1587:. They are popular tools in genetics and breeding because of their relative abundance compared to other marker types, a high degree of polymorphism (number of variants), and easy assaying by polymerase chain reaction. However, they are expensive to identify and develop. Comparative genome mapping has revealed a high degree of similarity in terms of sequence colinearity between closely related crop species. This allows the exchange of such markers within a group of related species, such as wheat, rye and triticale. One study established a 58% and 39% transferability rate to triticale from wheat and rye, respectively. Transferability refers to the phenomenon where the sequence of DNA nucleotides flanking the SSR locus (position on the
527:
1070:
1547:. This raises the question of what inbred lines should be crossed (to produce hybrids) with each other as parents to maximize yield in their hybrid progeny. This is termed the 'combining ability' of the parental lines. The identification of good combining ability at an early stage in the breeding programme can reduce the costs associated with 'carrying' a large number of plants (literally thousands) through it, and thus forms part of efficient selection. Combining ability is assessed by taking into consideration all available information on
1158:
44:
1026:
1136:
1653:
719:
474:
1092:
982:
960:
1114:
1004:
1048:
31:
1727:
background of triticale remains to be investigated. More than 750 wheat microsatellite primer pairs are available in public wheat breeding programmes, and could be exploited in the development of SSRs in triticale. Another type of molecular marker, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), is likely to have a significant impact on the future of triticale breeding.
1591:) is sufficiently homologous (similar) between genomes of closely related species. Thus, DNA primers (generally, a short sequence of nucleotides used to direct the copying reaction during PCR) designed for one species can be used to detect SSRs in related species. SSR markers are available in wheat and rye, but very few, if any, are available for triticale.
1322:. Unfortunately, less is known about rye and particularly triticale R-genes. Many R-genes have been transferred to wheat from its wild relatives, and appear in such papers and catalogues, thus making them available for triticale breeding. The two mentioned databases are significant contributors to improving the genetic variability of the triticale
915:, Australia, however, rapidly showed virulence between 1982 and 1984 – the first virulence on this gene in the world. (This was especially associated with the cultivar Coorong.) Therefore, the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center's triticale offerings were tested and many were found to depend solely on
1492:
treatment and the artificial rescue of the resultant haploid embryos before they naturally abort. This technique is applied rather extensively to wheat. Its success is in large part due to the insensitivity of maize pollen to the crossability inhibitor genes known as Kr1 and Kr2 that are expressed in
1471:
within species, including triticale, are recalcitrant in that the success rate of achieving whole newly generated (diploid) plants is very low. Genotype by culture medium interaction is responsible for varying success rates, as is a high degree of microspore abortion during culturing. The response of
1257:
were noted to produce meiotic irregularities, and genome instability and incompatibility presented numerous problems when attempts were made to improve triticale. This led to two alternative methods to study and improve its reproductive performance, namely, the improvement of the number of grains per
1326:
through gene (or more specifically, allele) provision. Genetic variability is essential for progress in breeding. In addition, genetic variability can also be achieved by producing new primary triticales, which essentially means the reconstitution of triticale, and the development of various hybrids
541:
In the 19th century, crossing cultivars or species became better understood, allowing the controlled hybridization of more plants and animals. In 1873, Alexander Wilson first managed to manually fertilize the female organs of wheat flowers with rye pollen (male gametes), but found that the resulting
1233:
triticale hybrids. To select the most promising parents for hybrid production, test crosses conducted in various environments are required, because the variance of their specific combining ability under differing environmental conditions is the most important component in evaluating their potential
1603:
of crops involves the incorporation of 'foreign' genes or, rather, very small DNA fragments compared to introgression discussed earlier. Amongst other uses, transformation is a useful tool to introduce new traits or characteristics into the transformed crop. Two methods are commonly employed:
1366:
solution has been employed to increase the probability of recombination in the proximal chromosome regions, and thus the introduction of the translocation to that region. The resultant translocation of smaller blocks that indeed carry the R-gene(s) of interest has decreased the probability of
1726:
techniques with respect to wheat and triticale have seen continuous improvements, but the isolation and culturing of individual microspores seems to hold the most promise. Many molecular markers can be applied to marker-assisted gene transfer, but the expression of R-genes in the new genetic
1224:
Based on the commercial success of other hybrid crops, the use of hybrid triticales as a strategy for enhancing yield in favourable, as well as marginal, environments has proven successful over time. Earlier research conducted by CIMMYT made use of a chemical hybridising agent to evaluate
580:
Modern triticale has overcome most of these problems, after decades of additional breeding and gene transfer with wheat and rye. Millions of acres/hectares of the crop are grown around the world, slowly increasing toward becoming a significant source of food-calories.
1539:
and morphological markers. Again, triticale has not been well characterised with respect to molecular markers, although an abundance of rye molecular markers makes it possible to track rye chromosomes and segments thereof within a triticale background.
1234:
as parents to produce promising hybrids. The prediction of general combining ability of any triticale plant from the performance of its parents is only moderate with respect to grain yield. Commercially exploitable yield advantages of hybrid triticale
1221:, Sonora, in northwest Mexico, the highest yielding triticale line produced 2.4 t/ha. Today, CIMMYT has released high yielding spring triticale lines (e.g. Pollmer-2) which have surpassed the 10 t/ha yield barrier under optimum production conditions.
1202:, such as grain yield, nutritional quality and plant height, as well as traits which are more difficult to improve, such as earlier maturity and improved test weight (a measure of bulk density). These traits are controlled by more than one
1794:
began the first North
American triticale breeding program. Early breeding efforts concentrated on developing a high-yield, drought-tolerant human food crop species suitable for marginal wheat-producing areas. (Later in the episode,
576:
By the 1960s, triticale was being produced that was far more nutritious than normal wheat. However, it was a poorly-producing crop, sometimes yielding shriveled kernels, germinating poorly or prematurely, and did not bake well.
1563:
and molecular markers. Exceptionally little information exists on the use of molecular markers to predict heterosis in triticale. Molecular markers are generally accepted as better predictors than morphological markers (of
439:
industry to adapt to triticale, as the milling techniques employed for wheat are unsuited to triticale. Past research indicated that triticale could be used as a feed grain and, particularly, later research found that its
1630:
plant, a low number of introduced copies of the transforming DNA, stable integration of an a-priori characterized T-DNA fragment (containing the DNA expressing the trait of interest) and an expected higher level of
1262:
value (de Zumelzú et al. 1998). In improving yield, indirect selection (the selection of correlated/related traits other than that to be improved) is not necessarily as effective as direct selection. (Gallais 1984)
3358:
Tuvesson, S.; Ljungberg, A.; Johansson, N.; Karlsson, K.-E.; Suijs, L. W.; Josset, J.-P. (2000). "Large-scale production of wheat and triticale double haploids through the use of a single-anther culture method".
1523:
that is actually enhanced, i.e., retaining that which is desirable or promising and ridding that which is not. This carries with it the aim of changing the genetic structure of the plant population. The website
573:, would force chromosome doubling by keeping them from pulling apart during cell division. Triticale had become viable, though at that point the cost of producing the seeds was disproportionate to the yield.
2599:
Tikhnenko, N. D.; Tsvetkova, N. V.; Voylokov, A. V. (23 August 2002). "The Effect of
Parental Genotypes of Rye Lines on the Development of Quantitative Traits in Primary Octoploid Triticale: Plant Height".
299:. Commercially available triticale is almost always a second-generation hybrid, i.e., a cross between two kinds of primary (first-cross) triticales. As a rule, triticale combines the yield potential and
1705:
Triticale holds much promise as a commercial crop, as it has the potential to address specific problems within the cereal industry. Research is currently being conducted worldwide in places like
3868:
Binka, A.; Nadolska-Orczyk, A.; Przetakiewicz, A.; Kopera, K.; Orczyk, W. (28 July 2005). "Efficient Method of
Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation for Triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack)".
1210:
traits involve the integration of several physiological processes in their expression. Thus the lack of single-gene control (or simple inheritance) results in low trait heritability (Zumelzú
3411:
2786:
Lee, T. G.; Hong, M. J.; Johnson, J. W.; Bland, D. E.; Kim, D. Y.; Seo, Y. W. (2009). "Development and functional assessment of EST-derived 2RL-specific markers for 2BS.2RL translocations".
2284:
831:
genome. The crop is, however, adapted to this form of reproduction from an evolutionary point of view. Cross-fertilization is also possible, but it is not the primary form of reproduction.
1447:
otherwise masked by dominance effects in a genome containing more than one copy of each chromosome (and thus more than one copy of each gene). Various techniques exist to create DHs. The
1253:. However, it is necessary to improve its milling and bread-making quality aspects to increase its potential for human consumption. The relationship between the constituent wheat and rye
1217:
Since the induction of the
International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center triticale breeding programme in 1964, the improvement in realised grain yield has been remarkable. In 1968, at
1720:
notwithstanding, many initial limitations, such as an inability to reproduce due to infertility and seed shrivelling, low yield and poor nutritional value, have been largely eliminated.
640:
303:
quality of wheat with the disease and environmental tolerance (including soil conditions) of rye. Only recently has it been developed into a commercially viable crop. Depending on the
3490:
Bennett, M. D.; Laurie, D. A.; O'Donoughue, L. S. (13–15 March 1989). "Wheat x maize and other wide sexual hybrids: their potential for crop improvement and genetic manipulations".
1716:
Conventional plant breeding has helped establish triticale as a valuable crop, especially where conditions are less favourable for wheat cultivation. Triticale being a synthesized
3024:
Kumari, Maya; Clarke, Heather; Small, Ian; Siddique, Kadambot (2009). "Albinism in Plants: A Major
Bottleneck in Wide Hybridization, Androgenesis and Doubled Haploid Culture".
597:
2194:
Singh, Ravi P.; Hodson, David P.; Huerta-Espino, Julio; et al. (2011-09-08). "The
Emergence of Ug99 Races of the Stem Rust Fungus is a Threat to World Wheat Production".
2969:
Kalih, Rasha; Maurer, Hans; Hackauf, Bernd; Miedaner, Thomas (2014). "Effect of a rye dwarfing gene on plant height, heading stage, and
Fusarium head blight in triticale (×
666:
1354:
of the crop being introgressed. Genes located in the proximal areas of chromosomes may be completely linked (very closely spaced), thus preventing or severely hampering
1443:
lines. This is achieved in a single generation, as opposed to many, which would otherwise occupy much physical space/facilities. DHs also express deleterious recessive
1331:
from the R genome have been replaced by some from the D genome. The resulting so-called substitution and translocation triticale facilitates the transfer of R-genes.
1975:
775:
and spontaneous chromosome doubling. These two factors were difficult to predict and control. To improve the viability of the embryo and thus avoid its abortion,
697:
using a broad species concept based on genome composition. Traditional classifications used a narrow species concept based on the treatment of wheats by
Dorofeev
3599:"Relative efficiency of different Gramineae genera for haploid induction in triticale and triticale x wheat hybrids through the chromosome elimination technique"
2696:
Muhleisen, Jonathan; Piepho, Hans; Maurer, Hans; Longin, Horst; Reif, Jochen (2013). "Yield stability of hybrids versus lines in wheat, barley, and triticale".
2637:
Bohra, Abhishek; Jha, Uday; Adhimoolam, Premkumar; Bisht, Deepak; Singh, Narendra (2016). "Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) in hybrid breeding in field crops".
611:
3671:
849:(Imperial rye), now (as of 2021) widely found in triticale. Located on the 3A chromosome arm, originally from 3R. Virulence has been observed in field by
2009:
1420:
1270:
inherited (expression is controlled by many genes) trait, and has thus been an important breeding aim in the past. The use of dwarfing genes, known as
444:
is readily digested. As a feed grain, triticale is already well established and of high economic importance. It has received attention as a potential
1639:-mediated transformation of wheat: while no data existed with respect to triticale until 2005, the success rate in later work was nevertheless low.
3633:
555:
404:
1382:
1305:(for disease resistance) in wheat, and a continuously updated on-line catalogue, the Catalogue of Gene Symbols, of these genes can be found at
4655:
3564:"Production of doubled haploids in triticale (×Triticosecale Wittm.) by means of crosses with maize (Zea mays L.) using picloram and dicamba"
1476:
culture is known to be correlated to the response of their progeny. Chromosome elimination is another method of producing DHs, and involves
1350:
are generally introduced within such blocks, which are usually incorporated/translocated/introgressed into the distal (extreme) regions of
632:
147:
1948:
407:(International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center) triticale improvement program was intended to improve food production and nutrition in
1635:
expression. Triticale has, until recently, only been transformed via biolistics, with a 3.3% success rate. Little has been documented on
4805:
3714:
3598:
3563:
4740:
4616:
1810:, also written by Gerrold, dealt with "quinto-triticale", an improvement on the original, having apparently five lobes per kernel.
326:
When crossing wheat and rye, wheat is used as the female parent and rye as the male parent (pollen donor). The resulting hybrid is
4779:
4753:
4642:
4629:
1525:
3957:
3786:
Baenziger, P. S.; Kuleung, C.; Dweikat I. (5 December 2003). "Transferability of SSR markers among wheat, rye, and triticale".
4021:
3220:
2953:
1969:
4784:
4647:
1519:
applied to plant breeding is the speeding up of cultivar release that would otherwise take 8–12 years. It is the process of
1320:
565:
Unfortunately, "partially fertile" was all that was produced until 1937. In that year, it was discovered that the chemical
3129:
1879:
1775:", revolved around the protection of a grain developed from triticale. This grain was named "quadro-triticale" by writer
1282:, has resulted in a decrease of up to 20 centimetres (7.9 in) in plant height without causing any adverse effects.
2584:
Gallais, A. (19–24 June 1983). "Use of
Indirect Selection in Plant Breeding". In Hogenboon, N. G.; et al. (eds.).
1982:
3699:
1308:
4115:
2555:
2361:
1692:
1190:
758:
513:
362:
3519:
4660:
4766:
3909:
2423:
2379:
43:
4673:
4050:
1493:
the floral style of many wheat cultivars. The technique is unfortunately less successful in triticale. However,
1463:, including triticale. These two techniques are referred to as androgenesis, which refers to the development of
805:(Muntzing 1939; Krolow 1966). Cytogenetical studies were encouraged and well funded to overcome these problems.
3443:
Andersen, S. B.; Tuvesson, I. K. D.; Pedersen, S. (9 August 1989). "Nuclear genes affecting albinism in wheat (
2131:
Blakeslee, Albert F.; Avery, Amos G. (December 1937). "Methods of
Inducing Doubling of Chromosomes in Plants".
1807:
1674:
740:
495:
4823:
2035:
1750:
1626:-mediated transformation, however, holds several advantages, such as a low level of DNA rearrangement in the
1576:
4072:
2565:. Mexico, D. F.: Corporate Communications, International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center. pp. 21–26
1803:
1378:
820:. This makes it difficult to realise the potential of rye in disease resistance and ecological adaptation.
4731:
1908:
4861:
2602:
2536:. Alberta Agriculture and Food and Development, Government of Alberta, Agricultural and Rural Development
785:
was used as a chemical agent to double the chromosomes. After these developments, a new era of triticale
3649:
2421:
McIntosh, R. A.; Brown, G. N. (1997). "Anticipatory Breeding for Resistance to Rust Diseases in Wheat".
2073:
4818:
4668:
4371:
3829:
Zimny, J.; Becker, D.; Brettschneider, R.; Lörz, H. (10 October 1994). "Fertile, transgenic Triticale (
2432:
2388:
1815:
1670:
736:
491:
4758:
4634:
411:. Triticale was thought to have potential in the production of bread and other food products, such as
3983:
2533:
1820:
1772:
1528:
4394:
3750:"Assessing genetic variation to predict the breeding value of winter triticale cultivars and lines"
1736:
1258:
floral spikelet and its meiotic behaviour. The number of grains per spikelet has an associated low
4810:
4607:
4456:
4389:
3562:
Marcińska, I.; Wodzony, M.; Ponitka, A.; Ślusarkiewicz-Jarzina, A.; Woźna, J. (26 January 1998).
1706:
1663:
1266:
Lodging (the toppling over of the plant stem, especially under windy conditions) resistance is a
729:
558:, "Tritosecale Rimpaui Wittmack". Such hybrids germinate only when the chromosomes spontaneously
484:
3734:
3715:"Heterosis and combining ability for grain yield and other agronomic traits in winter triticale"
3618:
3583:
1362:
of a characterized/known sequence) are used to 'tag' and thus track such translocations. A weak
4566:
4504:
4399:
3962:
3749:
2835:
2756:
1791:
1600:
1575:(SSR) is used in breeding with respect to selection. SSRs are segments of a genome composed of
1198:
The aim of a triticale breeding programme is mainly focused on the improvement of quantitative
2848:
2285:"Genomics accelerated isolation of a new stem rust avirulence gene–wheat resistance gene pair"
1936:
771:
Earlier work with wheat-rye crosses was difficult due to low survival of the resulting hybrid
4856:
4797:
4108:
3492:
Gene Manipulation in Plant Improvement II: Proceedings of the 19th Stadler Genetics Symposium
3311:"Stresses applied for the re-programming of plant microspores towards in vitro embryogenesis"
2830:
2240:
Park, Robert F.; Wellings, Colin R. (2012-09-08). "Somatic Hybridization in the Uredinales".
1944:
1355:
396:
levels have been created and evaluated over time. The tetraploids showed little promise, but
702:
4499:
3033:
1556:
1424:
786:
408:
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8:
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618:
208:
3037:
2486:
2396:
2253:
2207:
2088:
Hammer, Karl; Filatenko, Anna A.; Pistrick, Klaus (January 2011). "Taxonomic remarks on
1543:
Yield improvements of up to 20% have been achieved in hybrid triticale cultivars due to
4549:
4544:
3933:
3904:
3885:
3850:
3811:
3579:
3544:
3472:
3392:
3376:
3340:
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3208:
3180:
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3110:
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3006:
2917:
2868:
2811:
2737:
2713:
2678:
2654:
2619:
2323:
2113:
1862:
195:
38:
4851:
4792:
4027:
4017:
3938:
3803:
3761:
3730:
3695:
3614:
3536:
3509:
Bennett, M. D.; Laurie, D. A. (31 August 1986). "The effect of the crossability loci
3464:
3384:
3372:
3332:
3327:
3310:
3283:
3234:
3226:
3216:
3199:. Handbook of Plant Breeding. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). New York: Springer-Verlag.
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2721:
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2508:
2490:
2452:
2444:
2400:
2357:
2327:
2315:
2307:
2265:
2257:
2219:
2211:
1358:, which is necessary to incorporate such blocks. Molecular markers (small lengths of
685:
659:
316:
3889:
3854:
3815:
3396:
3344:
3295:
3114:
3061:
3010:
2815:
2741:
2682:
2117:
1787:
correctly attributes the ancestry of the nonfictional grain to 20th-century Canada.
1218:
307:, triticale can more or less resemble either of its parents. It is grown mostly for
4846:
4534:
4519:
4514:
4509:
4451:
4421:
4101:
4013:
3928:
3918:
3877:
3867:
3842:
3795:
3726:
3691:
3610:
3575:
3548:
3528:
3476:
3456:
3425:
3416:
3368:
3322:
3309:
Shariatpanahi, Mehran E.; Bal, Ugur; Heberle-Bors, Erwin; Touraev, Alisher (2006).
3265:
3200:
3175:
3141:
3092:
3041:
2982:
2912:
2894:
2844:
2795:
2705:
2646:
2623:
2611:
2482:
2440:
2436:
2392:
2299:
2249:
2203:
2140:
2105:
1994:
Bird, S. H; Rowe, J. B.; Choct, M.; Stachiw, S.; Tyler, P.; Thompson, R. D. (1999)
1854:
1477:
679:
triticale. Not completely stable, mainly historical importance. May be produced by
559:
320:
268:
225:
789:
was introduced. Earlier triticale hybrids had four reproductive disorders, namely
4716:
4472:
2945:
2010:"This distillery produces gin and vodka from locally grown bio-dynamic triticale"
1845:
1312:
1199:
908:
81:
4010:
The Trouble With Tribbles - the birth, sale, and final production of one episode
1819:
revisited quadro-triticale and the depredations of the Tribbles in the episode "
701:, 1979, and hence produced many more species names. The genome notation follows
653:
triticale. Stable, currently very successful in agriculture. May be produced by
526:
4461:
4252:
4247:
4242:
4158:
3903:
Tovoli F, Masi C, Guidetti E, Negrini G, Paterini P, Bolondi L (Mar 16, 2015).
2890:
2303:
1883:
1746:
1723:
1548:
1163:
624:
385:
288:
68:
3881:
3799:
3270:
3253:
3204:
3045:
2986:
2899:
2799:
2709:
2650:
2615:
2109:
1745:
and is therefore unsuitable for people with gluten-related disorders, such as
4840:
4592:
4529:
4494:
4339:
4275:
4005:
3388:
3380:
3336:
3287:
3279:
3238:
3230:
3212:
3053:
2994:
2908:
2725:
2717:
2666:
2658:
2494:
2448:
2404:
2311:
2261:
2215:
1979:
1796:
1776:
1754:
1619:
1610:
1568:
traits) due to their insensitivity to variation in environmental conditions.
1535:. The Catalogue of Gene Symbols mentioned earlier is an additional source of
1516:
1342:
involves the crossing of closely related plant relatives, and results in the
1339:
94:
4093:
3923:
3561:
1306:
4686:
4441:
4316:
4307:
4257:
4232:
4128:
4031:
3942:
3807:
3765:
3540:
3495:
3468:
3106:
3077:"Diallel analysis of androgenetic plant production in hexaploid Triticale (
3002:
2926:
2807:
2772:
2733:
2674:
2456:
2319:
2269:
2223:
1840:
1710:
1343:
1286:
1259:
949:
920:
590:
369:
3412:"Genetic control of green plant regeneration from anther culture of wheat"
2060:
1995:
569:, which is used both for general plant germination and as a treatment for
554:. Fifteen years later in 1888, a partially-fertile hybrid was produced by
431:
fraction is less. The grain has also been stated to have higher levels of
365:(FAO), 17.1 million tons were harvested in 37 countries across the world.
4725:
4601:
4237:
3828:
3130:"Improvement of Anther Culture Media for Haploid Production in Triticale"
2831:"Frequency of 1RS.1AL and 1RS.1BL Translocations in United States Wheats"
2757:"Enhancing the resistance of triticale by using genes from wheat and rye"
1580:
1560:
1351:
1328:
1290:
445:
327:
107:
2785:
2598:
2377:
Roelfs, A P (1988). "Genetic Control of Phenotypes in Wheat Stem Rust".
2283:
Upadhyaya, Narayana M.; Mago, Rohit; Panwar, Vinay; et al. (2021).
1531:(MAS) protocols relating to R-genes in wheat. MAS is a form of indirect
4745:
4621:
4524:
4466:
3846:
3532:
3460:
3145:
3097:
3076:
2063:. International Triticale Association, Ghent University, Belgium. 2023.
1996:
In vitro fermentation of grain and enzymatic digestion of cereal starch
1866:
1799:
claims that the fictional quadro-triticale was a "Russian invention".)
1677: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1627:
1615:
1588:
1456:
1439:(DH) plants have the potential to save much time in the development of
1394:
1363:
912:
828:
782:
743: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
607:
566:
498: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
453:
335:
331:
1327:
involving triticale, such as triticale-rye hybrids. In this way, some
845:
resistance gene which is commonly found in triticale. Originally from
4489:
4413:
4324:
4203:
3672:"Heterosis for yield and other agronomic traits of winter triticale F
2881:
1784:
1780:
1767:
1632:
1584:
1544:
1536:
1468:
1323:
1267:
1239:
1235:
1230:
1226:
1207:
904:
870:
850:
842:
813:
798:
794:
676:
650:
448:, and research is currently being conducted on the use of the crop's
436:
397:
389:
157:
4560:
3429:
1858:
1652:
718:
473:
4710:
4681:
4586:
4348:
3308:
1605:
1565:
1552:
1416:
900:
892:
777:
428:
304:
292:
137:
4771:
3712:
3357:
3254:"Microspore development during in vitro androgenesis in triticale"
2161:
1741:
Like both its hybrid parents – wheat and rye – triticale contains
1285:
A 2013 study found that hybrids have better yield stability under
4378:
4188:
3747:
1460:
1452:
1444:
1436:
1254:
1141:
1031:
987:
790:
449:
424:
381:
377:
373:
350:
346:
296:
127:
3517:
on fertilization frequency in hexaploid wheat x maize crosses".
2473:
Johnson, R (1984). "A Critical Analysis of Durable Resistance".
1346:, i.e. larger segments of chromosomes compared to single genes.
927:
has become less common in CIMMYT triticales since the mid-'80s.
589:
Triticale hybrids are currently classified by ploidy into three
400:
triticale was successful enough to find commercial application.
4384:
4168:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4065:
3958:"Star Trek: Inside "The Trouble with Tribbles," 50 Years Later"
2873:
L.) as a source of resistance to pathogens and pests in wheat (
1742:
1473:
1464:
1440:
1347:
1316:
1302:
1243:
1119:
1097:
1009:
965:
824:
817:
772:
547:
441:
432:
412:
393:
358:
354:
342:
312:
308:
117:
3785:
3748:
Góral, Halina; Tyrka, Miroslaw; Spiss, Ludwik (2 March 2005).
3597:
Chaudhary, H. K.; Pratap, A.; Sethi, G. S. (August 16, 2004).
255:
4446:
4285:
4280:
4267:
4217:
4163:
4153:
3905:"Clinical and diagnostic aspects of gluten related disorders"
3162:
González, J. M.; Jouve, N.; Hernádez, I. (January 18, 1997).
1717:
1504:
1500:
1489:
1481:
1250:
1075:
1053:
809:
543:
530:
457:
420:
416:
300:
272:
55:
3949:
3489:
3164:"Analysis of anther culture response in hexaploid triticale"
2867:
Herrera, Leonardo; Gustavsson, Larisa; Åhman, Inger (2017).
693:
The current treatment follows the Mac Key 2005 treatment of
30:
4193:
4178:
2695:
2193:
1843:(1987), "Triticale: A Case of Nomenclatural Mistreatment",
1203:
802:
570:
551:
249:
3986:. Government of Alberta, Agriculture and Rural Development
3713:
Burger, H.; Oettler, G.; Melchinger, A. E. (August 2003).
2968:
2586:
Efficiency In Plant Breeding, Proc. 10th Congress Eucarpia
1902:
1900:
895:
and slight degree of sporulation commonly allowed by most
823:
Triticale is essentially a self-fertilizing, or naturally
315:, although some triticale-based foods can be purchased at
4183:
4173:
3902:
3023:
2754:
2563:
Research Highlights of the CIMMYT Wheat Program 1999–2000
2282:
1915:
1386:
1359:
846:
534:
280:
240:
234:
3634:"Heterosis and Combining Ability in Spring Triticale (x
3442:
3188:
808:
It is especially difficult to see the expression of rye
3670:
Becker, H. C.; Oettler, G.; Hoppe, G. (March 8, 2001).
3302:
2940:
Al-Khayri, Jameel; Jain, Shri; Johnson, Dennis (2019).
2636:
2087:
1906:
1897:
1783:, with four distinct lobes per kernel. In that episode
2866:
2755:
Chelkowski, Jerzy; Tyrka, Miroslaw (15 October 2003).
2416:
2414:
2343:
2341:
2339:
2337:
1998:
Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition, Vol 12, pp. 53–61
3161:
2588:. Pudoc, Wageningen, The Netherlands. pp. 45–60.
2235:
2233:
542:
plants were sterile, much the way the offspring of a
246:
3596:
2939:
2347:
2276:
456:
production. Triticale has also been used to produce
252:
237:
231:
228:
2411:
2334:
2189:
2187:
2185:
1907:Mergoum, Mohamed; Gómez-Macpherson, Helena (2004).
1510:
930:
919:. Four years later, in 1988 virulence was found in
781:culture techniques were developed (Laibach, 1925).
427:content is higher than that of wheat, although the
243:
3669:
2230:
2156:
2154:
1296:
827:crop. This mode of reproduction results in a more
4051:"David Gerrold Recalls "More Tribbles" and "Bem""
3410:Konzak, Calvin; Zhou, Huaping (1 December 1992).
3195:Carena, Marcelo (2009). Carena, Marcelo J (ed.).
1968:Sell, J.L.; Hodgson, G.C.; Shebeski, L.H. (1962)
1618:, with the latter being most commonly applied to
1430:
4838:
2182:
291:in laboratories during the late 19th century in
4216:
4073:"20 Years Later... "Trials and Tribble-ations""
3157:
3155:
2468:
2466:
2151:
1499:(a grass) was found to be just as effective as
3074:
2942:Advances in Plant Breeding Strategies: Cereals
2130:
2083:
2081:
1880:"Food and Agricultural commodities production"
1503:with respect to the production of DHs in both
1274:genes, which have been incorporated from both
891:s that does not even allow the underdeveloped
4123:
4109:
4043:
3508:
3251:
3127:
2420:
2348:McIntosh, RA; Wellings, CR; Park, RF (1995).
3998:
3781:
3779:
3777:
3775:
3152:
2463:
2239:
1839:
1559:, qualitative (simply inherited) traits and
3955:
2862:
2860:
2858:
2828:
2822:
2501:
2370:
2078:
1872:
4116:
4102:
3896:
3409:
2748:
2553:
2350:Wheat Rusts - An Atlas of Resistance Genes
388:. In earlier years, most work was done on
338:and thus the ability to reproduce itself.
29:
3932:
3922:
3772:
3741:
3590:
3555:
3326:
3269:
3179:
3096:
2916:
2898:
2849:10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183X003000050041x
2630:
2592:
2556:"A New Approach to Triticale Improvement"
1988:
1973:as a potential component of chick rations
1962:
1882:. FAO Statistics Division. Archived from
1693:Learn how and when to remove this message
1594:
759:Learn how and when to remove this message
514:Learn how and when to remove this message
435:than wheat. Acceptance would require the
3483:
3436:
3121:
2855:
2074:Colchicine Treatment and Toxicity | ICPS
1206:. Problems arise, however, because such
525:
4347:
4004:
3502:
3017:
2583:
2577:
2472:
2033:
1813:Three decades later the spinoff series
1301:Abundant information exists concerning
708:
341:The primary producers of triticale are
4839:
3706:
3663:
3403:
3194:
2933:
2526:
2376:
2007:
1909:"Triticale improvement and production"
1319:rust resistance genes is available at
1249:Triticale is useful as an animal feed
4565:
4564:
4097:
3861:
3822:
3631:
3625:
3321:(4). John Wiley & Sons: 519–534.
2145:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a104294
1571:A useful molecular marker known as a
1381:was introgressed into wheat from the
2547:
2098:Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution
1765:An episode of the popular TV series
1675:adding citations to reliable sources
1646:
741:adding citations to reliable sources
712:
705:, with the rye genome notated as R.
496:adding citations to reliable sources
467:
3252:González, J. M.; Jouve, N. (2005).
3128:González, J. M.; Jouve, N. (2000).
2779:
2487:10.1146/annurev.py.22.090184.001521
2397:10.1146/annurev.py.26.090188.002031
2254:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095405
2208:10.1146/annurev-phyto-072910-095423
907:flecks. Deployment in triticale in
13:
4674:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77126989-1
3956:Vinciguerra, Thomas (2017-12-29).
3870:Journal of Plant Growth Regulation
3580:10.1111/j.1439-0523.1998.tb01928.x
3181:10.1111/j.1439-0523.1997.tb01003.x
3026:Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences
1983:Canadian Journal of Animal Science
1934:
1928:
1730:
1393:triticale. Triticale has been the
816:and the predominant wheat nuclear
631:Alternative crosses, genome ABRR (
614:. Includes the following crosses:
384:. In other words, triticale is an
14:
4873:
3075:Bernard, S.; Charmet, G. (1984).
1389:. However this was actually done
1238:is dependent on improving parent
1191:Food and Agriculture Organization
610:triticale. Unstable, but used in
363:Food and Agriculture Organization
4824:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:924881-1
3788:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
3731:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2003.00877.x
3696:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2001.00624.x
3615:10.1111/j.1439-0523.2004.01059.x
3520:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
3449:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
3373:10.1046/j.1439-0523.2000.00536.x
3328:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2006.00675.x
3085:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2975:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2788:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
2698:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
1651:
1511:Application of molecular markers
1334:
1156:
1134:
1112:
1090:
1068:
1046:
1024:
1002:
980:
958:
931:Conventional breeding approaches
717:
472:
224:
42:
4053:. Star Trek.com. March 10, 2011
3976:
3910:World Journal of Clinical Cases
3642:Plant Breeding and Seed Science
3632:Góral, H.; et al. (1999).
3455:(6 / December, 1989): 879–889.
3351:
3245:
3068:
2962:
2689:
2475:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2424:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2380:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2242:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2196:Annual Review of Phytopathology
2124:
2067:
2036:"WA distillery in High Spirits"
1951:from the original on 2017-09-02
1662:needs additional citations for
1427:(FHB) resistance in this host.
1297:Application of newer techniques
728:needs additional citations for
703:Taxonomy of wheat § Genome
483:needs additional citations for
3794:(6 / April, 2004): 1147–1150.
3527:(3 / January, 1987): 403–409.
3367:(6). Wiley-VCH GmbH: 455–459.
3134:Cereal Research Communications
2441:10.1146/annurev.phyto.35.1.311
2170:Borlaug Global Rust Initiative
2053:
2027:
2001:
1833:
1779:at the suggestion of producer
1431:Production of doubled haploids
604:(Mackey) K.Hammer & Filat.
368:The triticale hybrids are all
1:
2869:"A systematic review of rye (
2534:"Triticale Production Manual"
2034:Sharman, Linda (April 2019).
1826:
1760:
1751:non-celiac gluten sensitivity
1344:transfer of 'blocks' of genes
1315:. Another online database of
863:) and in an artificial cross
643:Triticosecale neoblaringhemii
3609:(2 / April, 2005): 147–153.
2008:France, Marie (6 May 2019).
1804:More Tribbles, More Troubles
1472:parental triticale lines to
1367:introducing unwanted genes.
361:. In 2014, according to the
7:
3754:Journal of Applied Genetics
2761:Journal of Applied Genetics
2603:Russian Journal of Genetics
1642:
1622:cereals such as triticale.
1527:is a valuable resource for
812:in the background of wheat
423:and breakfast cereals. The
372:, which means the plant is
10:
4880:
2829:Lukaszewski, Adam (1990).
2304:10.1038/s41477-021-00971-5
1816:Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
1734:
1515:An important advantage of
584:
463:
4697:
4573:
4482:
4434:
4412:
4338:
4315:
4306:
4266:
4228:
4212:
4144:
4135:
3882:10.1007/s00344-004-0046-y
3876:(1 / March, 2005): 2–10.
3800:10.1007/s00122-003-1532-5
3271:10.1007/s10535-005-3028-4
3205:10.1007/978-0-387-72297-9
3046:10.1080/07352680903133252
2987:10.1007/s00122-014-2316-9
2900:10.1186/s41065-017-0033-5
2800:10.1007/s00122-009-1077-3
2710:10.1007/s00122-013-2219-1
2651:10.1007/s00299-016-1949-3
2110:10.1007/s10722-010-9590-4
1821:Trials and Tribble-ations
1773:The Trouble with Tribbles
1529:marker assisted selection
1467:. Many plant species and
1188:
1180:
1175:
1153:
1131:
1109:
1087:
1065:
1043:
1021:
999:
977:
955:
947:
942:
937:
330:and must be treated with
319:and can be found in some
201:
194:
187:
182:
39:Scientific classification
37:
28:
23:
1802:A later episode titled "
1737:Gluten-related disorders
1408:A 2014 study found that
600:Triticosecale semisecale
4457:Intermediate wheatgrass
3924:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i3.275
3648:: 25–34. Archived from
2616:10.1023/A:1022070810919
2014:www.spiritshunters.com/
1707:Stellenbosch University
1579:of a short sequence of
938:Top triticale producers
380:derived from different
4505:History of agriculture
1792:University of Manitoba
1601:genetic transformation
1595:Genetic transformation
1573:simple sequence repeat
1459:is most often used in
1405:wheat introgressions.
538:
3447:L.) anther culture".
3315:Physiologia Plantarum
2040:Farm Weekly Australia
1985:, Volume 42, Number 2
1945:Canadian Encyclopedia
1583:, usually two to six
899:s. Instead there are
669:Triticosecale rimpaui
529:
392:triticale. Different
16:Hybrid wheat/rye crop
4500:Neolithic Revolution
4435:Emerging grain crops
2948:. pp. 363+420.
1790:Indeed, in 1953 the
1671:improve this article
1425:Fusarium head blight
1397:for several such rye
883:). When successful,
737:improve this article
709:Biology and genetics
492:improve this article
409:developing countries
4540:Genetic engineering
3702:on January 5, 2013.
3621:on January 5, 2013.
3586:on 15 October 2012.
3038:2009CRvPS..28..393K
2554:A. R. Hede (2001).
2133:Journal of Heredity
2061:"Triticale history"
1808:the animated series
1608:-mediated (usually
1496:Imperata cylindrica
1246:-line development.
1242:and on advances in
948:Numbers in million
619:Triticum monococcum
177:Wittm. ex A. Camus.
4862:Plant common names
4550:Crop wild relative
4545:Selective breeding
4372:A. hypochondriacus
4016:. pp. 1–293.
3847:10.1007/BF01249700
3835:Molecular Breeding
3533:10.1007/BF00262508
3498:. pp. 95–126.
3461:10.1007/BF00266675
3258:Biologia Plantarum
3146:10.1007/BF03543575
3098:10.1007/BF00262539
2639:Plant Cell Reports
1311:2006-09-23 at the
793:instability, high
689:, genome AABBDDRR.
539:
317:health food stores
172: Triticosecale
4834:
4833:
4793:Open Tree of Life
4567:Taxon identifiers
4558:
4557:
4430:
4429:
4408:
4407:
4390:Pitseed goosefoot
4330:Tartary buckwheat
4302:
4301:
4298:
4297:
4294:
4293:
4023:978-0-345-27671-1
3445:Triticum aestivum
3222:978-0-387-72294-8
2955:978-3-030-23108-8
2875:Triticum aestivum
1703:
1702:
1695:
1488:L.), followed by
1421:rye 5R chromosome
1196:
1195:
887:is among the few
872:Puccinia graminis
852:Puccinia graminis
769:
768:
761:
686:Triticum aestivum
674:
660:Triticum turgidum
648:
612:breeding bridging
605:
524:
523:
516:
321:breakfast cereals
217:
216:
212:
178:
4869:
4827:
4826:
4814:
4813:
4801:
4800:
4788:
4787:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4761:
4749:
4748:
4736:
4735:
4734:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4701:
4690:
4689:
4677:
4676:
4664:
4663:
4651:
4650:
4638:
4637:
4625:
4624:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4577:
4562:
4561:
4535:Green Revolution
4520:Tell Abu Hureyra
4515:Fertile Crescent
4510:Natufian culture
4452:Indian ricegrass
4345:
4344:
4313:
4312:
4226:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4213:
4142:
4141:
4118:
4111:
4104:
4095:
4094:
4088:
4087:
4085:
4084:
4069:
4063:
4062:
4060:
4058:
4047:
4041:
4039:
4035:
4014:Ballantine Books
4002:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3991:
3980:
3974:
3973:
3971:
3970:
3953:
3947:
3946:
3936:
3926:
3900:
3894:
3893:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3826:
3820:
3819:
3783:
3770:
3769:
3745:
3739:
3738:
3733:. Archived from
3710:
3704:
3703:
3698:. Archived from
3667:
3661:
3660:
3658:
3657:
3629:
3623:
3622:
3617:. Archived from
3594:
3588:
3587:
3582:. Archived from
3559:
3553:
3552:
3506:
3500:
3499:
3487:
3481:
3480:
3440:
3434:
3433:
3407:
3401:
3400:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3330:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3273:
3249:
3243:
3242:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3183:
3159:
3150:
3149:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3100:
3079:X. triticosecale
3072:
3066:
3065:
3021:
3015:
3014:
2981:(7): 1527–1536.
2966:
2960:
2959:
2937:
2931:
2930:
2920:
2902:
2864:
2853:
2852:
2843:(5): 1151–1153.
2826:
2820:
2819:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2693:
2687:
2686:
2634:
2628:
2627:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2581:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2560:
2551:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2541:
2530:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2505:
2499:
2498:
2470:
2461:
2460:
2418:
2409:
2408:
2374:
2368:
2367:
2345:
2332:
2331:
2298:(9): 1220–1228.
2289:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2237:
2228:
2227:
2191:
2180:
2179:
2177:
2176:
2158:
2149:
2148:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2085:
2076:
2071:
2065:
2064:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2022:
2020:
2005:
1999:
1992:
1986:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1957:
1956:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1913:
1904:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1837:
1757:, among others.
1698:
1691:
1687:
1684:
1678:
1655:
1647:
1414:
1413:
1404:
1400:
1376:
1375:
1171:
1162:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1140:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1116:
1115:
1105:
1096:
1094:
1093:
1083:
1074:
1072:
1071:
1061:
1052:
1050:
1049:
1039:
1030:
1028:
1027:
1017:
1008:
1006:
1005:
995:
986:
984:
983:
973:
964:
962:
961:
935:
934:
869:
839:
838:
764:
757:
753:
750:
744:
721:
713:
672:
663:, genome AABBRR.
646:
603:
550:is an infertile
519:
512:
508:
505:
499:
476:
468:
262:
261:
258:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
242:
239:
236:
233:
230:
207:
176:
171:
47:
46:
33:
21:
20:
4879:
4878:
4872:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4867:
4866:
4837:
4836:
4835:
4830:
4822:
4817:
4809:
4804:
4796:
4791:
4783:
4778:
4770:
4765:
4757:
4752:
4744:
4739:
4732:× Triticosecale
4730:
4729:
4724:
4715:
4714:
4709:
4699:
4693:
4685:
4680:
4672:
4667:
4659:
4654:
4646:
4641:
4633:
4628:
4620:
4615:
4606:
4605:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4585:
4575:
4569:
4559:
4554:
4478:
4473:Oryza coarctata
4426:
4404:
4334:
4290:
4262:
4219:
4208:
4131:
4122:
4092:
4091:
4082:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4066:
4056:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4044:
4037:
4024:
4003:
3999:
3989:
3987:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3968:
3966:
3954:
3950:
3901:
3897:
3866:
3862:
3827:
3823:
3784:
3773:
3746:
3742:
3711:
3707:
3679:
3675:
3668:
3664:
3655:
3653:
3630:
3626:
3595:
3591:
3560:
3556:
3507:
3503:
3488:
3484:
3441:
3437:
3430:10.1139/g92-146
3408:
3404:
3356:
3352:
3307:
3303:
3250:
3246:
3223:
3193:
3189:
3160:
3153:
3126:
3122:
3073:
3069:
3022:
3018:
2967:
2963:
2956:
2946:Springer Nature
2938:
2934:
2865:
2856:
2827:
2823:
2784:
2780:
2753:
2749:
2694:
2690:
2635:
2631:
2597:
2593:
2582:
2578:
2568:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2548:
2539:
2537:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2515:
2507:
2506:
2502:
2471:
2464:
2419:
2412:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2346:
2335:
2287:
2281:
2277:
2238:
2231:
2192:
2183:
2174:
2172:
2160:
2159:
2152:
2139:(12): 393–411.
2129:
2125:
2086:
2079:
2072:
2068:
2059:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2032:
2028:
2018:
2016:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1989:
1967:
1963:
1954:
1952:
1933:
1929:
1920:
1918:
1911:
1905:
1898:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1859:10.2307/1221447
1838:
1834:
1829:
1763:
1739:
1733:
1731:Health concerns
1699:
1688:
1682:
1679:
1668:
1656:
1645:
1614:) transfer and
1597:
1513:
1507:and triticale.
1433:
1411:
1410:
1402:
1398:
1379:resistance gene
1373:
1372:
1337:
1313:Wayback Machine
1299:
1176:
1169:
1157:
1155:
1147:
1135:
1133:
1125:
1113:
1111:
1103:
1091:
1089:
1081:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1047:
1045:
1037:
1025:
1023:
1015:
1003:
1001:
993:
981:
979:
971:
959:
957:
933:
909:New South Wales
867:
836:
835:
797:frequency, low
765:
754:
748:
745:
734:
722:
711:
587:
520:
509:
503:
500:
489:
477:
466:
227:
223:
175:
169:
41:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4877:
4876:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4849:
4832:
4831:
4829:
4828:
4815:
4802:
4789:
4776:
4763:
4750:
4737:
4722:
4706:
4704:
4695:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4678:
4665:
4652:
4639:
4626:
4613:
4598:
4582:
4580:
4571:
4570:
4556:
4555:
4553:
4552:
4547:
4542:
4537:
4532:
4527:
4522:
4517:
4512:
4507:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4487:
4483:
4480:
4479:
4477:
4476:
4469:
4464:
4462:Kangaroo grass
4459:
4454:
4449:
4444:
4438:
4436:
4432:
4431:
4428:
4427:
4425:
4424:
4418:
4416:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4403:
4402:
4397:
4392:
4387:
4382:
4375:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4351:
4342:
4336:
4335:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4321:
4319:
4310:
4304:
4303:
4300:
4299:
4296:
4295:
4292:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4272:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4229:
4223:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4145:
4139:
4133:
4132:
4121:
4120:
4113:
4106:
4098:
4090:
4089:
4064:
4042:
4022:
4006:Gerrold, David
3997:
3975:
3948:
3895:
3860:
3841:(2): 155–164.
3831:×Triticosecale
3821:
3771:
3760:(2): 125–131.
3740:
3737:on 2012-10-15.
3725:(4): 318–321.
3719:Plant Breeding
3705:
3690:(4): 351–353.
3684:Plant Breeding
3677:
3673:
3662:
3624:
3603:Plant Breeding
3589:
3574:(3): 211–215.
3568:Plant Breeding
3554:
3501:
3482:
3435:
3424:(6): 957–961.
3402:
3361:Plant Breeding
3350:
3301:
3244:
3221:
3187:
3174:(3): 301–304.
3168:Plant Breeding
3151:
3140:(1–2): 65–72.
3120:
3067:
3032:(6): 393–409.
3016:
2961:
2954:
2932:
2891:BioMed Central
2871:Secale cereale
2854:
2821:
2794:(4): 663–673.
2778:
2767:(3): 283–295.
2747:
2704:(2): 309–316.
2688:
2645:(5): 967–993.
2629:
2591:
2576:
2546:
2525:
2500:
2481:(1): 309–330.
2462:
2433:Annual Reviews
2410:
2389:Annual Reviews
2369:
2362:
2333:
2275:
2248:(1): 219–239.
2229:
2202:(1): 465–481.
2181:
2150:
2123:
2094:×Triticosecale
2077:
2066:
2052:
2026:
2000:
1987:
1978:2013-01-15 at
1961:
1935:Larter, E. N.
1927:
1896:
1871:
1853:(2): 445–452,
1831:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1762:
1759:
1747:celiac disease
1735:Main article:
1732:
1729:
1724:Tissue culture
1701:
1700:
1659:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1641:
1596:
1593:
1577:tandem repeats
1555:relatedness),
1512:
1509:
1480:of wheat with
1432:
1429:
1423:also provides
1419:gene from the
1336:
1333:
1298:
1295:
1219:Ciudad Obregón
1194:
1193:
1186:
1185:
1182:
1178:
1177:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1164:Czech Republic
1151:
1150:
1144:
1129:
1128:
1122:
1107:
1106:
1100:
1085:
1084:
1078:
1063:
1062:
1056:
1041:
1040:
1034:
1019:
1018:
1012:
997:
996:
990:
975:
974:
968:
953:
952:
945:
944:
940:
939:
932:
929:
801:and shriveled
767:
766:
725:
723:
716:
710:
707:
691:
690:
681:Secale cereale
664:
655:Secale cereale
638:
637:
636:
629:
628:, genome AARR;
625:Secale cereale
586:
583:
556:Wilhelm Rimpau
522:
521:
480:
478:
471:
465:
462:
386:allotetraploid
215:
214:
209:Tscherm.-Seys.
199:
198:
192:
191:
185:
184:
180:
179:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
125:
121:
120:
115:
111:
110:
105:
98:
97:
92:
85:
84:
79:
72:
71:
66:
59:
58:
53:
49:
48:
35:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4875:
4874:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4848:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4825:
4820:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4794:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4777:
4773:
4768:
4764:
4760:
4755:
4751:
4747:
4742:
4738:
4733:
4727:
4723:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4702:Triticosecale
4696:
4688:
4683:
4679:
4675:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4657:
4653:
4649:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4618:
4614:
4609:
4603:
4599:
4594:
4588:
4584:
4583:
4581:
4579:
4572:
4568:
4563:
4551:
4548:
4546:
4543:
4541:
4538:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4530:Domestication
4528:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4496:
4495:Founder crops
4493:
4491:
4488:
4485:
4484:
4481:
4475:
4474:
4470:
4468:
4465:
4463:
4460:
4458:
4455:
4453:
4450:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4439:
4437:
4433:
4423:
4420:
4419:
4417:
4415:
4411:
4401:
4398:
4396:
4393:
4391:
4388:
4386:
4383:
4381:
4380:
4376:
4374:
4373:
4369:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4360:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4352:
4350:
4346:
4343:
4341:
4340:Amaranthaceae
4337:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4320:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4308:Pseudocereals
4305:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4273:
4271:
4269:
4265:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4227:
4224:
4222:
4215:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4155:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4129:pseudocereals
4126:
4119:
4114:
4112:
4107:
4105:
4100:
4099:
4096:
4078:
4077:Star Trek.com
4074:
4068:
4052:
4046:
4033:
4029:
4025:
4019:
4015:
4011:
4007:
4001:
3985:
3979:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3952:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3917:(3): 275–84.
3916:
3912:
3911:
3906:
3899:
3891:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3864:
3856:
3852:
3848:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3825:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3782:
3780:
3778:
3776:
3767:
3763:
3759:
3755:
3751:
3744:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3709:
3701:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3685:
3681:
3666:
3652:on 2009-04-23
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3637:
3636:Triticosecale
3628:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3593:
3585:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3565:
3558:
3550:
3546:
3542:
3538:
3534:
3530:
3526:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3505:
3497:
3493:
3486:
3478:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3454:
3450:
3446:
3439:
3431:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3413:
3406:
3398:
3394:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3329:
3324:
3320:
3316:
3312:
3305:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3263:
3259:
3255:
3248:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3218:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3202:
3198:
3191:
3182:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3158:
3156:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3124:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3080:
3071:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3020:
3012:
3008:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2988:
2984:
2980:
2976:
2972:
2971:Triticosecale
2965:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2943:
2936:
2928:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2892:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2876:
2872:
2863:
2861:
2859:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2837:
2832:
2825:
2817:
2813:
2809:
2805:
2801:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2762:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2739:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2692:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2595:
2587:
2580:
2564:
2557:
2550:
2535:
2529:
2514:
2510:
2504:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2425:
2417:
2415:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2386:
2382:
2381:
2373:
2365:
2363:9789401040419
2359:
2355:
2351:
2344:
2342:
2340:
2338:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2292:Nature Plants
2286:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2259:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2236:
2234:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2213:
2209:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2190:
2188:
2186:
2171:
2167:
2165:
2157:
2155:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2107:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2091:
2084:
2082:
2075:
2070:
2062:
2056:
2041:
2037:
2030:
2015:
2011:
2004:
1997:
1991:
1984:
1981:
1980:archive.today
1977:
1974:
1972:
1965:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1931:
1917:
1910:
1903:
1901:
1886:on 2012-04-07
1885:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1848:
1847:
1842:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1822:
1818:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1800:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1777:David Gerrold
1774:
1770:
1769:
1758:
1756:
1755:wheat allergy
1752:
1748:
1744:
1738:
1728:
1725:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1697:
1694:
1686:
1676:
1672:
1666:
1665:
1660:This section
1658:
1654:
1649:
1648:
1640:
1638:
1637:Agrobacterium
1634:
1629:
1625:
1624:Agrobacterium
1621:
1620:allopolyploid
1617:
1613:
1612:
1611:Agrobacterium
1607:
1602:
1592:
1590:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1569:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1517:biotechnology
1508:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1497:
1491:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1478:hybridisation
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1415:
1406:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1383:2R chromosome
1380:
1377:
1368:
1365:
1361:
1357:
1356:recombination
1353:
1349:
1345:
1341:
1340:Introgression
1335:Introgression
1332:
1330:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1304:
1294:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1268:polygenically
1264:
1261:
1256:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1213:
1209:
1205:
1201:
1192:
1187:
1183:
1179:
1174:
1167:
1165:
1152:
1145:
1143:
1130:
1123:
1121:
1108:
1101:
1099:
1086:
1079:
1077:
1064:
1057:
1055:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1020:
1013:
1011:
998:
991:
989:
976:
969:
967:
954:
951:
946:
941:
936:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
878:
877:
873:
866:
862:
858:
857:
853:
848:
844:
840:
832:
830:
826:
821:
819:
815:
811:
806:
804:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
779:
774:
763:
760:
752:
742:
738:
732:
731:
726:This section
724:
720:
715:
714:
706:
704:
700:
696:
688:
687:
682:
678:
671:
670:
665:
662:
661:
656:
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645:
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634:
630:
627:
626:
621:
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616:
615:
613:
609:
602:
601:
596:
595:
594:
592:
582:
578:
574:
572:
568:
563:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
536:
532:
528:
518:
515:
507:
497:
493:
487:
486:
481:This section
479:
475:
470:
469:
461:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
438:
434:
430:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
401:
399:
395:
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
344:
339:
337:
333:
329:
324:
322:
318:
314:
310:
306:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
265:Triticosecale
260:
221:
213:
210:
206:
200:
197:
193:
190:
186:
181:
174:
173:
166:
163:
162:
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103:
100:
99:
96:
93:
90:
87:
86:
83:
80:
77:
74:
73:
70:
69:Tracheophytes
67:
64:
61:
60:
57:
54:
51:
50:
45:
40:
36:
32:
27:
22:
19:
4857:Energy crops
4698:
4574:
4471:
4442:Canary grass
4377:
4370:
4363:
4356:
4317:Polygonaceae
4198:
4164:Maize (Corn)
4081:. Retrieved
4079:. 2016-11-04
4076:
4067:
4055:. Retrieved
4045:
4012:. New York:
4009:
4000:
3990:11 September
3988:. Retrieved
3978:
3967:. Retrieved
3961:
3951:
3914:
3908:
3898:
3873:
3869:
3863:
3838:
3834:
3833:Wittmack)".
3830:
3824:
3791:
3787:
3757:
3753:
3743:
3735:the original
3722:
3718:
3708:
3700:the original
3687:
3683:
3665:
3654:. Retrieved
3650:the original
3645:
3641:
3635:
3627:
3619:the original
3606:
3602:
3592:
3584:the original
3571:
3567:
3557:
3524:
3518:
3514:
3510:
3504:
3496:Plenum Press
3494:. New York:
3491:
3485:
3452:
3448:
3444:
3438:
3421:
3415:
3405:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3318:
3314:
3304:
3264:(1): 23–28.
3261:
3257:
3247:
3196:
3190:
3171:
3167:
3137:
3133:
3123:
3091:(1): 55–61.
3088:
3084:
3081:, Wittmack)"
3078:
3070:
3029:
3025:
3019:
2978:
2974:
2973:Wittmack)".
2970:
2964:
2941:
2935:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2870:
2840:
2836:Crop Science
2834:
2824:
2791:
2787:
2781:
2764:
2760:
2750:
2701:
2697:
2691:
2642:
2638:
2632:
2610:(1): 52–56.
2607:
2601:
2594:
2585:
2579:
2567:. Retrieved
2562:
2549:
2538:. Retrieved
2528:
2516:. Retrieved
2512:
2503:
2478:
2474:
2428:
2422:
2384:
2378:
2372:
2349:
2295:
2291:
2278:
2245:
2241:
2199:
2195:
2173:. Retrieved
2169:
2163:
2136:
2132:
2126:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2069:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:
2029:
2017:. Retrieved
2013:
2003:
1990:
1970:
1964:
1953:. Retrieved
1940:
1930:
1919:. Retrieved
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1874:
1850:
1844:
1841:Stace, C. A.
1835:
1814:
1812:
1801:
1789:
1766:
1764:
1740:
1722:
1715:
1711:South Africa
1704:
1689:
1680:
1669:Please help
1664:verification
1661:
1636:
1623:
1609:
1598:
1570:
1542:
1514:
1494:
1485:
1448:
1434:
1409:
1407:
1390:
1371:
1369:
1338:
1300:
1291:inbred lines
1287:yield stress
1284:
1279:
1275:
1271:
1265:
1260:heritability
1248:
1223:
1216:
1211:
1197:
924:
921:South Africa
916:
896:
888:
884:
880:
875:
871:
864:
860:
855:
851:
834:
833:
822:
807:
776:
770:
755:
746:
735:Please help
730:verification
727:
698:
694:
692:
684:
680:
668:
658:
654:
642:
623:
617:
599:
591:nothospecies
588:
579:
575:
564:
540:
510:
501:
490:Please help
485:verification
482:
402:
370:amphidiploid
367:
340:
325:
284:
276:
264:
219:
218:
204:
202:
188:
168:
167:
144:Supertribe:
101:
88:
75:
62:
18:
4726:Wikispecies
4608:× Triticale
4602:Wikispecies
4365:A. cruentus
4358:A. caudatus
4159:Job's tears
3984:"Triticale"
3963:Vanity Fair
2513:www.fao.org
2435:: 311–326.
2391:: 351–367.
2104:(1): 3–10.
1941:Agriculture
1937:"Triticale"
1604:infectious
1581:nucleotides
1561:biochemical
1457:microspores
1451:culture of
1352:chromosomes
1329:chromosomes
1189:Source: UN
1181:World total
537:, triticale
446:energy crop
211:ex Müntzing
134:Subfamily:
108:Commelinids
82:Angiosperms
4841:Categories
4525:Tell Aswad
4467:Nipa grass
4220:(Triticum)
4083:2021-07-20
3969:2021-07-20
3656:2009-06-22
3638:, Wittm.)"
2540:2009-06-23
2175:2021-07-24
2045:31 January
2019:31 January
1955:2009-06-19
1921:2010-11-25
1890:2016-04-05
1827:References
1761:In fiction
1628:transgenic
1616:biolistics
1589:chromosome
1585:base pairs
1557:morphology
1395:amphiploid
1364:colchicine
1168:0.21
1146:0.29
1124:0.31
1102:0.32
1080:0.39
1058:0.63
1036:1.19
1014:1.61
992:1.93
970:5.44
913:Queensland
829:homozygous
783:Colchicine
633:mixogenome
608:tetraploid
567:colchicine
454:bioethanol
336:polyploidy
334:to induce
332:colchicine
148:Triticodae
24:Triticale
4717:Q17484014
4578:Triticale
4490:Triticeae
4414:Lamiaceae
4325:Buckwheat
4204:Wild rice
4199:Triticale
4057:March 30,
3389:0179-9541
3381:1439-0523
3337:0031-9317
3288:0006-3134
3280:1573-8264
3239:405546128
3231:2363-8478
3213:2363-8486
3054:0735-2689
2995:0040-5752
2909:1601-5223
2882:Hereditas
2726:0040-5752
2718:1432-2242
2667:0721-7714
2659:1432-203X
2509:"FAOSTAT"
2495:0066-4286
2449:0066-4286
2405:0066-4286
2328:236199741
2312:2055-0278
2262:0066-4286
2216:0066-4286
1971:Triticale
1785:Mr. Spock
1781:Gene Coon
1768:Star Trek
1683:June 2021
1633:transgene
1606:bacterial
1566:agronomic
1545:heterosis
1537:molecular
1533:selection
1521:selection
1469:cultivars
1324:gene pool
1240:heterosis
1236:cultivars
1231:hexaploid
1227:heterosis
1208:polygenic
905:chlorotic
843:stem rust
814:cytoplasm
799:fertility
795:aneuploid
749:June 2021
677:octaploid
651:hexaploid
504:June 2021
398:hexaploid
390:octoploid
220:Triticale
205:Triticale
189:See text
158:Triticeae
52:Kingdom:
4852:Pooideae
4772:924881-1
4711:Wikidata
4687:40037412
4682:Tropicos
4587:Wikidata
4486:See also
4349:Amaranth
4253:Norin 10
4248:Red Fife
4243:Khorasan
4008:(1973).
3943:25789300
3890:22996555
3855:27470553
3816:20537650
3808:15067402
3766:15876679
3680:hybrids"
3541:24241002
3469:24226023
3397:84991814
3345:84771294
3296:35661525
3115:37533199
3107:24253624
3062:85298264
3011:14913718
3003:24852306
2927:28559761
2816:22773590
2808:19543880
2773:15306719
2742:18542402
2734:24162154
2683:15935454
2675:26905724
2457:15012526
2354:Springer
2320:34294906
2270:22920559
2224:21568701
2118:24403249
2096:Wittm".
2090:Triticum
1976:Archived
1949:Archived
1643:Research
1486:Zea mays
1449:in vitro
1435:Doubled
1417:dwarfing
1309:Archived
1289:than do
1276:Triticum
1016:(11.37%)
994:(13.63%)
972:(38.42%)
901:necrotic
893:uredinia
787:breeding
778:in vitro
695:Triticum
429:glutenin
419:, pizza
376:for two
305:cultivar
293:Scotland
287:) first
277:Triticum
196:Synonyms
183:Species
138:Pooideae
124:Family:
95:Monocots
4847:Cereals
4798:5325816
4746:2703325
4622:4923821
4593:Q380329
4395:Cañihua
4379:Celosia
4276:Einkorn
4189:Sorghum
4169:Millets
4137:Cereals
4125:Cereals
4032:9265346
3934:4360499
3549:7530770
3477:9686842
3197:Cereals
3034:Bibcode
2918:5445327
2893:: 1–9.
2624:2659383
2569:18 July
2518:5 March
2092:L. and
1867:1221447
1553:genetic
1549:descent
1461:cereals
1453:anthers
1445:alleles
1437:haploid
1391:through
1348:R-genes
1303:R-genes
1255:genomes
1214:1998).
1170:(1.48%)
1148:(2.05%)
1142:Austria
1126:(2.19%)
1104:(2.26%)
1082:(2.75%)
1060:(4.45%)
1032:Belarus
988:Germany
943:in 2022
876:tritici
874:f. sp.
856:secalis
854:f. sp.
791:meiotic
647:A.Camus
585:Species
464:History
450:biomass
437:milling
425:protein
413:cookies
382:species
378:genomes
374:diploid
351:Belarus
347:Germany
328:sterile
297:Germany
267:) is a
164:Genus:
154:Tribe:
128:Poaceae
114:Order:
56:Plantae
4811:TRITI2
4806:PLANTS
4785:500788
4648:782021
4400:Djulis
4385:Quinoa
4258:Winter
4218:Wheat
4149:Barley
4038:
4030:
4020:
3941:
3931:
3888:
3853:
3814:
3806:
3764:
3547:
3539:
3475:
3467:
3417:Genome
3395:
3387:
3379:
3343:
3335:
3294:
3286:
3278:
3237:
3229:
3219:
3211:
3113:
3105:
3060:
3052:
3009:
3001:
2993:
2952:
2925:
2915:
2907:
2814:
2806:
2771:
2740:
2732:
2724:
2716:
2681:
2673:
2665:
2657:
2622:
2493:
2455:
2447:
2403:
2360:
2326:
2318:
2310:
2268:
2260:
2222:
2214:
2116:
1943:. The
1865:
1806:", in
1797:Chekov
1743:gluten
1474:anther
1465:pollen
1441:inbred
1403:
1399:
1317:cereal
1280:Secale
1244:inbred
1212:et al.
1200:traits
1161:
1139:
1120:Russia
1117:
1098:Turkey
1095:
1073:
1051:
1038:(8.4%)
1029:
1010:France
1007:
985:
966:Poland
963:
950:tonnes
825:inbred
818:genome
773:embryo
699:et al.
673:Wittm.
560:double
548:donkey
442:starch
433:lysine
405:CIMMYT
394:ploidy
359:Russia
355:France
343:Poland
313:fodder
309:forage
285:Secale
279:) and
269:hybrid
118:Poales
4759:12927
4661:49317
4635:18449
4447:Drinn
4286:Spelt
4281:Emmer
4268:Farro
4238:Durum
4233:Bread
4154:Fonio
3886:S2CID
3851:S2CID
3812:S2CID
3676:and F
3545:S2CID
3473:S2CID
3393:S2CID
3377:eISSN
3341:S2CID
3292:S2CID
3276:eISSN
3209:eISSN
3111:S2CID
3058:S2CID
3007:S2CID
2889:(1).
2812:S2CID
2738:S2CID
2714:eISSN
2679:S2CID
2655:eISSN
2620:S2CID
2559:(PDF)
2431:(1).
2387:(1).
2324:S2CID
2288:(PDF)
2114:S2CID
1912:(PDF)
1863:JSTOR
1846:Taxon
1718:grain
1505:wheat
1501:maize
1490:auxin
1482:maize
1251:grain
1184:14.16
1076:China
1054:Spain
841:is a
837:Sr27
810:genes
635:A/B).
544:horse
531:Wheat
458:vodka
421:dough
417:pasta
301:grain
273:wheat
102:Clade
89:Clade
76:Clade
63:Clade
4819:POWO
4780:ITIS
4767:IPNI
4754:GRIN
4741:GBIF
4669:POWO
4656:NCBI
4643:ITIS
4630:GRIN
4617:GBIF
4422:Chia
4194:Teff
4179:Rice
4174:Oats
4127:and
4059:2013
4028:OCLC
4018:ISBN
3992:2011
3939:PMID
3804:PMID
3762:PMID
3537:PMID
3513:and
3465:PMID
3385:ISSN
3333:ISSN
3284:ISSN
3235:OCLC
3227:ISSN
3217:ISBN
3103:PMID
3050:ISSN
2999:PMID
2991:ISSN
2950:ISBN
2923:PMID
2905:ISSN
2877:L.)"
2804:PMID
2769:PMID
2730:PMID
2722:ISSN
2671:PMID
2663:ISSN
2571:2013
2520:2024
2491:ISSN
2453:PMID
2445:ISSN
2401:ISSN
2358:ISBN
2316:PMID
2308:ISSN
2266:PMID
2258:ISSN
2220:PMID
2212:ISSN
2164:Sr27
2047:2023
2021:2023
1753:and
1599:The
1455:and
1412:Ddw1
1374:Sr59
1370:The
1278:and
1204:gene
1154:10.
925:Sr27
917:Sr27
911:and
885:Sr27
803:seed
571:gout
552:mule
546:and
403:The
357:and
295:and
289:bred
263:; ×
4184:Rye
4040:202
3929:PMC
3919:doi
3878:doi
3843:doi
3796:doi
3792:108
3727:doi
3723:122
3692:doi
3688:120
3611:doi
3607:124
3576:doi
3572:117
3529:doi
3515:Kr2
3511:Kr1
3457:doi
3426:doi
3369:doi
3365:119
3323:doi
3319:127
3266:doi
3201:doi
3176:doi
3172:116
3142:doi
3093:doi
3042:doi
2983:doi
2979:127
2913:PMC
2895:doi
2887:154
2845:doi
2796:doi
2792:119
2706:doi
2702:127
2647:doi
2612:doi
2483:doi
2437:doi
2393:doi
2300:doi
2250:doi
2204:doi
2141:doi
2106:doi
1916:FAO
1855:doi
1823:".
1771:, "
1709:in
1673:by
1387:rye
1385:of
1360:DNA
1272:Rht
1229:in
1132:9.
1110:8.
1088:7.
1066:6.
1044:5.
1022:4.
1000:3.
978:2.
956:1.
903:or
881:Pgt
865:Pgs
861:Pgs
847:rye
739:by
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494:by
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271:of
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