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Pierrot
Grenade – A jester pretending to be a scholar. The character is a paradoy of the Pierrot character, which was a character from the Carnival balls held by the French planter class in late 18th century Trinidad. The Pierrot character was a well-dressed scholar who boasted about his knowledge.
320:
in an attempt to prevent violence breaking out during the
Carnival. The Act prohibited public carrying of torches, drumming, blowing horns, and stick-fighting (or the assembly of ten or more people with sticks). It also established the official start of Carnival as 6:00 A.M. (the Monday before
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brought by
African slaves imported to that Caribbean island to work on sugar plantations. These slaves, brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. They used calypso to mock the slave masters and to
398:. The celebration involves participants dousing themselves in oil, mud, and powder, and dancing to calypso and soca music through the streets. This is a stark contrast to the attractive and more formal costumes that are donned later in the day on Carnival Monday and on Tuesday.
394:(translated from French as "break of day") symbolizes the start of the official two days of Carnival. Beginning early Monday, revelers parade through town in the tradition of the Canboulay celebrations. "Jouvay" (as it is commonly pronounced and spelled) features a variety of
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planters and 'free coloureds' (free people of mixed race), as well as enslaved
Africans. The Mas tradition started in the late 18th century with French plantation owners organizing masquerades (mas) and balls before enduring the fasting of
1353:
306:, and soon began celebrating emancipation during the Carnival season. As part of this transformation, they started carrying burning sugarcane in celebration of Canboulay. The carnival soon featured dancing by men and women in masks.
1499:"Submits Ordinance No. 1 of 1884: Peace Preservation. To empower the Governor to prohibit the public carrying of lighted torches at the Carnival, and for the preservation of the peace. Proclamation approved"
891:
652:(Spanish for 'little donkey'). The costume is constructed so as to give the illusion of a dancer riding a small burro or donkey. This masquerade was brought to Trinidad by Venezuelan settlers.
1649:""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly"
1429:""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly"
1398:""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly"
1159:""The City Could Burn Down, We Jammin' Still!": The History and Tradition of Cultural Resistance in the Art, Music, Masquerade and Politics of the Caribbean Carnival: Caribbean Quarterly"
671:
Midnight Robber – A storytelling character who brags about himself and his valor. The character and costume is influenced by West
African dress and storytelling as well as the American
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During the mid- and late-1800s, the colonial government tried various ways to suppress
Carnival and Carnival festivities. These prohibitions resulted in civil disorder, including the
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263:. Canboulay is considered is a precursor to Trinidad and Tobago Carnival, and has played an important role in the development of the music of Trinidad and Tobago.
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658:– A voluptuous woman. The costume parodies the dress of 18th-century French aristocratic women and is stuffed in the hips and bust. Often performed by men.
181:, as it is celebrated in Trinidad and Tobago, has spread to many other Caribbean islands as well as several cities worldwide. These celebrations include
2483:
1516:
696:– A stilt dancer. The character is of African origin. Originally the character wore a hat made of dried wild cucumbers, and the stilts were striped.
135:. This event is well known for participants' colorful costumes and exuberant celebrations. There are numerous cultural events such as "band launch"
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668:(meaning 'devil). There are Jab Jabs of different colors, including the "Jab Molassi" (molasses devil) cover their bodies in oil from head to toe.
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A Music Truck entertains the crowd on the streets. Trucks are an integral part of the street parade, featuring live performances or deejays
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361:(or pans) are now a major part of the Trinidadian music scene and are a popular section of the Canboulay music contests. In 1941, the
345:"Bamboo-Tamboo" sticks beaten together, which were themselves banned in turn. In 1937 they reappeared, transformed as an orchestra of
3114:
3104:
1621:
291:, a form of martial art involving stick-fighting. The calinda is likely of African origin, and is accompanied by music and dancing.
236:. Enslaved Africans, who could not take part in Carnival. They are said to have staged their own mini-carnivals, but using their own
1703:
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302:, and Emancipation took effect August 1, 1834. After Emancipation, freed Africans first celebrated their freedom on 1 August the
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running in the lead up to the street parade on
Carnival Monday and Tuesday. Traditionally, the festival is associated with
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A few specific characters have evolved during the history of
Trinidad and Tobago's Carnival. Among these characters are:
1948:
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Colonialism and
Cultural Identity: Crises of Tradition in the Anglophone Literatures of India, Africa, and the Caribbean
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287:. Additional traditions were introduced to Trinidad by enslaved Africans during the 18th century. These include the
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arrived on
Trinidad, and the panmen, who were associated with lawlessness and violence, helped to popularize
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American Foreign Policy in the English-speaking Caribbean: From the Eighteenth to the Twenty-first Century
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The Jumbies' Playing Ground: Old World Influences on Afro-Creole Masquerades in the Eastern Caribbean
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Minstrels – A group of singers, often with instruments. The singers would sometimes dress in
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283:. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a chantuelle and eventually,
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28:
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8:
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2168:
Honoré, Brian (1998-01-01). "The Midnight Robber: Master of Metaphor, Baron of Bombast".
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Diasporic Identity: Myth, Culture, and the Politics of Home: A Special Issue of identity
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1040:. National Library and Information System Authority. 15 December 2014. Archived from
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1008:
Origins of Pan-Africanism: Henry Sylvester Williams, Africa, and the African Diaspora
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Dictionary of the English/Creole of Trinidad & Tobago: On Historical Principles
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675:. The character wears an oversized hat, which comes in different shapes and colors.
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354:
334:
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259:) The festival was characterized by drums, singing, calinda dancing, chanting, and
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2329:"Masqueraders keep old-time mas alive in traditional and conventional competition"
1664:
1444:
1413:
1174:
796:
773:"YUMA kicks off band launch season for Carnival 2024 | Loop Trinidad & Tobago"
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Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African
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Political Messaging in Music and Entertainment Spaces across the Globe. Volume 1
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The table shows a list of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival dates from 2009 to 2026.
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260:
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1679:"Trinidad and Tobago Carnival: A vibrant celebration of culture and tradition"
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in Trinidad dates back to the 1780s, when an influx of immigrants from the
2993:
2000:"Maria Nuitter Espinal: "We want to keep the tradition alive" | Own words"
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1481:
Sogren, Michele, and Ruth J. Parsons. 2008. “Carnival Fete or Conflict?”
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The Pierrot Grenade's costume is made of scraps of cloth pieced together.
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1373:"Trinidad and Tobago to celebrate African Emancipation Day on August 1"
850:
Land of the Calypso: The Origin and Development of Trinidad's Folk Song
346:
148:
102:
1890:
2871:
2841:
687:
645:
366:
256:
248:
2096:
Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival
917:"Three Hot Carnival Celebrations To Hit In February (Besides Rio's)"
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Trinidad Carnival: The Cultural Politics of a Transnational Festival
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music among soldiers, which began its international popularization.
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2076:"Mas protest: How traditional Carnival was born out of resistance"
892:"Traditional Mas Characters - Calinda or Kalenda (Stick Fighting)"
2530:
2143:"A Carnival Theme Rooted in our Traditions by Dr. Nicole Phillip"
1092:"Political Dramas in the Jour Ouvert Parade in Trinidad Carnaval"
350:
288:
237:
182:
136:
1574:. Vol. 1. Kingston: Oxford University Press. p. 776.
342:
193:
797:"Trinidad and Tobago Carnival | Trinidad Travel & Tourism"
313:
of 1881 and 1884. In 1884, the colonial government passed the
275:
communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in
2912:
1130:"Jouvert: Carnival high times, from Trinidad to the diaspora"
280:
267:
189:
2446:
2356:. Port of Spain: Caribbean Print Technologies. p. 235.
2436:
2024:"Caribbean festival performers enlisted in the COVID fight"
1704:"Sugar Mas 42 J'ouvert Attracts Thousands By by LK Hewlett"
322:
247:
Enslaved Africans also formed parallel celebration called "
244:
and imitating or mocking their masters' masquerade balls.
233:
64:
2303:
Carnival: Culture in Action : the Trinidad Experience
1623:
Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making
1191:
Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making
127:
is an annual event held on the Monday and Tuesday before
2452:
History and Carnival Information at the National Library
637:
List of Trinidad and Tobago Carnival character costumes
175:
competitions are important components of the festival.
1779:"Photo: Celebrating the start of Carnival in Trinidad"
74:
processions, music, dancing, and the use of masquerade
2123:. National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
1832:
Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience
1239:
Carnival: Culture in Action – The Trinidad Experience
2385:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
2251:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
2055:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
1979:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
1909:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
1463:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
896:
National Carnival Commission of Trinidad and Tobago
33:Members of a costume band parade on the streets of
1216:"J'ouvert: Genesis Immersive Experience (booklet)"
151:has begun to replace calypso as the more popular
3091:
2093:Green, Garth L.; Scher, Philip W. (2007-03-28).
1089:
720:Green, Garth L.; Scher, Philip W. (2007-03-28).
2442:Calendar of Events at the Trinidad Tourism Site
1517:"Immigration and the Political Economy of Home"
2457:The Birth & Evolution of Trinidad Carnival
2381:"Traditional Mas Characters - Pierrot Grenade"
2326:
2247:"Traditional Mas Characters - Midnight Robber"
1370:
2491:
2477:
2447:National Carnival Commission Official Website
1921:
978:Race Relations in Colonial Trinidad 1870-1900
2051:"Traditional Mas Characters - Dame Lorraine"
846:
2351:
2121:"Traditional Mas Characters - Jab Molassie"
1796:
1354:"The West Indian colonies and emancipation"
2484:
2470:
2092:
1929:"[Updated] Covid19 Kills Carnival"
1802:
1090:Alleyne-Dettmers, Patricia Tamara (1995).
847:Espinet, Charles S.; Pitts, Harry (1944).
719:
27:
2437:Official Trinidad and Tobago Tourism Site
1905:"Carnival Dates to Year 2026 (2014-2026)"
1459:"Canboulay Riots to head to San Fernando"
223:emigrated to Trinidad in response to the
2408:
2274:"Traditional Mas Characters - Minstrels"
1975:"Traditional Mas Characters - Burrokeet"
1946:
1539:
1265:French creole influence on calypso music
1004:
974:
944:
626:
382:
337:were banned in 1881, in response to the
16:Annual event held in Trinidad and Tobago
1998:Roche, Raquel Vasquez La (2022-01-01).
1947:Nicholls, Robert Wyndham (2012-09-14).
1855:
1803:Ehrenreich, Barbara (1 February 2009).
1646:
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1426:
1395:
1156:
1062:
1032:
1030:
1028:
945:Chaitram, Samantha S. S. (2020-06-01).
822:"The subversive power of calypso music"
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661:Jab Jab – A devil character, from the
3125:Folk festivals in Trinidad and Tobago
2465:
2073:
1997:
1942:
1940:
1938:
1887:"Trinidad Carnival Dates (2009-2015)"
1865:Journal of Emerging Dance Scholarship
1572:Dictionary of Caribbean English Usage
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1325:
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1294:
1292:
1152:
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970:
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3120:Winter events in Trinidad and Tobago
3110:Annual events in Trinidad and Tobago
2196:"Midnight Robber Carnival Character"
2135:
1822:
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1640:
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860:
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2327:Hamilton-Davis, Ryan (2022-02-21).
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2236:
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2161:
2113:
2086:
2040:
1829:Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004-10-14).
1729:"8 of the best Caribbean carnivals"
1560:
1533:
1420:
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1371:Hamilton-Davis, Ryan (2024-04-19).
1236:Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004-10-14).
1229:
1181:
933:
147:in 17th century Trinidad; however,
13:
1935:
1488:
1475:
1451:
1326:Hogan, Patrick Colm (2000-01-27).
1289:
1147:
995:
965:
648:– A donkey-riding character, from
192:Miami Carnival, Houston Carifest,
145:enslaved West and Central Africans
14:
3136:
2430:
1805:"Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival"
1755:"Up Close at Trinidad's Carnival"
914:
868:"Traditional Carnival Characters"
857:
710:
401:
304:anniversary of their emancipation
3115:Carnivals in Trinidad and Tobago
3105:Music festivals in the Caribbean
3071:
3057:
2546:
1858:"J'ouvert Speaks to the Present"
1483:Caribbean Journal of Social Work
975:Brereton, Bridget (2002-06-06).
2345:
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2016:
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1305:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
1256:
1208:
1122:
1083:
1056:
1005:Sherwood, Marika (2012-07-26).
853:. Guardian Commercial Printery.
747:Doughty, Melissa (2023-06-21).
682:, parodying the white American
408:
3100:Culture of Trinidad and Tobago
2409:Kerrigan, Dylan (2005-01-01).
1953:. Univ. Press of Mississippi.
1626:. Cambridge University Press.
1194:. Cambridge University Press.
981:. Cambridge University Press.
908:
884:
840:
814:
789:
765:
740:
396:homemade or satirical costumes
251:". Canboulay (from the French
82:Monday and Tuesday before Lent
1:
2300:Riggio, Milla Cozart (2004).
1665:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348
1540:Onyebadi, Uche (2022-09-06).
1445:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348
1414:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348
1175:10.1080/00086495.2019.1682348
1063:Allahar, Anton (2002-03-01).
704:
622:
2099:. Indiana University Press.
1856:Sheriff, Nai-Whedai (2014).
726:. Indiana University Press.
227:. These immigrants included
125:Trinidad and Tobago Carnival
7:
2333:Trinidad and Tobago Newsday
1708:The St Kitts Nevis Observer
1600:Trinidad and Tobago Newsday
1377:Trinidad and Tobago Newsday
753:Trinidad and Tobago Newsday
333:Stick fighting and African
10:
3141:
1299:Winer, Lise (2009-01-16).
749:"Band launches on the way"
634:
376:
279:by an individual called a
3051:
3035:
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2892:
2824:
2754:
2555:
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1647:La Rose, Michael (2019).
1427:La Rose, Michael (2019).
1396:La Rose, Michael (2019).
1157:La Rose, Michael (2019).
568:
557:
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59:
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41:
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2697:Belarus, Russia, Ukraine
341:. They were replaced by
2415:Caribbean Beat Magazine
2224:Trinidad Carnival Diary
2200:Traditional Mas Archive
2004:Caribbean Beat Magazine
1753:Magazine, Smithsonian.
1485:6/7 (December): 167–85.
1268:. YouTube. 2010-12-17.
1134:PAM - Pan African Music
3064:Catholicism portal
2411:"Creatures of the mas"
2147:GroundationGrenada.com
1867:. World Dance Alliance
1596:"A J'Ouvert bacchanal"
915:Guide, Forbes Travel.
632:
631:Moko jumbie characters
388:
315:Peace Preservation Act
2220:"Carnival Characters"
1620:Cowley, John (1998).
1188:Cowley, John (1998).
630:
386:
300:Slavery Abolition Act
197:Notting Hill Carnival
2352:John Mendes (2014).
2306:. Psychology Press.
1931:. 28 September 2020.
1759:Smithsonian Magazine
1570:Allsopp, R. (1996).
1521:publishing.cdlib.org
1503:UK National Archives
1069:. Psychology Press.
2884:Trinidad and Tobago
2536:Ati-Atihan festival
2074:Dechausay, Lucius.
1653:Caribbean Quarterly
1433:Caribbean Quarterly
1402:Caribbean Quarterly
1163:Caribbean Quarterly
1044:on 11 February 2017
1038:""Mama Dis is Mas""
951:. Springer Nature.
225:Cédula de Población
159:(sometimes called "
133:Trinidad and Tobago
46:Trinidad and Tobago
2862:Dominican Republic
803:. Tourism Trinidad
633:
389:
363:United States Navy
296:British government
221:French West Indies
205:Labor Day Carnival
99:Caribbean Carnival
3087:
3086:
2313:978-0-415-27128-8
2106:978-0-253-11672-7
1960:978-1-4968-0118-0
1842:978-1-134-48780-6
1633:978-0-521-65389-3
1553:978-1-64889-471-8
1339:978-0-7914-4460-3
1312:978-0-7735-7607-0
1249:978-1-134-48780-6
1201:978-0-521-65389-3
1096:Caribbean Studies
1076:978-1-135-58781-9
1018:978-1-136-89113-7
988:978-0-521-52313-4
958:978-3-030-45986-4
733:978-0-253-11672-7
620:
619:
569:Cancelled due to
558:Cancelled due to
418:Carnival Tuesday
121:
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3078:World portal
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2967:Negros y Blancos
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2495:around the world
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2149:. 18 August 2011
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415:Carnival Monday
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335:percussion music
255:, meaning burnt
42:Observed by
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1602:. June 22, 2021
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1505:. Jan 30, 1884.
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1225:. October 2022.
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686:who dressed in
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625:
404:
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339:Canboulay Riots
311:Canboulay riots
272:canboulay music
217:annual Carnival
213:
143:, developed by
95:Related to
37:
17:
12:
11:
5:
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2176:(3): 124–131.
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2015:
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1332:. SUNY Press.
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412:Calendar Year
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261:stick-fighting
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1835:. Routledge.
1834:
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1358:UK Parliament
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1275:9780313357978
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1242:. Routledge.
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1011:. Routledge.
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663:French Patois
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656:Dame Lorraine
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297:
294:In 1833, the
292:
290:
286:
282:
278:
277:French Creole
273:
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253:cannes brulés
250:
245:
243:
239:
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201:New York City
199:, as well as
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184:
180:
176:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
153:musical genre
150:
146:
142:
141:calypso music
138:
134:
130:
129:Ash Wednesday
126:
116:
115:Ash Wednesday
112:
111:Shrove Monday
108:
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85:
81:
77:
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66:
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58:
54:
50:
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44:
40:
36:
35:Port of Spain
30:
25:
20:
3069:
3055:
2962:Barranquilla
2908:Gualeguaychú
2903:Buenos Aires
2883:
2527:Philippines
2418:. Retrieved
2414:
2388:. Retrieved
2384:
2353:
2347:
2336:. Retrieved
2332:
2322:
2302:
2281:. Retrieved
2277:
2254:. Retrieved
2250:
2227:. Retrieved
2223:
2214:
2203:. Retrieved
2199:
2190:
2173:
2169:
2163:
2151:. Retrieved
2146:
2137:
2125:. Retrieved
2115:
2095:
2088:
2079:
2069:
2058:. Retrieved
2054:
2031:. Retrieved
2027:
2018:
2007:. Retrieved
2003:
1993:
1982:. Retrieved
1978:
1969:
1949:
1923:
1912:. Retrieved
1908:
1899:
1891:the original
1881:
1869:. Retrieved
1864:
1851:
1831:
1824:
1812:. Retrieved
1808:
1798:
1787:. Retrieved
1785:. 2017-02-28
1783:PBS NewsHour
1782:
1773:
1762:. Retrieved
1758:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1735:. 2023-07-14
1732:
1723:
1712:. Retrieved
1710:. 2013-12-27
1707:
1698:
1687:. Retrieved
1685:. 2023-01-20
1682:
1673:
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1615:
1604:. Retrieved
1599:
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1520:
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1466:. Retrieved
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1391:
1380:. Retrieved
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2205:2024-06-15
2060:2024-06-15
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2009:2024-06-15
1984:2024-06-15
1914:2024-06-13
1789:2024-05-24
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1714:2024-05-27
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1468:2024-05-29
1382:2024-05-25
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926:2024-06-14
901:2024-06-14
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807:2024-06-14
782:2024-06-14
758:2024-06-14
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680:whiteface
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