122:
25:
465:
societies as well and so the hypothesis has only limited utility in illuminating prehistoric Indo-European society. Cristiano
Grottanelli states that while Dumézilian trifunctionalism may be seen in modern and medieval contexts, its projection onto earlier cultures is mistaken. Belier is strongly critical.
464:
reports a sense that Dumézil blurred the lines between the three functions and the examples that he gave often had contradictory characteristics, which had caused his detractors to reject his categories as nonexistent. John Brough surmises that societal divisions are common outside Indo-European
616:, Yucatan, Mexico. (PhD. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University) Advisors Mathews, Peter, and Gordon R. Willey; Lincoln, Charles E. (1986.) "The Chronology of Chichen Itza: A Review of the Literature." Pages 141â156 in
1187:
276:
or family of gods to represent it and the function of the god or gods matched the function of the group. Many such divisions occur in the history of Indo-European societies:
1194:
46:
39:
1420:
612:. There has been scholarship in applying Dumézilian trifunctionalism to Pre-Columbian Yucatån Mayan societies in: Lincoln, Charles E., (1990)
341:(fertility). Odin has been interpreted as a death-god and connected to cremations, and has also been associated with ecstatic practices.
1216:
89:
61:
68:
1180:
983:
921:
311:, the warrior class was prominent in the outer highlands, and the farming class predominanted in the intermediate flatlands.
1049:
75:
1211:
1144:
1104:
790:
Narasimhan VM, Anthony D, Mallory J, Reich D (September 6, 2019). "The
Genomic Formation of South and Central Asia".
777:
675:
654:
592:
According to Jean
Boissel, the first description of Indo-European trifunctionalism was by Gobineau, not by Dumézil. (
108:
57:
389:, a fourth Indian caste, is a peasant or serf. Researchers believe that Indo-European-speakers entered India in the
1451:
453:
307:(The Ancient Baltic Worldview), identified three regions with three classes. The priestly class was centered in
1466:
1456:
1390:
367:
561:
Terje Leiren discerns another grouping of three Norse gods that may correspond to the trifunctional division:
1446:
1203:
265:
1263:
1258:
1241:
522:
197:
1471:
527:
214:
150:
141:
holding up wheat. Terje Leiren believes this grouping corresponds closely to the trifunctional division.
1385:
82:
394:
620:, edited by Jeremy A. Sabloff and E. Wyllys Andrews V. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
1461:
1370:
1293:
1113:
35:
1132:
397:
populations and may have established a caste system, with themselves primarily in higher castes.
1153:
461:
293:
285:
1344:
430:
1441:
1410:
1288:
507:
422:
1278:
1268:
1092:
799:
512:
354:
8:
1273:
893:
442:
415:
407:
300:
1283:
871:
846:
827:
670:. Ed. Einar Haugen, trans. John Lindow. University of California Press, Berkeley 1973.
473:
933:
210:
188:
129:
has, possibly erroneously, been interpreted to show, from left to right, the one-eyed
1253:
1161:
1140:
1137:
Myth and Law Among the Indo-Europeans: Studies in Indo-European
Comparative Mythology
1121:
1100:
979:
917:
876:
822:
773:
671:
650:
418:, the last of whom concludes that "the basic idea seems proven in a convincing way".
831:
230:
the other powerful, unpredictable and priestly but rooted in the supernatural world.
1135:(1970), "The Indo-European Component in Germanic Religion", in Puhvel, Jaan (ed.),
948:
Benjamin W. Fortson. Indo-European
Language and Culture: An Introduction p. 32
866:
858:
817:
809:
457:
434:
323:
1339:
1303:
714:
From Pagan to
Christian: The Story in the 12th-Century Tapestry of the Skog Church
1415:
1405:
1380:
1365:
1329:
1324:
1246:
713:
481:
460:, rather than an organising principle that was used in the societies themselves.
411:
390:
281:
1172:
1064:
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DumĂ©zil, Georges (1958). "The RĂgsĂŸula and Indo-European Social
Structure." In:
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469:
438:
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Decayed Gods: Origin and
Development of Georges Dumézil's Idéologie Tripartite
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Gonda, J. (1974). Dumezil's
Tripartite Ideology: Some Critical Observations.
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126:
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813:
121:
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Classical Greece: the three divisions of the ideal society as described by
269:
181:, respectively. The trifunctional thesis is primarily associated with the
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517:
359:
253:
249:
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221:
185:
1360:
1118:
378:
166:
1226:
1057:
Zeitschrift fĂŒr Religionswissenschaft (Journal of Religious Studies)
24:
1158:
Myth and Religion of the North: The Religion of Ancient Scandinavia
804:
374:
345:
235:
178:
169:(farmers or tradesmen)âcorresponding to the three functions of the
976:
Norse mythology: a guide to the Gods, heroes, rituals, and beliefs
844:
217:
had three main groups, corresponding to three distinct functions:
1308:
537:
382:
358:. Bernard Sergent examined the trifunctional hypothesis in Greek
308:
162:
1023:
The seduction of unreason: the intellectual romance with fascism
456:
concludes that the tripartite division may be an artefact and a
1334:
386:
289:
257:
170:
158:
847:"The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia"
425:
by some mythographers, anthropologists and historians such as
334:
570:
502:
349:
338:
273:
138:
1036:
Aryan idols: Indo-European mythology as ideology and science
681:
224:, which fell into two distinct and complementary sub-parts:
995:
Grottanelli, Cristiano. Dumézil and the Third Function. In
566:
562:
330:
319:
134:
130:
1050:"Georges Dumézil, Ancient German Myths, and Modern Demons"
736:
734:
314:
Early Germanic society: the supposed division between the
845:
Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; et al. (6 September 2019).
746:
239:
174:
157:") reflected in the existence of three classes or castesâ
385:, the agriculturalists, cattle rearers and traders. The
288:
family with certain archaeological cultures in Southern
916:, p. 260 n. 17. University of Chicago Press,
766:
Les trois fonctions indo-européennes en GrÚce ancienne.
731:
719:
693:
618:
Late Lowland Maya Civilization: Classic to Postclassic
406:
Supporters of the hypothesis include scholars such as
914:
Theorizing myth: Narrative, ideology, and scholarship
468:
The hypothesis has been criticised by the historians
1202:
789:
614:Ethnicity and Social Organization at Chichen Itza
421:The hypothesis was embraced outside the field of
1433:
604:
602:
480:as being based on Dumézil's sympathies with the
903:
227:one formal, juridical and priestly but worldly;
1152:
687:
647:Les Indo-Européens. Histoire, langues, mythes.
628:
626:
1188:
599:
16:Hypothesis about proto-Indo-European society
1028:
623:
1195:
1181:
870:
821:
803:
238:, connected with force, the military and
109:Learn how and when to remove this message
1112:
1091:
1047:
752:
740:
725:
565:as the patron of priests and magicians,
120:
978:, p. 32. Oxford University Press,
1434:
1131:
699:
191:, who proposed it in 1929 in the book
125:This part of the 12th-century Swedish
45:Please improve this article by adding
1176:
381:, the warriors and military; and the
204:
488:sees those criticisms as unfounded.
296:based upon the tripartite functions.
18:
636:, Presses universitaires de France.
373:India: the three Hindu castes, the
153:postulates a tripartite ideology ("
13:
596:, 1999, p. 268, cited below).
14:
1483:
1097:Gods and Myths of Northern Europe
1120:(in German), Walter de Gruyter,
23:
1041:
1015:
1002:
989:
968:
965: (1), 139â149, (Nov 1974).
951:
942:
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639:
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1:
1204:Proto-Indo-European mythology
580:
322:and regular freemen in early
266:Proto-Indo-European mythology
47:secondary or tertiary sources
1139:, University of California,
959:The Journal of Asian Studies
668:Gods of the Ancient Northmen
523:Proto-Indo-European religion
401:
7:
1160:, Weidenfeld and Nicolson,
528:Proto-Indo-European society
491:
215:Proto-Indo-European society
151:Proto-Indo-European society
10:
1488:
1386:Indo European Weapon Cults
1084:
936:Bryn Mawr Classical Review
305:SenovÄs baltĆł pasaulÄĆŸiĆ«ra
58:"Trifunctional hypothesis"
1353:
1317:
1210:
1063:: 125â136. Archived from
1048:Stroumsa, Guy G. (1998).
900:, Ă©ditions Errance, Paris
823:21.11116/0000-0001-E7B3-0
770:De MycĂšnes aux Tragiques.
711:Leiren, Terje I. (1999),
573:of fertility and farming.
395:Indus Valley civilisation
260:; ruled by the other two.
1376:Trifunctional hypothesis
548:
147:trifunctional hypothesis
1452:Mythological archetypes
1371:Indo-European cosmogony
1154:Turville-Petre, Gabriel
863:10.1126/science.aat7487
814:10.1126/science.aat7487
772:Ăconomica, Paris 1998.
337:(law and justice), the
1008:Belier, W. W. (1991).
299:Early Baltic society:
294:Indo-European religion
286:Indo-European language
142:
133:, the hammer-wielding
34:relies excessively on
1467:Sociological theories
1457:Comparative mythology
1411:War of the foundation
1133:Polomé, Edgar Charles
1093:Davidson, Hilda Ellis
508:Comparative mythology
423:Indo-European studies
124:
1447:Proto-Indo-Europeans
632:Dumézil, G. (1940).
608:Dumézil, G. (1929).
513:Estates of the realm
292:and reconstructs an
155:idéologie tripartite
1034:Arvidsson, Stefan.
974:Lindow, J. (2002).
688:Turville-Petre 1964
649:Payot, Paris 1995.
462:Benjamin W. Fortson
452:On the other hand,
443:Jean-Pierre Vernant
431:Claude LĂ©vi-Strauss
416:Iaroslav Lebedynsky
393:, mixed with local
1472:1929 introductions
898:Les Indo-Européens
474:Arnaldo Momigliano
205:Three-way division
143:
1429:
1428:
1421:Ends of the Earth
1099:, Penguin Books,
984:978-0-19-515382-8
922:978-0-226-48202-6
764:In the monograph
755:, pp. 94â97.
645:Bernard Sergent,
569:of warriors, and
329:Norse mythology:
280:Southern Russia:
119:
118:
111:
93:
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1021:Wolin, Richard.
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621:
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597:
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458:selection effect
435:Marshall Sahlins
408:Ămile Benveniste
377:or priests; the
301:Norbertas VÄlius
114:
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100:
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1406:Binding of evil
1381:Threefold death
1366:Horse sacrifice
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997:Myth and Method
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494:
482:political right
412:Bernard Sergent
404:
391:Late Bronze Age
333:(sovereignty),
284:associates the
282:Bernard Sergent
211:Georges Dumézil
207:
195:, and later in
189:Georges Dumézil
149:of prehistoric
115:
104:
98:
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52:
50:
44:
40:primary sources
28:
17:
12:
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5:
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1462:Social classes
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1396:Death of a son
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894:Lebedynsky, I.
886:
837:
805:10.1101/292581
782:
757:
745:
743:, p. 147.
730:
718:
704:
692:
690:, p. 103.
680:
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610:Flamen-Brahman
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470:Carlo Ginzburg
454:Nicholas Allen
439:Rodney Needham
403:
400:
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371:
342:
327:
312:
303:, in his book
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228:
206:
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193:Flamen-Brahman
117:
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31:
29:
22:
15:
9:
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4:
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2:
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1401:Cycle of Mead
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1279:Hâepom NepĆts
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1146:9780520015876
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1115:
1114:de Vries, Jan
1111:
1108:
1106:0-14-013627-4
1102:
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1094:
1090:
1089:
1070:on 2011-06-10
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1025:, p. 344
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934:Allen, N. J.
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778:2-7178-3587-3
775:
771:
767:
761:
754:
753:de Vries 1970
749:
742:
741:Davidson 1990
737:
735:
728:, p. 93.
727:
726:de Vries 1970
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689:
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676:0-520-03507-0
673:
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655:2-228-88956-3
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478:Bruce Lincoln
475:
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427:Mircea Eliade
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213:(1898â1986),
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209:According to
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127:Skog tapestry
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63:
60: â
59:
55:
54:Find sources:
48:
42:
41:
37:
32:This article
30:
26:
21:
20:
1442:Anthropology
1375:
1242:Mitra-Varuna
1237:Divine twins
1232:Trifunctions
1231:
1157:
1136:
1117:
1096:
1072:. Retrieved
1065:the original
1060:
1056:
1043:
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683:
667:
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646:
641:
634:Mitra-Varuna
633:
617:
613:
609:
588:
557:
543:Triple deity
533:Social class
498:Arthashastra
486:Guy Stroumsa
467:
451:
447:Georges Duby
420:
405:
355:The Republic
353:
304:
272:had its own
270:social group
263:
246:Productivity
208:
198:Mitra-Varuna
196:
192:
186:mythographer
154:
146:
144:
105:
96:
86:
79:
72:
65:
53:
33:
1215: [
1038:, p. 3
910:Lincoln, B.
700:Polomé 1970
518:Mythography
222:Sovereignty
99:August 2011
1436:Categories
1391:Sacrifices
1361:Otherworld
1318:Characters
1074:2009-11-03
938:2007.10.53
581:References
69:newspapers
36:references
1345:HânÌ„gÊ·Ê°is
1294:Smith God
1274:H1n̄gʷnis
1247:Perkwunos
1166:645398380
1126:466619179
1012:, Leiden.
402:Reception
379:Kshatriya
167:commoners
1340:áž°Ă©rberos
1304:PriHyĂ©hâ
1156:(1964),
1116:(1970),
1095:(1990),
912:(1999).
896:(2006).
881:31488661
857:(6457).
832:89658279
798:(6457).
768:Vol. 1:
492:See also
375:Brahmins
368:dramatic
346:Socrates
326:society.
324:Germanic
320:nobility
236:Military
179:economic
177:and the
163:warriors
1284:Pehuson
1269:DÊ°Ă©Ç”Ê°Ćm
1264:Mehânot
1254:HâĂ©wsĆs
1212:Deities
1085:Sources
872:6822619
851:Science
800:bioRxiv
792:Science
594:Lincoln
538:Trinity
383:Vaishya
370:poetry.
309:Prussia
268:, each
264:In the
254:farming
250:herding
175:martial
159:priests
83:scholar
1354:Motifs
1309:Welnos
1299:Dehânu
1259:Sehâul
1217:simple
1164:
1143:
1124:
1103:
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387:Shudra
290:Russia
258:crafts
183:French
173:, the
171:sacral
165:, and
85:
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64:
56:
1335:Trito
1289:Fates
1227:DyÄus
1219:]
1068:(PDF)
1053:(PDF)
828:S2CID
571:Freyr
549:Notes
503:Caste
364:lyric
350:Plato
339:Vanir
139:Freyr
90:JSTOR
76:books
1330:Yemo
1325:Manu
1162:OCLC
1141:ISBN
1122:OCLC
1101:ISBN
980:ISBN
918:ISBN
877:PMID
774:ISBN
672:ISBN
651:ISBN
567:Thor
563:Odin
476:and
445:and
414:and
366:and
360:epic
331:Odin
316:king
256:and
145:The
137:and
135:Thor
131:Odin
62:news
867:PMC
859:doi
855:365
818:hdl
810:doi
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352:'s
348:in
335:TĂœr
274:god
240:war
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