161:
294:(Gjtwjngax), Gitanyow (Git-antaaw) and Kitseguecla (Gijigyukwhla). The main differences between dialects include a lexical shift in vowels and stop lenition use present only in the Eastern dialects. The largest differences in language and culture exist between Eastern and Western Gitxsan, rather than between each village.
306:
In the spring of 2018, an online dictionary app was released in collaboration with members of
Gitksan Nation and researchers at the University of British Columbia. The app includes various dialects of Gitxsan, and includes audio from different villages. Flashcards, stories, and histories are also
293:
Gitxsan language is primarily separated into Geenix or
Eastern and Gyeets or Western Gitxsan, although each village has its own dialect. The Geenix or Eastern villages include Kispiox (Ansbayaxw), Glen Vowell (Sigit'ox), and Hazelton (Git-an'maaxs). The Gyeets or Western villages include Kitwanga
302:
The
University of Northern British Columbia and Siiwiixo'osxwim Wilnataahl Gitksan Society (Gitksan Language Society) set up a Developmental Standard Term Certificate program offered through Northwest Community College, with all courses offered in Hazelton, BC. The program is designed to help
913:"Language Highlight Tables, 2016 Census - Aboriginal mother tongue, Aboriginal language spoken most often at home and Other Aboriginal language(s) spoken regularly at home for the population excluding institutional residents of Canada, provinces and territories, 2016 Census – 100% Data"
307:
included in addition to functioning as a dictionary. This app is based on a print dictionary produced in 1973 by Lonnie Hindle and Bruce Rigsby. With its launch, the app briefly held a top spot in Google Play's education category and accumulated around 500 downloads in its first week.
269:. The two groups are, however, politically separate and prefer to refer to Gitxsan and Nisga'a as distinct languages. According to the Report on the status of B.C First Nations Languages there are 523 fluent speakers, 639 that understand or somewhat speak and 344 learning speakers.
428:
The mid and high vowels are nearly in complementary distribution, suggesting that
Gitxsan once had a three-vowel system. Short mid vowels are emerging. Schwa only occurs in unstressed syllables. /e:/ and /o:/ have short allophones and in certain positions.
1306:
1742:
303:
revitalize
Gitxsan language by allowing those who complete it to teach language and culture courses at the elementary and secondary school level in the community.
1036:
912:
1358:
937:
171:
1747:
1737:
1189:
Bicevskis, Katie; Davis, Henry; Matthewson, Lisa (2017). "Quantification in
Gitksan". In Paperno, Denis; Keenan, Edward L. (eds.).
1206:
1012:
715:
1317:
A Selection of
Prayers Translated from the Book of Common Prayer in the Giatikshan Language for Use at the Public Services
809:
790:
679:
1351:
1507:
382:
1249:, and Margaret Seguin (1990) "Tsimshian Peoples: Southern Tsimshian, Coast Tsimshian, Nishga, and Gitksan." In
1732:
708:
636:
396:
147:
892:
888:
1344:
757:
669:
354:
349:
887:
Voiceless stop sounds can also have voiced allophones of . The pre-velar obstruents become velar before
1693:
1489:
1409:
1040:
797:
747:
727:
592:
525:
514:
507:
461:
417:
412:
1482:
1117:
1578:
545:
368:
363:
1678:
1320:
1398:
945:
581:
574:
1316:
1670:
1142:
Rigsby, Bruce; Ingram, John (1990). "Obstruent
Voicing and Glottalic Obstruents in Gitksan".
783:
776:
258:
87:
1688:
612:
266:
8:
1633:
1473:
1431:
1375:
821:
92:
1436:
1384:
1367:
1283:
1167:
1159:
1030:
659:
566:
446:
441:
139:
1596:
1557:
1496:
1441:
1287:
1202:
1171:
1018:
1008:
487:
481:
473:
451:
389:
1727:
1657:
1622:
1566:
1546:
1523:
1462:
1453:
1418:
1312:
First
Nations Languages of British Columbia Gitksan page, with link to bibliography
1275:
1231:
1194:
1193:. Studies in Linguistics and Philosophy. Vol. II. Springer. pp. 281–382.
1151:
1070:
468:
262:
218:
49:
1651:
1646:
1641:
1611:
1572:
1425:
1246:
1090:
456:
79:
1325:
1198:
152:
1708:
1616:
1605:
1585:
1537:
1530:
1516:
871:
859:
849:
839:
829:
496:
60:
1236:
1219:
1075:
1058:
1022:
1007:. Britt Dunlop, Suzanne Gessner, Tracey Herbert. Brentwood Bay, BC, CA. 2018.
1721:
1391:
1253:
ed. by Wayne
Suttles, pp. 267–284. Washington: Smithsonian Institution).
737:
602:
535:
331:
1002:
555:
276:
45:
123:
326:
1311:
1163:
343:
336:
1331:
1218:
Brown, Jason; Davis, Henry; Schwan, Michael; Sennott, Barbara (2016).
1057:
Brown, Jason; Davis, Henry; Schwan, Michael; Sennott, Barbara (2016).
1336:
700:
623:
404:
376:
132:
116:
160:
1279:
1155:
975:
765:
272:
188:
168:
35:
1251:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 7: Northwest Coast,
938:"Pronunciation Guide to First Nations in British Columbia"
1301:
1004:
Report on the Status of B.C. First Nations Languages 2018
236:
227:
224:
1188:
1217:
1056:
1191:
Handbook of Quantifiers in Natural Language: Volume II
255:
Gitksan, Giatikshan, Gityskyan, Giklsan and Sim Algyax
1258:
A Short Practical Dictionary of the Gitksan language,
239:
233:
230:
167:
Gitksan is classified as Severely Endangered by the
1743:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
221:
942:Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada
1307:First Voices Gitsenimx̱ community language portal
1224:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
1063:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
919:. Government of Canada, Statistics. 2 August 2017
1719:
1326:OLAC resources in and about the Gitxsan language
1260:Northwest Anthropological Research Notes 1:1-60.
1352:
1268:International Journal of American Linguistics
1144:International Journal of American Linguistics
280:
1141:
1266:Matthewson, Lisa (2013). "Gitksan Modals".
1359:
1345:
1265:
1035:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
285:being the name of the Skeena in Gitxsan).
159:
1235:
1074:
16:Endangered Tsimshianic language of Canada
1319:1881 translation by Anglican missionary
172:Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger
1256:Hindle, Lonnie and Bruce Rigsby (1973)
1095:University of Northern British Columbia
1720:
1366:
1302:Official website of the Gitxsan People
1091:"Gitksan Students Complete Coursework"
1340:
1052:
1050:
905:
437:
315:The Gitxsan inventory is as follows:
265:, closely related to the neighboring
1115:
997:
995:
970:
968:
966:
964:
962:
297:
13:
1182:
1047:
14:
1759:
1748:First Nations languages in Canada
1295:
992:
959:
870:
858:
848:
838:
828:
808:
796:
789:
782:
775:
756:
746:
736:
726:
714:
707:
678:
668:
635:
611:
601:
591:
580:
573:
554:
544:
534:
524:
513:
506:
416:
411:
395:
388:
381:
367:
362:
353:
348:
1738:Endangered Tsimshianic languages
1118:"Gitksan Dictionary Goes Mobile"
217:
1135:
1116:Muir, Cassidy (May 22, 2019).
1109:
1083:
930:
1:
898:
1222:. Illustrations of the IPA.
976:"GITXSAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES"
310:
7:
1199:10.1007/978-3-319-44330-0_6
288:
10:
1764:
980:GITXSAN LANGUAGE RESOURCES
1702:
1669:
1632:
1595:
1556:
1506:
1472:
1452:
1408:
1374:
1237:10.1017/S0025100315000432
1076:10.1017/S0025100315000432
764:
699:
622:
553:
495:
472:
467:
460:
455:
450:
445:
440:
202:
194:
184:
158:
146:
130:
114:
109:
76:
66:
55:
41:
31:
26:
21:
72:1,020 (2016 census)
27:Gitxsanimaax, Gitxsanimx
281:
1733:Tsimshianic languages
1039:) CS1 maint: others (
275:means "People of the
259:Tsimshianic language
257:), is an endangered
917:www12.statcan.gc.ca
684:⟨tl'⟩
674:⟨ts'⟩
607:⟨kw'⟩
434:
433:Gitxsan consonants
320:
1694:Southern Tsimshian
1368:Penutian languages
876:⟨'w⟩
864:⟨'y⟩
854:⟨'l⟩
844:⟨'n⟩
834:⟨'m⟩
752:⟨x̱⟩
742:⟨xw⟩
720:⟨hl⟩
641:⟨ts⟩
617:⟨ḵ'⟩
597:⟨k'⟩
540:⟨kw⟩
432:
318:
1715:
1714:
1709:extinct languages
1490:Northern Kalapuya
1208:978-3-319-44328-7
1122:The Interior News
1097:. August 10, 2005
1014:978-0-9868401-9-7
885:
884:
824:
802:⟨y⟩
772:
732:⟨x⟩
662:
630:
569:
560:⟨'⟩
550:⟨ḵ⟩
530:⟨k⟩
503:
490:
484:
426:
425:
298:History and usage
210:
209:
180:
179:
1755:
1483:Central Kalapuya
1361:
1354:
1347:
1338:
1337:
1330:ELAR archive of
1291:
1247:Halpin, Marjorie
1241:
1239:
1212:
1176:
1175:
1139:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1128:
1113:
1107:
1106:
1104:
1102:
1087:
1081:
1080:
1078:
1054:
1045:
1044:
1034:
1026:
999:
990:
989:
987:
986:
972:
957:
956:
954:
953:
944:. Archived from
934:
928:
927:
925:
924:
909:
894:
890:
877:
874:
865:
862:
855:
852:
845:
842:
835:
832:
822:
812:
803:
800:
793:
786:
779:
770:
760:
753:
750:
743:
740:
733:
730:
721:
718:
711:
685:
682:
675:
672:
660:
642:
639:
628:
618:
615:
608:
605:
598:
595:
584:
577:
567:
561:
558:
551:
548:
541:
538:
531:
528:
517:
510:
501:
488:
480:
435:
431:
420:
415:
399:
392:
385:
371:
366:
357:
352:
321:
317:
284:
267:Nisga’a language
263:British Columbia
261:of northwestern
246:
245:
242:
241:
238:
235:
232:
229:
226:
223:
214:Gitxsan language
206:Gitx̱san Lax̱yip
182:
181:
174:
163:
142:
126:
119:
82:
50:British Columbia
19:
18:
1763:
1762:
1758:
1757:
1756:
1754:
1753:
1752:
1718:
1717:
1716:
1711:
1698:
1679:Coast Tsimshian
1665:
1628:
1591:
1579:Southern Patwin
1552:
1502:
1468:
1448:
1404:
1370:
1365:
1298:
1209:
1185:
1183:Further reading
1180:
1179:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1124:
1114:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1089:
1088:
1084:
1055:
1048:
1028:
1027:
1015:
1001:
1000:
993:
984:
982:
974:
973:
960:
951:
949:
936:
935:
931:
922:
920:
911:
910:
906:
901:
875:
863:
853:
843:
833:
801:
751:
741:
731:
719:
683:
673:
640:
616:
606:
596:
559:
549:
539:
529:
463:
319:Gitxsan vowels
313:
300:
291:
253:(also rendered
220:
216:
176:
175:
166:
138:
122:
115:
105:
83:
80:Language family
78:
69:
68:Native speakers
17:
12:
11:
5:
1761:
1751:
1750:
1745:
1740:
1735:
1730:
1713:
1712:
1703:
1700:
1699:
1697:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1675:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1662:
1661:
1654:
1644:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1626:
1619:
1614:
1609:
1601:
1599:
1593:
1592:
1590:
1589:
1582:
1575:
1570:
1562:
1560:
1554:
1553:
1551:
1550:
1543:
1542:
1541:
1534:
1520:
1512:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1493:
1486:
1478:
1476:
1470:
1469:
1467:
1466:
1458:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1447:
1446:
1445:
1444:
1439:
1429:
1422:
1414:
1412:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1380:
1378:
1372:
1371:
1364:
1363:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1328:
1323:
1321:William Ridley
1314:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1296:External links
1294:
1293:
1292:
1280:10.1086/670751
1274:(3): 349–394.
1262:
1261:
1254:
1243:
1242:
1230:(3): 367–378.
1214:
1213:
1207:
1184:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1156:10.1086/466152
1150:(2): 251–263.
1134:
1108:
1082:
1069:(3): 367–378.
1046:
1013:
991:
958:
929:
903:
902:
900:
897:
883:
882:
880:
878:
868:
866:
856:
846:
836:
826:
818:
817:
815:
813:
806:
804:
794:
787:
780:
773:
768:
762:
761:
754:
744:
734:
724:
722:
712:
705:
703:
697:
696:
694:
692:
690:
688:
686:
676:
666:
664:
656:
655:
653:
651:
649:
647:
645:
643:
633:
631:
626:
620:
619:
609:
599:
589:
587:
585:
578:
571:
563:
562:
552:
542:
532:
522:
520:
518:
511:
504:
499:
493:
492:
485:
477:
476:
471:
466:
459:
454:
449:
444:
439:
424:
423:
421:
409:
407:
401:
400:
393:
386:
379:
373:
372:
360:
358:
346:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
312:
309:
299:
296:
290:
287:
208:
207:
204:
200:
199:
196:
192:
191:
186:
178:
177:
165:
164:
156:
155:
150:
144:
143:
136:
128:
127:
120:
112:
111:
110:Language codes
107:
106:
104:
103:
102:
101:
86:
84:
77:
74:
73:
70:
67:
64:
63:
57:
53:
52:
43:
39:
38:
33:
32:Native to
29:
28:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1760:
1749:
1746:
1744:
1741:
1739:
1736:
1734:
1731:
1729:
1726:
1725:
1723:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1660:
1659:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1624:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1607:
1603:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1594:
1588:
1587:
1583:
1581:
1580:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1544:
1540:
1539:
1535:
1533:
1532:
1528:
1527:
1526:
1525:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1514:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1498:
1494:
1492:
1491:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1460:
1459:
1457:
1455:
1451:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1434:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1399:Upper Chinook
1396:
1394:
1393:
1392:Lower Chinook
1389:
1387:
1386:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1357:
1355:
1350:
1348:
1343:
1342:
1339:
1333:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1315:
1313:
1310:
1308:
1305:
1303:
1300:
1299:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1264:
1263:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1216:
1215:
1210:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1186:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1138:
1123:
1119:
1112:
1096:
1092:
1086:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1053:
1051:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1010:
1006:
1005:
998:
996:
981:
977:
971:
969:
967:
965:
963:
948:on 2014-01-23
947:
943:
939:
933:
918:
914:
908:
904:
896:
881:
879:
873:
869:
867:
861:
857:
851:
847:
841:
837:
831:
827:
825:
820:
819:
816:
814:
811:
807:
805:
799:
795:
792:
788:
785:
781:
778:
774:
769:
767:
763:
759:
755:
749:
745:
739:
735:
729:
725:
723:
717:
713:
710:
706:
704:
702:
698:
695:
693:
691:
689:
687:
681:
677:
671:
667:
665:
663:
658:
657:
654:
652:
650:
648:
646:
644:
638:
634:
632:
627:
625:
621:
614:
610:
604:
600:
594:
590:
588:
586:
583:
579:
576:
572:
570:
565:
564:
557:
547:
543:
537:
533:
527:
523:
521:
519:
516:
512:
509:
505:
500:
498:
494:
491:
486:
483:
479:
478:
475:
470:
465:
458:
453:
448:
443:
436:
430:
422:
419:
414:
410:
408:
406:
403:
402:
398:
394:
391:
387:
384:
380:
378:
375:
374:
370:
365:
361:
359:
356:
351:
347:
345:
342:
341:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
322:
316:
308:
304:
295:
286:
283:
278:
274:
270:
268:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
244:
215:
205:
201:
197:
193:
190:
187:
183:
173:
170:
162:
157:
154:
151:
149:
145:
141:
137:
135:
134:
129:
125:
121:
118:
113:
108:
100:
97:
96:
94:
91:
90:
89:
85:
81:
75:
71:
65:
62:
58:
54:
51:
47:
46:Skeena region
44:
40:
37:
34:
30:
25:
20:
1704:
1683:
1656:
1621:
1604:
1584:
1577:
1565:
1545:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1515:
1508:Coast Oregon
1495:
1488:
1481:
1461:
1424:
1417:
1397:
1390:
1383:
1271:
1267:
1257:
1250:
1227:
1223:
1190:
1147:
1143:
1137:
1127:November 12,
1125:. Retrieved
1121:
1111:
1101:December 14,
1099:. Retrieved
1094:
1085:
1066:
1062:
1003:
983:. Retrieved
979:
950:. Retrieved
946:the original
941:
932:
921:. Retrieved
916:
907:
886:
427:
314:
305:
301:
292:
277:Skeena River
271:
254:
250:Gitxsanimaax
249:
248:
213:
211:
198:Gitxsanimaax
131:
98:
1671:Tsimshianic
823:glottalized
88:Tsimshianic
1722:Categories
1023:1138040760
985:2022-12-22
952:2014-01-07
923:2017-11-23
899:References
462:Labialized
153:Gitsenimx̱
1707:indicate
1634:Yok-Utian
1474:Kalapuyan
1437:Nez Perce
1432:Sahaptian
1385:Kathlamet
1376:Chinookan
1288:224806943
1220:"Gitksan"
1172:143894491
1059:"Gitksan"
1031:cite book
701:Fricative
624:Affricate
457:Pre-velar
311:Phonology
133:Glottolog
117:ISO 639-3
56:Ethnicity
1497:Yoncalla
1442:Sahaptin
766:Sonorant
661:ejective
568:ejective
447:Alveolar
442:Bilabial
289:Dialects
195:Language
189:Gitx̱san
140:gitx1241
95:–Gitksan
1728:Gitxsan
1705:Italics
1689:Nisga’a
1684:Gitksan
1623:Nisenan
1597:Maiduan
1567:Nomlaki
1558:Wintuan
1547:Siuslaw
1463:Takelma
1454:Takelma
1419:Klamath
1410:Plateau
1332:Gitskan
1164:1265131
489:lateral
482:central
474:Glottal
452:Palatal
438:
332:Central
273:Gitxsan
203:Country
99:Gitxsan
61:Gitxsan
22:Gitxsan
1658:Ohlone
1642:Yokuts
1612:Konkow
1573:Patwin
1524:Coosan
1517:Alsean
1426:Molala
1286:
1205:
1170:
1162:
1021:
1011:
469:Uvular
185:People
169:UNESCO
59:5,680
42:Region
36:Canada
1652:Miwok
1647:Utian
1617:Maidu
1606:Chico
1586:Wintu
1538:Miluk
1531:Hanis
1284:S2CID
1168:S2CID
1160:JSTOR
771:plain
629:plain
502:plain
464:velar
327:Front
247:, or
1203:ISBN
1129:2019
1103:2019
1041:link
1037:link
1019:OCLC
1009:ISBN
891:and
680:t͡ɬʼ
670:t͡sʼ
497:Stop
344:High
337:Back
282:Ksan
212:The
93:Nass
1276:doi
1232:doi
1195:doi
1152:doi
1071:doi
893:/l/
889:/s/
637:t͡s
603:kʷʼ
593:kʲʼ
405:Low
377:Mid
279:" (
148:ELP
124:git
1724::
1282:.
1272:79
1270:.
1228:46
1226:.
1201:.
1166:.
1158:.
1148:56
1146:.
1120:.
1093:.
1067:46
1065:.
1061:.
1049:^
1033:}}
1029:{{
1017:.
994:^
978:.
961:^
940:.
915:.
895:.
872:wˀ
860:jˀ
850:lˀ
840:nˀ
830:mˀ
738:xʷ
728:xʲ
613:q’
582:t’
575:p’
536:kʷ
526:kʲ
418:aː
397:oː
383:eː
369:uː
355:iː
48:,
1360:e
1353:t
1346:v
1290:.
1278::
1240:.
1234::
1211:.
1197::
1174:.
1154::
1131:.
1105:.
1079:.
1073::
1043:)
1025:.
988:.
955:.
926:.
810:w
798:j
791:l
784:n
777:m
758:h
748:χ
716:ɬ
709:s
556:ʔ
546:q
515:t
508:p
413:a
390:ə
364:u
350:i
243:/
240:n
237:æ
234:s
231:t
228:ɪ
225:ɡ
222:ˈ
219:/
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
