229:
41:
31:
562:. The protic solvents tend to localize the triiodide anion's excess charge, resulting in the triiodide anion's asymmetric structure. For example, the triiodide anion in methanol has an asymmetric bent structure with a charge localized on the longer end of the anion.
713:; several higher polyiodides exist. In solution, it appears yellow in low concentrations, and brown at higher concentrations. The triiodide ion is responsible for the well-known blue-black color which arises when iodine solutions interact with
426:
ratio should only be referred to as triiodides in cases where the triiodide anion is present. It may also be helpful to indicate the oxidation number of a metal cation, where appropriate. For example, the covalent molecule
401:
Other chemical compounds with "triiodide" in their name may contain three iodide centers that are not bonded to each other as the triiodide ion, but exist instead as separate iodine atoms or iodide ions. Examples include
1511:
Raso, Angela R. W.; Custard, Kyle D.; May, Nathaniel W.; Tanner, David; Newburn, Matt K.; Walker, Lawrence; Moore, Ronald J.; Huey, L. G.; Alexander, Liz; Shepson, Paul B.; Pratt, Kerri A. (2017-09-19).
517:, the central iodine atom has three equatorial lone pairs, and the terminal iodine atoms are bonded axially in a linear fashion, due to the three lone pairs bonding to the central iodine-atom. In the
418:), where individual iodine atoms are covalently bonded to a central atom. As some cations have the theoretical possibility to form compounds with both triiodide and iodide ions, such as
771:
is more common. In solution, only two-body dissociation of triiodide has been observed. In the protic solvents, an iodine atom at the shorter end of the triiodide anion dissociates upon
1759:
731:, although nominally a solution of elemental iodine in ethanol, also contains significant amounts of triiodide, due to its content of both iodide and water.
547:. The triiodide anion is easily polarised and in many salts, one I−I bond becomes shorter than the other. Only in combination with large cations, e.g. a
1652:
Gibson, Elizabeth A.; Le Pleux, Loïc; Fortage, Jérôme; Pellegrin, Yann; Blart, Errol; Odobel, Fabrice; Hagfeldt, Anders; Boschloo, Gerrit (2012-04-17).
1446:
Xian, Rui; Corthey, Gastón; Rogers, David M.; Morrison, Carole A.; Prokhorenko, Valentyn I.; Hayes, Stuart A.; Miller, R. J. Dwayne (2017-03-27).
727:
contains potassium iodide and a stoichiometric amount of elemental iodine, so that significant amounts of triiodide ion exist in this solution.
514:
268:
1579:
Gomes, André Severo
Pereira; Visscher, Lucas; Bolvin, Hélène; Saue, Trond; Knecht, Stefan; Fleig, Timo; Eliav, Ephraim (2010-08-14).
966:"Solvent Effects in the Raman Spectra of the Triiodide Ion: Observation of Dynamic Symmetry Breaking and Solvent Degrees of Freedom"
1793:
1047:
Heo, Jun; Kim, Jong Goo; Choi, Eun Hyuk; Ki, Hosung; Ahn, Doo-Sik; Kim, Jungmin; Lee, Seonggon; Ihee, Hyotcherl (26 January 2022).
1581:"The electronic structure of the triiodide ion from relativistic correlated calculations: A comparison of different methodologies"
1334:
Herbstein, F. H.; Kaftory, M.; Kapon, M.; Saenger, W. (1981-01-01). Herbstein, F. H.; Kaftory, M.; Kapon, M.; Saenger, W. (eds.).
783:. It has been shown that the solid state photoreaction mechanism depends on the light wavelength, yielding fast recovery in a few
948:
439:) is better referred to as gallium(III) iodide to emphasise that it is iodide anions that are present, and not triiodide.
1049:"Determining the charge distribution and the direction of bond cleavage with femtosecond anisotropic x-ray liquidography"
775:
showing two-body dissociation. In the solid state, the triiodide photochemistry has been studied in compounds involving
1112:
Hoops, Alexandra A.; Gascooke, Jason R.; Faulhaber, Ann Elise; Kautzman, Kathryn E.; Neumark, Daniel M. (2004-04-03).
923:
243:
1756:
1185:
Nakanishi, Ryuzo; Saitou, Naoya; Ohno, Tomoyo; Kowashi, Satomi; Yabushita, Satoshi; Nagata, Takashi (2007-05-28).
791:
on longer timescales. Besides, triiodide photochemistry is an important contributor in the environmental cycle of
337:
1289:"Vibrational relaxation and geminate recombination in the femtosecond-photodissociation of triiodide in solution"
851:
526:
799:
atoms and the well-calibrated chemical pathways, triiodide has also become a computational benchmark system for
1788:
800:
40:
1480:
1335:
780:
186:
130:
207:
1187:"Photodissociation of gas-phase I3−: Comprehensive understanding of nonadiabatic dissociation dynamics"
776:
548:
876:
820:
1654:"Role of the Triiodide/Iodide Redox Couple in Dye Regeneration in p-Type Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells"
224:
518:
30:
900:
881:
856:
787:
or going through a two-stage process that involves the formation and break-up of a tetraiodide
788:
110:
60:
1448:"Coherent ultrafast lattice-directed reaction dynamics of triiodide anion photodissociation"
1798:
1592:
1525:
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1198:
1125:
1060:
824:
748:
555:
411:
195:
150:
86:
8:
1336:"Structures of three crystals containing approximately — linear chains of triiodide ions"
428:
228:
76:
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1529:
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1398:
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1304:
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1202:
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1064:
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1428:
1167:
1089:
1048:
1003:
Lynden-Bell, R. M.; Kosloff, R.; Ruhman, S.; Danovich, D.; Vala, J. (8 December 1998).
763:
ions and iodine radicals as photoproducts, which are formed by two-body and three-body
728:
660:
622:
603:
403:
390:
386:
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1141:
1133:
1084:
1068:
1016:
977:
846:
374:
366:
291:
175:
1580:
565:
The dimensions of the triiodide bonds in a few sample compounds are shown below:
1778:
1763:
1359:
1186:
1113:
866:
772:
1288:
1241:
558:
phase, the bond lengths and angles of triiodide vary depending on the nature of
1072:
812:
740:
543:, the bond lengths and angles of triiodide vary depending on the nature of the
540:
498:
331:
1613:
714:
1772:
1724:
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1622:
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1489:
1416:
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1320:
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1218:
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1080:
1028:
989:
965:
760:
423:
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1447:
1407:
1382:
1005:"Does solvation cause symmetry breaking in the I3− ion in aqueous solution?"
717:. Iodide does not react with starch; nor do solutions of iodine in nonpolar
1732:
1716:
1685:
1630:
1565:
1497:
1424:
1226:
1163:
1098:
502:
1242:"Ultrafast photodissociation of I 3 . Coherent photochemistry in solution"
1700:
768:
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141:
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1604:
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1020:
861:
751:
and the solid state. In gas phase, the reaction proceeds in multiple
448:
330:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
1699:
Ma, Jizhen; Liu, Miaomiao; He, Yulong; Zhang, Jintao (2021-02-17).
1383:"Irreversible Organic Crystalline Chemistry Monitored in Real Time"
1004:
419:
109:
718:
559:
162:
1002:
816:
796:
792:
756:
544:
530:
505:) except that the higher polyiodides have branched structures.
483:
382:
378:
370:
121:
1651:
1111:
99:
1333:
212:
1184:
393:(). Triiodide is observed to be a red colour in solution.
1445:
744:
551:
such as , may the triiodide remain roughly symmetrical.
452:
1340:
1114:"Two- and three-body photodissociation of gas phase I3−"
385:. Some salts of the anion have been isolated, including
1578:
1514:"Active molecular iodine photochemistry in the Arctic"
943:(5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 431.
1510:
964:Johnson, Alan E.; Myers, Anne B. (1 January 1996).
1701:"Iodine Redox Chemistry in Rechargeable Batteries"
529:. The I−I bond is longer than in diatomic iodine,
1481:20.500.11820/52dbea74-99b4-454b-aac2-56c7be20947b
1381:Poulin, Peter R.; Nelson, Keith A. (2006-09-22).
513:The ion is linear and symmetrical. According to
1770:
174:
1757:Kinetic study of the iodine–persulfate reaction
1518:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
490:. The process is analogous to the reaction of
85:
1287:Kühne, Thomas; Vöhringer, Peter (1996-12-22).
1286:
422:, compounds containing iodide anions in a 3:1
743:. Its reaction mechanism has been studied in
1698:
1380:
1046:
963:
515:valence shell electron pair repulsion theory
1239:
767:. In condensed phases, due to confinement,
1240:Banin, Uri; Ruhman, Sanford (1993-03-15).
901:"Halogens as oxidising agents - Chemguide"
227:
149:
1612:
1555:
1537:
1479:
1406:
1145:
1088:
525:bonding on the central iodine involves a
194:
508:
478:In this reaction, iodide is viewed as a
451:equilibrium gives rise to the triiodide
1705:Angewandte Chemie International Edition
819:has been proposed as critical steps in
223:
1771:
938:
1042:
1040:
1038:
913:
353:usually refers to the triiodide ion,
255:Key: WRTMQOHKMFDUKX-UHFFFAOYSA-N
129:
806:
795:. Because of the presence of heavy
165:
13:
1035:
709:The triiodide ion is the simplest
39:
29:
14:
1810:
1750:
970:The Journal of Physical Chemistry
734:
373:atoms. It is formed by combining
1794:Homonuclear triatomic molecules
1692:
1645:
1585:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1572:
1504:
1439:
1374:
1327:
1293:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1280:
1246:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1191:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1118:The Journal of Chemical Physics
1009:The Journal of Chemical Physics
852:Three-center four-electron bond
739:Triiodide is a model system in
527:three-center four-electron bond
521:, a common explanation for the
396:
334:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
1233:
1178:
1105:
996:
957:
932:
916:Structural Inorganic Chemistry
907:
893:
801:relativistic quantum chemistry
442:
1:
887:
704:
34:Skeletal formula of triiodide
1360:10.1524/zkri.1981.154.1-2.11
939:Atkins; et al. (2010).
781:tetrabutylammonium triiodide
44:Spacefill model of triiodide
7:
918:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
830:
777:quaternary ammonium cations
25:
10:
1815:
1073:10.1038/s41467-022-28168-0
821:dye-sensitized solar cells
877:Dye-sensitized solar cell
365:. This anion, one of the
328:
284:
264:
239:
69:
59:
54:
24:
1539:10.1073/pnas.1702803114
1408:10.1126/science.1127826
519:molecular orbital model
369:, is composed of three
1717:10.1002/anie.202009871
882:Organic superconductor
825:rechargeable batteries
769:geminate recombination
252:InChI=1S/I3/c1-3-2/q-1
45:
35:
1789:Hypervalent molecules
1053:Nature Communications
914:Wells, A. F. (1984).
509:Structure and bonding
387:thallium(I) triiodide
43:
33:
412:phosphorus triiodide
1711:(23): 12636–12647.
1597:2010JChPh.133f4305G
1530:2017PNAS..11410053R
1524:(38): 10053–10058.
1464:2017NatCh...9..516X
1399:2006Sci...313.1756P
1393:(5794): 1756–1760.
1352:1981ZK....154...11H
1305:1996JChPh.10510788K
1299:(24): 10788–10802.
1258:1993JChPh..98.4391B
1203:2007JChPh.126t4311N
1130:2004JChPh.120.7901H
1065:2022NatCo..13..522H
941:Inorganic Chemistry
549:quaternary ammonium
324: g·mol
21:
1762:2011-07-16 at the
1614:20.500.12210/35342
1472:10.1038/nchem.2751
857:Iodine–starch test
729:Tincture of iodine
404:nitrogen triiodide
391:ammonium triiodide
338:Infobox references
46:
36:
19:
1670:10.1021/la300215q
1664:(15): 6485–6493.
1605:10.1063/1.3474571
1211:10.1063/1.2736691
1138:10.1063/1.1691017
1124:(17): 7901–7909.
1015:(22): 9928–9937.
982:10.1021/jp953052x
976:(19): 7778–7788.
950:978-0-19-923617-6
815:of triiodide and
700:
699:
429:gallium triiodide
375:aqueous solutions
346:Chemical compound
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208:CompTox Dashboard
111:Interactive image
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523:hypervalent
443:Preparation
285:Properties
1773:Categories
1147:2440/34955
1059:(1): 522.
888:References
842:Tribromide
837:Polyiodide
779:, such as
761:metastable
759:molecule,
711:polyiodide
705:Properties
598:angle (°)
488:Lewis acid
482:, and the
480:Lewis base
381:salts and
314:Molar mass
196:DA1N05631Q
142:ChemSpider
98:3D model (
87:14900-04-0
77:CAS Number
61:IUPAC name
20:Triiodide
1741:221769817
1725:1433-7851
1678:0743-7463
1623:0021-9606
1548:0027-8424
1490:1755-4330
1417:0036-8075
1368:2194-4946
1321:0021-9606
1274:0021-9606
1219:0021-9606
1156:0021-9606
1081:2041-1723
1029:0021-9606
990:0022-3654
862:Iodometry
573:compound
449:exergonic
389:(Tl) and
351:triiodide
1760:Archived
1733:32939916
1686:22432412
1658:Langmuir
1631:20707568
1566:28874585
1498:28537597
1433:35002522
1425:16946037
1227:17552766
1172:94632820
1164:15267705
1099:35082327
831:See also
753:pathways
749:solution
719:solvents
556:solution
420:ammonium
1784:Iodides
1639:8849684
1593:Bibcode
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1090:8792042
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652:284.2
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633:283.3
630:305.1
617:177.9
614:282.6
611:306.3
545:cation
484:iodine
463:+ I ⇌
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383:iodine
379:iodide
371:iodine
269:SMILES
176:105054
122:ChEMBL
55:Names
1737:S2CID
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