Trotskyism in Vietnam

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government in Paris. But the leftward shift in the French national Assembly in Thâu's view had not brought meaningful change. He and his comrades continued to be arrested during labour strikes, and preparations for a popular congress in response to the government's promise of colonial consultation had been suppressed. Colonial Minister Marius Moutet, a Socialist commented that he had sought "a wide consultation with all elements of the popular ," but with "Trotskyist-Communists intervening in the villages to menace and intimidate the peasant part of the population, taking all authority from the public officials," the necessary "formula" had not been found.

59: 19: 4315: 1748: 1019: 31: 1043: 1606:

themselves and organise in councils. To co-ordinate these efforts the Internationalists established a Popular Revolutionary Committee, an "embryonic soviet that placed its stamp upon the region of Saigon-Cholon, Gia-dinh and Bien-Hoa." Delegates issued "a declaration in which they affirmed their independence from the political parties and resolutely condemned any attempt to restrict the autonomy of the decisions taken by workers and peasants."

1250: 1734: 4327: 1031: 1278:: "struggle oriented against the colonial power and its constitutionalist allies, support of the demands of workers and peasants without regard to which of the two groups they were affiliated with, diffusion of classic Marxist thought, rejection of all attacks against the USSR and against either current." In the March 1935 Cochinchina Colonial Council election candidates supported by 1502:. They had neither an armed force nor a well-developed party organization". This was despite their relative toleration by the Japanese who could appreciate the distinction between the competing Marxist-Leninist currents: the ICP being openly allied with the Chinese and the western allies, and whose forces in the north had begun to receive 1610:

they mustered under the unadorned red flag "of their own class emancipation." They placed themselves under the overall command of Tran Dinh Minh, a young Trotskyist from the north. But the militias were hit hard by the returning French. Ngô Văn records two hundred alone being massacred, October 3, at the Thi Nghe bridge.

1722:

another went on for thirty years, from 1945 to 1975. With such strong commitment to the 'degenerated workers state' of Ho Chi Minh and his successors, any memories of what he had done to fellow Trotskyists had to be at least a source of discomfort if not outright embarrassment to the world Trotskyist movement."

1412:. The "real, organic liaison between the indigenous bourgeoisie and French imperialism" was such that the organisation of "the proletarian and peasant masses" was the only force capable of liberating the country. The question of independence was "bound up with that of the proletarian socialist revolution." 1721:

article (and in his later memorials for fallen friends and comrades). It is what Robert Alexander recounts as "the passion, effort and attention paid by Trotskyists of virtually all countries and all factions to support of the Stalinist side during the long and cruel Vietnam War, which in one form or

1569:), their call, as in the South, was for workers' control, land redistribution and for armed resistance to a return of the French. Whether they, or other Trotskyist groups, played any role in the Hongai-Camphai events is unclear. On Ho Chi Minh's orders they were already being rounded up and executed. 1672:

government, workers and peasants would simply have changed masters. Those with guns in their hands should fight for their own emancipation, following the example of the Russian workers, peasants and soldiers who formed soviets in 1917, or the German worker's and soldiers' councils of 1918-1919. But

1609:

With other League comrades, Ngô Văn joined in arms with streetcar workers. In the "internationalist spirit of the League," the workers had broken with their union, General Confederation of Labour (renamed by the Viet Minh "Workers for National Salvation"). Refusing the yellow star of the Viet-Minh,

1415:

The Democratic platform, with its calls for national unity and relatively modest demands for constitutional change, was presented by a party whose leading cadres "emphasised much more the exterior development of capitalism", "used the word 'imperialism' much more often in their discussions," talked

1597:

On August 24, the Viet Minh declared a provisional administration, a Southern Administrative Committee, in Saigon. When, for the declared purpose of disarming the Japanese, the Committee accommodated the landing and strategic positioning of British and British-Indian troops, rival political groups

1478:

The capitalists and feudalists who today serve the Japanese general staff will also serve the Allied imperialist states. The petty bourgeois nationalists with their adventurist policies will also be unable to lead the people to a revolutionary victory. Only the working class fighting independently

1407:

Revolutionary theory had not been the issue for the restricted property-and-business-tax-payer electorate. Rather it had been the colonial defence levy that the PCI, in the spirit of Franco-Soviet accord, had felt obliged to support. Nonetheless the contest illustrated the ideological gulf between

1364:

Tạ Thu Thâu and Nguyễn Văn Tạo came together for the last time in the April 1937 city council elections, both being elected. Together with the lengthening shadow of the Moscow Trials (obliging the Party loyalists to denounce their erstwhile Trotskyite colleagues as "the twin brothers of fascism"),

1234:

in the surrounding districts that for all factions organisational activity proved near impossible. Between 1930 and the end of 1932, more than 12,000 political prisoners were taken in Cochinchina, of whom 7,000 were sent to the penal colonies. The structures of the Party and of the Left Opposition

1688:

began massive deportations of Vietnamese, including about three-quarters of the Trotskyists. The latter "simply disappeared after their return to Vietnam, presumably through capitulation to the Viet Minh Stalinists or liquidation by either the Stalinists or the French." By 1951-52 there were only

1605:

In Saigon, the brutal reassertion of French authority under the protection of British, British-Indian and British-commandeered Japanese, forces triggered a general uprising on September 23. Under the slogan "Land to the Peasants! Factories to the workers!," the ICL called on the population to arm

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The Stalinists of the Third International have already abandoned the working class in order to capitulate miserably before the ‘democratic’ imperialists. They have betrayed the peasants by no longer talking about the agrarian question. If they are marching today with the foreign capitalists, they

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free press, etc. The government resorted to repression and in October the Indochinese Congress Movement was itself dissolved. Trotskyist and Stalinist papers that had sometimes been able to appear in the Vietnamese language were banned once more, and the labour legislation remained a dead letter.

1382:

Labour unrest culminated in the general strike of 1937 that included workers in the arsenal at Saigon, of the Trans-Indo Chinese Railway (Saigon-Hanoi), the Tonkin miners and the coolies of the rubber plantations. Their demands were for an eight hour day, trade union rights, rights of assembly, a

1553:

coal region north of Haiphong, under the indifferent gaze of the defeated Japanese 30,000 workers had elected councils to run mines, public services and transport, and were applying the principle of equal wages for all types of work, whether manual or intellectual. Later they were to learn that,

1403:

group celebrated what a reviewer of Ngô Văn's later account describes as "the only instance prior to 1945 in which the politics of 'permanent revolution' oriented to worker and peasant opposition to colonialism won out, however ephemerally, against Stalinist 'stage theory' in a public arena." In

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obtained 17% of the votes, although none were elected. Two months later in the Saigon municipal elections four of six candidates on a joint "Workers' Slate," including Tạ Thu Thâu and Nguyễn Văn Tạo, were elected, although only Tran Van Thach as the ostensible non-communist was allowed his seat.

1419:

At the same time, the Democratic platform had represented a party with a much greater national organisation and presence. The Trotskyists were concentrated in industrial and commercial centres, and in French direct-rule Cochinchina, where it was possible to have a keener sense of proximities to

1696:

By the early 1980s the history of the Vietnamese Trotskyist movement, which in the 1930s may have been the most important expression of left opposition in Asia (possibly greater in its scope than in China and in advance of its emergence in India), had been "all but forgotten by the Trotskyists

1372:

group had entered its own Popular Front known under the name of the Indo Chinese Congress Movement (Phong-tiao-Dong-duong-Dai-hoi) with the bourgeois Constitutionalist Party, in order to draw up demands relating to the political, economic and social reforms that were to be presented to the new

1360:

In Saigon, with a renewed upsurge culminating in the summer of 1937 in general dock and transport strikes, the tide on the left seemed to be running in favour of the Trotskyists. Judging by the frequency of the warnings in the clandestine Communist press against Trotskyism the influence of the

1700:

First, there was "the very thoroughness of the Stalinist extermination of the Trotskyist leadership in Vietnam." This "left no outstanding figure of the movement alive to tell about it outside the country, and to continue to be active in one or another faction of the international Trotskyist

1458:). But the French law of September 26, 1939, which legally dissolved the French Communist Party, was applied in Indochina to Stalinists and Trotskyists aiike. The Indochinese Communist Party and the Fourth Internationalists were driven underground for the duration of the war. 1423:

The greater resilience of the PCI—their ability to regroup and rebuild in the face of repression—was due to its organisation in the countryside and across Annam (central Vietnam) and Tonkin in the North. In these "protectorates" the French, under the titular authority of the

1576:

recalls that when he asked Ho Chi Minh about Tạ Thu Thâu's fate, Ho replied, "with unfeigned emotion,“ that "'Thâu was a great patriot and we mourn him." But he then added, "in a steady voice, 'all those who do not follow the line which I have laid down will be broken.'”

1218:. Declaring that, "being at all times a reactionary ideology, nationalism cannot succeed but to forge a new chain for the working class", in Paris in July 1930 they had formed an Indochinese Group within the Communist League , the French section of the International 1225:

Once considered "the theoretician of the Vietnamese contingent in Moscow," Tường was calling for a new "mass-based" party arising directly "out of the real struggle of the proletariat of the cities and countryside." But the repression triggered by strikes by in

1261:, and took the initiative of legally opposing the colonial regime in the Saigon municipal elections of April–May 1933. They put forward a common "Workers' List" and briefly published a newspaper (in French to get around the print restrictions on Vietnamese), 1352:

urged respect for the law to the peasants who had begun to agitate in a violent manner against direct and indirect taxes and for a reduction in rents, the League's call for "action committees" was met with widespread arrests. The "first trial of the

1705:

is probably the most commonly cited witness to the story. But Văn's memoirs are prefaced with a repudiation of "Bolshevism-Leninism-Trotskyism." In France, experiences shared with refugees from Spanish Civil War, anarchists and veterans of the

1613:

As they fell back into the countryside, they and former UNF-aligned militias were caught in the crossfire as the Viet-Minh returned to surround the city. Dương Bạch Mai, who had been among the Stalinists on the original editorial board of

1404:

elections to the colonial Cochinchina Council a "United Workers and Peasants" slate, led by Tạ Thu Thâu, triumphed over both the Communist Party's Democratic Front and the "bourgeois" Constitutionalists with fully 80 per cent of the vote.

1267:(The Struggle) to rally support for it. In spite of the restricted franchise, two of this Struggle group were elected (although denied their seats), the independent (later Trotskyist) Tran Van Thach and Nguyễn Văn Tạo. 1191:

enemy of imperialism." the worker and peasant masses would free themselves from oppression under the French overseer only through their own organised action. "Independence is inseparable from proletarian revolution."

1537:

Events moved rapidly to demonstrate the Trotskyists' relative isolation in the Saigon region. There was little intimacy with developments to the north where, in Hanoi on September 2, 1945, Ho Chi Minh proclaimed the

1337:(Chronicles), with a call to workers and peasants to set up "unified people's committees in the struggle for rice, freedom and democracy." Octobrists are reported to have been active in labour organising in Hanoi, 1676:

In line with continued defence of the Soviet Union by Trotskyists internationally as a "(degenerated) workers' state," Vietnamese Trotskyists muted their criticism of the Viet Minh regime. The slogan, adopted as

1408:

the Party and the left opposition. The Workers and Peasants platform had been revolutionary (calls for workers control and radical land re-distribution) and reflected the analysis Tạ Thu Thâu had outlined in

1186:

ism") would betray the revolutionary interests of the anti-colonial struggle. For the colonised the choice was no longer between independence and slavery, but between socialism and nationalism. As "the

1428:

had retained traditional elements of rural administration. Their rule had the calculated appearance of being external to a still extant indigenous culture, and allowed greater play to the idea of a

1151:

An identifiable Trotskyist tendency among Vietnamese revolutionary circles emerges first in Paris among the student youth of the Annamite Independence Party. Following the bloody suppression of the

1439:

of August 23, 1939. Moscow ordered a return to direct confrontation with the French. In Cochinchina, the Party obliged with a peasant revolt in November 1940 that the new Japanese occupiers left

1638:

Forsaking his revolutionary principles, Hồ Hữu Tường took refuge with the French Bảo Đại puppet government (later he became a deputy in the "farcical 'opposition'" under the military regime of

1618:, led Vietminh security in hunting down his former colleagues on the paper. By the end of October they had captured and executed, among others, Nguyen Van Tien, the former managing editor, and 1416:

about “nonequivalent exchange,” and of "the continuing feudal nature of Vietnamese society." It was a party for whom the immediate object of anti-colonial struggle was national, not socialist.

498: 1357:" opened in Saigon on 31 August 1936. Following publicised testimony of their torture and maltreatment, Lu Sanh Hanh and seven of his comrades received moderated sentences of 6 to 18 months. 1668:(Workers' Voice), Ngô Văn wrote an opinion piece under the name Dong Vu (October 30, 1951) "Prolétaires et paysans, retournez vos fusils!" . If Ho Chi Minh won out over the French-puppet 1642:). But "harassed by the Sûreté in the city and denied refuge in a countryside dominated by the two terrors, the French and the Viet-Minh," most ICL survivors appear to be those who, like 1565:(Combat). This was the rump of the ICL in the north, many of their comrades having chosen to join the Viet Minh. Now styling themselves the Socialist Workers Party of Northern Vietnam ( 3401: 2851: 1681:

noted "despite the assassination of almost all their comrades in Vietnam by Ho Chi Minh's hired thugs," was "Defend the government of Ho Chi Minh against the attacks of imperialism."

4802: 4782: 3250: 1376:

Thâu's motion attacking the Popular Front for betraying the promises of reforms in the colonies was rejected by the PCI faction and in June 1937 the Stalinists withdrew from

4945: 4807: 2968: 1290:(the chronicler of the Trotskyist struggle in later exile) formed the core of the League of Internationalist Communists for the Construction of the Fourth International ( 3210: 3255: 1545:

The lack of connection was made "painfully clear" when Ngô Văn and his comrades found they had "no way of finding out what was happening" following reports that in the

1257:

In 1933, several factional representatives, including Tạ Thu Thâu, Nguyễn Văn Tạo of the ICP and the anarchist Trinh Hung Ngau, regrouped around charismatic figure of

3222: 3198: 2737: 1450:, then numbering then perhaps 3000, and the smaller number of Octobrists united as the official section of the newly constituted Fourth International. They formed the 1195:

For organising protests against the execution of Yên Bái insurgent leaders, in May 1930 Tạ Thu Thâu and eighteen of his compatriots were arrested and deported back to

834: 3245: 852: 746: 1294:). The League maintained a "complete system of clandestine and legal publications" including its own weekly “organ of proletarian defence and Marxist combat,” 4797: 1602:

the Committee had to rely on the Vanguard Youth. They fired upon crowds which, joined by the ICL, were demanding arms against a French colonial restoration.

3260: 4787: 4772: 4767: 1693:

and League supporters combined in the Bolshevik-Leninist Group of Vietnam (BLGV). This continued to exist, at least in some form, until as late as 1974.

829: 5755: 1286:

At the end of 1935, unwilling to enter into a further accommodation with the "Stalinists, " the October Group of Hồ Hữu Tường, Lu Sanh Hanh and of

885: 819: 1572:

Hunted and pursued south by the Viet Minh, Tạ Thu Thâu was captured in early September at Quang Ngai. A year later in Paris, the French socialist

1554:

after three months of revolutionary autonomy, the commune had been forcibly integrated into "the military-police structure" of the new republic.

5026: 5008: 4603: 3635: 2730: 872: 2841: 1814: 1467: 5158: 3186: 4880: 1509:

It may be that "at least some of the Vietnamese Trotskyists" joined the United National Front (UNF). Embracing the "bourgeois" nationalist

3265: 4873: 4792: 961: 673: 5584: 5476: 658: 627: 1585: 3645: 3579: 3284: 2723: 991: 824: 2481: 1561:. They were introduced to clandestine meetings of mine workers and peasants by a "fraternal group" publishing the bulletin in Hanoi 5765: 5525: 4918: 4913: 4364: 4091: 3396: 3279: 1771: 1451: 776: 698: 4570: 4039: 2922: 1510: 786: 5216: 4558: 4393: 3640: 718: 5760: 4950: 4563: 4466: 4215: 2917: 2801: 1710:(The Workers' Party of Marxist Unification), "permanently distanced" Văn from the politics of "so-called 'workers' parties." 1630:

marshland (Plaine des Joncs) north-west of Saigon until January 1946 when the Viet Minh killed Tran Dinh Minh, their leader.

1529:. But handed power by the collapsing Bao Dai administration on 14 August, the UNF conceded it to the Vietminh a week later. 867: 693: 2226: 58: 5638: 5547: 4908: 4903: 4608: 3625: 2816: 1495: 1073: 766: 761: 4451: 5021: 5016: 5003: 4777: 3318: 2912: 2302: 2264: 862: 842: 703: 5735: 5725: 798: 595: 1466:

With only several dozen members, in August 1944 the ICL was reconstituted in Saigon. After the Japanese in March 1945

1206:, some within the ICP. In November 1931 dissidents emerging from within the Party formed the October Left Opposition ( 221: 5690: 5394: 5143: 5099: 4536: 4456: 4377: 4169: 2465: 2440: 2402: 2247: 956: 688: 478: 133: 4971: 4461: 4446: 3074: 1498:

commissioned report concluded that "the Trotskyites found themselves unprepared for the situation that followed the

5745: 5401: 4845: 4190: 3620: 857: 847: 733: 632: 560: 1525:, it was viewed by Japanese as a counterweight to the PCI's new formed Front for the Independence of Vietnam, the 5270: 5153: 5148: 4526: 3630: 3451: 1125:

waterfront, industry and transport, Trotskyists presented a significant challenge to the Moscow-aligned party in

419: 168: 3963: 1420:

France. (Ho Huu Thuong's vision was of a revolutionary general strike coordinated with the French proletariat).

5770: 5508: 5175: 5131: 4613: 4433: 4252: 2998: 1539: 5750: 5567: 5165: 4988: 4521: 4262: 3391: 2081: 2028: 906: 896: 103: 88: 2644: 2332: 1841: 5775: 5322: 5287: 4868: 4732: 4398: 4357: 4284: 4200: 4142: 4081: 3502: 3411: 3205: 3069: 2188: 1503: 1114: 901: 708: 683: 138: 4441: 1479:

under the banner of the Fourth International, can accomplish the tasks of the vanguard of the revolution.

5780: 5650: 5253: 5209: 5089: 4966: 4727: 4668: 4504: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4220: 3938: 3436: 3193: 2882: 2776: 1098: 946: 781: 756: 751: 612: 2796: 1653:(GCI — Internationalist Communist Group of Vietnam). They published a paper titled, in the tradition of 113: 5334: 5317: 5294: 5116: 4923: 4895: 4759: 4623: 4548: 4531: 2932: 585: 98: 3079: 3003: 5740: 5730: 5503: 5239: 5204: 4840: 4828: 4598: 4593: 4514: 4247: 3678: 3610: 3054: 3018: 3008: 2836: 2811: 2806: 2536: 1868: 1558: 1483:

will also aid the domestic exploiting classes to crush the revolutionary people in the coming hours.

1298:(this carried Lenin's Testament with its warnings against Stalin, and Trotsky's polemics against the 951: 458: 448: 404: 324: 259: 83: 1365:

growing disagreement over the new PCF-supported Popular Front government in France ensured a split.

5421: 5291: 5234: 5121: 5111: 5094: 4983: 4553: 4423: 3114: 1333:, and suggests an organisational connection. In 1937-38, this northern group had put out a weekly, 1066: 791: 269: 2953: 2826: 2650: 2154: 1253:

La Lutte 23 February 1935. Introducing the "Workers' Slate" for the Saigon City Council elections.

5643: 5466: 5436: 5354: 5312: 4737: 4722: 4580: 4350: 4274: 3589: 3482: 3311: 3064: 2978: 2861: 2831: 2482:

https://libcom.org/library/%E2%80%98moscow-trial%E2%80%99-ho-chi-minh%E2%80%99s-guerilla-movement

1557:

Released from detention in 1944, in April 1945 Tạ Thu Thau and a small band had travelled to the

723: 663: 488: 438: 364: 3013: 2983: 2963: 2786: 5606: 5199: 5187: 5106: 5056: 4742: 2866: 2781: 728: 617: 384: 5076: 5626: 5591: 5535: 5327: 4852: 4835: 4717: 4225: 4044: 3532: 3381: 3361: 3049: 3039: 2506: 713: 637: 565: 526: 108: 3240: 3034: 2372: 1490:

Opportunity for open political struggle returned with the formal surrender of the occupying

1302:), topical pamphlets in both French and Vietnamese (including Ngô Văn's denunciation of the 5611: 5601: 5596: 5486: 5389: 5265: 5226: 5194: 4976: 4885: 4823: 4588: 4492: 4174: 4164: 4101: 4096: 3993: 3973: 3594: 3584: 3566: 3371: 3094: 2771: 1791: 1776: 1766: 1761: 1685: 1354: 1314:

was suppressed, from January 1939 the League/the Octobrists began clandestinely publishing

1263: 1133:, Vietnamese Trotskyists were systematically hunted down and eliminated by both the French 1118: 971: 936: 891: 678: 575: 516: 128: 93: 3059: 3044: 2958: 8: 5621: 5557: 5493: 5426: 5416: 5384: 5379: 5372: 5307: 5282: 5170: 4993: 4937: 4705: 4680: 4663: 4658: 4646: 4641: 4543: 4279: 4195: 4124: 4111: 4086: 4059: 4049: 3968: 3853: 3728: 3655: 3615: 3554: 3549: 3544: 3525: 3510: 3406: 3351: 2993: 2856: 2821: 2291:. Washington, DC: American University, Center for Research in Social Systems. p. 96. 2227:

https://www.workersliberty.org/story/2005/09/12/forgotten-massacre-vietnamese-trotskyists

1486:

Workers and peasants! Assemble under the banner of the party of the Fourth International!

1470:

and invited Vietnamese nationalists to cooperate with a new government under the Emperor

1171: 1152: 1090: 1059: 986: 941: 211: 163: 78: 42: 5461: 3119: 3099: 2988: 5683: 5660: 5655: 5552: 5498: 5453: 5367: 5182: 5138: 5061: 5044: 4509: 4385: 4299: 4257: 4230: 4135: 4071: 4066: 4054: 3823: 3743: 3487: 3304: 3217: 3089: 2907: 2902: 2703:

Revolutionaries They Could Not Break: The Fight for the Fourth International in Vietnam

1499: 1436: 1258: 1179: 1126: 553: 548: 507: 468: 389: 5066: 3958: 3155: 3104: 3084: 2892: 1669: 1471: 1425: 1156: 409: 5540: 5520: 5481: 5431: 5411: 5362: 5277: 5126: 5084: 4119: 4076: 3898: 3788: 3778: 3708: 3537: 3426: 3421: 3386: 3356: 2897: 2846: 2791: 2766: 2461: 2436: 2398: 2243: 2082:"On Vietnam: 1. The La Lutte Group and the Workers' and Peasants' Movement (1933-37)" 1786: 1619: 1215: 771: 143: 3908: 3883: 3748: 3135: 2973: 2715: 668: 264: 5699: 5633: 5574: 5562: 5515: 5441: 5344: 5302: 4675: 4631: 4418: 4331: 4319: 4210: 4018: 3918: 3813: 3758: 3713: 3703: 3688: 3574: 3477: 3446: 3181: 2303:"The OSS in Vietnam, 1945: A War of Missed Opportunities by Dixee Bartholomew-Feis" 1753: 1639: 1474:, the ICL issued a manifesto calling for preparation for the imminent revolution: 1130: 1122: 1035: 1023: 997: 976: 193: 153: 148: 2948: 2699:, Viet-nam 1920-1945: Révolution et contre-révolution sous la domination coloniale 1573: 1435:

Such as it was, the political opening against the Communist Party closed with the

5530: 5406: 5339: 4653: 4636: 3843: 3783: 3773: 3768: 3698: 3467: 3441: 3416: 3376: 3366: 3341: 3145: 2761: 1550: 1491: 1361:

oppositionists in the organised unrest was "considerable" if not "preponderant."

1227: 1219: 1203: 1164: 1047: 570: 284: 279: 274: 188: 173: 158: 2125:

Viet-nam 1920-1945: Révolution et contre-révolution sous la domination coloniale

1202:

In Saigon the deportees found several groups of militants open to the theses of

5704: 5471: 4749: 4159: 4013: 3953: 3923: 3808: 3803: 3723: 3718: 3693: 3346: 3171: 3109: 2283: 1739: 344: 334: 1599: 5719: 4476: 4471: 4294: 4008: 3988: 3978: 3903: 3858: 3838: 3828: 3753: 3733: 2927: 1938: 1303: 1299: 605: 399: 369: 359: 354: 319: 18: 4685: 4205: 3998: 3948: 3943: 3933: 3913: 3868: 3863: 3848: 3738: 3673: 3472: 3431: 2887: 1714: 1702: 1678: 1643: 1440: 1287: 1274:

the collaboration was revived on the basis of a formal Party-Oppositionist

1214:(October). These included Hồ Hữu Tường, Dao Hung Long (alias Anh Gia), and 1106: 981: 414: 374: 349: 309: 249: 244: 178: 73: 2558:

International Trotskyism, 1929-1985: A Documented Analysis of the Movement

1170:(May and June issues, 1930). The revolution would not follow the path the 1129:. Following the September 1945 Saigon uprising against the restoration of 4289: 4023: 4003: 3878: 3873: 3833: 3818: 3763: 3668: 3176: 2664:

International Trotskyism 1929–1985: A documented analysis of the movement

2645:

https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/viet.htm

1842:

https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/alex/works/in_trot/viet.htm

1796: 1196: 1183: 1135: 1110: 1102: 600: 590: 329: 289: 183: 30: 3402:"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs" 3140: 2189:

https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/revhist/backiss/vol3/no2/thau.html

1532: 1042: 3893: 3888: 3798: 3793: 1622:. The ICL-led Go Yap streetcar workers held out against the Vietminh, 1399:

In April 1939, together with the Octobrists, the now wholly Trotskyist

1175: 379: 304: 299: 294: 216: 50: 3150: 1598:

turned out in force. On September 7 and 8, 1945, in the delta city of

1546: 4269: 3983: 3928: 3683: 3492: 3327: 1627: 1526: 1349: 1249: 1160: 1140: 1003: 394: 314: 254: 4342: 4240: 4235: 4129: 3520: 1338: 930: 339: 226: 123: 118: 2852:

Proclamation of Independence of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam

1649:

In 1946, as many as 500 exiles were reported to be members of the

4373: 3515: 2746: 1781: 1518: 1514: 924: 2701:, Paris: Nautilus Editions, 2000. Excerpts appear in English as 1292:

Chanh Doan Cong San Quoc Te Chu Nghia--Phai Tan Thanh De Tu Quoc

3663: 2651:

https://newpol.org/review/sky-without-light-vietnamese-tragedy/

2136:

Goldner, Loren (1997) "The Anti-Colonial Movement in Vietnam".

1623: 1590: 1238: 966: 622: 4326: 2480:

Ngô Văn, A ‘Moscow Trial’ in Ho Chi Minh's Guerilla Movement.

2242:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 522–523. 1454:(ICL), or less formally as The Fourth Internationalist Party ( 1432:

society that might be mobilised against the foreign overseer.

1030: 5579: 2649:

Manfred McDowell, "Sky without Light: a Vietnamese Tragedy."

1953:

Revolutionnaires Vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine

1697:

themselves." Robert Alexander suggests two reasons for this.

1461: 1330: 3296: 2678:

Révolutionaires vietnamiens et pouvoir colonial en Indochine

1664:

In what, presumably, was a still smaller exile publication,

1468:

ended their sufferance of the French colonial administration

1707: 1689:

about 70 Vietnamese ostensible Trotskyists left in France.

1342: 2710:

In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary

2507:

https://libcom.org/files/1945%20The%20Saigon%20commune.pdf

2065:. Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 1959. p. 142 1855:

In the Crossfire: Adventures of a Vietnamese Revolutionary

1684:

As the Indochinese war intensified in the late 1940s, the

1386: 1097:) was represented by those who, in left opposition to the 2373:

https://libcom.org/history/hundred-year-war-ngo-van-xuyet

1869:"Le mouvement IVe Internationale en lndochine 1930-1939" 2685:

Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution

1907:

Radicalism and the Origins of the Vietnamese Revolution

2745: 1955:. Paris: François Maspero, p. 63. ISBN 978-2707107688 1580: 2458:

Operation Masterdom: Britain's Secret War in Vietnam

2435:. University of California Press. pp. 408–409. 2397:. University of California Press. pp. 409–410. 2223:

The forgotten massacre of the Vietnamese Trotskyists

2063:

Marxism in Southeast Asia; A Study of Four Countries

1729: 1713:

The second reason, however, is precisely that which

1146: 830:

International Committee of the Fourth International

747:

Bolshevik–Leninist Party of India, Ceylon and Burma

2285:Vietnam, the Origins of the Revolution (1885-1946) 820:Committee for a Workers' International (refounded) 1909:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA., p. 242 1633: 5717: 2692:National Movements and Class Struggle in Vietnam 2687:, Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA. 1996. 2433:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946) 2395:Vietnam: State, War, and Revolution (1945–1946) 2643:Robert J. Alexander, "Vietnamese Trotskyism." 1939:.Why Viet Nam?: Prelude to America's Albatross 1651:Groupe Communiste Internationaliste de Vietnam 1443:French colonial authorities free to suppress. 4358: 3312: 2731: 1174:had endorsed in making common cause with the 1067: 2591:, New York: Spartacist Publishing Co., p. 49 2560:. Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 961-962 2240:Why Vietnam?: Prelude to America's Albatross 2148: 2146: 1533:The North and the Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả "Commune" 1523:Jeunesse d'Avant-Garde/Thanh Nien Tienphong 962:List of Trotskyist organizations by country 674:Organisation of Communist Internationalists 4365: 4351: 3319: 3305: 2738: 2724: 2673:, Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado, 1981. 2455: 1462:Re-emergence under the Japanese occupation 1159:expressed their view of the revolution in 1074: 1060: 873:Trotskyist Fraction – Fourth International 5756:History of the Communist Party of Vietnam 2666:. Duke University Press, Durham NC, 1991. 2537:"Phong Trào Truy Lùng Và Xử Án Việt Gian" 2281: 2185:Ta Thu Thau: Vietnamese Trotskyist Leader 2155:"Sky Without Light: A Vietnamese Tragedy" 1121:". Active in the 1930s in organising the 825:Fourth International (post-reunification) 2842:Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina 2152: 2143: 1942:, University of California Press, p. 494 1772:International Communist League (Vietnam) 1584: 1452:International Communist League (Vietnam) 1248: 777:Revolutionary Communist Party (UK, 1944) 29: 17: 4432: 1673:this clearly, was a minority position. 659:Internationalist Workers' Left (Greece) 5718: 2671:The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam 2456:Rosie, George; Borum, Bradley (1986). 2330: 2307:The National WWII Museum | New Orleans 2262: 2210:The Communist Road to Power in Vietnam 886:Committee for a Workers' International 719:Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition 628:1968–1969 Japanese university protests 4951:National Defense and Security Council 4346: 4216:Mass killings under communist regimes 3300: 2918:Vietnamese Revolutionary Youth League 2719: 2694:, New Park Publications, London 1987. 2552: 2550: 2419:Aux services des colonises, 1930–1953 2326: 2324: 2237: 2079: 2075: 2073: 2071: 1996: 1994: 1992: 1968:, Cambridge University Press, p. 515 1857:. AK Press, Oakland CA,’, pp. 159-160 868:Revolutionary Communist International 4372: 2430: 2392: 2212:, Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press. 1832: 1830: 1828: 1826: 1817:Revolutionaries They Could Not Break 1589:The Trotskyist League of Vietnam in 767:League for Socialist Action (Canada) 762:International Socialist Organization 4778:Permanent Member of the Secretariat 2589:Stalinism and Trotskyism in Vietnam 2333:"1945: Vietnam's August Revolution" 1866: 863:League for the Fourth International 843:International Socialist Alternative 704:Socialist Party (England and Wales) 13: 2547: 2321: 2068: 1989: 1581:The September 1945 Saigon Uprising 1178:in China. A commitment to a broad 799:Workers Party of the United States 596:Minneapolis general strike of 1934 14: 5792: 4170:Criticism of communist party rule 2637: 1823: 1310:(Wage and Salary Workers). After 1210:) around the clandestine journal 957:List of Trotskyist internationals 689:Socialist Alternative (Australia) 479:History of the Russian Revolution 4783:History of central officeholders 4325: 4313: 4191:21st-century communist theorists 2767:Capture of the Citadel of Saigon 2690:Anh Van and Jacqueline Roussel, 2680:, François Maspero, Paris, 1975. 2431:Marr, David G. (15 April 2013). 1936:Patti, Archimedes L. A., (1982) 1746: 1732: 1147:The Emergence of Left Opposition 1041: 1029: 1017: 858:Internationalist Communist Union 848:International Socialist Tendency 839:International Revolutionary Left 734:Workers Revolutionary Party (UK) 633:1970s Hong Kong student protests 57: 34:Prominent Trotskyists in Vietnam 5766:Political repression in Vietnam 5585:Traditional musical instruments 3452:Dictatorship of the proletariat 2625: 2612: 2603: 2594: 2581: 2572: 2563: 2529: 2520: 2511: 2495: 2486: 2474: 2449: 2424: 2421:, Paris: Editions Minuit, p. 22 2411: 2386: 2383:Văn (2010), p. 162, pp. 178-179 2377: 2361: 2352: 2343: 2295: 2275: 2256: 2238:Patti, Archimedes L.A. (1981). 2231: 2215: 2202: 2193: 2177: 2130: 2117: 2108: 2099: 2055: 2046: 2021: 2012: 2003: 1980: 1971: 1958: 1945: 1896:Văn (2010), pp. 52, 156,169-170 1567:Dang Tho Thuyen Xa Hoi Viet Bac 1325:, may have been a reference to 1306:) and an agitational bulletin, 1111:vanguard parties of proletariat 699:Socialist Equality Party (U.S.) 169:Uneven and combined development 114:Decentralized economic planning 1930: 1921: 1912: 1899: 1890: 1860: 1847: 1808: 1634:Vietnamese Trotskyism in Exile 1540:Democratic Republic of Vietnam 1105:, identified with the call by 835:International Communist League 787:Socialist Workers Party (U.S.) 1: 4803:Central Inspection Commission 3392:Critique of political economy 3326: 3206:French protectorate of Tonkin 2712:. AK Press, Oakland CA, 2010. 2556:Alexander, Robert J. (1991), 2140:, Vol VI, No. 3, pp. 135–141. 1836:Alexander, Robert J. (2001), 1802: 1506:supplied arms and training. 907:Revolutionary Workers Ferment 897:Fourth International Posadist 853:International Workers' League 561:Joseph Stalin's rise to power 89:Critique of political economy 5761:Political history of Vietnam 4285:Socialist mode of production 4201:Anti-communist mass killings 4143:Workers of the world, unite! 3412:Proletarian internationalism 3218:French colony of Cochinchina 3194:French protectorate of Annam 2777:Ba Dinh uprising / Cần Vương 1844:). Retrieved 10 October 2019 1494:on August 15, 1945. A later 1115:proletarian internationalism 709:Socialist Workers Party (UK) 694:Socialist Alternative (U.S.) 684:Socialist Action (Hong Kong) 139:Proletarian internationalism 7: 4946:Central Military Commission 4808:Central Military Commission 4253:Marx's theory of alienation 2282:McAlister, John T. (1968). 2208:Duiker, William J. (1981), 2052:Hemery (1975), Appendix 24. 2029:"Ngo Van Xuyet: On Vietnam" 1966:A History of the Vietnamese 1725: 1496:U.S. Department of the Army 1099:Indochinese Communist Party 782:Socialist Appeal (UK, 1992) 757:International Marxist Group 752:Communist League of America 613:Proletarian Military Policy 10: 5797: 4914:Supreme People's Procuracy 2933:Communist Party of Vietnam 2656: 2265:"Saigon Insurrection 1945" 2153:McDowell, Manfred (2011). 2127:, Paris: Nautilus Editions 1646:, sought exile in France. 586:Bloc of Soviet Oppositions 104:Degenerated workers' state 5736:1940s in French Indochina 5726:1930s in French Indochina 5677: 5452: 5353: 5261: 5252: 5225: 5052: 5043: 5002: 4959: 4936: 4894: 4861: 4816: 4758: 4713: 4704: 4622: 4579: 4500: 4491: 4384: 4308: 4183: 4152: 4110: 4032: 3654: 3603: 3565: 3501: 3460: 3334: 3274: 3233: 3164: 3128: 3027: 2941: 2875: 2837:1940 Cochinchina uprising 2807:1916 Cochinchina uprising 2754: 2705:. London: Index Pr. 1995. 1626:and French troops in the 952:Leon Trotsky bibliography 449:Literature and Revolution 260:Vladimir Antonov-Ovseenko 84:Bureaucratic collectivism 3437:Workers' self-management 2526:Van (2010), pp. 128-129. 2503:1945: The Saigon Commune 2269:Workers Vanguard no. 20 2199:Hémery (1975), pp. 46-47 2000:Van (2010), pp. 168-169. 1905:Tai, Hue-Tam Ho (1996), 1139:and the Communist-front 992:Socialist Equality Party 792:Young Socialist Alliance 5746:20th century in Vietnam 4275:Revolutionary socialism 3483:Socialization (Marxism) 2913:Việt Nam Quang Phục Hội 2862:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 2417:Guérin, Daniel. (1954) 2393:Marr, David G. (2013). 2358:McDowell (2011), p. 133 2080:Xuyet, Ngo Van (1968). 2061:Frank N. Trager (ed.). 1951:Hemery, Daniel (1975), 1559:(famine-stricken) North 1244:Internationalist League 947:Johnson–Forest Tendency 664:Lanka Sama Samaja Party 489:The Revolution Betrayed 439:Terrorism and Communism 99:Deformed workers' state 5395:Language and computers 5144:Science and Technology 4904:Supreme People's Court 4846:Deputy Prime Ministers 4637:Hong (Red) River Delta 2923:Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng 2782:Pacification of Tonkin 2749:independence movements 2517:Ngô Văn (2010), p. 131 2349:Van (2010), pp.120-121 2331:Pirani, Simon (1986). 1964:Taylor, K. W., (2013) 1594: 1488: 1254: 1235:alike were shattered. 1094: 618:New York Intellectuals 385:Yevgeni Preobrazhensky 35: 27: 5771:Trotskyism by country 5627:Person Dignity Theory 4226:Intentional community 3362:Collective leadership 3285:independence movement 2662:Robert J. Alexander, 2587:Sharpe, John (1976), 2263:Sharpe, John (1973). 2105:Hemery (1975), p. 388 1927:Văn (2010), pp. 54-55 1838:Vietnamese Trotskyism 1588: 1476: 1329:(the Spark) group in 1252: 1208:Tả Đối Lập Tháng Mười 1087:Trotskyism in Vietnam 714:The Struggle Pakistan 638:Militant in Liverpool 581:Trotskyism in Vietnam 566:The Declaration of 46 527:The Dilemmas of Lenin 109:Democratic centralism 33: 21: 5751:Communism in Vietnam 5149:Traditional medicine 5027:Self-Defence Militia 4571:World Heritage Sites 4527:Environmental issues 4332:Socialism portal 4320:Communism portal 4175:Criticism of Marxism 4165:Communist propaganda 3595:Fourth International 3585:Second International 3372:Communist revolution 2812:Thái Nguyên uprising 2797:Yên Thế Insurrection 2772:Cochinchina Campaign 2018:Patti (1982), p. 522 1977:Hémery (1975), p.398 1876:Cahiers Leon Trotsky 1792:Socialism in Vietnam 1767:Communism in Vietnam 1762:Anarchism in Vietnam 1456:Trăng Câu Đệ Tứ Đảng 1355:Fourth International 1163:in the pages of the 1131:French colonial rule 1119:permanent revolution 1113:" on principles of " 1095:Trăng-câu Đệ-tứ Đảng 1036:Socialism portal 1024:Communism portal 937:Democracy in Marxism 902:Permanent Revolution 892:Fourth International 724:Workers' Cause Party 679:People Before Profit 517:The Stalinist Legacy 499:Transitional Program 134:Political revolution 129:Permanent revolution 94:Cross-class alliance 5776:Politics of Vietnam 5622:Ho Chi Minh Thought 4798:Central Secretariat 4280:Socialist economics 4196:Anti anti-communism 4125:Red flag (politics) 3590:Third International 3580:First International 3407:Market abolitionism 3352:Class consciousness 2857:First Indochina War 2817:Bazin assassination 2669:William J. 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4611: 4606: 4604:District-level 4601: 4596: 4594:Municipalities 4591: 4585: 4583: 4574: 4573: 4568: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4541: 4540: 4539: 4537:National parks 4529: 4524: 4519: 4518: 4517: 4515:Climate change 4507: 4501: 4495: 4489: 4488: 4485: 4484: 4482: 4481: 4480: 4479: 4474: 4464: 4459: 4454: 4449: 4444: 4438: 4436: 4427: 4426: 4421: 4416: 4411: 4406: 4401: 4396: 4390: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4355: 4347: 4338: 4337: 4335: 4334: 4322: 4309: 4306: 4305: 4303: 4302: 4297: 4292: 4287: 4282: 4277: 4272: 4267: 4266: 4265: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4244: 4243: 4238: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4184:Related topics 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4160:Anti-communism 4156: 4154: 4150: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4139: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4116: 4114: 4108: 4107: 4105: 4104: 4099: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4079: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4063: 4062: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4036: 4034: 4030: 4029: 4027: 4026: 4021: 4016: 4011: 4006: 4001: 3996: 3991: 3986: 3981: 3976: 3971: 3966: 3961: 3956: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3916: 3911: 3906: 3901: 3896: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3876: 3871: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3851: 3846: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3821: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3686: 3681: 3676: 3671: 3666: 3660: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3613: 3607: 3605: 3601: 3600: 3598: 3597: 3592: 3587: 3582: 3577: 3571: 3569: 3563: 3562: 3560: 3559: 3558: 3557: 3547: 3542: 3541: 3540: 3530: 3529: 3528: 3523: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3499: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3464: 3462: 3458: 3457: 3455: 3454: 3449: 3444: 3439: 3434: 3429: 3424: 3419: 3414: 3409: 3404: 3399: 3394: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3364: 3359: 3354: 3349: 3347:Class conflict 3344: 3338: 3336: 3332: 3331: 3324: 3323: 3316: 3309: 3301: 3292: 3291: 3288: 3287: 3282: 3275: 3272: 3271: 3269: 3268: 3263: 3258: 3256:Huỳnh Công Tấn 3253: 3248: 3243: 3241:Hoàng Cao Khải 3237: 3235: 3231: 3230: 3228: 3227: 3226: 3225: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3203: 3202: 3201: 3191: 3190: 3189: 3179: 3174: 3172:Albert Sarraut 3168: 3166: 3162: 3161: 3159: 3158: 3153: 3148: 3143: 3138: 3132: 3130: 3126: 3125: 3123: 3122: 3117: 3112: 3110:Phan Chu Trinh 3107: 3102: 3097: 3092: 3090:Nguyễn An Ninh 3087: 3082: 3077: 3072: 3067: 3062: 3057: 3052: 3047: 3042: 3037: 3031: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3022: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2994:Hoàng Hoa Thám 2991: 2986: 2981: 2979:Nguyễn Xuân Ôn 2976: 2974:Phan Xích Long 2971: 2966: 2961: 2956: 2951: 2945: 2943: 2939: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2903:Nguyễn dynasty 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2879: 2877: 2873: 2872: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2859: 2854: 2849: 2844: 2839: 2834: 2829: 2824: 2822:Yên Bái mutiny 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2784: 2779: 2774: 2769: 2764: 2758: 2756: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2742: 2735: 2728: 2720: 2714: 2713: 2706: 2695: 2688: 2681: 2674: 2667: 2658: 2655: 2654: 2653: 2647: 2639: 2638:External links 2636: 2634: 2633: 2624: 2611: 2602: 2593: 2580: 2571: 2562: 2546: 2528: 2519: 2510: 2494: 2485: 2473: 2466: 2460:. Mainstream. 2448: 2441: 2423: 2410: 2403: 2385: 2376: 2360: 2351: 2342: 2337:Workers Press 2320: 2309:. 15 July 2020 2294: 2274: 2255: 2248: 2230: 2214: 2201: 2192: 2176: 2142: 2129: 2116: 2107: 2098: 2067: 2054: 2045: 2020: 2011: 2002: 1988: 1979: 1970: 1957: 1944: 1929: 1920: 1911: 1898: 1889: 1859: 1846: 1822: 1806: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1799: 1794: 1789: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1758: 1757: 1743: 1740:Vietnam portal 1727: 1724: 1635: 1632: 1582: 1579: 1534: 1531: 1521:sects and the 1463: 1460: 1396: 1385: 1259:Nguyễn An Ninh 1246: 1237: 1153:Yên Bái mutiny 1148: 1145: 1082: 1081: 1079: 1078: 1071: 1064: 1056: 1053: 1052: 1051: 1050: 1038: 1026: 1011: 1010: 1007: 1006: 1001: 994: 989: 984: 979: 974: 969: 964: 959: 954: 949: 944: 939: 934: 927: 921: 919:Related topics 918: 917: 914: 913: 910: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 876: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 837: 832: 827: 822: 813: 811:Internationals 810: 809: 806: 805: 802: 801: 796: 795: 794: 784: 779: 774: 769: 764: 759: 754: 749: 737: 736: 731: 726: 721: 716: 711: 706: 701: 696: 691: 686: 681: 676: 671: 669:Lutte Ouvrière 666: 661: 652: 649: 648: 645: 644: 641: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 609: 608: 598: 593: 588: 583: 578: 573: 568: 563: 558: 557: 556: 545: 542: 541: 538: 537: 534: 533: 523: 513: 505: 495: 485: 475: 465: 455: 445: 434: 431: 430: 427: 426: 423: 422: 417: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 377: 372: 367: 362: 357: 352: 347: 345:Pierre Lambert 342: 337: 335:C. L. R. James 332: 327: 322: 317: 312: 307: 302: 297: 292: 287: 282: 277: 272: 267: 265:Daniel Bensaïd 262: 257: 252: 247: 241: 238: 237: 234: 233: 230: 229: 224: 219: 214: 208: 205: 204: 201: 200: 197: 196: 191: 186: 184:Vanguard party 181: 176: 171: 166: 161: 156: 151: 146: 141: 136: 131: 126: 121: 116: 111: 106: 101: 96: 91: 86: 81: 79:Anti-Stalinism 76: 70: 67: 66: 63: 62: 54: 53: 47: 46: 24:Struggle Group 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5793: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5706: 5703: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5692: 5688: 5685: 5681: 5680: 5676: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5645: 5642: 5640: 5637: 5636: 5635: 5632: 5628: 5625: 5623: 5620: 5618: 5615: 5613: 5610: 5608: 5605: 5603: 5600: 5598: 5595: 5594: 5593: 5590: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5577: 5576: 5573: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5550: 5549: 5546: 5542: 5539: 5538: 5537: 5534: 5532: 5529: 5527: 5524: 5522: 5519: 5517: 5514: 5510: 5507: 5505: 5502: 5501: 5500: 5497: 5495: 5492: 5488: 5485: 5484: 5483: 5480: 5478: 5475: 5473: 5470: 5468: 5465: 5463: 5460: 5459: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5443: 5440: 5438: 5435: 5433: 5430: 5428: 5425: 5423: 5420: 5419: 5418: 5415: 5413: 5410: 5408: 5405: 5403: 5402:Ethnic groups 5400: 5396: 5393: 5391: 5388: 5386: 5383: 5382: 5381: 5378: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5352: 5346: 5343: 5341: 5338: 5336: 5333: 5329: 5326: 5324: 5321: 5319: 5316: 5314: 5311: 5309: 5306: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5296: 5293: 5289: 5286: 5284: 5281: 5280: 5279: 5276: 5272: 5269: 5268: 5267: 5264: 5263: 5260: 5257: 5255: 5251: 5241: 5238: 5236: 5235:Air transport 5233: 5232: 5230: 5228: 5224: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5208: 5206: 5203: 5201: 5198: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5189: 5186: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5168: 5167: 5164: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5152: 5150: 5147: 5146: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5128: 5125: 5124: 5123: 5122:Manufacturing 5120: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5112:Foreign trade 5110: 5108: 5105: 5101: 5098: 5096: 5095:Nuclear power 5093: 5091: 5088: 5087: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5075: 5073: 5069: 5065: 5063: 5060: 5058: 5055: 5054: 5051: 5048: 5046: 5042: 5028: 5025: 5023: 5020: 5018: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5010: 5005: 5001: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4947: 4944: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4935: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4915: 4912: 4910: 4909:Chief Justice 4907: 4905: 4902: 4901: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4875: 4872: 4871: 4870: 4867: 4866: 4864: 4860: 4854: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4837: 4834: 4830: 4827: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4821: 4819: 4815: 4809: 4806: 4804: 4801: 4799: 4796: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4707: 4703: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4678: 4677: 4674: 4670: 4667: 4665: 4664:South Central 4662: 4660: 4659:North Central 4657: 4656: 4655: 4652: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4634: 4633: 4630: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4621: 4615: 4612: 4610: 4609:Commune-level 4607: 4605: 4602: 4600: 4597: 4595: 4592: 4590: 4587: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4569: 4565: 4562: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4550: 4547: 4546: 4545: 4542: 4538: 4535: 4534: 4533: 4530: 4528: 4525: 4523: 4520: 4516: 4513: 4512: 4511: 4508: 4506: 4503: 4502: 4499: 4496: 4494: 4490: 4478: 4477:South Vietnam 4475: 4473: 4472:North Vietnam 4470: 4469: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 4453: 4450: 4448: 4445: 4443: 4440: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4431: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4415: 4412: 4410: 4407: 4405: 4402: 4400: 4397: 4395: 4392: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4383: 4379: 4375: 4368: 4363: 4361: 4356: 4354: 4349: 4348: 4345: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4321: 4311: 4310: 4307: 4301: 4298: 4296: 4295:War communism 4293: 4291: 4288: 4286: 4283: 4281: 4278: 4276: 4273: 4271: 4268: 4264: 4261: 4260: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4242: 4239: 4237: 4234: 4233: 4232: 4229: 4227: 4224: 4222: 4219: 4217: 4214: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4157: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4109: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4095: 4093: 4090: 4088: 4085: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4073: 4070: 4068: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4053: 4051: 4048: 4046: 4043: 4041: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4031: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4019:Moufawad-Paul 4017: 4015: 4012: 4010: 4007: 4005: 4002: 4000: 3997: 3995: 3992: 3990: 3987: 3985: 3982: 3980: 3977: 3975: 3972: 3970: 3967: 3965: 3962: 3960: 3957: 3955: 3952: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3915: 3912: 3910: 3907: 3905: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3890: 3887: 3885: 3882: 3880: 3877: 3875: 3872: 3870: 3867: 3865: 3862: 3860: 3857: 3855: 3852: 3850: 3847: 3845: 3842: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3820: 3817: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3692: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3682: 3680: 3677: 3675: 3672: 3670: 3667: 3665: 3662: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3653: 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3612: 3609: 3608: 3606: 3604:Organisations 3602: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3586: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3576: 3573: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3564: 3556: 3553: 3552: 3551: 3548: 3546: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3535: 3534: 3531: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3518: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3500: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3465: 3463: 3459: 3453: 3450: 3448: 3445: 3443: 3440: 3438: 3435: 3433: 3430: 3428: 3425: 3423: 3420: 3418: 3415: 3413: 3410: 3408: 3405: 3403: 3400: 3398: 3395: 3393: 3390: 3388: 3385: 3383: 3380: 3378: 3375: 3373: 3370: 3368: 3365: 3363: 3360: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3350: 3348: 3345: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3337: 3333: 3329: 3322: 3317: 3315: 3310: 3308: 3303: 3302: 3299: 3286: 3283: 3281: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3267: 3264: 3262: 3259: 3257: 3254: 3252: 3249: 3247: 3244: 3242: 3239: 3238: 3236: 3234:Collaborators 3232: 3224: 3223:Administrator 3221: 3220: 3219: 3216: 3212: 3211:Administrator 3209: 3208: 3207: 3204: 3200: 3199:Administrator 3197: 3196: 3195: 3192: 3188: 3185: 3184: 3183: 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3169: 3167: 3165:French rulers 3163: 3157: 3154: 3152: 3149: 3147: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3137: 3134: 3133: 3131: 3127: 3121: 3118: 3116: 3113: 3111: 3108: 3106: 3103: 3101: 3098: 3096: 3093: 3091: 3088: 3086: 3083: 3081: 3078: 3076: 3073: 3071: 3068: 3066: 3063: 3061: 3060:Vũ Hồng Khanh 3058: 3056: 3053: 3051: 3048: 3046: 3045:Phan Bội Châu 3043: 3041: 3038: 3036: 3035:Lương Văn Can 3033: 3032: 3030: 3026: 3020: 3017: 3015: 3012: 3010: 3007: 3005: 3002: 3000: 2997: 2995: 2992: 2990: 2987: 2985: 2982: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2970: 2967: 2965: 2962: 2960: 2957: 2955: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2944: 2940: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2880: 2878: 2876:Organisations 2874: 2868: 2865: 2863: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2843: 2840: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2830: 2828: 2825: 2823: 2820: 2818: 2815: 2813: 2810: 2808: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2790: 2788: 2785: 2783: 2780: 2778: 2775: 2773: 2770: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2760: 2759: 2757: 2753: 2748: 2741: 2736: 2734: 2729: 2727: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2711: 2707: 2704: 2700: 2696: 2693: 2689: 2686: 2682: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2668: 2665: 2661: 2660: 2652: 2648: 2646: 2642: 2641: 2628: 2621: 2618:Sharpe (1976) 2615: 2606: 2597: 2590: 2584: 2575: 2566: 2559: 2553: 2551: 2542: 2538: 2532: 2523: 2514: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2489: 2483: 2477: 2469: 2467:9781851580002 2463: 2459: 2452: 2444: 2442:9780520274150 2438: 2434: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2406: 2404:9780520274150 2400: 2396: 2389: 2380: 2374: 2370: 2364: 2355: 2346: 2338: 2334: 2327: 2325: 2308: 2304: 2298: 2287: 2286: 2278: 2270: 2266: 2259: 2251: 2249:9780520041561 2245: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2224: 2218: 2211: 2205: 2196: 2190: 2186: 2180: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2149: 2147: 2139: 2133: 2126: 2120: 2111: 2102: 2087: 2083: 2076: 2074: 2072: 2064: 2058: 2049: 2034: 2030: 2024: 2015: 2006: 1997: 1995: 1993: 1983: 1974: 1967: 1961: 1954: 1948: 1941: 1940: 1933: 1924: 1915: 1908: 1902: 1893: 1877: 1870: 1863: 1856: 1850: 1843: 1839: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1827: 1820: 1818: 1815:Book review: 1811: 1807: 1798: 1795: 1793: 1790: 1788: 1785: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1759: 1755: 1744: 1741: 1730: 1723: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1704: 1698: 1694: 1692: 1687: 1682: 1680: 1674: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1647: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1617: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1601: 1592: 1587: 1578: 1575: 1574:Daniel Guérin 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1555: 1552: 1548: 1543: 1541: 1530: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1487: 1484: 1480: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1444: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1405: 1402: 1394: 1390: 1384: 1380: 1379: 1374: 1371: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1356: 1351: 1346: 1344: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1318:(The Spark). 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1304:Moscow Trials 1301: 1300:Popular Front 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1268: 1266: 1265: 1260: 1251: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1233: 1229: 1223: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1205: 1200: 1198: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1137: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1109:to re-found " 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1077: 1072: 1070: 1065: 1063: 1058: 1057: 1055: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1032: 1027: 1025: 1015: 1014: 1013: 1012: 1005: 1002: 1000: 999: 995: 993: 990: 988: 985: 983: 980: 978: 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436: 435: 429: 428: 421: 418: 416: 413: 411: 408: 406: 403: 401: 400:Max Shachtman 398: 396: 393: 391: 388: 386: 383: 381: 378: 376: 373: 371: 370:George Novack 368: 366: 363: 361: 360:Nahuel Moreno 358: 356: 355:Ernest Mandel 353: 351: 348: 346: 343: 341: 338: 336: 333: 331: 328: 326: 325:Joseph Hansen 323: 321: 320:Duncan Hallas 318: 316: 313: 311: 308: 306: 303: 301: 298: 296: 293: 291: 288: 286: 283: 281: 278: 276: 273: 271: 268: 266: 263: 261: 258: 256: 253: 251: 248: 246: 243: 242: 236: 235: 228: 225: 223: 220: 218: 215: 213: 210: 209: 203: 202: 195: 192: 190: 187: 185: 182: 180: 177: 175: 172: 170: 167: 165: 162: 160: 157: 155: 152: 150: 147: 145: 142: 140: 137: 135: 132: 130: 127: 125: 122: 120: 117: 115: 112: 110: 107: 105: 102: 100: 97: 95: 92: 90: 87: 85: 82: 80: 77: 75: 72: 71: 65: 64: 60: 56: 55: 52: 49: 48: 44: 40: 39: 32: 25: 20: 16: 5644:Martial arts 5616: 5467:Architecture 5437:Christianity 5355:Demographics 5313:Prostitution 5271:Universities 5217:Water supply 5067: 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