371:
2036:
1986:
1966:
2056:
2021:
2078:
2098:
858:
119:
2005:
874:
188:
66:
355:
78:
526:(IUGS) included the 'Tsumeb Ore Deposit' in its assemblage of 100 'geological heritage sites' around the world in a listing published in October 2022. The organisation defines an IUGS Geological Heritage Site as 'a key place with geological elements and/or processes of international scientific relevance, used as a reference, and/or with a substantial contribution to the development of geological sciences through history.'
476:
576:
126:
697:
555:
deep. The water in Guinas is completely clear and well over 100 m deep. Divers who have performed bounce-dives in Guinas to 80 m (strictly speaking, beyond the safe depth for such dives, especially given the altitude of the lake above sea level) have reported that there was nothing but powdery-blue water below them. Guinas has been in existence for so long that a unique species of fish,
363:
413:
system and that the rock filling it is sand that seeped in from above. If the pipe is volcanic, as some have suggested, then the rock filling it (the "pseudo-aplite") is peculiar in the extreme. The pipe was mined in prehistoric times but those ancient workers barely scratched the surface. Most of the ore was removed in the 20th century by cut-and-fill methods. The ore was
554:
in the early 1970s. The depths of the lakes are unknown, because towards the bottom both lakes disappear into lateral cave systems, so it is not possible to use a weight to sound them. Otjikoto, which has poor visibility (owing to pollution from agricultural fertilizers used nearby), is at least 60 m
445:
present but the recovery of this metal was always difficult for technical reasons. Many millions of tonnes of ore of spectacular grade were removed. A good percentage of the ore (called "direct smelting ore") was so rich that it was sent straight to the smelter situated near the town without having
680:
Every year the Tsumeb
Municipality organises the Tsumeb Copper Festival. More than 200 small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and bigger exhibitors showcase their products and services at the annual fair. The festival takes place annually during the last weekend of October at the United Nations Park.
412:
Tsumeb is notable for the huge mineralized pipe that led to its foundation. The origin of the pipe has been hotly debated. The pipe penetrates more or less vertically through the
Precambrian Otavi dolomite for at least 1,300 m. One possibility is that the pipe was actually a gigantic ancient cave
1889:
Tsumeb belongs to the world's most prolific mineralogical sites. The minerals from Tsumeb are unsurpassed in variety and quality of form. At least 170 mineral species have been cataloged and 20 of these are found nowhere else. The concentration of ingredients for Tsumeb's mineral formations
499:. The mine has since been opened up again by a group of local entrepreneurs ("Ongopolo Mining"). A fair amount of oxidized ore remains to be recovered in the old upper levels of the mine. It is highly unlikely, though, that the deepest levels will ever be reopened.
595:
walls of the cave for over 50 m. Here, too, SCUBA divers have descended as deep as they have dared (80 m) in the crystal-clear waters and have reported nothing but deep blue below them from one ledge of dolomite to the next with nothing discernible in the depths.
2035:
1890:
originates in a sulfide deposit rich in many metals. A non-arid environment plentiful in oxygen-rich groundwater contributed to leaching and re-deposition of these elements as new minerals, sometimes in crystalline formations. There are rare
1914:, ekatite, fahleite, feinglosite, ferrilotharmeyerite, gaitite, gebhardite, gerdtremmelite, helmutwinklerite, jamesite, johillerite, keyite, koritnigite, leiteite, ludlockite, lukrahnite, molybdofornacite, o'danielite, prosperite,
454:. Between 1905 and 1996, the mine produced about 30 million tons of ore yielding 1.7 Mt copper, 2.8 Mt lead 0.9 Mt zinc, as well as 80 t germanium. The average ore grade was 10% Pb, 4.3% Cu, 3.5% Zn, 100 ppm Ag, 50 ppm Ge.
335:
and has a population of 44,113. The town is the site of a deep mine (the lower workings now closed) that in its heyday was known as "TCL" (after its operator Tsumeb
Corporation Ltd.), but has since been renamed the
681:
The four-day event, which is aimed at boosting the economic competitiveness of the town, draws crowds from all corners of the country and beyond. It also facilitates indirect investments in the hospitality sector.
2739:
2118:
401:
and means either "Place of the moss" or "Place of the frog". Perhaps this old name had something to do with the huge natural hill of green, oxidized copper ore that existed there before it was mined out.
1965:
627:
through black turf to chalky clay and loam. The district is thus suitable for intensified farming and crop production. There is an abundance of ground water and regular rainfall in the summer months.
665:
on Farm
Sargberg approximately 45 km south of Tsumeb. The plant has a production capacity of 650000 tonnes per annum, almost double the demand of the Namibian domestic market. It is owned by
703:
train near Tsumeb about 1931. The photograph must have been taken in winter, as the trees have no leaves. Despite the fact that Tsumeb is in the tropics, it is well over a thousand metres
491:(Otavi Minen- und Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft) and later by TCL (Tsumeb Corporation Limited) before its closure a few years ago, when the ore at depth ran out. The main shafts became flooded by
1985:
2020:
2747:
3106:
2761:
685:
2077:
2516:
2703:
2097:
966:
3116:
551:
3086:
2431:
1894:
of Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Sb and, reflecting the ore deposit chemistry, Ge, Ga and Cd as well. Minerals first described from Tsumeb include, according to
337:
414:
762:. Tsumeb was for most of the 20th century the terminus of the line but in recent times the track has been extended a further 260 km to reach
3096:
2055:
2209:
666:
465:
828:
800:
607:, lies in a field about forty minutes' drive to the southeast of Tsumeb, at Hoba West. It is a nickel-iron meteorite of about 60 tonnes.
2133:
954:), with hot summers and mild winters (with warm days and chilly nights). The average annual precipitation is 528 mm (21 in).
835:
808:
523:
522:
In respect of it being 'one of the richest ore deposits with respect to variety, rarity and aesthetics of minerals in the world', the
2412:
Lombaard, A.F., Günzel, A., Innes, J., Krüger, T.L. (1986). "The Tsumeb lead–copper–zinc–silver deposit, South West Africa/Namibia".
584:
2648:
150:
546:("Gwee-nus"). Guinas, at about 500 m in diameter, is somewhat larger in area than Otjikoto. A pioneering documentary movie about
770:
and having the
Government of Angola build a railroad from the north to connect the two countries together. The junction for the
3091:
3037:
842:(IPC), an opposition party formed in August 2020, obtained 1,472 votes and gained two seats. The remaining seat went to the
2004:
502:
The other notable feature of the town is the metal smelter, previously owned by
Namibia Custom Smelters, which was sold by
2797:
2117:
Tsumeb is home to a number of primary and secondary schools as well as an Adult
Education Center, which resorts under the
831:
was again won by SWAPO which gained six seats and 3,149 votes. The remaining seat went to the DTA which gained 291 votes.
3111:
2460:
2849:
619:
around Tsumeb. The area consists largely of rolling hills covered in thorn bush. Tsumeb falls under the dry woodland,
2772:
2279:
812:
583:
One of the largest and deepest underground lakes in the world lies a little to the east of Tsumeb, on a farm called
700:
488:
2257:
947:
283:
2768:
2743:
839:
816:
572:
and supplies into the deep waters of
Otjikoto. Some of the material has been recovered for display in museums.
2414:
Anhaeusser, C.R., Maske, S. (Eds.), Mineral
Deposits of Southern Africa, Geol. Soc. South Africa, Johannesburg
916:
820:
2714:
118:
483:
crystals from the Tsumeb mine, source of many of the world's best (and most expensive) dioptase specimen s.
3019:
843:
275:
778:, leaving it a dead end, though a second triangle is provided for through trains to bypass the station.
370:
3101:
3081:
2538:
1431:
2668:
2321:
212:
2228:
862:
487:
Tsumeb, since its founding, has been primarily a mining town. The mine was originally owned by the
406:
2158:
2046:
565:
503:
457:
It is noted for 243 valid minerals and is the type location for 56 types of mineral. Some of the
2874:
2393:
Melcher, F. (2003). "The Otavi
Mountain Land in Namibia: Tsumeb, germanium and snowball earth".
2139:
775:
3028:
2425:
2145:
943:
824:
1944:
others are: kegelite, minrecordite, otavite, plumbotsumite, queitite, sidpietersite (unique
77:
704:
324:
1937:(germanate topaz), mathewrogersite, otjisumeite, ovamboite, schaurteite and stottite) and
323:. Tsumeb is known as the "gateway to the north" of Namibia. It is the closest town to the
8:
1891:
332:
300:
217:
30:
2498:
2162:
926:
568:, today's Namibia, in 1914, the retreating German forces eventually threw all of their
507:
390:
200:
2879:
2854:
2673:
2627:
2490:
899:
557:
464:
From 1971 to 1972, the Tsumeb mine had its operations temporarily stopped during the
451:
398:
349:
308:
41:
2894:
495:
over a kilometre deep and the water was collected and pumped as far as the capital,
2805:
2411:
1918:, schneiderhöhnite, schultenite, sewardite, stranskiite, thometzekite, tsumcorite,
674:
514:. The Annual Copper Festival is a well-known event on the local festival calendar.
394:
385:
The name Tsumeb is generally pronounced "SOO-meb". The name is not a derivative of
2299:
3076:
3023:
2920:"Tsumeb Mine (Tsumcorp Mine), Tsumeb, Oshikoto Region (Otjikoto Region), Namibia"
2602:
2347:
904:
807:
won with approximately 75% of the vote. Of the four other parties seeking seats,
658:
616:
592:
386:
316:
205:
99:
2045:, colored umber-red by inclusions of Ludlockite, a lead arsenate. Tsumeb is the
623:
vegetation zone. The soil around Tsumeb varies in quality from very fertile red
331:
was proclaimed a town and the new capital. The area around Tsumeb forms its own
866:
857:
781:
652:
604:
3070:
3052:
3039:
2494:
2029:
crystals on calcite, a classic Tsumeb specimen. Size: 8.2 x 5.8 x 5.5 cm
921:
894:
740:
636:
591:
or to descend an ancient, hand-forged ladder that hangs free of the vertical
539:
165:
152:
2859:
838:
was also won by SWAPO which obtained 2,518 votes and gained four seats. The
2284:
1945:
793:
732:
547:
374:
2517:"Dundee Precious Metals sells Tsumeb smelter to Louis Dreyfus Commodities"
2649:"Tsumeb Copper Festival scheduled for end of October | Namibia Economist"
2064:
1976:
1919:
1906:: andyrobertsite, arsenbrackebuschite, arsendescloizite, arsentsumebite,
748:
673:
reserves appear to be adequate for approximately 300 years. Tsumeb has a
543:
492:
2826:
2502:
2478:
1934:
1895:
759:
724:
648:
632:
628:
3001:
2944:
2919:
2447:
3011:
2567:
2104:
2088:
2061:
2011:
1949:
1930:
1926:
1915:
1903:
767:
670:
600:
469:
458:
438:
327:. Tsumeb used to be the regional capital of Oshikoto until 2008 when
315:) is a city of around 35,000 inhabitants and the largest town in the
266:
2692:. No. 3. Institute for Public Policy Research. 2015. p. 4.
2322:"Tsumeb Travel Guide: Useful information to visit Tsumeb. 7 Reviews"
1979:
collection, offered at US$ 125,000. Size 16.7 x 13.2 x 10.5 cm.
65:
2368:
2084:
2042:
2026:
1995:
1907:
771:
763:
752:
716:
712:
535:
529:
496:
480:
354:
328:
2581:
661:
was established in 2007. The plant is situated between Tsumeb and
3006:
2112:
2068:
1991:
1972:
1938:
1911:
878:
696:
644:
620:
475:
434:
320:
193:
2762:"2020 Local Authority Elections Results and Allocation of Seats"
792:
Tsumeb is governed by a municipal council that has seven seats.
758:
Tsumeb is connected to the national railway network operated by
723:. To the north-east a newly constructed Bituminous Road towards
882:
873:
728:
720:
588:
569:
426:
418:
378:
271:
3016:
2395:
Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Mineralogischen Gesellschaft
2229:"Table 4.2.2 Urban population by Census years (2001 and 2011)"
575:
908:
804:
744:
736:
662:
640:
2969:
796:
is one of the well-known and established local politicians.
912:
624:
442:
430:
422:
362:
2568:"Ts911 ทางเข้าทีเอส911 – แทงบอล สมัคร Ts911 พร้อมข่าวกีฬา"
2258:"2023 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Report"
811:(RDP) received approximately 15% of the vote, followed by
446:
to be processed through the mineral enrichment plant. The
2827:"Laureate Ben Hauwanga | Junior Achievement Namibia"
511:
288:
2236:
Namibia 2011 – Population and Housing Census Main Report
510:
in 2010. The right of the smelter is currently owned by
2790:
2107:
crystals on brown-black beudantite, 8 x 5 x 3 cm.
366:
Tsumeb open cast pit, buildings and railway about 1931
2996:
2302:. Association of Local Authorities in Namibia (ALAN)
409:
and celebrated its 100th year of existence in 2005.
3031:, special issue, Volume 8, Issue 3 – May/June 1977.
1922:, wilhelmkleinite, zincgartrellite and zincroselite
587:. To reach the water in the cave one has either to
3017:Namibia Institute of Mining and Technology website
1941:(gallobeudantite, söhngeite, tsumgallite) minerals
1929:(bartelkeite, calvertite, eyselite, fleischerite,
766:. There have been talks of extending the line to
3068:
2466:. AMERICAN COMMlTTEE ON AFRICA. January 7, 1972.
2049:for both species. Size: 2.8 x 1.8 x 1.2 cm.
1442:
974:
956:
803:, a total of 3,120 votes were cast in the city.
530:Sinkhole lakes and the world's biggest meteorite
517:
3107:1905 establishments in German South West Africa
846:(PDM, the new name of the DTA) with 199 votes.
343:
2771:. 29 November 2020. p. 15. Archived from
2539:"The First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites"
2113:Educational institutes and training facilities
2866:
2746:. 28 November 2015. p. 6. Archived from
2704:"Local Authority Election Results for Tsumeb"
610:
2628:"Minerology in Tsumeb | Kupferquelle Resort"
2546:IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage
2430:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2348:"Namibia: Govt Won't Let Tsumeb Die – Mayor"
639:with much success. The main crops grown are
2392:
1994:crystals colored red by tiny inclusions of
823:(DTA, 2%) Despite being on the ballot, the
397:. It has been suggested that it comes from
2134:Namibia Institute of Mining and Technology
524:International Union of Geological Sciences
441:were won. There was also a fair amount of
2872:
2443:
2441:
3117:First 100 IUGS Geological Heritage Sites
2847:
2210:1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike
1866:Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
1417:Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
695:
574:
474:
466:1971–72 Namibian contract workers strike
369:
361:
353:
3087:Populated places in the Oshikoto Region
2841:
2669:"Oscar Norich Stadium is falling apart"
2292:
2280:"Windhoek?! Rather make that Otjomuise"
2238:. Namibia Statistics Agency. p. 40
3069:
2873:Kambaekwa, Carlos (11 November 2018).
2476:
2438:
2345:
2277:
2124:
774:line is located at the "wrong end" of
461:minerals are only found in this mine.
2848:Ndjebela, Toivo (30 September 2011).
2461:"ACOA fact sheets: STRIKE IN NAMIBIA"
3097:Populated places established in 1905
2875:"Gerros Uri-Khob, the Copper Bullet"
2519:. guelphmercury.com. 14 January 2010
2453:
2190:Tsumeb English Medium Primary School
1910:, calcioandyrobertsite, chudobaite,
3002:Mindat mineral location information
2858:. via allafrica.com. Archived from
2850:"'I am politics' John the Baptist'"
2346:!hoaës, Irene (25 September 2008).
468:over the contract labor system and
13:
2895:"Mineralienatlas – Fossilienatlas"
2582:"Home – Ohorongo Cement (PTY) Ltd"
2221:
827:(CoD) did not receive a vote. The
727:leads to Katwitwi Border Post and
688:Stadium, has a capacity of 1,500.
14:
3128:
3029:The Mineralogical Record: Tsumeb!
2990:
2119:Ministry of Education and Culture
888:
232:195 sq mi (504 km)
2096:
2076:
2054:
2034:
2019:
2003:
1984:
1964:
872:
856:
849:
809:Rally for Democracy and Progress
701:Otavi Mining and Railway Company
405:The town was founded in 1905 by
186:
124:
117:
76:
64:
16:City in Oshikoto Region, Namibia
2962:
2937:
2912:
2887:
2819:
2769:Electoral Commission of Namibia
2754:
2744:Electoral Commission of Namibia
2732:
2696:
2681:
2661:
2641:
2620:
2595:
2574:
2560:
2531:
2509:
2470:
2014:crystal, 5.9 x 3.6 x 1 cm.
840:Independent Patriots for Change
2405:
2386:
2361:
2339:
2314:
2278:Menges, Werner (12 May 2005).
2271:
2250:
1874:Precipitation totals in inches
711:The main road leads north, to
125:
1:
2798:"Chesterfield Twinning Links"
2688:"Know Your Local Authority".
2215:
2184:Francis Galton Primary School
1902:rare (but also a few common)
836:2020 local authority election
829:2015 local authority election
821:Democratic Turnhalle Alliance
801:2010 local authority election
784:is an airstrip east of town.
561:, has evolved in its waters.
518:IUGS geological heritage site
3092:Mining communities in Africa
2949:www.handbookofmineralogy.com
2802:Chesterfield Borough Council
1998:. Size: 9 x 9 x 4.3 cm.
932:
691:
534:Near the town are two large
344:The town and the Tsumeb mine
240:4,098 ft (1,249 m)
7:
2203:
1884:
907:(1932–2021), co-founder of
844:Popular Democratic Movement
787:
635:. Farmers in the area grow
550:in these lakes was made by
10:
3133:
3112:Geological type localities
2479:"Namibia's General Strike"
2199:St. Francis Primary School
2152:
1870:
1862:
1445:
1429:
1425:Precipitation totals in mm
1421:
1413:
937:
743:and to the south, through
735:, the road leads towards
611:Economy and infrastructure
564:When South Africa invaded
347:
2740:"Local elections results"
2187:Kuvukiland Primary School
2175:Otjikoto Secondary School
631:makes the area even more
450:is also renowned amongst
282:
265:
257:
249:
244:
236:
228:
223:
211:
199:
181:
146:
112:
90:
72:
63:
56:
21:
2945:"Handbook of Mineralogy"
2477:Rogers, Barbara (1972).
2448:Tsumeb mine mineral list
2369:"Namibia Constituencies"
731:. To the east, through
3007:Ohorongo Cement Website
2997:Official Tsumeb Website
2193:Nomtsoub Primary School
2172:Tsumeb Secondary School
2159:Etosha Secondary School
2136:(NIMT), Northern campus
813:United Democratic Front
566:German Southwest Africa
504:Weatherly International
312:
45:
2899:www.mineralienatlas.de
2357:– via AllAfrica.
2196:Ondundu Primary School
2166:
2140:Polytechnic of Namibia
2130:Adult Education Center
1971:Very large cluster of
776:Tsumeb railway station
708:
684:Tsumeb's stadium, the
580:
484:
382:
367:
359:
333:electoral constituency
304:
261:180/sq mi (69/km)
34:
2970:"Mineralogy Database"
2450:, TL = type location.
2181:Opawa Combined School
2146:University of Namibia
2071:, 13 x 6 x 4 cm.
1948:), stibioclaudetite,
944:hot semi-arid climate
825:Congress of Democrats
707:and frosty in winter.
699:
603:in the world, called
578:
478:
407:German colonial power
373:
365:
357:
2862:on 14 February 2015.
2750:on 10 December 2015.
2326:www.placesonline.com
2091:, 2 x 1 x 1 cm.
2087:with a "sidecar" of
655:is also widespread.
325:Etosha National Park
258: • Density
3049: /
2300:"Local Authorities"
2125:Training facilities
1446:Imperial conversion
1432:World Climate Guide
819:(APP, 2%), and the
358:Main road in Tsumeb
218:Tsumeb Constituency
162: /
138:Location in Namibia
3022:2020-10-29 at the
2974:www.webmineral.com
2778:on 24 January 2021
2265:Statistics Namibia
1960:Minerals of Tsumeb
1892:secondary minerals
927:Gervatius Uri Khob
817:All People's Party
709:
581:
508:Dundee Corporation
506:mining company to
485:
452:mineral collectors
383:
368:
360:
250: • Total
229: • Total
3102:Mining in Namibia
3082:Cities in Namibia
3053:19.250°S 17.700°E
2584:. Ohorongo Cement
2041:Leiteite, a zinc
1952:and zincrosasite.
1882:
1881:
1878:
1877:
1437:
1436:
900:Benjamin Hauwanga
558:Tilapia guinasana
350:Mining in Namibia
294:
293:
166:19.250°S 17.867°E
107:
3124:
3064:
3063:
3061:
3060:
3059:
3054:
3050:
3047:
3046:
3045:
3042:
2985:
2984:
2982:
2980:
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2960:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2941:
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2930:
2916:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2906:
2891:
2885:
2884:
2870:
2864:
2863:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2836:
2834:
2829:. Ja-namibia.org
2823:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2804:. Archived from
2794:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2777:
2766:
2758:
2752:
2751:
2736:
2730:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2720:on 16 March 2012
2719:
2713:. Archived from
2708:
2700:
2694:
2693:
2685:
2679:
2678:
2677:. 14 March 2016.
2665:
2659:
2658:
2656:
2655:
2645:
2639:
2638:
2636:
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2624:
2618:
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2513:
2507:
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2436:
2435:
2429:
2421:
2409:
2403:
2402:
2390:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2379:
2373:www.statoids.com
2365:
2359:
2358:
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2343:
2337:
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2318:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2307:
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2275:
2269:
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2262:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2245:
2243:
2233:
2225:
2178:Tsumeb Gymnasium
2167:Hoërskool Etosha
2100:
2080:
2058:
2038:
2023:
2007:
1988:
1968:
1873:
1865:
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617:commercial farms
381:in Tsumeb (2014)
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965:Climate chart (
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715:and onwards to
705:above sea level
694:
659:Ohorongo Cement
613:
552:Graham Ferreira
532:
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317:Oshikoto region
206:Oshikoto Region
187:
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171:-19.250; 17.867
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3012:Tsumeb Website
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2991:External links
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2924:www.mindat.org
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889:Notable people
887:
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869:
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848:
789:
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782:Tsumeb Airport
693:
690:
653:Cattle farming
615:There are 105
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2808:on 2013-07-29
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2630:. 17 May 2017
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2063:
2057:
2052:
2048:
2047:type locality
2044:
2037:
2032:
2028:
2022:
2017:
2013:
2006:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1975:crystals, ex-
1974:
1967:
1962:
1959:
1958:
1957:
1951:
1947:
1943:
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1932:
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976:
973:
972:
968:
964:
963:
959:
958:
955:
953:
949:
945:
942:Tsumeb has a
928:
925:
923:
922:Heino Senekal
920:
918:
914:
910:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
895:Alfred Angula
893:
892:
884:
880:
875:
870:
868:
864:
859:
854:
853:
850:Town twinning
847:
845:
841:
837:
832:
830:
826:
822:
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810:
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802:
797:
795:
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783:
779:
777:
773:
769:
765:
761:
756:
754:
750:
746:
742:
741:Katima Mulilo
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
718:
714:
706:
702:
698:
689:
687:
682:
678:
676:
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668:
664:
660:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
637:citrus fruits
634:
630:
626:
622:
618:
608:
606:
602:
597:
594:
590:
586:
579:Lake Otjikoto
577:
573:
571:
567:
562:
560:
559:
553:
549:
545:
541:
540:Lake Otjikoto
537:
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505:
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408:
403:
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396:
392:
388:
380:
376:
372:
364:
356:
351:
341:
339:
338:Ongopolo Mine
334:
330:
326:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
290:
287:
285:
281:
277:
273:
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207:
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202:
198:
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184:
180:
175:
147:Coordinates:
145:
120:
111:
105:
101:
95:
89:
79:
71:
67:
62:
55:
47:
43:
39:
36:
32:
28:
27:
20:
3034:
2977:. Retrieved
2973:
2964:
2952:. Retrieved
2948:
2939:
2927:. Retrieved
2923:
2914:
2903:. Retrieved
2898:
2889:
2878:
2868:
2860:the original
2853:
2843:
2831:. Retrieved
2821:
2810:. Retrieved
2806:the original
2801:
2792:
2780:. Retrieved
2773:the original
2756:
2748:the original
2734:
2722:. Retrieved
2715:the original
2710:
2698:
2689:
2683:
2672:
2663:
2652:. Retrieved
2643:
2632:. Retrieved
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:
2597:
2586:. Retrieved
2576:
2562:
2550:. Retrieved
2545:
2533:
2521:. Retrieved
2511:
2486:
2483:Africa Today
2482:
2472:
2455:
2426:cite journal
2420:: 1761–1782.
2417:
2413:
2407:
2398:
2394:
2388:
2376:. Retrieved
2372:
2363:
2351:. Retrieved
2341:
2329:. Retrieved
2325:
2316:
2304:. Retrieved
2294:
2285:The Namibian
2283:
2273:
2264:
2252:
2240:. Retrieved
2235:
2223:
2116:
2103:Bright blue
2065:pseudomorphs
1955:
1946:thiosulphate
1888:
951:
941:
863:Chesterfield
833:
798:
794:Nico Kaiyamo
791:
780:
757:
733:Grootfontein
710:
686:Oscar Norich
683:
679:
657:
614:
599:The largest
598:
582:
563:
556:
548:scuba diving
533:
521:
501:
493:ground water
486:
479:Gem-quality
463:
456:
447:
417:and from it
415:polymetallic
411:
404:
384:
319:in northern
296:
295:
213:Constituency
103:
93:
82:Coat of arms
3056: /
2901:(in German)
2552:13 November
2523:17 December
1977:Smithsonian
1920:warikahnite
967:explanation
815:(UDF, 5%),
749:Otjiwarongo
544:Lake Guinas
448:Tsumeb mine
377:of disused
375:Shaft tower
169: /
3071:Categories
2905:2020-05-10
2812:2013-07-27
2782:25 January
2654:2020-05-30
2634:2020-05-30
2603:"Railpage"
2588:2022-05-12
2489:(2): 3–8.
2401:: 413–435.
2216:References
1935:krieselite
1933:, itoite,
1896:Mindat.org
760:TransNamib
725:Tsintsabis
667:Schwenk KG
649:sunflowers
633:productive
629:Irrigation
348:See also:
313:ǂAixorobes
301:Otjiherero
245:Population
46:ǂAixorobes
31:Otjiherero
2495:0001-9887
2306:1 October
2163:Afrikaans
2105:scorodite
2089:wulfenite
2062:Malachite
2012:Cerussite
1950:tsumebite
1931:germanite
1927:germanium
1916:reinerite
1904:arsenates
933:Geography
768:Oshikango
692:Transport
677:factory.
671:Limestone
601:meteorite
470:apartheid
459:germanium
439:germanium
391:Afrikaans
305:Okavisume
267:Time zone
237:Elevation
104:Good luck
94:Glück Auf
35:Okavisume
3020:Archived
2979:18 April
2954:18 April
2929:18 April
2724:18 April
2612:18 April
2607:Railpage
2378:18 April
2353:18 April
2331:18 April
2204:See also
2085:mimetite
2043:arsenate
2027:Dioptase
1996:hematite
1908:biehlite
1885:Minerals
1430:Source:
788:Politics
772:Ondangwa
764:Ondangwa
753:Windhoek
717:Oshakati
713:Ondangwa
593:dolomite
570:weaponry
536:sinkhole
497:Windhoek
481:dioptase
329:Omuthiya
309:Khoekhoe
42:Khoekhoe
3044:17°42′E
3041:19°15′S
2880:New Era
2855:New Era
2674:New Era
2503:4185227
2153:Schools
2069:azurite
1992:Calcite
1973:azurite
1939:gallium
1925:unique
1912:duftite
960:Tsumeb
938:Climate
879:Elverum
799:In the
645:sorghum
621:savanna
585:Harasib
538:lakes,
435:arsenic
395:English
321:Namibia
284:Climate
194:Namibia
182:Country
157:17°52′E
154:19°15′S
3077:Tsumeb
2833:2 July
2711:ecn.na
2548:. IUGS
2501:
2493:
2242:19 May
2148:Center
2142:Center
2083:Gemmy
2067:after
2010:Zoned
1846:
1843:
1835:
1832:
1815:
1812:
1804:
1801:
1784:
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1045:
1042:
948:Köppen
915:, and
883:Norway
729:Angola
721:Angola
589:abseil
427:silver
419:copper
387:German
297:Tsumeb
253:34,960
201:Region
191:
132:Tsumeb
100:German
23:Tsumeb
2776:(PDF)
2765:(PDF)
2718:(PDF)
2707:(PDF)
2542:(PDF)
2499:JSTOR
2464:(PDF)
2261:(PDF)
2232:(PDF)
909:SWAPO
805:SWAPO
745:Otavi
737:Rundu
663:Otavi
641:maize
393:, or
272:UTC+2
2981:2018
2956:2018
2931:2018
2835:2012
2784:2021
2726:2018
2614:2018
2554:2022
2525:2018
2491:ISSN
2432:link
2380:2018
2355:2018
2333:2018
2308:2012
2244:2017
913:NUDO
834:The
751:and
739:and
719:and
647:and
625:loam
605:Hoba
542:and
489:OMEG
443:zinc
437:and
431:gold
423:lead
399:Nama
379:mine
276:SAST
224:Area
102:for
58:City
2399:148
1839:2.6
1808:2.4
1777:0.7
1746:0.1
1622:0.2
1591:1.3
1560:3.6
1529:4.8
1498:5.1
1080:121
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