859:
re-argued this point, suggesting that
Tsimshianic is indeed a Penutian language. These authors point to morphological, phonemic, and lexical correspondences to make this claim. However, the major problems that have been expressed in the literature about the Penutian stock, as well as the problems with Tsimshianic as a part of that stock (see the discussion in Rigsby 1986, as well as Campbell 1997 for a general overview) cast doubt on this relationship. I take the conservative position that the Tsimshianic family is an isolate, and not related to the Penutian stock, or any other hypothesized stocks, though nothing in this work hinges on that position.
204:
109:
672:
303:
of the same language by linguists. However, speakers from both groups consider themselves ethnically separate from each other and from the
Tsimshian and thus consider Nisga’a and Gitksan to be separate languages. Coast and Southern Tsimshian are also often regarded as dialects of the same language.
829:
Though
Tsimshianic is unmistakably part of the central northwest coastal Sprachbund (Beck 2002), no convincing evidence has been forthcoming for a genetic relationship between it and any other language family, in spite of persistent attempts to lump the family into the hypothetical Penutian stock,
858:
While the
Tsimshianic language family is considered by some to be an isolate, others have considered it to be a member of a much larger stock. In particular, Sapir (1921) classified Tsimshianic as a part of the Penutian stock. More recently, DeLancey et al. (1988) and Tarpent (1996, 1997) have
676:
180:. Tsimshianic languages are considered by most linguists to be an independent language family, with four main languages: Coast Tsimshian, Southern Tsimshian, Nisg̱a’a, and Gitksan.
4459:
4510:
3485:
3476:
4469:
191:
hypothesis, which is currently not widely accepted, at least in its full form. The
Penutian connections of Tsimshianic have been reevaluated by
4365:
3341:
207:
Map of the historical distribution of the
Tsimshianic languages in British Columbia and Alaska, with the labels of Nisg'a and Gitxsan reversed
1062:
195:, who finds the idea probable, though others hold that the Tsimshianic family is not closely related to any other North American language.
1443:
4464:
805:
Bicevskis, Katie; Davis, Henry; Matthewson, Lisa (2017). "Quantification in
Gitksan". In Paperno, Denis; Keenan, Edward L. (eds.).
4520:
4515:
144:. All Tsimshianic languages are endangered, some with only around 400 speakers. Only around 2,170 people of the ethnic Tsimshian
3469:
3489:
851:
822:
2856:
2437:
176:
population in Canada still speak a
Tsimshian language; about 50 of the 1,300 Tsimshian people living in Alaska still speak
2966:
4338:
970:
1938:
1034:
830:
whose other members are found far to the south in Oregon and
California (see for example Sapir 1921 and Tarpent 1997).
4418:
3462:
3123:
933:
4474:
3099:
2338:
1055:
703:
3868:
3837:
2257:
2193:
1436:
1211:
745:
4495:
2870:
2112:
710:
308:
2621:
3454:
3336:
2983:
2118:
1943:
1729:
1723:
1647:
696:
3346:
3331:
3030:
2331:
2318:
2089:
2050:
626:
621:
597:
592:
569:
562:
557:
537:
530:
525:
506:
501:
496:
489:
482:
466:
461:
456:
451:
444:
439:
434:
422:
417:
412:
407:
402:
395:
390:
385:
4505:
4186:
3326:
3320:
3105:
2378:
2296:
2269:
1973:
1963:
1048:
237:
979:
939:
Tarpent, Marie-Lucie. (1997). "Tsimshianic and
Penutian: Problems, Methods, Results, and Implications."
4500:
4423:
3804:
2892:
2553:
2350:
2148:
2008:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1664:
1429:
1397:
1193:
1113:
762:
Tarpent, Marie-Lucie (1997). "Tsimshianic and Penutian: Problems, Methods, Results, and Implications".
347:
293:
3304:
3111:
3087:
3062:
3035:
3018:
2028:
1983:
1953:
1926:
1497:
1452:
1186:
288:; however, it became extinct in 2013 with the death of the last speaker. Nisga’a is spoken along the
4433:
4284:
4266:
3929:
3512:
3351:
3158:
2795:
2783:
2615:
1677:
1670:
1486:
1282:
284:. Southern Tsimshian was spoken on an island quite far south of the Skeena River in the village of
231:
2356:
2281:
1684:
1634:
1382:
993:
989:
4260:
4218:
4027:
3993:
3711:
3370:
3218:
3013:
2789:
2742:
2372:
2289:
1948:
1932:
1740:
1641:
1504:
1480:
1102:
3008:
4428:
4374:
4293:
4271:
3912:
3416:
3314:
3003:
2806:
2596:
2547:
2154:
2128:
2033:
2023:
1706:
1622:
1473:
909:
513:
212:
4326:
4319:
3117:
2842:
4253:
4101:
3667:
3633:
3391:
3148:
2956:
2929:
2912:
2880:
2778:
2492:
2417:
2344:
2123:
2100:
2072:
2003:
1914:
1695:
1392:
3276:
871:
8:
4438:
4277:
4235:
4175:
4154:
3948:
3884:
3827:
3775:
3760:
3733:
3701:
3517:
3168:
3072:
2972:
2961:
2923:
2902:
2800:
2759:
2534:
2516:
2510:
2485:
2478:
2471:
2384:
2367:
2106:
1772:
1759:
1653:
1603:
1460:
1337:
1177:
1135:
1079:
475:
254:
192:
4349:
4305:
4229:
4129:
4115:
4045:
3935:
3751:
3695:
3688:
3599:
3583:
3082:
3077:
3067:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3024:
2993:
2988:
2941:
2935:
2886:
2831:
2754:
2638:
2602:
2563:
2505:
2312:
2307:
2018:
1777:
1746:
1712:
1700:
1659:
1534:
1140:
1088:
1071:
787:
779:
723:
281:
188:
3572:
3179:
3142:
99:
4413:
4355:
4108:
4091:
4066:
4052:
3907:
3770:
3765:
3727:
3610:
3093:
2998:
2978:
2917:
2897:
2608:
2569:
2540:
2528:
2465:
2411:
2389:
2362:
2302:
2275:
2094:
2055:
2045:
2013:
1886:
1812:
1794:
1788:
1690:
1608:
1522:
1300:
1261:
1200:
1145:
929:
847:
818:
791:
366:
337:
141:
3184:
3173:
3153:
1491:
4443:
4388:
4381:
4299:
4240:
4168:
4161:
4080:
4038:
4003:
3961:
3942:
3917:
3878:
3857:
3851:
3814:
3721:
3619:
3565:
3558:
3551:
3530:
3401:
3261:
3251:
3246:
3200:
3194:
3163:
3056:
2951:
2875:
2813:
2765:
2700:
2693:
2686:
2679:
2672:
2661:
2645:
2580:
2575:
2558:
2499:
2393:
2325:
2236:
2203:
2171:
2067:
2039:
1988:
1909:
1893:
1879:
1861:
1854:
1840:
1800:
1782:
1766:
1752:
1574:
1557:
1387:
1361:
1326:
1270:
1250:
1227:
1166:
1157:
1122:
810:
771:
359:
354:
332:
327:
277:
260:
147:
129:
47:
35:
3241:
3189:
2181:
4246:
4203:
4196:
4073:
4059:
4009:
3923:
3898:
3821:
3787:
3781:
3678:
3644:
3544:
3506:
3396:
3271:
3256:
3225:
2946:
2907:
2772:
2718:
2590:
2452:
2218:
2213:
2078:
1993:
1874:
1867:
1847:
1829:
1734:
1717:
1516:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1315:
1276:
1129:
974:
961:
749:
707:
582:
342:
177:
125:
58:
814:
4312:
4144:
4122:
3975:
3954:
3846:
3740:
3660:
3653:
3592:
3537:
3406:
3266:
3235:
3206:
2837:
2723:
2706:
2656:
2651:
2522:
2459:
2229:
2223:
2143:
2138:
2084:
2061:
1806:
1628:
1585:
1568:
1562:
1540:
1528:
1412:
1320:
1309:
1289:
1241:
1234:
1220:
137:
3484:
953:
809:. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Vol. II. Springer. p. 282.
4489:
4016:
3982:
3968:
3626:
3523:
3290:
3230:
3212:
2728:
2712:
2666:
2423:
2243:
2208:
2198:
2176:
2133:
1998:
1579:
1511:
1095:
967:
1421:
2187:
273:
184:
998:
228:(also known as Maritime Tsimshianic, Lower Tsimshian, Northern Tsimshian)
1030:
1022:
1014:
1006:
700:
299:
Nisga’a and Gitksan are very closely related and are usually considered
1834:
783:
289:
257:(also known as Nisqa’a, Nisg̱a’a, Nishga, Nisgha, Niska, Nass, Nishka)
1040:
742:
652:
93:
108:
984:
775:
63:
990:
A Zimshian Version of Portions of the Book of Common Prayer (1882)
203:
373:
300:
3430:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
3411:
3309:
285:
133:
51:
168:
726:
165:
162:
1007:
Bibliography of Materials on the South Tsimshian Language
999:
Bibliography of Materials on the Coast Tsimshian Language
251:(also known as Interior Tsimshianic, Inland Tsimshianic)
156:
16:
Endangered language family of British Columbia and Alaska
804:
292:. Gitksan is spoken along the Upper Skeena River around
914:
Washington: Bureau of American Ethnology. Bulletin 27.
732:
Dallas, TX: SIL International Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
234:(also known as Tsimshian proper, Sm'algyax̣, Sm'algax)
153:
280:, on some neighbouring islands, and to the north at
241:
4511:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
307:As of 2023, Tsimshian courses are available at the
159:
150:
1023:Bibliography of Materials on the Nisga'a Language
1015:Bibliography of Materials on the Gitksan Language
113:Pre-contact distribution of Tsimshianic languages
4487:
876:University of Alaska Southeast Academic Catalog
4185:
3470:
1451:
1437:
1056:
941:International Journal of American Linguistics
764:International Journal of American Linguistics
3440:Families with more than 30 languages are in
240:(also known as Sgüüx̣s, Ski:xs, Old Klemtu)
4364:
807:Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language
183:The Tsimshianic languages were included by
3477:
3463:
1444:
1430:
1063:
1049:
921:Bulletin No. 40, part I, pp. 287–422.
864:
319:Consonantal inventory of Proto-Tsimshian:
272:Coast Tsimshian is spoken along the lower
3486:Indigenous language families and isolates
928:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
716:
4090:
202:
761:
743:"Eyak, Haida, Tlingit & Tsimshian."
741:Alaska Native Heritage Center. (2000).
722:Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.). (2005).
4488:
1070:
3458:
1425:
1044:
926:The Languages of Native North America
919:Handbook of American Indian Languages
841:
962:map of Northwest Coast First Nations
846:. Munich: Lincom Europa. p. 5.
263:(also known as Gitxsan, Gitksanimx̣)
128:of languages spoken in northwestern
735:
690:
13:
1035:Intercontinental Dictionary Series
917:Boas, Franz. (1911). "Tsimshian."
728:Ethnologue: Languages of the World
198:
14:
4532:
964:(including Tsimshian and Nisga’a)
947:
146:
107:
968:Sm'algyax – "The Real Language"
901:
4521:Languages of the United States
4516:Indigenous languages of Alaska
888:
835:
798:
755:
711:University of Alaska Fairbanks
665:
309:University of Alaska Southeast
1:
697:Alaska Native Language Center
730:, 15th ed. (online version).
658:
314:
7:
985:Sealaska Heritage Institute
815:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6
646:
10:
4537:
924:Mithun, Marianne. (1999).
713:. Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
211:Tsimshianic consists of 4
4452:
4406:
4337:
4217:
4143:
4026:
3992:
3897:
3867:
3836:
3803:
3750:
3710:
3677:
3643:
3609:
3582:
3496:
3425:
3384:
3361:
3300:
3289:
3133:
2866:
2855:
2823:
2750:
2741:
2630:
2447:
2436:
2403:
2265:
2256:
2164:
1922:
1908:
1822:
1617:
1599:
1550:
1468:
1459:
1453:Primary language families
1406:
1373:
1336:
1299:
1260:
1210:
1176:
1156:
1112:
1078:
625:
596:
581:
556:
524:
512:
481:
474:
372:
331:
324:
106:
92:
77:
59:Linguistic classification
57:
41:
31:
26:
21:
2270:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
872:"Alaska Languages (AKL)"
752:Retrieved on 2007-04-11.
673:"Statistics Canada 2006"
3437:have no living members.
4470:Unclassified languages
3417:Unclassified languages
3371:list of sign languages
2339:Northeastern Tasmanian
282:New Metlakatla, Alaska
208:
4496:Tsimshianic languages
3392:Constructed languages
954:Tsimshianic languages
907:Boas, Franz. (1902).
842:Brown, Jason (2010).
206:
1939:Binanderean–Goilalan
894:Tarpent, 1997, p. 70
844:Gitksan Phonotactics
4419:Algonquian–Wakashan
3221:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3124:Tequiraca–Canichana
2967:Harákmbut–Katukinan
1730:Northwest Caucasian
1724:Northeast Caucasian
1648:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
193:Marie-Lucie Tarpent
4506:Penutian languages
4407:Proposed groupings
3497:Language families
2843:Tarascan/Purépecha
2332:Northern Tasmanian
2090:South Bougainville
2051:North Bougainville
1398:Southern Tsimshian
1072:Penutian languages
973:2006-05-05 at the
748:2007-05-28 at the
706:2007-05-01 at the
238:Southern Tsimshian
209:
83:Maritime Tsimshian
4501:Language families
4483:
4482:
4465:Extinct languages
4402:
4401:
4398:
4397:
4213:
4212:
4139:
4138:
3893:
3892:
3869:Takelma–Kalapuyan
3452:
3451:
3402:Language isolates
3380:
3379:
3285:
3284:
2851:
2850:
2737:
2736:
2432:
2431:
2379:Western Tasmanian
2297:Eastern Tasmanian
2252:
2251:
1974:East Geelvink Bay
1904:
1903:
1595:
1594:
1419:
1418:
1413:extinct languages
1194:Northern Kalapuya
1027:
1019:
1011:
1003:
958:
853:978-3-89586-589-3
824:978-3-319-44328-7
644:
643:
618:
589:
552:
520:
431:
382:
296:and other areas.
132:and in Southeast
118:
117:
4528:
4475:Linguistic areas
4362:
4361:
4183:
4182:
4088:
4087:
3801:
3800:
3580:
3579:
3479:
3472:
3465:
3456:
3455:
3298:
3297:
3252:Huaorani/Waorani
3136:(extant in 2000)
3100:Esmeralda–Yaruro
2871:Andoque–Urequena
2864:
2863:
2748:
2747:
2554:Plateau Penutian
2445:
2444:
2420:(Northern Daly?)
2263:
2262:
2149:Northwest Papuan
2113:Trans–New Guinea
1979:East New Britain
1954:Central Solomons
1920:
1919:
1665:Great Andamanese
1615:
1614:
1466:
1465:
1446:
1439:
1432:
1423:
1422:
1187:Central Kalapuya
1065:
1058:
1051:
1042:
1041:
1025:
1017:
1009:
1001:
956:
895:
892:
886:
885:
883:
882:
868:
862:
861:
839:
833:
832:
802:
796:
795:
759:
753:
739:
733:
720:
714:
699:. (2001-12-07).
694:
688:
687:
685:
684:
675:. Archived from
669:
628:
623:
616:
599:
594:
587:
571:
564:
559:
550:
539:
532:
527:
518:
508:
503:
498:
491:
484:
468:
463:
458:
453:
446:
441:
436:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
404:
397:
392:
387:
380:
322:
321:
278:British Columbia
276:in Northwestern
243:
175:
174:
171:
170:
167:
164:
161:
158:
155:
152:
130:British Columbia
124:languages are a
111:
102:
48:British Columbia
19:
18:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4486:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4448:
4394:
4360:
4342:linguistic area
4341:
4333:
4222:linguistic area
4221:
4209:
4181:
4135:
4086:
4031:linguistic area
4030:
4022:
3996:linguistic area
3995:
3988:
3889:
3863:
3832:
3799:
3746:
3706:
3673:
3639:
3605:
3578:
3498:
3492:
3483:
3453:
3448:
3447:
3421:
3407:Mixed languages
3376:
3357:
3292:
3281:
3135:
3129:
2984:Katembri–Taruma
2858:
2847:
2819:
2733:
2626:
2439:
2428:
2399:
2248:
2160:
2119:Turama–Kikorian
2029:Lower Mamberamo
1984:East Strickland
1912:
1900:
1818:
1606:
1601:
1591:
1546:
1455:
1450:
1420:
1415:
1402:
1383:Coast Tsimshian
1369:
1332:
1295:
1283:Southern Patwin
1256:
1206:
1172:
1152:
1108:
1074:
1069:
975:Wayback Machine
950:
910:Tsimshian Texts
904:
899:
898:
893:
889:
880:
878:
870:
869:
865:
854:
840:
836:
825:
803:
799:
760:
756:
750:Wayback Machine
740:
736:
721:
717:
708:Wayback Machine
695:
691:
682:
680:
671:
670:
666:
661:
649:
375:
361:
349:
317:
270:
232:Coast Tsimshian
201:
199:Family division
178:Coast Tsimshian
149:
145:
114:
98:
43:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4534:
4524:
4523:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4503:
4498:
4481:
4480:
4478:
4477:
4472:
4467:
4462:
4460:Classification
4456:
4454:
4450:
4449:
4447:
4446:
4441:
4436:
4434:Macro-Chibchan
4431:
4426:
4421:
4416:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4403:
4400:
4399:
4396:
4395:
4393:
4392:
4385:
4378:
4370:
4368:
4359:
4358:
4353:
4345:
4343:
4335:
4334:
4332:
4331:
4323:
4316:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4289:
4288:
4281:
4269:
4267:Tequistlatecan
4264:
4257:
4250:
4243:
4238:
4233:
4225:
4223:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4210:
4208:
4207:
4200:
4192:
4190:
4180:
4179:
4172:
4165:
4158:
4150:
4148:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4136:
4134:
4133:
4126:
4119:
4112:
4105:
4097:
4095:
4085:
4084:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4056:
4049:
4042:
4034:
4032:
4024:
4023:
4021:
4020:
4013:
4006:
4000:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3986:
3979:
3972:
3965:
3958:
3951:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3930:Tequistlatecan
3927:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3904:
3902:
3895:
3894:
3891:
3890:
3888:
3887:
3882:
3874:
3872:
3865:
3864:
3862:
3861:
3854:
3849:
3843:
3841:
3834:
3833:
3831:
3830:
3825:
3818:
3810:
3808:
3798:
3797:
3792:
3791:
3790:
3785:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3757:
3755:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3737:
3730:
3725:
3717:
3715:
3708:
3707:
3705:
3704:
3699:
3692:
3684:
3682:
3675:
3674:
3672:
3671:
3664:
3657:
3649:
3647:
3641:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3630:
3623:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3604:
3603:
3596:
3588:
3586:
3577:
3576:
3569:
3562:
3555:
3548:
3541:
3534:
3527:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3502:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3482:
3481:
3474:
3467:
3459:
3450:
3449:
3446:
3445:
3438:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3419:
3414:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3386:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3377:
3375:
3374:
3365:
3363:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3355:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3332:Indo-Pakistani
3329:
3324:
3317:
3312:
3307:
3301:
3295:
3287:
3286:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3269:
3264:
3259:
3254:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3137:
3131:
3130:
3128:
3127:
3121:
3115:
3109:
3103:
3097:
3091:
3085:
3080:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3038:
3033:
3031:Piaroa–Saliban
3028:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2932:
2927:
2920:
2915:
2910:
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2867:
2861:
2853:
2852:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2810:
2803:
2798:
2796:Tequistlatecan
2793:
2786:
2781:
2776:
2769:
2762:
2757:
2751:
2745:
2739:
2738:
2735:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2709:
2704:
2697:
2690:
2683:
2676:
2669:
2664:
2659:
2654:
2649:
2642:
2634:
2632:
2628:
2627:
2625:
2624:
2619:
2612:
2605:
2600:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2578:
2573:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2544:
2537:
2532:
2525:
2520:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2496:
2489:
2482:
2475:
2468:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2442:
2434:
2433:
2430:
2429:
2427:
2426:
2421:
2415:
2407:
2405:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2382:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2323:
2319:Marrku–Wurrugu
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2273:
2266:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2247:
2246:
2241:
2233:
2227:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
2191:
2185:
2179:
2174:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2161:
2159:
2158:
2152:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2109:
2104:
2097:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2036:
2031:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2011:
2006:
2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1929:
1923:
1917:
1906:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1898:
1890:
1883:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1859:
1851:
1844:
1837:
1832:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1817:
1816:
1810:
1804:
1798:
1792:
1786:
1780:
1775:
1770:
1763:
1756:
1749:
1744:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1681:
1678:Hurro-Urartian
1674:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1650:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1626:
1618:
1612:
1597:
1596:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1583:
1577:
1572:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1538:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1509:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1477:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1449:
1448:
1441:
1434:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1407:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1379:
1377:
1371:
1370:
1368:
1367:
1366:
1365:
1358:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1330:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1305:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1294:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1274:
1266:
1264:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1254:
1247:
1246:
1245:
1238:
1224:
1216:
1214:
1208:
1207:
1205:
1204:
1197:
1190:
1182:
1180:
1174:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1160:
1154:
1153:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1133:
1126:
1118:
1116:
1110:
1109:
1107:
1106:
1099:
1092:
1084:
1082:
1076:
1075:
1068:
1067:
1060:
1053:
1045:
1039:
1038:
1028:
1020:
1012:
1004:
996:
994:William Ridley
992:translated by
987:
982:
977:
965:
959:
949:
948:External links
946:
945:
944:
937:
922:
915:
903:
900:
897:
896:
887:
863:
852:
834:
823:
797:
776:10.1086/466314
754:
734:
715:
689:
663:
662:
660:
657:
656:
655:
648:
645:
642:
641:
639:
637:
635:
633:
631:
629:
624:
619:
613:
612:
610:
608:
606:
604:
602:
600:
595:
590:
585:
579:
578:
576:
574:
572:
567:
565:
560:
555:
553:
547:
546:
544:
542:
540:
535:
533:
528:
523:
521:
516:
510:
509:
504:
499:
494:
492:
487:
485:
480:
478:
472:
471:
469:
464:
459:
454:
449:
447:
442:
437:
432:
426:
425:
420:
415:
410:
405:
400:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
374:Non-continuous
370:
369:
364:
357:
352:
345:
340:
335:
330:
325:
316:
313:
269:
268:
267:
266:
265:
264:
258:
246:
245:
244:
235:
217:
200:
197:
138:Annette Island
116:
115:
112:
104:
103:
96:
90:
89:
88:
87:
84:
79:
75:
74:
73:
72:
61:
55:
54:
45:
39:
38:
33:
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4533:
4522:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4502:
4499:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4476:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4458:
4457:
4455:
4451:
4445:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4435:
4432:
4430:
4427:
4425:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4415:
4412:
4411:
4409:
4405:
4391:
4390:
4386:
4384:
4383:
4379:
4377:
4376:
4372:
4371:
4369:
4367:
4363:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4351:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4329:
4328:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4315:
4314:
4310:
4308:
4307:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4286:
4282:
4280:
4279:
4275:
4274:
4273:
4270:
4268:
4265:
4263:
4262:
4258:
4256:
4255:
4251:
4249:
4248:
4244:
4242:
4239:
4237:
4234:
4232:
4231:
4227:
4226:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4206:
4205:
4201:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4188:
4187:Calusa–Tunica
4184:
4178:
4177:
4173:
4171:
4170:
4166:
4164:
4163:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4120:
4118:
4117:
4113:
4111:
4110:
4106:
4104:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4083:
4082:
4078:
4076:
4075:
4071:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4061:
4057:
4055:
4054:
4050:
4048:
4047:
4043:
4041:
4040:
4036:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4014:
4012:
4011:
4007:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3999:
3997:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3966:
3964:
3963:
3959:
3957:
3956:
3952:
3950:
3947:
3945:
3944:
3940:
3938:
3937:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3896:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3880:
3876:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3866:
3860:
3859:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3848:
3845:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3835:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3823:
3819:
3817:
3816:
3812:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3802:
3796:
3793:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3783:
3779:
3778:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3758:
3756:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3742:
3738:
3736:
3735:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3723:
3719:
3718:
3716:
3713:
3709:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3697:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3686:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3676:
3670:
3669:
3665:
3663:
3662:
3658:
3656:
3655:
3651:
3650:
3648:
3646:
3642:
3636:
3635:
3631:
3629:
3628:
3624:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3589:
3587:
3585:
3581:
3575:
3574:
3570:
3568:
3567:
3563:
3561:
3560:
3556:
3554:
3553:
3549:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3540:
3539:
3535:
3533:
3532:
3528:
3526:
3525:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3508:
3504:
3503:
3501:
3495:
3491:
3490:North America
3487:
3480:
3475:
3473:
3468:
3466:
3461:
3460:
3457:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3418:
3415:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3398:
3395:
3393:
3390:
3389:
3387:
3383:
3373:
3372:
3367:
3366:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3350:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3342:Original Thai
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3322:
3318:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3288:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3268:
3265:
3263:
3260:
3258:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3220:
3216:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3132:
3125:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3113:
3110:
3107:
3106:Hibito–Cholón
3104:
3101:
3098:
3095:
3092:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3079:
3076:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3058:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2937:
2933:
2931:
2928:
2926:
2925:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2854:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2774:
2770:
2768:
2767:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2708:
2705:
2703:
2702:
2698:
2696:
2695:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2675:
2674:
2670:
2668:
2665:
2663:
2660:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2643:
2641:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2633:
2629:
2623:
2622:Yuman–Cochimí
2620:
2618:
2617:
2613:
2611:
2610:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2598:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2577:
2574:
2572:
2571:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2545:
2543:
2542:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2530:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2495:
2494:
2490:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2481:
2480:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2469:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2450:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2435:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2402:
2395:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2358:
2357:Southern Daly
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2333:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2298:
2294:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2284:
2283:
2282:Darwin Region
2279:
2277:
2274:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2238:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2178:
2175:
2173:
2170:
2169:
2167:
2163:
2156:
2153:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2041:
2037:
2035:
2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1970:
1967:
1965:
1964:Demta–Sentani
1962:
1960:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1897:
1895:
1891:
1889:
1888:
1884:
1881:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1850:
1849:
1845:
1843:
1842:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1831:
1828:
1827:
1825:
1821:
1814:
1811:
1808:
1805:
1802:
1799:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1787:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1762:
1761:
1757:
1755:
1754:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1738:
1736:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1686:
1685:Indo-European
1682:
1680:
1679:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1635:Austroasiatic
1632:
1630:
1627:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1619:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1605:
1598:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1539:
1536:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1524:
1521:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1507:
1506:
1502:
1500:
1499:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1482:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1470:
1467:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1447:
1442:
1440:
1435:
1433:
1428:
1427:
1424:
1414:
1410:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1376:
1372:
1364:
1363:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1353:
1352:
1349:
1347:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1311:
1307:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1287:
1285:
1284:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1265:
1263:
1259:
1253:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1239:
1237:
1236:
1232:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1225:
1223:
1222:
1218:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1198:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1184:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1168:
1164:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1138:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1131:
1127:
1125:
1124:
1120:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1103:Upper Chinook
1100:
1098:
1097:
1096:Lower Chinook
1093:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1083:
1081:
1077:
1073:
1066:
1061:
1059:
1054:
1052:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1036:
1032:
1029:
1024:
1021:
1016:
1013:
1008:
1005:
1000:
997:
995:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
972:
969:
966:
963:
960:
955:
952:
951:
942:
938:
935:
934:0-521-23228-7
931:
927:
923:
920:
916:
913:
911:
906:
905:
891:
877:
873:
867:
860:
855:
849:
845:
838:
831:
826:
820:
816:
812:
808:
801:
793:
789:
785:
781:
777:
773:
770:(1): 65–112.
769:
765:
758:
751:
747:
744:
738:
731:
729:
725:
719:
712:
709:
705:
702:
698:
693:
679:on 2019-02-22
678:
674:
668:
664:
654:
651:
650:
640:
638:
636:
634:
632:
630:
620:
615:
614:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
591:
586:
584:
580:
577:
575:
573:
568:
566:
561:
554:
549:
548:
545:
543:
541:
536:
534:
529:
522:
517:
515:
511:
505:
500:
495:
493:
488:
486:
479:
477:
473:
470:
465:
460:
455:
450:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
427:
421:
416:
411:
406:
401:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
377:
371:
368:
365:
363:
358:
356:
353:
351:
346:
344:
341:
339:
336:
334:
329:
326:
323:
320:
312:
310:
305:
302:
297:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
275:
262:
259:
256:
253:
252:
250:
247:
239:
236:
233:
230:
229:
227:
224:
223:
222:
219:
218:
216:
214:
205:
196:
194:
190:
186:
181:
179:
173:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
110:
105:
101:
97:
95:
91:
85:
82:
81:
80:
76:
71:
68:
67:
65:
62:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
4424:Aztec–Tanoan
4387:
4380:
4375:Guanahatabey
4373:
4366:Pre-Arawakan
4348:
4325:
4318:
4311:
4304:
4292:
4283:
4276:
4261:Oto-Manguean
4259:
4252:
4245:
4228:
4219:Mesoamerican
4202:
4195:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4128:
4121:
4114:
4107:
4100:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4058:
4051:
4044:
4037:
4028:Coahuiltecan
4015:
4008:
3981:
3974:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3941:
3934:
3922:
3877:
3856:
3838:Coast Oregon
3820:
3813:
3794:
3780:
3739:
3732:
3720:
3712:Macro-Siouan
3694:
3687:
3666:
3659:
3652:
3632:
3625:
3618:
3598:
3591:
3571:
3564:
3557:
3550:
3543:
3536:
3529:
3522:
3505:
3499:and isolates
3441:
3434:
3433:Families in
3368:
3319:
3217:
3205:
3055:
3023:
3014:Pano-Tacanan
2971:
2934:
2922:
2893:Arutani–Sape
2885:
2830:
2812:
2805:
2790:Oto-Manguean
2788:
2771:
2764:
2711:
2699:
2692:
2685:
2678:
2671:
2644:
2637:
2614:
2607:
2595:
2585:
2568:
2546:
2539:
2527:
2515:
2498:
2491:
2484:
2477:
2470:
2458:
2451:
2410:
2377:
2373:Western Daly
2351:Pama–Nyungan
2349:
2337:
2330:
2317:
2295:
2290:Eastern Daly
2288:
2280:
2235:
2111:
2099:
2077:
2060:
2038:
2009:Kaure–Kosare
1969:Doso–Turumsa
1959:Chimbu–Wahgi
1949:Bulaka River
1933:Austronesian
1931:
1892:
1885:
1866:
1853:
1846:
1839:
1765:
1758:
1751:
1741:Sino-Tibetan
1739:
1722:
1705:
1683:
1676:
1669:
1652:
1642:Austronesian
1640:
1633:
1621:
1567:
1505:Nilo-Saharan
1503:
1496:
1481:Austronesian
1479:
1472:
1408:
1374:
1360:
1325:
1308:
1288:
1281:
1269:
1249:
1240:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:Coast Oregon
1199:
1192:
1185:
1165:
1128:
1121:
1101:
1094:
1087:
980:Dum Baal-dum
940:
925:
918:
908:
902:Bibliography
890:
879:. Retrieved
875:
866:
857:
843:
837:
828:
806:
800:
767:
763:
757:
737:
727:
724:"Tsimshian."
718:
701:"Tsimshian."
692:
681:. Retrieved
677:the original
667:
318:
306:
298:
274:Skeena River
271:
249:Nass–Gitksan
248:
225:
220:
210:
185:Edward Sapir
182:
121:
119:
86:Nass–Gitksan
78:Subdivisions
69:
44:distribution
4429:Macro-Mayan
4294:Uto-Aztecan
4272:Totozoquean
4102:Coahuilteco
3913:Palaihnihan
3795:Tsimshianic
3327:Germanosign
3231:Mura-Pirahã
3112:Lule–Vilela
3088:Bora-Witoto
3063:Uru–Chipaya
3036:Ticuna–Yuri
3019:Peba–Yaguan
3004:Nambikwaran
2807:Uto-Aztecan
2743:Mesoamerica
2597:Uto-Aztecan
2586:Tsimshianic
2548:Palaihnihan
2418:Malak-Malak
2155:Papuan Gulf
2129:West Papuan
2034:Lower Sepik
2024:Lakes Plain
1927:Arai–Samaia
1915:the Pacific
1623:Afroasiatic
1498:Niger–Congo
1474:Afroasiatic
1375:Tsimshianic
617:glottalized
551:glottalized
514:Approximant
430:glottalized
221:Tsimshianic
122:Tsimshianic
70:Tsimshianic
22:Tsimshianic
4490:Categories
4285:Mixe–Zoque
4254:Misumalpan
4176:Chitimacha
3668:Algonquian
3634:Athabaskan
3513:Yuki–Wappo
3321:Francosign
3169:Chiquitano
3149:Alacalufan
2957:Guaicuruan
2930:Chapacuran
2913:Cahuapanan
2881:Araucanian
2784:Mixe–Zoque
2779:Misumalpan
2493:Comecrudan
2345:Nyulnyulan
2124:Upper Yuat
2101:Torricelli
2073:Senu River
2004:Foja Range
1910:New Guinea
1835:Burushaski
1696:Kartvelian
1671:Hmong–Mien
1487:Khoe–Kwadi
943:63.52-244.
881:2023-10-03
683:2008-03-09
290:Nass River
42:Geographic
4439:Tolatecan
4339:Caribbean
4327:Alagüilac
4320:Purépecha
4306:Cuitlatec
4278:Totonacan
4236:Jicaquean
4155:Muskogean
4130:Mamulique
4116:Comecrudo
4046:Karankawa
3949:Jicaquean
3936:Chimariko
3885:Kalapuyan
3828:Sahaptian
3776:Yok-Utian
3761:Chinookan
3734:Iroquoian
3702:Chimakuan
3518:Chumashan
3352:Tanzanian
3293:languages
3190:Hodï/Joti
3134:Isolates
3073:Yanomaman
3009:Otomákoan
2973:Jirajaran
2962:Guajiboan
2924:Catacaoan
2903:Barbacoan
2832:Cuitlatec
2801:Totonacan
2760:Jicaquean
2639:Chimariko
2535:Muskogean
2517:Kalapuyan
2511:Iroquoian
2486:Chumashan
2479:Chinookan
2472:Chimakuan
2390:Yangmanic
2385:Worrorran
2368:Wagaydyic
2258:Australia
2107:Trans-Fly
1773:Yeniseian
1760:Tyrsenian
1654:Dravidian
1411:indicate
1338:Yok-Utian
1178:Kalapuyan
1141:Nez Perce
1136:Sahaptian
1089:Kathlamet
1080:Chinookan
1031:Tsimshian
792:145019037
659:Footnotes
653:Tsimshian
476:Fricative
376:obstruent
315:Phonology
226:Tsimshian
142:Ketchikan
94:Glottolog
36:Tsimshian
32:Ethnicity
4350:Arawakan
4230:Chibchan
4109:Cotoname
4067:Quinigua
4053:Maratino
3752:Penutian
3696:Wakashan
3689:Salishan
3600:Eskimoan
3584:Eskaleut
3385:See also
3362:Isolates
3337:Japanese
3277:Yuracaré
3159:Candoshi
3118:Macro-Jê
3083:Zaparoan
3078:Zamucoan
3068:Witotoan
3051:Tucanoan
3046:Tiniguan
3041:Timotean
3025:Quechuan
2994:Matacoan
2989:Mascoian
2979:Jivaroan
2942:Chibchan
2936:Charruan
2887:Arawakan
2824:Isolates
2755:Chibchan
2631:Isolates
2603:Wakashan
2564:Salishan
2506:Eskaleut
2412:Giimbiyu
2404:Isolates
2313:Jarrakan
2308:Iwaidjan
2165:Isolates
2019:Kutubuan
1887:Sumerian
1823:Isolates
1778:Yukaghir
1747:Tungusic
1713:Mongolic
1701:Koreanic
1660:Eskaleut
1551:Isolates
1535:Ubangian
1201:Yoncalla
1146:Sahaptin
971:Archived
746:Archived
704:Archived
647:See also
301:dialects
294:Hazelton
189:Penutian
100:tsim1258
64:Penutian
27:Tsmksian
4414:Amerind
4389:Ciguayo
4382:Macorix
4356:Cariban
4330: ?
4189: ?
4169:Atakapa
4162:Natchez
4147: ?
4094: ?
4092:Pakawan
4081:Tonkawa
4039:Aranama
3994:Pueblo
3962:Salinan
3943:Esselen
3908:Shastan
3901: ?
3879:Takelma
3871: ?
3858:Siuslaw
3840: ?
3815:Klamath
3807: ?
3805:Plateau
3771:Maiduan
3766:Wintuan
3754: ?
3728:Caddoan
3714: ?
3681: ?
3620:Tlingit
3611:Na-Dene
3566:Waikuri
3559:Timucua
3552:Kutenai
3531:Beothuk
3435:italics
3412:Pidgins
3397:Creoles
3347:Swedish
3315:Chinese
3262:Urarina
3247:Puinave
3201:Itonama
3195:Irantxe
3164:Chimane
3094:Chimuan
2999:Nadahup
2918:Cariban
2898:Aymaran
2859:America
2701:Waikuri
2694:Tonkawa
2687:Timucua
2680:Takelma
2673:Siuslaw
2662:Kutenai
2646:Esselen
2609:Wintuan
2570:Shastan
2541:Na-Dene
2529:Maiduan
2466:Caddoan
2440:America
2394:Wagiman
2392:(incl.
2363:Tangkic
2303:Garawan
2276:Bunuban
2237:Tambora
2204:Maybrat
2172:Abinomn
2095:Teberan
2056:Pauwasi
2046:Mairasi
2014:Kiwaian
1894:Tambora
1880:Shompen
1862:Kusunda
1855:Kenaboi
1841:Elamite
1813:Siangic
1795:Kho-Bwa
1789:Hrusish
1707:Kra–Dai
1691:Japonic
1600:Eurasia
1575:Sandawe
1558:Bangime
1523:Songhay
1409:Italics
1393:Nisga’a
1388:Gitksan
1327:Nisenan
1301:Maiduan
1271:Nomlaki
1262:Wintuan
1251:Siuslaw
1167:Takelma
1158:Takelma
1123:Klamath
1114:Plateau
784:1265865
367:Glottal
338:Palatal
261:Gitksan
255:Nisga’a
187:in his
66: ?
4444:Waroid
4300:Xincan
4241:Lencan
4204:Calusa
4197:Tunica
4074:Solano
4060:Naolan
4004:Tanoan
3918:Pomoan
3852:Coosan
3847:Alsean
3822:Molala
3782:Yokuts
3722:Siouan
3573:Pericú
3545:Cayuse
3310:BANZSL
3272:Yamana
3257:Trumai
3226:Movima
3180:Fulniô
3143:Aikanã
3057:Tupian
2952:Chonan
2876:Arauan
2814:Xincan
2766:Lencan
2719:Yokuts
2616:Yukian
2581:Tanoan
2576:Siouan
2559:Pomoan
2500:Coosan
2326:Mirndi
2219:Porome
2214:Pawaia
2068:Senagi
2040:Madang
1989:Eleman
1944:Border
1875:Nihali
1868:Minoan
1848:Hattic
1830:Basque
1801:Mijiic
1783:Digaro
1767:Uralic
1753:Turkic
1604:Europe
1461:Africa
1362:Ohlone
1346:Yokuts
1316:Konkow
1277:Patwin
1228:Coosan
1221:Alsean
1130:Molala
1026:(YDLI)
1018:(YDLI)
1010:(YDLI)
1002:(YDLI)
957:(YDLI)
936:(hbk).
932:
850:
821:
790:
782:
588:simple
519:simple
507:*h,*hʷ
423:*ʔ,*ʔʷ
381:simple
362:uvular
360:Labio-
355:Uvular
348:Labio-
333:Dental
328:Labial
286:Klemtu
134:Alaska
126:family
52:Alaska
4453:Lists
4313:Huave
4247:Mayan
4123:Garza
4010:Keres
3976:Washo
3955:Karuk
3924:Yuman
3899:Hokan
3788:Utian
3741:Yuchi
3679:Mosan
3661:Yurok
3654:Wiyot
3645:Algic
3593:Aleut
3538:Bidai
3507:Haida
3267:Warao
3236:Nukak
3207:Kunza
3185:Guató
3174:Cofán
3154:Camsá
2947:Choco
2908:Boran
2857:South
2838:Huave
2773:Mayan
2724:Yuchi
2707:Washo
2657:Karuk
2652:Haida
2591:Utian
2523:Keres
2460:Alsea
2453:Algic
2438:North
2230:Taiap
2224:Sulka
2079:Sepik
1994:Engan
1735:Ongan
1718:Nivkh
1586:Shabo
1569:Jalaa
1563:Hadza
1517:Mande
1356:Miwok
1351:Utian
1321:Maidu
1310:Chico
1290:Wintu
1242:Miluk
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