵍ
907:l
904:l
896:ⴾ
886:k
883:k
875:ⵂ
865:h
862:h
854:ⵗ
844:ɣ
841:ɣ
830:ǰ
820:ⴶ
810:j
807:j
796:î
783:i
780:i
767:ⴳ
757:g
754:g
746:ⴼ
736:f
733:f
722:ê
709:e
706:e
698:ⴹ
688:ḍ
685:ḍ
677:ⴷ
667:d
664:d
653:c
630:ⵀ
620:b
617:b
606:ǝ
603:ǝ
592:ă
589:ă
578:â
565:a
562:a
526:n
522:l
518:n
514:t
281:h
277:z
219:/
216:ɡ
213:ɛ
207:w
204:t
201:ˈ
198:/
191:(
136:5
124:)
109:)
20:)
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