405:, Troeltsch argued that early Protestantism should be understood as a continuation of the medieval period. Therefore, the modern period starts later in his account: in the seventeenth century. The Renaissance in Italy and the scientific revolution planted the seeds for the arrival of the modern period. Protestantism delayed, rather than heralded, modernity. The reform movement around Luther, Troeltsch argued, was "in the first place, simply a modification of Catholicism, in which the Catholic formulation of the problems was retained, while a different answer was given to them."
374:. He viewed the creation of capitalism as having been the result of the specific Protestant sects named by Weber, rather than as a result of Protestantism as a whole. However, his analysis of Protestanitsm was more optimistic than Weber's in its focus on religious personal conviction as a source for individualism and spiritual mysticism as a source for subjectivism. Troeltsch interpreted non-Calvinist Protestantism as having had a positive effect on the development of the press, modern education systems, and politics.
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Troeltsch's claim in the principle concludes that absolutes within history cannot exist. Troeltsch surmised that judgments about the past must be varied. As such, the absolute truth of historical reality could not exist, but he claimed historical situation could be examined as more or less likely to
385:
is devoted to the vast reception history of
Christian social precepts -- as they pertain to culture, economics, and institutions -- in the history of Western Civilization. Troeltsch's distinction between churches and sects as social types, for instance, set the course for further theological study.
1708:
In regard to historical events, Troeltsch determined that humanity's historical life is interdependent upon each individual. Since the cumulative actions of individuals create historical events, there is a causal nature to all events that create an effect. Any radical event, the historian should
44:
1709:
assume, affected the historical nexus immediately surrounding that event. Troeltsch determines that in historical explanation, it is important to include antecedents and consequences of events in an effort to maintain historical events in their conditioned time and space.
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Historians often think in analogies, which leads them to make anachronistic claims about the past. Troeltsch argued that the probability of analogies cannot usually be validated. He presented human nature as being fairly constant throughout time.
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in the German-speaking world. From 1960 onwards, however, Troeltsch's thought has enjoyed a revival. Several books on
Troeltsch's theological and sociological work have been published since 2000.
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Throughout
Troeltsch's life, he wrote frequently of his belief that changes in society posed a threat to Christian religion and that "the disenchantment of the world" as described by sociologist
389:
Troeltsch sought to explain the decline of religion in the modern era by studying the historical evolution of religion in society. He described
European civilization as having three periods:
1550:. Each of the principles served as a philosophical retort for preconceived notions. Troeltsch's principles (criticism, analogy, correlation) were used to account for historians' biases.
318:
Troeltsch was born on 17 February 1865 into a
Lutheran family to a doctor but went to a Catholic school in a predominantly Catholic area. He then attended university, at the
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Troeltsch, Ernst, "Protestantism and
Progress," (Transaction Publishers, 2013) with an Introduction - "Protestantism and Progress, Redux," by Howard G. Schneiderman.
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Graf, Friedrich
Wilhelm (1982). "Polymorphes Gedächtnis: Zur Einführung in die Troeltsch-Nekrologie". In Graf, Friedrich Wilhelm; Nees, Christian (eds.).
408:
Troeltsch saw the distinction between early and late (or "neo-") Protestantism as "the presupposition for any historical understanding of
Protestantism."
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Troesltch, Ernst, "Historiography" in James
Hastings (ed.), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1914), VI, 716–723.
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2197:(Peter Lang Publishing; 2010) 247 pages; a study of Troeltsch and the contemporary American philosopher and theologian Robert Neville (b. 1939).
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342:, where he took the title of professor of philosophy and civilization. Troeltsch died on 1 February 1923. The famous church historian
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330:. His ordination in 1889 was followed in 1891 by a post teaching theology at Göttingen. In 1892, he moved on to teach at the
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Whimster, Sam (July 2005 – January 2006). "R.H. Tawney, Ernst
Troeltsch and Max Weber on Puritanism and Capitalism".
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364:, Troeltsch responded by saying, "Gentlemen, everything is tottering!" Troeltsch also agreed with Weber's
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326:. During his university years, he experienced difficulties in his student fraternity as a result of his
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In the immediate aftermath of Troeltsch's death, his work neglected as part of a wider rejection of
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was underway. At an academic conference that took place in 1896, after a paper on the doctrine of
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have happened. For Troeltsch, finite and non-revisable historical claims are questionable.
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Ernst Troeltsch and Liberal Theology: Religion and Cultural Synthesis in Wilhelmine Germany
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The Historian and The Believer: The Morality of Historical Knowledge and Christian Faith
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1983:
1975:
1839:. Troeltsch-Studien (in German). Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus. pp. 167–168.
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1806:. Translated by Camiller, Patrick. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Polity. p. 578.
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that resounds in the splendour of heroism: To your weapons, to your weapons!"
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The Crucible of German Democracy. Ernst Troeltsch and the First World War
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Jesus, Myth, and History: Troeltsch's Stand in the "Christ-Myth" Debate
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Die Bedeutung des Protestantismus für die Entstehung de modernen Welt
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By the Waters of Naturalism: Theology Perplexed among the Sciences
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German theologian, writer, philosopher and politician (1865–1923)
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Ernst Troeltsch: Systematic Theologian of Radical Historicality
2012:
Ernst Troeltsch's The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches
338:. Finally, in 1915, he transferred to teach at what is now the
75:
290:. His work was a synthesis of a number of strands, drawing on
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2751:
2304:
1734:
513:
488:
401:. Instead of claiming that modernity starts with the rise of
250:
2037:(translated by W. Montgomery, 1958), p. 59. Original title:
1546:
Troeltsch developed three principles pertaining to critical
2332:
244:
1753:
in Protestant theology, especially with the prominence of
2414:
2136:"Why Troeltsch? Why today? Theology for the 21st Century"
1921:
Crisis in consciousness: The Thought of Ernst Troeltsch
1925:. Tallahassee: University Presses of Florida. p.
2243:
Boston Collaborative Encyclopedia of Western Theology
1916:
247:
241:
238:
5362:
Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party
267:; 17 February 1865 – 1 February 1923) was a German
2051:
1918:
2188:Harnack and Troeltsch: Two historical theologians
5562:
2056:. Atlanta, Georgia: Scholars Press. p. 51.
1721:and served as a member of the Parliament of the
1729:(DDP). He strongly supported Germany's role in
2081:. New York: Macmillan Company. pp. 13–15.
1778:. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. p. 57.
5636:Academic staff of the University of Göttingen
5387:International Alliance of Libertarian Parties
5357:Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe
3737:
2265:
1949:
1859:
1527:
592:Treatise on the Power and Primacy of the Pope
379:The Social Teaching of the Christian Churches
1733:: "Yesterday we took up arms. Listen to the
2133:
2106:
1703:
1667:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1592:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
5606:19th-century German Protestant theologians
3744:
3730:
2279:
2272:
2258:
2109:"Ernst Troeltsch and the power of the pen"
1893:"Review of "Ernst Troeltsch in Nachrufen""
1534:
1520:
42:
5392:International Federation of Liberal Youth
3671:Relationship between religion and science
2008:
1687:Learn how and when to remove this message
1612:Learn how and when to remove this message
1553:
5641:Academic staff of the University of Bonn
2195:Ernst Troeltsch and Comparative Theology
1890:
5646:Academic staff of Heidelberg University
5621:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg alumni
5372:Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats
2236:
2021:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199227228.003.0025
1628:
14:
5563:
2597:Proper basis and Reformed epistemology
2076:
1798:
1773:
3725:
2253:
2091:
1891:Mikuteit, Johannes (1 January 2004).
262:
5626:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
2142:from the original on 23 October 2017
2009:Schweiker, William (9 August 2007).
1834:
1665:adding citations to reliable sources
1632:
1590:adding citations to reliable sources
1557:
5611:German Democratic Party politicians
5412:Liberal South East European Network
286:politician. He was a member of the
24:
5586:People from the Kingdom of Bavaria
2115:from the original on 13 April 2014
2033:Quoted in Rubanowice, p. 21, from
563:Apology of the Augsburg Confession
25:
5692:
5651:Burials at the Invalids' Cemetery
5402:Liberal Network for Latin America
2216:
2190:(Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2015)
1863:Dictionary of Christian Biography
411:
3706:
3705:
3695:
1637:
1562:
609:Distinctive theological concepts
435:
334:. In 1894, he moved on again to
234:
5671:20th-century German LGBT people
5666:19th-century German LGBT people
2127:
2100:
2085:
2070:
2044:
5631:University of Göttingen alumni
3990:Separation of church and state
3751:
2168:(Oxford University Press 2002)
2027:
2002:
1943:
1910:
1884:
1853:
1828:
1792:
1767:
1033:John Christian Frederick Heyer
888:International Lutheran Council
13:
1:
5616:University of Augsburg alumni
2239:"Ernst Troeltsch (1865-1923)"
2231:Troeltsch-Studien. Neue Folge
2224:Ernst Troeltsch-Gesamtausgabe
1917:Robert J. Rubanowice (1982).
1760:
230:Ernst Peter Wilhelm Troeltsch
3636:Desacralization of knowledge
2171:Gerrish, B. A. (1975).
2107:Emma Wallis (9 April 2014).
1837:Ernst Troeltsch in Nachrufen
1740:
1717:Troeltsch was politically a
1297:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
1058:Hans Paludan Smith Schreuder
7:
5656:History of religions school
5591:German Lutheran theologians
3048:Best of all possible worlds
3005:Eschatological verification
2562:Fine-tuning of the universe
2077:Harvey, Van Austin (1966).
2052:Toshimasa Yasukata (1986).
2015:. Oxford University Press.
1860:Michael Walsh, ed. (2001).
1712:
697:Priesthood of all believers
349:
288:history of religions school
151:History of religions school
10:
5697:
2158:
2035:Protestantism and Progress
1774:Porter, Andrew P. (2001).
1440:Charles Porterfield Krauth
1405:Johannes Andreas Quenstedt
1018:Johann Heinrich Callenberg
371:Protestantism and Progress
5547:
5532:Sexually liberal feminism
5439:Bias in American academia
5419:
5377:European Democratic Party
5345:
5127:
4847:
4815:
4767:
4680:
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4355:
4314:
4305:
4212:Constitutional patriotism
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2507:
2498:
2428:
2365:
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2287:
1749:thought with the rise of
1725:. In 1918, he joined the
893:Lutheran World Federation
880:Global Confessional &
619:Theology of Martin Luther
346:preached at his funeral.
223:
201:
178:
164:
135:
125:
115:
111:
90:
68:
50:
41:
34:
5601:Sociologists of religion
3872:Labor theory of property
3277:Friedrich Schleiermacher
2863:Theories about religions
2665:Inconsistent revelations
1964:10.1353/max.2006.a808955
1704:Principle of correlation
1150:Johann Phillip Fabricius
1023:Johann Phillip Fabricius
981:Confessional Lutheranism
882:Missional Lutheran Forum
871:Confessional Evangelical
688:Two states of the Church
458:Start of the Reformation
5367:Arab Liberal Federation
4249:Neoclassical liberalism
3771:Consent of the governed
2180:The Journal of Religion
2094:Gesammelte Schriften II
1727:German Democratic Party
1254:Norwegian Bible Society
1236:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
1142:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
1068:Ludwig Ingwer Nommensen
1008:Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg
377:His most famous study,
324:University of Göttingen
313:
213:Church, Sect, Mysticism
120:19th-century philosophy
103:University of Göttingen
5382:European Liberal Youth
5352:Africa Liberal Network
3791:Economic globalization
3141:Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
2281:Philosophy of religion
1804:Max Weber: A Biography
1554:Principle of criticism
1425:August Hermann Francke
1269:Stanislovas Rapolionis
1264:Samuel Ludwik Zasadius
1132:Kristian Osvald Viderø
921:History of Lutheranism
368:, restating it in his
320:University of Erlangen
276:philosophy of religion
98:University of Erlangen
5581:Writers from Augsburg
5429:Anti-authoritarianism
5397:Liberal International
3676:Faith and rationality
3631:Criticism of religion
3569:Robert Merrihew Adams
3559:Nicholas Wolterstorff
2762:Divine command theory
1866:. Continuum. p.
1259:Swedish Bible Society
1183:Guðbrandur Þorláksson
976:High church Lutherans
903:Lutheranism by region
801:Anointing of the Sick
736:Other relevant topics
719:Theology of the Cross
481:Doctrine and theology
366:Protestant work ethic
336:Heidelberg University
280:philosophy of history
272:Protestant theologian
193:philosophy of history
80:Free State of Prussia
5596:Kantian philosophers
4259:Right-libertarianism
4129:Liberal conservatism
3995:Separation of powers
3666:Religious philosophy
3146:Pico della Mirandola
3111:Anselm of Canterbury
3043:Augustinian theodicy
2955:Religious skepticism
2288:Concepts in religion
2206:(Mohr Siebeck 2021).
1723:Grand Duchy of Baden
1661:improve this section
1629:Principle of analogy
1586:improve this section
1435:Lars Levi Laestadius
1410:Johann Wilhelm Baier
1207:Nils Vibe Stockfleth
1178:Johannes Avetaranian
1063:Lars Olsen Skrefsrud
841:Lutheran hymnwriters
340:University of Berlin
216:Three principles of
159:Classical liberalism
155:Liberal Christianity
4254:Paleolibertarianism
4239:Left-libertarianism
3953:Civil and political
3926:Popular sovereignty
3786:Economic liberalism
3651:History of religion
3352:Friedrich Nietzsche
3229:Gottfried W Leibniz
3224:Nicolas Malebranche
3156:King James VI and I
2436:Abrahamic religions
2138:. Religion-Online.
2096:. pp. 729–753.
1500:Wolfhart Pannenberg
1495:Dietrich Bonhoeffer
1350:Johannes Bugenhagen
1188:Ludvig Olsen Fossum
873:Lutheran Conference
846:Normative principle
826:Liturgical calendar
554:Augsburg Confession
169:Gertrud von Le Fort
4406:Centrist reformist
3921:Permissive society
3901:Limited government
3661:Religious language
3641:Ethics in religion
3599:William Lane Craig
3474:Charles Hartshorne
3214:Desiderius Erasmus
3116:Augustine of Hippo
3058:Inconsistent triad
3020:Apophatic theology
3015:Logical positivism
2997:Religious language
2617:Watchmaker analogy
2582:Necessary existent
2358:Conceptions of God
2318:Intelligent design
2092:Troeltsch, Ernst.
1345:Philip Melanchthon
1340:Katharina von Bora
1317:Johann Ernst Glück
1277:Laurentius Andreae
1168:George Constantine
1112:Casiodoro de Reina
936:Lutheran orthodoxy
831:Calendar of saints
600:Formula of Concord
332:University of Bonn
274:, a writer on the
173:Friedrich Gogarten
130:Western philosophy
62:Kingdom of Bavaria
5681:LGBT philosophers
5558:
5557:
5551:Liberalism Portal
5444:Bias in the media
4843:
4842:
4682:Latin America and
4301:
4300:
4244:Geolibertarianism
4174:Liberal socialism
4085:Civic nationalism
3958:Natural and legal
3719:
3718:
3619:
3618:
3579:Peter van Inwagen
3564:Richard Swinburne
3509:George I Mavrodes
3369:Vladimir Solovyov
3309:Søren Kierkegaard
3234:William Wollaston
3181:William of Ockham
3161:Marcion of Sinope
3063:Irenaean theodicy
3053:Euthyphro dilemma
2980:Transcendentalism
2809:Womanist theology
2799:Feminist theology
2703:
2702:
2494:
2493:
2380:Divine simplicity
2300:Euthyphro dilemma
2201:Norton, Robert E.
2193:Nix, Jr., Echol,
2134:Garrett E. Paul.
1992:Project MUSE
1952:Max Weber Studies
1846:978-3-579-00168-5
1813:978-0-7456-4147-8
1719:classical liberal
1697:
1696:
1689:
1622:
1621:
1614:
1544:
1543:
1450:Søren Kierkegaard
1100:Bible Translators
1078:Paul Olaf Bodding
961:Finnish Awakening
751:
750:
727:Sacramental Union
706:Divine Providence
583:Smalcald Articles
344:Adolf von Harnack
298:'s conception of
284:classical liberal
227:
226:
16:(Redirected from
5688:
5661:LGBT theologians
5473:Economic freedom
5466:Radical centrism
4312:
4311:
4266:Radical centrism
4179:Social democracy
4162:Liberal feminism
4037:
4036:
3985:Secular humanism
3911:Natural monopoly
3862:Internationalism
3756:
3746:
3739:
3732:
3723:
3722:
3709:
3708:
3699:
3604:Ali Akbar Rashad
3467:Reinhold Niebuhr
3427:Bertrand Russell
3422:George Santayana
3319:Albrecht Ritschl
3304:Ludwig Feuerbach
3094:
3093:
3090:(by date active)
2950:Process theology
2695:Russell's teapot
2505:
2504:
2500:Existence of God
2410:Process theology
2363:
2362:
2348:Theological veto
2311:religious belief
2274:
2267:
2260:
2251:
2250:
2246:
2186:Pauck, Wilhelm.
2152:
2151:
2149:
2147:
2131:
2125:
2124:
2122:
2120:
2104:
2098:
2097:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2074:
2068:
2067:
2048:
2042:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1958:(2–1): 307–311.
1947:
1941:
1940:
1924:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1905:
1903:
1888:
1882:
1881:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1832:
1826:
1825:
1796:
1790:
1789:
1771:
1692:
1685:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1641:
1633:
1617:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1597:
1566:
1558:
1536:
1529:
1522:
1460:Wilhelm Herrmann
1455:Albrecht Ritschl
1445:C. F. W. Walther
1430:Henry Muhlenberg
1400:Abraham Calovius
1385:Matthias Flacius
1370:Laurentius Petri
1307:Mikołaj Jakubica
1302:Antonio Brucioli
1216:Laurentius Petri
1093:Jens Christensen
1088:Christian Keyser
1053:F. C. D. Wyneken
931:Gnesio-Lutherans
926:Crypto-Lutherans
534:Athanasian Creed
485:
484:
439:
416:
415:
322:and then at the
292:Albrecht Ritschl
266:
264:[tʁœltʃ]
261:
257:
256:
253:
252:
249:
246:
243:
240:
165:Notable students
54:17 February 1865
46:
32:
31:
21:
5696:
5695:
5691:
5690:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5685:
5561:
5560:
5559:
5554:
5543:
5542:
5541:
5415:
5407:Liberal parties
5341:
5340:
5339:
5123:
5122:
5121:
4839:
4811:
4763:
4683:
4676:
4427:
4351:
4297:
4195:
4143:
4115:
4065:Equity feminism
4028:
4027:
4026:
4022:State of nature
4010:Social services
4000:Social contract
3963:To own property
3757:
3752:
3750:
3720:
3715:
3687:
3615:
3611:Alexander Pruss
3594:Jean-Luc Marion
3549:Alvin Plantinga
3544:Dewi Z Phillips
3531:
3529:
3523:
3494:Walter Kaufmann
3484:Frithjof Schuon
3457:Rudolf Bultmann
3414:
3408:
3404:Joseph Maréchal
3394:Pavel Florensky
3389:Sergei Bulgakov
3374:Ernst Troeltsch
3357:Harald Høffding
3334:
3328:
3299:William Whewell
3287:Georg W F Hegel
3282:Karl C F Krause
3269:
3263:
3259:Johann G Herder
3249:Baron d'Holbach
3199:Augustin Calmet
3185:
3101:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3077:
3035:Problem of evil
3029:
3025:Verificationism
2991:
2699:
2645:Atheist's Wager
2628:
2490:
2424:
2352:
2328:Problem of evil
2283:
2278:
2219:
2164:Chapman, Mark.
2161:
2156:
2155:
2145:
2143:
2132:
2128:
2118:
2116:
2105:
2101:
2090:
2086:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2049:
2045:
2032:
2028:
2007:
2003:
1948:
1944:
1937:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1889:
1885:
1878:
1858:
1854:
1847:
1833:
1829:
1814:
1800:Radkau, Joachim
1797:
1793:
1786:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1743:
1715:
1706:
1693:
1682:
1676:
1673:
1658:
1642:
1631:
1618:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1583:
1567:
1556:
1540:
1511:
1510:
1509:
1480:Rudolf Bultmann
1475:Ernst Troeltsch
1465:F. W. Stellhorn
1390:Martin Chemnitz
1380:Mikael Agricola
1326:
1322:William F. Beck
1292:Jonas Bretkūnas
1250:
1246:Mikael Agricola
1241:Sebastian Krelj
1221:Martti Rautanen
1158:William Tyndale
1146:
1117:Kjell Magne Yri
1097:
1043:Martti Rautanen
994:
986:
985:
946:Radical Pietism
916:
908:
907:
884:
881:
875:
872:
865:
857:
856:
855:
770:
769:
753:
752:
731:
715:
711:Marian theology
701:
692:
683:
669:
655:
637:
623:
603:
596:
587:
575:Large Catechism
567:
558:
544:Book of Concord
538:
524:Apostles' Creed
508:
482:
474:
473:
472:
447:
414:
352:
316:
259:
237:
233:
214:
211:
204:
197:
181:
171:
157:
153:
149:
107:
91:Alma mater
86:
73:
72:1 February 1923
64:
55:
37:
36:Ernst Troeltsch
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5694:
5684:
5683:
5678:
5676:LGBT Lutherans
5673:
5668:
5663:
5658:
5653:
5648:
5643:
5638:
5633:
5628:
5623:
5618:
5613:
5608:
5603:
5598:
5593:
5588:
5583:
5578:
5573:
5556:
5555:
5553:
5548:
5545:
5544:
5540:
5539:
5537:Utilitarianism
5534:
5529:
5524:
5523:
5522:
5517:
5510:Libertarianism
5507:
5505:Land value tax
5502:
5501:
5500:
5490:
5485:
5480:
5478:Egalitarianism
5475:
5470:
5469:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5434:Anti-communism
5431:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5421:
5420:Related topics
5417:
5416:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5389:
5384:
5379:
5374:
5369:
5364:
5359:
5354:
5349:
5347:
5343:
5342:
5338:
5333:
5328:
5323:
5318:
5313:
5308:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5283:
5278:
5273:
5268:
5263:
5258:
5253:
5248:
5243:
5238:
5233:
5228:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5208:
5203:
5198:
5193:
5188:
5183:
5178:
5173:
5168:
5163:
5158:
5153:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5132:
5131:
5129:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5119:
5114:
5109:
5104:
5099:
5094:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5074:
5069:
5064:
5059:
5054:
5049:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5009:
5004:
4999:
4994:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4969:
4964:
4959:
4954:
4949:
4944:
4942:Wollstonecraft
4939:
4934:
4929:
4924:
4919:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4852:
4851:
4849:
4845:
4844:
4841:
4840:
4838:
4837:
4832:
4831:
4830:
4819:
4817:
4813:
4812:
4810:
4809:
4808:
4807:
4802:
4797:
4792:
4787:
4777:
4771:
4769:
4765:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4688:
4686:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4672:
4667:
4662:
4657:
4652:
4647:
4640:United Kingdom
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4617:
4612:
4607:
4602:
4597:
4592:
4587:
4582:
4577:
4572:
4567:
4562:
4557:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4541:
4540:
4535:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4510:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4493:
4488:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4453:
4448:
4443:
4437:
4435:
4429:
4428:
4426:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4414:
4413:
4408:
4403:
4390:
4385:
4380:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4334:
4329:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4278:
4268:
4263:
4262:
4261:
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4234:Libertarianism
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4215:
4214:
4207:Constitutional
4203:
4201:
4197:
4196:
4194:
4193:
4188:
4183:
4182:
4181:
4171:
4170:
4169:
4159:
4153:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4142:
4141:
4136:
4131:
4125:
4123:
4117:
4116:
4114:
4112:Encyclopaedist
4109:
4104:
4099:
4098:
4097:
4092:
4087:
4082:
4072:
4067:
4062:
4061:
4060:
4055:
4045:
4043:
4034:
4030:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4019:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4005:Social justice
4002:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3945:
3944:
3943:
3938:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3906:Market economy
3903:
3898:
3897:
3896:
3891:
3881:
3874:
3869:
3867:Invisible hand
3864:
3859:
3857:Harm principle
3854:
3853:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3836:
3835:
3830:
3815:
3810:
3809:
3808:
3803:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3767:
3766:
3765:
3763:
3759:
3758:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3734:
3726:
3717:
3716:
3714:
3713:
3703:
3692:
3689:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3627:
3625:
3624:Related topics
3621:
3620:
3617:
3616:
3614:
3613:
3607:
3606:
3601:
3596:
3591:
3586:
3584:Daniel Dennett
3581:
3576:
3574:Ravi Zacharias
3571:
3566:
3561:
3556:
3551:
3546:
3541:
3539:William L Rowe
3535:
3533:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3514:William Alston
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3481:
3476:
3470:
3469:
3464:
3462:Gabriel Marcel
3459:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3439:
3434:
3429:
3424:
3418:
3416:
3410:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3399:Ernst Cassirer
3396:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3365:
3364:
3359:
3354:
3349:
3344:
3338:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Thomas Carlyle
3290:
3289:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3265:
3264:
3262:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3219:Baruch Spinoza
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:René Descartes
3201:
3195:
3193:
3187:
3186:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3176:Thomas Aquinas
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3107:
3105:
3091:
3082:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3039:
3037:
3031:
3030:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3001:
2999:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2989:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2945:Possibilianism
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2907:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2854:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2821:Fundamentalism
2818:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2806:
2796:
2795:
2794:
2789:
2782:Existentialism
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2713:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2698:
2697:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2677:
2675:Noncognitivism
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2624:Transcendental
2621:
2620:
2619:
2614:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2592:Pascal's wager
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2543:
2542:
2537:
2527:
2522:
2520:Christological
2517:
2511:
2509:
2502:
2496:
2495:
2492:
2491:
2489:
2488:
2483:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
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3254:Immanuel Kant
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2538:
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2528:
2526:
2525:Consciousness
2523:
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2518:
2516:
2513:
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2427:
2421:
2420:Unmoved mover
2418:
2416:
2415:Supreme Being
2413:
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2237:Bill Fraatz.
2235:
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2208:
2205:
2202:
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2073:
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2055:
2047:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2005:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1961:
1957:
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1938:
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1928:
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1795:
1787:
1785:1-57910-770-2
1781:
1777:
1770:
1766:
1758:
1756:
1752:
1751:neo-orthodoxy
1748:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1710:
1701:
1691:
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1646:This section
1644:
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1616:
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1605:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1581:
1580:
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1571:This section
1569:
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1551:
1549:
1537:
1532:
1530:
1525:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1515:
1514:
1506:
1505:Robert Jenson
1503:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1490:Hermann Sasse
1488:
1486:
1483:
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1478:
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1471:
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1343:
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1337:
1336:Martin Luther
1334:
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1323:
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1234:
1232:
1229:
1227:
1226:Primož Trubar
1224:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1186:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1173:Jozef Roháček
1171:
1169:
1166:
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1161:
1159:
1156:
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1147:
1143:
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1128:
1125:
1123:
1120:
1118:
1115:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1107:Martin Luther
1105:
1104:
1102:
1101:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1083:Johann Flierl
1081:
1079:
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1074:
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1016:
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1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
1000:
998:
990:
989:
982:
979:
977:
974:
972:
971:Neo-Lutherans
969:
967:
966:Old Lutherans
964:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
927:
924:
922:
919:
918:
912:
911:
904:
901:
899:
898:Denominations
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
883:
877:
874:
868:
867:
861:
860:
852:
849:
847:
844:
842:
839:
837:
836:Lutheran hymn
834:
832:
829:
827:
824:
822:
819:
817:
814:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
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797:
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792:
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
777:
774:
773:
765:
762:
761:
757:
756:
745:
744:Homosexuality
742:
741:
740:
739:
735:
734:
728:
725:
724:
720:
717:
716:
712:
709:
707:
704:
703:
698:
695:
694:
689:
686:
685:
680:
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675:
672:
671:
666:
663:
661:
658:
657:
652:
651:
647:
645:
644:
640:
639:
634:
631:
629:
628:Justification
626:
625:
620:
617:
616:
614:
613:
610:
607:
606:
601:
598:
593:
590:
589:
584:
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572:
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560:
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551:
549:
548:
545:
542:
541:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
521:
519:
518:
515:
512:
511:
505:
504:New Testament
502:
500:
499:Old Testament
497:
496:
494:
493:
490:
487:
486:
478:
477:
469:
468:Protestantism
466:
464:
461:
459:
456:
454:
451:
450:
443:
442:
438:
434:
433:
430:
427:
426:
422:
418:
417:
409:
406:
404:
403:Protestantism
400:
396:
392:
387:
384:
380:
375:
373:
372:
367:
363:
362:
357:
347:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
328:homosexuality
325:
321:
311:
309:
305:
301:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
270:
265:
255:
231:
222:
219:
215:
210:
206:
203:Notable ideas
200:
194:
191:
189:
186:
185:
183:
177:
174:
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167:
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156:
152:
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93:
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81:
77:
71:
67:
63:
59:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
5527:Pirate Party
5256:Lloyd George
4848:Philosophers
4790:Jeffersonian
4533:Berlusconism
4399:
4337:South Africa
4121:Conservative
4107:Physiocratic
3968:To bear arms
3916:Open society
3876:
3680:
3499:Martin Lings
3452:Emil Brunner
3442:Paul Tillich
3432:Martin Buber
3373:
3347:W K Clifford
3324:Afrikan Spir
3239:Thomas Chubb
3191:Early modern
3171:Adi Shankara
3084:Philosophers
3068:Natural evil
2984:
2960:Spiritualism
2935:Perennialism
2888:Metaphysical
2732:Antireligion
2607:Teleological
2530:Cosmological
2481:Baháʼí Faith
2446:Christianity
2405:Personal god
2242:
2230:
2223:
2203:
2194:
2187:
2178:
2173:
2165:
2144:. Retrieved
2129:
2117:. Retrieved
2102:
2093:
2087:
2078:
2072:
2053:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2029:
2011:
2004:
1955:
1951:
1945:
1920:
1912:
1900:. Retrieved
1897:H-Soz-u-Kult
1896:
1886:
1862:
1855:
1836:
1830:
1803:
1794:
1775:
1769:
1744:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1683:
1674:
1659:Please help
1647:
1623:
1608:
1599:
1584:Please help
1572:
1545:
1485:Paul Tillich
1474:
1420:David Hollaz
1360:Justus Jonas
1338: /
1328:
1327:
1312:Matthias Bel
1214: /
1195: /
1099:
1098:
997:Missionaries
996:
864:Organization
851:Lutheran art
791:Confirmation
674:Two kingdoms
648:
641:
573: /
529:Nicene Creed
453:Christianity
407:
388:
382:
378:
376:
369:
359:
353:
317:
304:Baden school
229:
228:
212:
146:Baden school
84:German Reich
29:
5576:1923 deaths
5571:1865 births
5326:Verhofstadt
5321:Balcerowicz
5128:Politicians
5057:Collingwood
4997:Tocqueville
4872:Montesquieu
4835:New Zealand
4805:Progressive
4795:Libertarian
4650:Libertarian
4645:Gladstonian
4625:Switzerland
4575:Netherlands
4476:Czech lands
4418:Philippines
4411:Progressive
4393:South Korea
4167:Ecofeminism
4095:Utilitarian
3975:Rule of law
3776:Due process
3519:Antony Flew
3504:Peter Geach
3437:René Guénon
3384:Lev Shestov
3379:Rudolf Otto
3086:of religion
2925:Panentheism
2858:Inclusivism
2777:Exclusivism
2772:Esotericism
2742:Creationism
2722:Agnosticism
2690:Poor design
2685:Omnipotence
2612:Natural law
2587:Ontological
2540:Contingency
2390:Holy Spirit
1731:World War I
1470:Rudolf Otto
1375:Olaus Petri
1365:Hans Tausen
1329:Theologians
1282:Hans Tausen
1212:Olaus Petri
1163:John Rogers
1127:Aster Ganno
1028:Paul Henkel
993:Key figures
956:Laestadians
806:Holy Orders
766:and worship
679:catholicity
660:Christology
643:Sola gratia
463:Reformation
429:Lutheranism
209:historicism
58:Haunstetten
5565:Categories
5483:Empiricism
5454:Democratic
5449:Capitalism
4785:Jacksonian
4655:Manchester
4570:Montenegro
4555:Luxembourg
4090:Republican
3980:Secularism
3813:Federalism
3754:Liberalism
3489:J L Mackie
3447:Karl Barth
3244:David Hume
3166:Maimonides
3151:Heraclitus
2940:Polytheism
2910:Nondualism
2898:Humanistic
2883:Naturalism
2873:Monotheism
2831:Henotheism
2826:Gnosticism
2757:Demonology
2640:747 gambit
2557:Experience
2395:Misotheism
2146:23 October
2063:1555400698
2050:Quoted in
1936:0813007216
1877:0826452639
1761:References
1755:Karl Barth
1197:Paul Egede
1193:Hans Egede
1137:Jákup Dahl
1038:Karl Graul
1013:Hans Egede
786:Confession
764:Sacraments
446:Background
302:, and the
207:Crisis of
5498:Anarchist
5296:Roosevelt
5266:Ståhlberg
5261:Venizelos
5216:Sarmiento
5206:Gladstone
5166:Lamartine
5136:Jefferson
4987:Martineau
4937:De Gouges
4922:Condorcet
4907:Priestley
4823:Australia
4739:Nicaragua
4560:Macedonia
4550:Lithuania
4501:Orléanist
4368:Hong Kong
4307:By region
4276:Christian
4271:Religious
4224:Corporate
4191:Third Way
4041:Classical
3781:Democracy
3589:Loyal Rue
3314:Karl Marx
3136:Gaudapada
2965:Shamanism
2930:Pantheism
2915:Nontheism
2893:Religious
2878:Mysticism
2851:Christian
2841:Religious
2792:Atheistic
2787:Christian
2670:Nonbelief
2655:Free will
2471:Mormonism
2295:Afterlife
2111:. DW.de.
1988:147882750
1972:1470-8078
1822:232365644
1741:Reception
1648:does not
1573:does not
915:Movements
796:Matrimony
781:Eucharist
356:Max Weber
300:sociology
296:Max Weber
18:Troeltsch
5488:Humanism
5461:Centrism
5276:Rathenau
5251:Milyukov
5171:Macaulay
5141:Kołłątaj
5112:Kymlicka
5092:Friedman
5037:Cassirer
5027:Hobhouse
4962:Constant
4957:Humboldt
4917:Beccaria
4882:Rousseau
4877:Voltaire
4749:Paraguay
4729:Honduras
4714:Colombia
4670:Whiggist
4660:Muscular
4610:Slovenia
4605:Slovakia
4585:Portugal
4538:Liberism
4461:Bulgaria
4400:Chinilpa
4347:Zimbabwe
4219:Cultural
4134:National
4070:Georgist
4048:Economic
3931:Property
3894:Positive
3889:Negative
3845:Religion
3823:Economic
3796:Equality
3711:Category
3656:Religion
3646:Exegesis
3131:Boethius
3126:Averroes
3121:Avicenna
3103:medieval
3073:Theodicy
2920:Pandeism
2836:Humanism
2804:Thealogy
2747:Dharmism
2717:Acosmism
2709:Theology
2577:Morality
2572:Miracles
2451:Hinduism
2441:Buddhism
2400:Pandeism
2375:Demiurge
2343:Theodicy
2140:Archived
2119:15 April
2113:Archived
1980:24581969
1802:(2009).
1713:Politics
951:Haugeans
941:Pietists
421:a series
419:Part of
395:medieval
350:Theology
282:, and a
278:and the
188:Theology
5316:Jenkins
5311:Kennedy
5301:Pearson
5286:Einaudi
5271:Gokhale
5231:Itagaki
5226:Naoroji
5221:Mommsen
5201:Lincoln
5191:Mazzini
5176:Kossuth
5161:Broglie
5156:Bolívar
5151:Artigas
5146:Madison
5007:Spencer
4992:Emerson
4982:Bastiat
4967:Ricardo
4927:Bentham
4867:Spinoza
4828:Small-l
4816:Oceania
4759:Uruguay
4724:Ecuador
4692:Bolivia
4665:Radical
4635:Ukraine
4590:Romania
4565:Moldova
4523:Hungary
4513:Germany
4508:Georgia
4491:Finland
4486:Estonia
4481:Denmark
4466:Croatia
4456:Belgium
4451:Austria
4446:Armenia
4441:Albania
4342:Tunisia
4332:Senegal
4327:Nigeria
4288:Secular
4281:Islamic
4075:Radical
4033:Schools
3936:Private
3884:Liberty
3818:Freedom
3682:more...
3415:postwar
3098:Ancient
2986:more...
2905:New Age
2846:Secular
2816:Fideism
2767:Dualism
2737:Atheism
2727:Animism
2633:Against
2476:Sikhism
2466:Judaism
2461:Jainism
2370:Brahman
2323:Miracle
2159:Sources
1902:7 March
1747:liberal
1669:removed
1654:sources
1594:removed
1579:sources
821:Vespers
776:Baptism
391:ancient
269:liberal
260:German:
5336:Macron
5281:Madero
5246:Deakin
5236:Levski
5211:Cavour
5196:Juárez
5186:Cobden
5117:Badawi
5107:Nozick
5087:Berlin
5077:Popper
5052:Keynes
5047:Ortega
5012:Arnold
4972:Guizot
4932:Korais
4897:Turgot
4857:Milton
4800:Modern
4775:Canada
4744:Panama
4734:Mexico
4702:Lulism
4697:Brazil
4630:Turkey
4620:Sweden
4600:Serbia
4595:Russia
4580:Norway
4545:Latvia
4518:Greece
4496:France
4471:Cyprus
4433:Europe
4423:Turkey
4383:Israel
4315:Africa
4293:Techno
4149:Social
4053:Fiscal
3948:Rights
3941:Public
3850:Speech
3828:Market
3801:Gender
3701:Portal
2975:Theism
2868:Monism
2602:Reason
2552:Desire
2547:Degree
2515:Beauty
2429:God in
2385:Egoism
2338:Spirit
2060:
1996:808955
1994:
1986:
1978:
1970:
1933:
1874:
1843:
1820:
1810:
1782:
816:Matins
514:Creeds
399:modern
397:, and
381:(1912)
137:School
126:Region
76:Berlin
5520:Right
5331:Obama
5306:Ohlin
5241:Kemal
5097:Rawls
5072:Hayek
5062:Čapek
5042:Mises
5032:Croce
5022:Weber
5017:Acton
4947:Staël
4912:Paine
4902:Burke
4887:Smith
4862:Locke
4709:Chile
4615:Spain
4528:Italy
4398:Anti-
4388:Japan
4373:India
4363:China
4322:Egypt
4200:Other
4157:Green
3840:Press
3833:Trade
3806:Legal
3762:Ideas
2970:Taoic
2752:Deism
2535:Kalam
2486:Wicca
2456:Islam
2305:Faith
1984:S2CID
1976:JSTOR
1735:ethos
489:Bible
361:Logos
5515:Left
5291:King
5181:Deák
5082:Aron
5002:Mill
4977:List
4892:Kant
4754:Peru
4719:Cuba
4378:Iran
4356:Asia
4139:Ordo
4102:Whig
3532:2010
3530:1990
3528:1970
3413:1920
3335:1900
3333:1880
3270:1850
3268:1800
2660:Hell
2650:Evil
2567:Love
2333:Soul
2148:2017
2121:2014
2058:ISBN
1968:ISSN
1931:ISBN
1904:2024
1872:ISBN
1868:1108
1841:ISBN
1818:OCLC
1808:ISBN
1780:ISBN
1652:any
1650:cite
1577:any
1575:cite
314:Life
69:Died
51:Born
5102:Sen
4952:Say
4058:Neo
3100:and
2508:For
2309:or
2177:.
2017:doi
1960:doi
1956:5–6
1663:by
1588:by
306:of
116:Era
5567::
5067:Hu
2241:.
1990:.
1982:.
1974:.
1966:.
1954:.
1929:.
1895:.
1870:.
1816:.
423:on
393:,
310:.
294:,
258:;
251:tʃ
82:,
78:,
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