507:
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612:(feast) for one specific event. Today in Tsimshian culture, the potlatch is held to honour deaths, burials, and succession to name-titles. The Tsimshian have four different types of feasts. The feast system is the agency for social reproduction, expression of law, the transmission of knowledge, and demonstration of the obligations for chiefs to provide stewardship for resources and attending to needs of communities. The planning and delivery of feast events requires very specific protocols, including those required for the guests. It is untoward to hold out one's hand while payments (also known as 'gifts' by external observers) are being distributed.
401:, the first of three Southern Tsimshian villages. Kitkatla is still considered to be the most conservative of the Tsimshian villages. The Nisga'a and Gitxsan remained in the upper Skeena region (above the canyon) near the Nass River and forks of the Skeena respectively, but other Tsimshian chiefs moved down the river and occupied all the lands of the lower Skeena valley. Over time, these groups developed a new dialect of their ancestral language and came to regard themselves as a distinct population, the Tsimshian-proper. They continued to share the rights and customs of those who are known as the Gitxsan, their kin on the upper Skeena.
498:, as well as northern coastal BC. Some Tsimshian moved south into the Columbia River Basin mid-nineteenth century for picking hops and other agricultural crops. Many Tsimshian have moved into Seattle region from both AK and BC. Long distance canoe travel for a variety of activities was not uncommon prior to contact, and for some duration after contact into the 1920s. A battle ensued at Dungeness Spit near Port Townsend, WA where some Tsimshian were camped along the shore. One woman survived and was rescued by a lighthouse operator who later married her.
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318:. The latter two communities resulted in the colonial intersections of early settlers and consist of Tsimshian people belonging to the 'nine tribes.' The Tsimshian are one of the largest First Nations peoples in northwest British Columbia. Some Tsimshian migrated to the Annette Islands in Alaska, and today approximately 1,450 Alaska Tsimshian people are enrolled in the
1186:
843:. A framework agreement was signed in 1997. Due to litigation by one community for commercial fisheries rights, the federal government forced a confidentiality clause against other communities and caused dissolution of the main treaty group and subsequently the TTC. A subset of the Tsimshian First Nations continues to negotiate with the
404:
The
Tsimshian maintained winter villages in and around the islands of Prince Rupert Harbour and Venn Pass (Metlakatla). They returned to their summer villages along the lower Skeena River when the salmon returned. Archaeological evidence shows 5,000 years of continuous habitation in the Prince Rupert
615:
The
Tsimshian have maintained their fishing and hunting lifestyle (although constrained by colonialism and declining fish and animal population abundances), art and culture, and are working to revitalize the common use of their language. Artists have excelled in traditional mediums and contemporary
490:
in 1959. The traps were used to gather fish for food for people living on the reservation. Legally the community was required to use the traps at least once every three years or lose the right permanently. They stopped the practice early in the 2000s and lost their right to this traditional way of
474:
In 1895, the BC Tsimshian population stood at 3,550, while the Alaska
Tsimshian population had dropped to 465 by 1900. Some of the Tsimshian had returned south to their homelands on the Skeena. After this low-water point, the Tsimshian population began to grow again, eventually to reach modern
1187:"Aboriginal Ancestry Responses (73), Single and Multiple Aboriginal Responses (4), Residence on or off reserve (3), Residence inside or outside Inuit Nunangat (7), Age (8A) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, 2016 Census – 25% Sample Data"
416:
arrived in 1787 although
Russian fur traders may have visited northern groups earlier. The confluence of the Skeena and Bulkley Rivers was formerly the site of the Tsimshian village of Kitanmaks and became a new European settlement of Skeena Forks (today known as Hazelton). When the
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obtain their rights through their maternal line through their mother's brother. Although it is inherited the protege must be trained for proper behavior and groomed well for specific obligations. No lineage should be sullied by inappropriate behaviors of high-ranking members.
482:(ANCSA); they have the only Native reservation in Alaska. The Metlakatla Tsimshian maintained their reservation status and holdings exclusive of the ANSCA. They do not have an associated Native Corporation, although Tsimshian in Alaska may be shareholders of the
202:. Separated over one hundred years, the two masks were reunited 1975, when the Paris mask travelled to Canada to appear in the exhibition "Images Stone: B.C." It was then that the relationship between the two masks, expressions of the same face, was re-discovered.
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numbers comparable to the 1835 population estimate. However, the numbers of the inland
Tsimshian peoples are now higher than they were historically, while those of the Southern and Coastal Tsimshian are much lower.
539:
The marriage ceremony was an extremely formal affair, several prolonged and sequential ceremonies. Arranged marriages and births were common to protect rights of access to territories and resources. Some cultural
555:. Salmon continues to be at the center of their nutrition, despite large-scale commercial fishing in the area. Due to this abundant food source, the Tsimshian developed permanent towns. They lived in large
366:
as
Tsimshian, because of apparent linguistic affinities. The three were all referred to as "Coast Tsimshian", even though some communities were not coastal. These three groups, however, are separate nations.
439:
In 1835, the total population of the
Tsimshian peoples was estimated at 8,500. By 1885, the population had dropped to 4,500, 817 of whom moved to Alaska two years later following Missionary William Duncan.
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as early as 1879. They were not able to begin negotiating a treaty with the
Canadian government until July 1983. A decade later, fourteen tribes united to negotiate under the collective name of the
1730:
1212:
486:. The Annette Islands Reserve was the only location in Alaska allowed to maintain fish traps according to traditional rights. The use of these were otherwise banned when Alaska became a
1444:
Compton, Brian
Douglas, 1993, Upper North Wakashan and Southern Tsimshian Ethnobotany: The Knowledge and Usage of Plants..., Ph.D. Dissertation, University of British Columbia, page 101
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Tsimshian religion centered on the "Lord of Heaven", who aided people in times of need by sending supernatural servants to earth to aid them. The
Tsimshian believed that
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The Tsimshian estimate there are 45,000 Tsimshian people and approximately 10,000 members are federally registered in eight First Nations communities (including the
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There are many other ways to spell the name, such as: Tsimpshean, Tsimshean, Tsimpshian, and others; this article will use the most common spelling, "Tsimshian".
1403:
Territorial jurisdiction : The cultural and economic significance of eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus in the north-central coast region of British Columbia
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in 1834, nine Tsimshian tribal chiefs moved to the surrounding area for trade advantage. Many of the Tsimshian peoples in Canada still live in these regions.
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have related to prohibiting women and men from eating improper foods during and after childbirth. Several taboos still exist and are actively practiced.
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936:, from the House of Tamks of the Gispaxlo'ots. Translator at Fort Simpson, the first to teach Father Duncan the Sm`algyax language, diarist
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for certain lineages. The Tsimshian language has some 27 different terms for 'chief' likely because it is a stratified and ranked society.
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397:, after a series of disasters befell the people, a chief led a migration away from the cursed land to the coast, where they founded
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killed many of the Tsimshian people. Altogether, one in four Tsimshian died in a series of at least three large-scale outbreaks.
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632:. It could be fashioned into tools, clothing, roofing, armour, building materials, and canoe skins. They used cedar in their
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Armstrong, Chelsey Geralda; Lyons, Natasha; McAlvay, Alex C.; Ritchie, Patrick Morgan; Lepfsky, Dana; Blake, Michael (2023).
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forms with pieces spread around the world. These artisans practice the tradition of story telling with their chosen mediums.
874:), but differentiated from the regional Tsimshian variations. In 2016, only 160 people in Canada were Tsimshian speakers.
1572:
Thirty-First Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, 1909–1910,
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contracted from Europeans ravaged their communities, as the First Nations had no acquired immunity to these diseases. The
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house posts and panels to withstand the wet climate. These were very large and usually housed an entire extended family.
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In the 1970s, the Metlakatla Indian Community voted to retain their rights to land and water, and opted out of the
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930:, carver and culture bearer. First to host a potlatch and raise a totem pole in modern times in Metlakatla, Alaska
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271:
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2 vols. (Anthropology Series 30, National Museum of Canada Bulletin 119.) Ottawa: National Museum of Canada.
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1597:, and Margaret Seguin, "Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan", In:
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Some of the Chiefs of these nine tribes happened to be located at Fort Simpson (later Port Simpson, later
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1532:"Action at All Native Basketball tournament creates backdrop for new novel from B.C. author | CBC News"
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which translates as "real or true tongue". The Tsimshian also speak a language variety similar to
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Like all Northwest Coastal peoples, the Tsimshian harvested the abundant sea life, especially
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The Heavens Are Changing: Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity
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edited by Wayne Suttles. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution, 1990, pp. 267–284.
8:
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952:, and leader of the Port Simpson Methodist Movement. co-founder of the Native Brotherhood
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on Annette Island in southern Alaska. Duncan appealed to Congress to grant the community
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Gitxaala might have been the first Tsimshian village contacted by Europeans when Captain
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347:-based, which means identity, clans and property pass through the maternal line. Their
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in Paris. This stone mask has a twin, without apertures for eyes, residing in the
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1263:"Historical ecology of forest garden management in Laxyuubm Ts'msyen and beyond"
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Like other coastal peoples, the Tsimshian fashioned most of their goods out of
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The majority of Tsimshian still live in the lower Skeena River watershed near
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1384:"Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan"
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1493:"L'Immigration transforme le portrait linguistique du Canada. Voici comment"
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1016:, Gitlan, House of Xpe Hanaax, Ganhada, artist and traditional cedar weaver
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Some linguists classify Tsimshian languages as a member of the theoretical
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https://americanindian.si.edu/collections-search/objects/NMAI_278728 Doulk
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Interpretive Contexts for Traditional and Current Coast Tsimshian Feasts.
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The Tsimshian wanted to preserve their villages and fishing sites on the
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system. Descent and property are transmitted through the maternal line.
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American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America
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Anthropologists and other scholars who have worked with the Tsimshian
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to reach an Agreement-in-Principle that has alienated most members.
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Early Euro-Canadian anthropologists and linguists had classified the
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1507:"VIDEO and story: Totem pole raised on Lelu after LNG project falls"
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system, with a societal structure based on a tribe, house group and
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656:(″(People of) a large, tiered house-depression″, together with the
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The Tsimshian people of British Columbia encompass fifteen tribes:
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1591:, Seattle: Washington, University of Washington Press, 1951, 1966.
1317:"Civilization.ca - Gateway to Aboriginal Heritage - Pacific Coast"
636:, which they are credited with inventing. They use the berries of
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pp. 29–1037. Washington: Government Printing Office, 1916.
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382:" At one time the Tsimshian lived on the upper reaches of the
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Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast,
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Other Chiefs were located at the mission created community of
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Members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization
1303:"Masque - Musée du Quai Branly: Cartographie des Collections"
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Throughout the second half of the 19th century, epidemics of
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The Tsimshian and Their Neighbors of the North Pacific Coast
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47:
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352:
231:
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The Canadian Museum of Civilization – Tsimshian Prehistory
998:, Gitxaała, House of Ts'ibasaa, author and anthropologist.
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of North America. Their communities are mostly in coastal
228:
1648:
The Tsimshian: Images of the Past, Views for the Present.
789:, newest tribe, with lineages from all Tsimshian tribes.
222:
27:
Indigenous people of the northwest coast of North America
451:, along with a group of the Tsimshian, left Metlakatla,
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University of Washington Publications in Anthropology,
351:-based societal structure is further divided into sub
329:. The Tsimshian honor the traditional Tlingit name of
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when the Indian Agent assigned reserve communities.
219:
1622:, Seattle, WA: University of Washington Press, 1984.
186:
stone mask, made around 1870 - greenish hard stone (
225:
216:
1629:, Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2003.
1615:, Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 1997.
976:, Gitwilgyoats, hereditary chief, activist, carver
551:. The Tsimshian became seafaring people, like the
1696:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 165.
1679:Alaskan Tlingit and Tsimshian Essay by Jay Miller
1606:People of the Robin: The Tsimshian of Kitsumkalum
964:, pioneering photographer from Metlakatla village
1702:
1363:. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pg. 396 n. 29
260:Indigenous people of the Pacific Northwest Coast
471:status, which it did in the late 19th century.
333:for this recent location. Some citizens of the
1428:; Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre; 2000; 28
1359:Campbell, Lyle (1997), river of mists or fog.
1643:Ottawa, ON: National Museums of Canada, 1985.
1381:
1028:, Gispakloats, oral historian, tribal headman
664:group from Kynoch Inlet they are part of the
513:, Tsimshian (Native American), 19th century,
463:. After gaining approval, the group founded
1634:Becoming Tsimshian: The Social Life of Names
1454:Kitsumkalum and the Tsimshian Treaty Process
604:The Tsimshian engage in the feast system or
1681:– From the University of Washington Library
1613:Tsimshian Culture: A Light through the Ages
1103:Missionaries who proselytized the Tsimshian
896:, 1907, Tsimshian photographer and musician
884:
1636:. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
1447:
1406:(Thesis). University of British Columbia.
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1587:Garfield, Viola E., and Paul S. Wingert,
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694:(″People of the Open Sea″, also known as
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888:
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434:1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic
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1584:vol. 7, no. 3 (1939), pp. 167–340.
1382:Marjorie M., Halpin; Seguin, Margaret.
1193:. Government of Canada. 25 October 2017
1040:; hereditary chief of the Gits'ilaasü (
855:The Tsimshian speak a language, called
14:
1703:
1618:Miller, Jay, and Carol Eastman, eds.,
785:, with some subsequently migrating to
593:of the body (either by cleanliness or
1667:Map of Northwest Coast First Nations
1589:The Tsimshian Indians and Their Arts
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68:Regions with significant populations
480:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act
24:
1675:List of Tsimshian Text by Boaz, F.
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578:painting, 1850, collection of the
511:Bag with 65 Inlaid Gambling Sticks
282:, the only reservation in Alaska.
25:
1742:
1716:First Nations in British Columbia
1655:
1580:, "Tsimshian Clan and Society",
1426:Understanding Northwest Coast Art
1366:
1022:, Native American rights activist
826:
1342:. Visit Sitka. 22 September 2017
698:(″People of the saltwater″), as
685:Hartley Bay (Txałgiu / Txałgiiw)
638:Vaccinium Vitis-idaea ssp. minus
393:According to southern Tsimshian
212:
1726:North Coast of British Columbia
1650:Vancouver, BC: UBC Press, 1984.
1538:
1524:
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1213:"American FactFinder – Results"
421:moved their fort to modern-day
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1004:, translator and art collector
970:– lawyer, author, entrepreneur
670:Klemtu (Klemdulxk / Xłmduulxk)
619:
13:
1:
1570:, "Tsimshian Mythology", in
1553:
1288:10.1080/26395916.2022.2160823
608:, which they refer to as the
797:The Tsimshian clans are the
702:they live in the village of
666:Kitasoo/Xaixais First Nation
455:and requested settlement on
325:, sometimes also called the
7:
1511:Prince Rupert Northern View
1145:
850:
337:are of Tsimshian heritage.
323:Metlakatla Indian Community
10:
1747:
1721:Native Americans in Alaska
1604:McDonald, James A. (2003)
1010:, missionary and memoirist
988:, hereditary chief of the
948:, hereditary chief of the
679:("People of the Cane", as
501:
378:translates to "Inside the
370:
200:Canadian Museum of History
52:Tsimshian drumming in 1999
29:
1632:Roth, Christopher. 2008.
1463:Kitsumkalum Treaty Office
1400:Ryan, Teresa Loa (2014).
675:Gitḵ'a'ata, Gitga'ata or
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910:, artist, culture bearer
904:, artist, culture bearer
885:Notable Tsimshian people
841:Tsimshian Tribal Council
792:
652:Gitasts'uu, Gidisdzu or
1693:Encyclopædia Britannica
1560:Barbeau, Marius (1950)
1473:Tsimshian First Nations
982:, author and journalist
681:Hartley Bay Indian Band
597:) was the route to the
580:UBC Anthropology Museum
254:also once known as the
247:
30:For the languages, see
1482:– BC Treaty Commission
1109:William Henry Collison
934:Arthur Wellington Clah
897:
690:Gitxaała, Gitxaala or
582:
517:
327:Annette Island Reserve
203:
1669:(including Tsimshian)
1646:Seguin, Marget, ed.,
1267:Ecosystems and People
1217:factfinder.census.gov
1211:Bureau, U.S. Census.
1014:Bilham 'neex Loa Ryan
892:
872:Tsimshianic languages
728:, British Columbia)**
569:
520:The Tsimshian have a
509:
340:Tsimshian society is
335:Sitka Tribe of Alaska
190:), pigment; from the
181:
32:Tsimshianic languages
1122:Anglican/independent
1044:) and oral historian
1008:William Henry Pierce
845:BC Treaty Commission
704:Kitkatla (La̱x Klan)
687:, British Columbia)
484:Sealaska Corporation
419:Hudson's Bay Company
390:, British Columbia.
320:federally recognized
196:Musée du quai Branly
1595:Halpin, Marjorie M.
1424:, Shearer, Cheryl.
1279:2023EcoPe..1960823A
1191:www12.statcan.gc.ca
1152:Tsimshian mythology
804:(Killer Whale Clan)
706:, British Columbia)
672:, British Columbia)
133:) •
42:
1639:Seguin, Margaret,
1478:2006-06-24 at the
1459:2006-09-02 at the
1412:10.14288/1.0167417
1246:has generic name (
898:
787:Metlakatla, Alaska
583:
518:
430:infectious disease
276:Metlakatla, Alaska
204:
172:La̱xyuubm Ts’msyen
105: •
40:
1687:"Chimesyan"
1032:Roy Henry Vickers
902:Frederick Alexcee
628:, especially its
626:western red cedar
533:Hereditary chiefs
443:In the 1880s the
386:near present-day
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16:(Redirected from
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1219:. Archived from
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1162:Nisga'a language
1157:Gitksan language
1139:Robert Tomlinson
962:Benjamin Haldane
920:and ethnographer
894:Benjamin Haldane
881:language group.
453:British Columbia
399:Kitkatla Village
264:British Columbia
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58:Total population
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1167:Coast Tsimshian
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1105:
1100:
1091:Marjorie Halpin
1051:
996:Charles Menzies
974:William Jeffrey
946:Alfred Dudoward
942:, art historian
924:David A. Boxley
887:
853:
829:
795:
713:, Terrace, BC)
700:Gitxaala Nation
646:
634:Chilkat weaving
622:
515:Brooklyn Museum
504:
461:U.S. government
373:
215:
211:
192:Alphonse Pinart
161:
127:Presbyterianism
123:Episcopalianism
107:Coast Tsimshian
86:
74:
53:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1744:
1734:
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1713:
1699:
1698:
1682:
1676:
1673:Tsimshian Text
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1656:External links
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1126:Edward Marsden
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457:Annette Island
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410:Charles Duncan
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316:Metlakatla, BC
312:Lax Kw'Alaams,
280:Annette Island
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716:Gits'ilaasü,
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712:
709:Gitsumkalum,
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1608:, CCI Press.
1605:
1598:
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1562:Totem Poles.
1561:
1540:
1526:
1515:. Retrieved
1513:. 2017-10-21
1510:
1501:
1487:
1468:
1449:
1440:
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1420:
1402:
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1360:
1355:
1344:. Retrieved
1334:
1325:
1311:
1297:
1270:
1266:
1256:
1225:. Retrieved
1221:the original
1216:
1206:
1195:. Retrieved
1190:
1181:
990:Gispaxlo'ots
968:Calvin Helin
876:
870:(two inland
856:
854:
830:
822:(Eagle Clan)
810:(Raven Clan)
796:
780:
769:Gitwilgyoots
749:Gispaxlo'ots
723:
695:
647:
623:
614:
609:
603:
591:purification
584:
572:bentwood box
559:, made from
546:
538:
519:
510:
493:
477:
473:
442:
438:
427:
423:Port Simpson
407:
403:
395:oral history
392:
384:Skeena River
380:Skeena River
375:
374:
357:
339:
330:
315:
311:
303:
295:
292:
290:Kitsumkalum,
289:
286:
284:
255:
251:
207:
205:
194:collection,
148:
119:Christianity
37:Ethnic group
1568:Boas, Franz
1244:|last=
1116:, Methodist
1086:René Girard
1076:Wilson Duff
992:and trader.
986:Paul Legaic
837:Nass Rivers
816:(Wolf Clan)
802:Gispwudwada
744:Ginaxangiik
711:Kitsumkalum
620:Ethnobotany
522:matrilineal
469:reservation
447:missionary
342:matrilineal
300:Hartley Bay
256:Chemmesyans
1705:Categories
1554:References
1517:2020-06-01
1346:2024-05-21
1227:2018-03-30
1197:2017-11-23
1141:, Anglican
1096:Jay Miller
1066:Franz Boas
980:Rudy Kelly
783:Metlakatla
774:Gitzaxłaał
730:Giluts'aaw
574:featuring
570:Tsimshian
557:longhouses
182:Tsimshian
18:Tsimshians
1711:Tsimshian
1340:"Culture"
956:Phil Gray
858:Sm'algyax
739:Ginadoiks
640:as food.
599:afterlife
491:fishing.
459:from the
376:Tsimshian
293:Gitxaala,
287:Kitselas,
258:) are an
244:Tsimshian
208:Tsimshian
159:Sm'álgyax
131:Methodism
97:Languages
41:Tsimshian
1476:Archived
1457:Archived
1236:cite web
1146:See also
1135:Anglican
1042:Kitselas
1034:, artist
958:, artist
928:Laxsgiik
879:Penutian
851:Language
820:Laxsgiik
814:Laxgibuu
764:Gits'iis
718:Kitselas
692:Kitkatla
677:Gitga'at
662:Heiltsuk
658:Xai'xais
606:potlatch
576:formline
445:Anglican
405:region.
388:Hazelton
296:Gitga'at
252:Tsm'syen
248:Ts’msyan
155:Language
149:Ts’msyan
113:Religion
1275:Bibcode
1131:Bishop
950:Gitando
918:Gitlaan
868:Nisga’a
864:Gitxsan
808:Ganhada
759:Gitlaan
754:Gitando
654:Kitasoo
595:fasting
587:charity
525:kinship
502:Culture
371:History
364:Nisga'a
360:Gitxsan
345:kinship
304:Kitasoo
268:Terrace
184:Nisga'a
169:Country
163:Sgüüx̣s
135:Animism
103:English
1432:
833:Skeena
644:Tribes
549:salmon
542:taboos
349:moiety
331:Taquan
308:Klemtu
302:, and
274:, and
188:Gabbro
145:People
88:Alaska
73:Canada
1387:(PDF)
1273:(1).
1173:Notes
793:Clans
610:yaawk
561:cedar
553:Haida
488:state
353:clans
92:2,252
80:5,910
63:8,162
1430:ISBN
1248:help
866:and
835:and
660:, a
630:bark
589:and
529:clan
412:and
362:and
314:and
270:and
206:The
1408:doi
1283:doi
683:at
668:at
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306:at
298:at
278:on
266:in
250:or
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