1170:
508:
2752:
4229:
1193:, which were eaten raw, affecting 14 people in total. The incidence of trichinosis in the U.S. has decreased dramatically in the past century from an average of 400 cases per year mid-20th century down to an annual average of 20 cases per year (2008–10). The number of cases has decreased because of legislation prohibiting the feeding of raw meat garbage to hogs, increased commercial and home freezing of pork, and the public awareness of the danger of eating raw or undercooked pork products.
4240:
1099:, decreases the likelihood of larval encystation, particularly if given within three days of infection. However, most cases are diagnosed after this time. In humans, mebendazole (200–400 mg three times a day for three days) or albendazole (400 mg twice a day for 8–14 days) is given to treat trichinosis. These drugs prevent newly hatched larvae from developing, but should not be given to pregnant women or children under two years of age.
4260:
628:
4270:
4250:
4219:
1390:(ICT) was formed in Budapest in 1958. Its mission is to exchange information on the epidemiology, biology, pathophysiology, immunology, and clinical aspects of trichinosis in humans and animals. Prevention is a primary goal. Since the creation of the ICT, its members (more than 110 from 46 countries) have regularly gathered and worked together during meetings held every four years: the
1241:. However, a trichinosis surveillance conducted between 1997 and 2001 showed a higher percentage of cases caused by consumption of wild game (the sylvatic transmission cycle). This is thought to be due to the Federal Swine Health Protection Act (Public Law 96-468) that was passed by Congress in 1980. Prior to this act, swine were fed garbage that could potentially be infected by
1342:, while witnessing an autopsy at St. Bartholomew’s Hospital in London. Paget took special interest in the presentation of muscle with white flecks, described as a "sandy diaphragm". Although Paget is most likely the first person to have noticed and recorded these findings, the parasite was named and published in a report by his professor,
673:, in which the larva will be encapsulated, potentially for the life of the host, waiting for the host to be eaten. The development of a capillary network around the nurse cell completes encystation of the larva. Trichinosis is not soil-transmitted, as the parasite does not lay eggs, nor can it survive long outside a host.
1147:
Another study used extracts and excretory–secretory products from first-stage larvae to produce an oral vaccine. To prevent gastric acids from dissolving the antigens before reaching the small intestine, scientists encapsulated the antigens in microcapsules. This vaccine significantly increased CD4+
689:
An epidemiological investigation can be done to determine a patient's exposure to raw infected meat. Often, an infection arises from home-preparation of contaminated meat, in which case microscopy of the meat may be used to determine the infection. Exposure determination does not have to be directly
775:
Public education about the dangers of consuming raw and undercooked meat, especially pork, may reduce infection rates. Hunters are also an at-risk population due to their contact and consumption of wild game, including bear. As such, many states, such as New York, require the completion of a course
843:
for variation in internal temperature within a particular cut of pork, which may have bones that affect temperature uniformity, is prudent. In addition, kitchen thermometers have measurement error that must be considered. Pork may be cooked for significantly longer and at a higher uniform internal
387:
Worldwide, about 10,000 infections occur a year. At least 55 countries including the United States, China, Argentina, and Russia have had recently documented cases. While the disease occurs in the tropics, it is less common there. Rates of trichinosis in the United States have decreased from about
661:
Thirty to 34 hours after the cysts were originally ingested, the adults mate, and within five days produce larvae. Adult worms can only reproduce for a limited time, because the immune system eventually expels them from the small intestine. The larvae then use their piercing mouthpart, called the
1148:
cell levels, and increased antigen-specific serum IgGq and IgA, resulting in a statistically significant reduction in the average number of adult worms in the small intestines of mice. The significance of this approach is that, if the white blood cells in the small intestine have been exposed to
1062:
The USDA Animal and Plant Health
Inspection Service (APHIS) is responsible for the regulations concerning the importation of swine from foreign countries. The Foreign Origin Meat and Meat Products, Swine section covers swine meat (cooked, cured and dried, and fresh). APHIS developed the National
1245:. This act was put in place to prevent trichinella-contaminated food from being given to swine. Additionally, other requirements were put in place, such as rodent control, limiting commercial swine contact with wildlife, maintaining good hygiene, and removing dead pigs from pens immediately.
60:
1248:
Between 2002 and 2007, 11 trichinosis cases were reported to the CDC each year on average in the United States, and 2008–10 averaged 20 cases per year; these were mostly the result of consuming undercooked game (sylvatic transmission) or home-reared pigs (domestic transmission).
396:
The great majority of trichinosis infections have either minor or no symptoms and no complications. The two main phases for the infection are enteral (affecting the intestines) and parenteral (outside the intestines). The symptoms vary depending on the phase, species of
3849:
1058:
make the following recommendation: "Curing (salting), drying, smoking, or microwaving meat does not consistently kill infective worms." However, under controlled commercial food processing conditions, some of these methods are considered effective by the USDA.
2411:"Electronic Code of Federal Regulations; Title 9: Animals and Animal Products; Part 318 – Entry into Official Establishments; Reinspection and Preparation of Products; § 318.10 Prescribed treatment of pork and products containing pork to destroy trichinae"
2410:
784:
Testing methods are available for both individual carcasses and monitoring of the herds. Artificial digestion method is usually used for the testing of individual carcasses, while the testing for specific antibodies is usually used for herd monitoring.
2814:
Roy, Sharon, Adriana Lopez, and Peter
Schantz. "Trichinellosis Surveillance – United States, 1997–2001." Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report: Surveillance Summaries (2003): 1–8. JSTOR. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC). Web. 1 Dec.
384:. Their use during pregnancy or in children under the age of 2 years is poorly studied, but appears to be safe. Treatment with steroids is sometimes also required in severe cases. Without treatment, symptoms typically resolve within three months.
1273:
prohibit eating pork. In the 19th century, when the association between trichinosis and undercooked pork was first established, this association was suggested to be the reason for the prohibition, reminiscent of the earlier opinion of medieval
1200:
Trichinosis is common in developing countries where meat fed to pigs is raw or undercooked, but infections also arise in developed countries in Europe where raw or undercooked pork, wild boar and horse meat may be consumed as delicacies.
1131:
have tried using either "larval extracts, excretory–secretory antigen, DNA, or recombinant antigen protein." Currently, no marketable vaccine is available for trichinosis, but experimental mouse studies have suggested possibilities.
473:, a very rare form of stroke (three or four cases per million annual incidence in adults). Trichinosis can be fatal depending on the severity of the infection; death can occur 4–6 weeks after the infection, and is usually caused by
690:
from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal. Indirect exposure criteria include the consumption of products from a laboratory-confirmed infected animal, or sharing of a common exposure with a laboratory-confirmed infected human.
1102:
Medical references from the 1940s described no specific treatment for trichinosis at the time, but intravenous injection of calcium salts was found to be useful in managing symptoms related to severe toxemia from the infection.
1189:, but two known outbreaks occurred in 2015. In the first outbreak, around 40 people were infected in Liguria, Italy, during a New Year's Eve celebration. The second outbreak in France was associated with pork sausages from
1196:
China reports around 10,000 cases every year, so is the country with the highest number of cases. In China, between 1964 and 1998, over 20,000 people became infected with trichinosis, and more than 200 people died.
816:
Wild game: Wild game meat must be cooked thoroughly (see meat preparation above) Freezing wild game does not kill all trichinosis larval worms, because the worm species that typically infests wild game can resist
2583:
Dea-Ayuela M. A., Iniguz S.R., Fernandez F.B. (2006). "Vaccination of mice against intestinal
Trichinella spiralis infections by oral administration of antigens microencapsulated in methacrilic acid copolymers".
5420:
5405:
5390:
2414:
437:
The severity of symptoms caused by larval migration from the intestines depends on the number of larvae produced. As the larvae migrate through tissue and vessels, the body's inflammatory response results in
1152:
antigens (through vaccination), when an individual does get infected, the immune system will respond to expel the worms from the small intestine fast enough to prevent the female worms from releasing their
1290:
The disappearance of the pathogen from domestic pigs has led to a relaxation of legislation and control efforts by veterinary public health systems. Trichinosis has lately been thought of as a re-emerging
549:
is the second-most common species to infect humans; it is distributed throughout Europe, Asia, and northern and western Africa, usually in wild carnivores, crocodiles, birds, wild boar, and domesticated
1306:
infections in swine and, consequently, in humans. For instance, "the overthrow of the social and political structures in the 1990s" in
Romania led to an increase in the incidence rate of trichinosis.
3844:
2512:
Gu Y., Li J., Zhu X., Yang J., Li Q., Liu Z., Yu S., Li Y. (2008). "Trichinella spiralis: Characterization of phage-displayed specific epitopes and their protective immunity in BALB/c mice".
1063:
Trichinae
Certification Program; this is a voluntary "preharvest" program for U.S. swine producers "that will provide documentation of swine management practices" to reduce the incidence of
5553:
1079:
As with most diseases, early treatment is better and decreases the risk of developing disease. If larvae do encyst in skeletal muscle cells, they can remain infectious for months to years.
494:
1988:
Pozio E, et al. (Dec 2002). "Trichinella zimbabwensis n.sp. (Nematoda), a new non-encapsulated species from crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in
Zimbabwe also infecting mammals".
2375:
In addition, out of the reports of trichinosis in the United States, all have been a result of mass production, particularly in large venues, such as cafeterias and mall food courts.
1144:), which were subsequently infected. Depending on the dosage and frequency of immunization, results ranged from a decreased larval count to complete protection from trichinosis.
380:. Rapid treatment may kill adult worms and thereby stop further worsening of symptoms. Both medications are considered safe, but have been associated with side effects such as
5508:
578:
infects both mammals and reptiles, including crocodiles, humans, and wild and domestic pigs; this species, found in Papua New Guinea and
Thailand, is also nonencapsulated.
1026:
Unsafe and unreliable methods of cooking meat include the use of microwave ovens, curing, drying, and smoking, as these methods are difficult to standardize and control.
564:, which has a high resistance to freezing, is found in the Arctic and subarctic regions; reservoir hosts include polar bears, Arctic foxes, walruses, and other wild game.
2662:
4012:
511:
Animal tissue infected with the parasite that causes the disease trichinosis: Most parasites are shown in cross section, but some randomly appear in long section.
1322:
pinpointed undercooked meat as the primary vector for the parasite, and two decades afterwards, this hypothesis was fully accepted by the scientific community.
835:
Pork can be safely cooked to a slightly lower temperature, provided that the internal meat temperature is at least as hot for at least as long as listed in the
2687:
2464:
3977:
2769:
2385:
349:
being the most common. After the infected meat has been eaten, the larvae are released from their cysts in the stomach. They then invade the wall of the
2897:"A dramatic increase in the incidence of human trichinellosis in Romania over the past 25 years: Impact of political changes and regional food habits"
4007:
3463:
4599:
3967:
1314:
As early as 1835, trichinosis was known to have been caused by a parasite, but the mechanism of infection was unclear at the time. A decade later,
706:, and muscle pain. The case definition for trichinosis at the European Center for Disease Control states, "at least three of the following six:
3144:
3064:
USDA regulations – Title 9 – Chapter 3 – Part 318 – includes "Prescribed treatment of pork and products containing pork to destroy trichinae."
3899:
823:: Freezing cuts of pork less than 6 inches thick for 20 days at 5 °F (−15 °C) or three days at −4 °F (−20 °C) kills
4152:
3866:
813:(including pork) can be safely prepared by cooking to an internal temperature of 165 °F (74 °C) or higher for 15 seconds or more.
3094:
Jokelainen P, Näreaho A, Hälli O, Heinonen M, Sukura A (June 2012). "Farmed wild boars exposed to
Toxoplasma gondii and Trichinella spp".
1050:
Control and destruction of meat containing trichinae, e.g., removal and proper disposal of porcine diaphragms prior to public sale of meat
5513:
4090:
2967:
665:
The larvae travel by capillaries to various organs, such as the retina, myocardium, or lymph nodes; however, only larvae that migrate to
3020:
2547:
Ali S, El-Zawawy L, El-Said D, Gaafar M (2007). "Immunization against trichinellosis using microwaved larvae of
Trichinella spiralis".
2377:
2025:"Detection of natural Trichinella murrelli and Trichinella spiralis infections in horses by routine post-slaughter food safety testing"
1391:
1387:
1055:
1527:
642:
involves humans, pigs, and rodents. A pig becomes infected when it eats infectious cysts in raw meat, often porcine carrion or a rat (
3928:
2934:
654:, which help release the larvae from the cysts into the stomach. The larvae then migrate to the small intestine, and burrow into the
372:
can verify that the temperature inside the meat is high enough. Infection is typically treated with antiparasitic medication such as
2282:
United States
Department of Agriculture – Food Safety and Inspection Service. "NSS NRTE/RTE Establishment Responsibilities." (2006).
3972:
3834:
3027:
Moorhead A, Grunenwald PE, Dietz VJ, Schantz PM (1999). "Trichinellosis in the United States, 1991–1996: Declining but not gone".
2334:
1693:
1633:
5548:
4306:
3942:
2406:
1370:, which involved feeding infected meat to a dog and performing the subsequent necropsy, led to the discovery of the lifecycle of
1491:
Ferri's differential diagnosis : a practical guide to the differential diagnosis of symptoms, signs, and clinical disorders
5543:
2112:
1468:
85:
1721:
1229:
reports, some swine herds have trichinosis infection rates above 50%, with correspondingly large numbers of human infections.
3933:
3881:
3786:
2658:
1608:
1185:
is the species responsible for most of these infections. Infection was once very common, but this disease is now rare in the
1567:
4273:
4136:
3947:
3876:
3801:
3620:
698:
Clinical presentation of the common trichinosis symptoms may also suggest infection. These symptoms include eye puffiness,
1169:
4124:
4002:
2794:
681:
Diagnosis of trichinosis is confirmed by a combination of exposure history, clinical diagnosis, and laboratory testing.
335:
is eaten. In North America this is most often bear, but infection can also occur from pork, boar, and dog meat. Several
3137:
3063:
1668:
1498:
2080:
1282:
that food forbidden by Jewish law was "unwholesome". This theory was controversial, and eventually fell out of favor.
4141:
4100:
4065:
4050:
4032:
3957:
3736:
3079:
2840:
2443:
2315:
1295:, supplemented by the increased distribution of meat products, political changes, a changing climate, and increasing
2701:
Ruetsch C, Delaunay P, Armengaud A, Peloux-Petiot F, Dupouy-Camet J, Vallée I, Polack B, Boireau P, Marty P (2016).
5523:
4146:
3982:
3913:
3908:
2291:
New York State Department of Environmental Conservation – Hunting Licenses <www.dec.ny.gov/permits/6094.html>
470:
2683:
4085:
3992:
3856:
3771:
3534:
2352:
738:
can be used to aid in the diagnosis of trichinosis. Blood tests include a complete blood count for eosinophilia,
662:"stylet", to pass through the intestinal mucosa and enter the lymphatic vessels, and then enter the bloodstream.
646:). A human becomes infected by consuming raw or undercooked infected pork (domestic cycle). In the stomach, the
4114:
3987:
3824:
3791:
3014:
2765:
2381:
556:
also infects humans, especially from black bear meat; it is distributed among wild carnivores in North America.
388:
400 cases per year in the 1940s to 20 or fewer per year in the 2000s. The risk of death from infection is low.
763:
for inspections, rodent control, and improved hygiene. A similar protocol exists in the United States, in the
759:
Laws and rules for food producers may improve food safety for consumers, such as the rules established by the
3890:
3280:
3130:
1861:
John D. and William A. Petri. Markell and Voge's Medical Parasitology. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, 2006.
5518:
4765:
4253:
4119:
1156:
A DNA vaccine tested on mice "induced a muscle larva burden reduction in BALB/c mice by 29% in response to
590:
can infect mammals, and possibly humans; this nonencapsulated species was detected in crocodiles in Africa.
2437:
USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service APHIS – Veterinary Services. Retrieved February 11, 2009,
2376:
5102:
4751:
4658:
4299:
4173:
3871:
3829:
3183:
1367:
4168:
2703:"Inadequate labeling of pork sausages prepared in Corsica causing a trichinellosis outbreak in France"
357:, where they form cysts. The diagnosis is usually based on symptoms and confirmed by finding specific
353:, where they develop into adult worms. After one week, the females release new larvae that migrate to
5342:
5265:
5236:
4198:
3918:
1403:
1226:
584:
infects birds and mammals, and has demonstrated infection in humans; it is a nonencapsulated species.
2751:
5538:
5435:
5348:
4443:
4387:
4060:
3421:
3413:
3256:
3088:
711:
5285:
5080:
5069:
4653:
4593:
4579:
4402:
4381:
4040:
3952:
3393:
3268:
2620:
570:, found in East African predators and scavengers, has been documented to cause a few human cases.
381:
140:
2303:
1041:
Not allowing hogs to eat carcasses of other animals, including rats, which may be infected with
5528:
5183:
4978:
4831:
4521:
4516:
4507:
4483:
4292:
4108:
4028:
3923:
3746:
3625:
3010:
739:
466:
354:
318:
185:
5475:
2964:
2305:
1871:
Evans RW, Patter BM (1982). "Trichinosis associated with superior sagittal sinus thrombosis".
1658:
5399:
5064:
4607:
4488:
4369:
4130:
4080:
4075:
3819:
3567:
1374:. Through these experiments, Virchow was able to describe the development and infectivity of
462:
425:
from two to seven days after infection, while small worm burdens generally are asymptomatic.
4284:
1519:
1173:
Pork sausages eaten raw by consumers caused an outbreak of trichinellosis in 2015 in France.
5316:
5143:
4983:
4957:
4939:
4709:
4243:
3557:
3386:
3241:
536:
457:
They may very rarely cause enough damage to produce serious neurological deficits (such as
344:
2942:
8:
5424:
5355:
5330:
5257:
4924:
4873:
4448:
4429:
4375:
4364:
4203:
3962:
3660:
760:
699:
544:
541:
is most adapted to swine, most pathogenic in humans, and is cosmopolitan in distribution.
507:
451:
4259:
1689:
1629:
1237:
Historically, pork products were thought to have the most risk of infecting humans with
5216:
5202:
5108:
5088:
5058:
4918:
4893:
4793:
4743:
4634:
4565:
4468:
3861:
3814:
3756:
3640:
3312:
3052:
2735:
2702:
2659:"Relazione dei nas – Genova, allarme carne cruda: decine di intossicati dopo Capodanno"
2486:"Clinical Aspects and Treatment of the More Common Intestinal Parasites of Man (TB-33)"
2260:
2227:
2203:
2178:
2057:
2024:
1965:
1940:
1896:
1836:
1807:
574:
559:
92:
2873:
2636:
2001:
1783:
1754:
5533:
5446:
4463:
4408:
4315:
4188:
3997:
3683:
3317:
3302:
3284:
3198:
3111:
3044:
2916:
2877:
2836:
2827:
2740:
2722:
2690:
from the original on 2016-09-23 – via Ministero della Salute www.salute.gov.it.
2640:
2601:
2556:
2529:
2311:
2304:
Thimjos Ninios, Janne Lundén, Hannu Korkeala, Maria Fredriksson-Ahomaa, eds. (2014).
2265:
2247:
2208:
2156:
2104:
2062:
2044:
2005:
1970:
1888:
1841:
1788:
1664:
1604:
1494:
1460:
1275:
1141:
655:
651:
443:
256:
169:
80:
5429:
3056:
1900:
827:
larval worms; but this will not kill other trichinosis larval worm species, such as
5249:
5242:
5122:
4736:
4704:
3839:
3751:
3731:
3579:
3549:
3165:
3103:
3036:
2908:
2869:
2730:
2714:
2632:
2593:
2521:
2255:
2239:
2198:
2190:
2146:
2052:
2036:
1997:
1960:
1952:
1880:
1831:
1823:
1778:
1770:
1717:
831:, if they have infested the pork food supply (which is unlikely, due to geography).
794:
369:
2597:
2525:
1559:
1358:
A series of experiments conducted between 1850 and 1870 by the German researchers
5440:
5076:
4990:
4728:
4678:
4673:
4571:
4556:
4495:
4394:
4055:
3761:
3723:
3693:
3539:
3472:
3337:
3322:
3246:
3213:
3107:
3083:
2971:
2485:
2040:
1363:
1302:
Major sociopolitical changes can produce conditions that favor the resurgence of
840:
703:
666:
350:
198:
194:
4263:
2965:"Description of a microscopic entozoon infesting the muscles of the human body,"
5451:
5208:
5171:
5116:
4931:
4910:
4879:
4837:
4716:
4665:
4644:
4613:
4585:
4528:
4455:
4178:
3342:
3307:
3203:
3023:. Trichinosis Surveillance, United States, 1987–1990, MMWR 1991;40:(SS-3)35-42.
2718:
1359:
643:
519:(found worldwide in many carnivorous and omnivorous animals, both domestic and
332:
294:
278:
121:
105:
29:
2912:
2895:
Blaga R, Durand B, Antoniu S, Gherman C, Cretu CM, Cozma V, Boireau P (2007).
2790:
5502:
5486:
5195:
5176:
4950:
4945:
4696:
4684:
4435:
4319:
4183:
3703:
3511:
3372:
3352:
3263:
3228:
3040:
2726:
2251:
2135:"First outbreak of human trichinellosis caused by Trichinella pseudospiralis"
2048:
1315:
1213:
1088:
1038:
Keeping pigs in clean pens, with floors that can be washed (such as concrete)
767:
guidelines for farms and slaughterhouse responsibilities in inspecting pork.
362:
178:
5414:
3015:
https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dpd/parasites/trichinosis/factsht_trichinosis.htm
2896:
2857:
1718:"11 Symptoms of Trichinosis, Transmission, Treatment, Life Cycle & Cure"
5335:
5291:
5187:
5094:
4969:
4540:
4233:
4193:
3708:
3529:
3521:
3491:
3362:
3347:
3193:
3115:
2920:
2881:
2744:
2644:
2605:
2560:
2533:
2439:
2269:
2212:
2066:
2009:
1974:
1845:
1343:
1319:
719:
478:
426:
310:
302:
33:
3076:
3048:
2991:
Blumer G. "Some remarks on the early history of Trichinosis (1822–1866)".
2194:
2160:
1892:
1884:
1827:
1792:
1330:
The circumstances surrounding the first observation and identification of
469:(CNS), which is compromised by trichinosis in 10–24% of reported cases of
409:
A large burden of adult worms in the intestines promotes symptoms such as
5470:
5307:
5163:
5044:
5025:
5016:
5004:
4858:
4822:
4804:
4771:
4757:
4549:
4475:
4420:
4355:
4223:
3809:
3766:
3698:
3678:
3655:
3630:
3434:
3429:
3407:
3400:
3327:
3297:
3153:
2582:
2243:
1956:
1335:
1205:
1186:
1096:
1092:
723:
474:
377:
373:
322:
314:
265:
222:
218:
160:
149:
145:
22:
1208:, most infections are associated with undercooked pork. For example, in
627:
5481:
5227:
5149:
5134:
4904:
4863:
4024:
3776:
3741:
3670:
3457:
3332:
3292:
3161:
3122:
2179:"Outbreak of trichinosis (trichiniasis) – contracted in London in 1879"
1774:
1408:
1279:
1119:, may be used to relieve muscle pain associated with larval migration.
1116:
862:
735:
670:
447:
270:
213:
5382:
493:
4849:
4692:
4345:
4340:
4070:
3781:
3713:
3688:
3650:
3615:
3607:
3589:
3574:
3562:
3506:
3483:
3451:
3446:
3236:
2700:
2023:
Scandrett B, Konecsni K, Lalonde L, Boireau P, Vallée I (June 2018).
1705:
During 2002–2007, 11 cases were reported to CDC each year on average.
1645:
During 2008–2010, 20 cases were reported to CDC each year on average.
482:
442:, muscle pain, fever, and weakness. A classic sign of trichinosis is
418:
414:
401:, quantity of encysted larvae ingested, age, sex, and host immunity.
289:
to muscle, which occurs about a week after being infected, can cause
260:
229:
3009:
The text of the original version of this article was taken from the
2329:
2327:
5276:
5157:
5049:
4998:
4813:
4327:
4045:
3635:
3584:
3440:
3380:
3208:
3178:
2405:
2228:"Epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment, and control of trichinellosis"
2151:
2134:
1941:"Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Trichinellosis"
1296:
1292:
1209:
1112:
520:
422:
358:
282:
274:
174:
109:
101:
2684:"Relazione annuale al PNI 2015 Trichine – Prevenzione e controllo"
1338:, a first-year medical student, first observed the larval form of
59:
4887:
4629:
3501:
3218:
3188:
2791:"EMedicine - Trichinosis : Article by L Kristian Arnold, MD"
2324:
1266:
1258:
1190:
1067:
in swine. The CDC reports 0.013% of U.S. swine are infected with
869:
336:
190:
129:
5409:
5394:
3645:
3603:
3173:
2022:
500:
458:
410:
286:
72:
68:
3093:
3026:
328:
Trichinosis is mainly spread when undercooked meat containing
4314:
3599:
3251:
1270:
1262:
1212:, between 200 and 600 cases are reported annually around the
1047:
Cleaning meat grinders thoroughly when preparing ground meats
743:
715:
707:
439:
368:
The best way to prevent trichinosis is to fully cook meat. A
298:
290:
125:
117:
5554:
Parasitic diseases associated with beef and pork consumption
4218:
2766:"Trichinellosis Fact Sheet – Division of Parasitic Diseases"
1630:"Trichinellosis Fact Sheet – Division of Parasitic Diseases"
2935:"Academy of Natural Sciences - Joseph Leidy - Parasitology"
1218:
836:
820:
810:
805:, are freeze-resistant and can survive long-term freezing.
764:
647:
306:
133:
2490:
Veterans Administration Technical Bulletin 1946 & 1947
1632:. Centre for Disease Control, US Government. August 2012.
1222:, which calls for undercooked pork as part of the recipe.
776:
in such matters before a hunting license can be obtained.
650:
from infected undercooked meat are acted on by pepsin and
3496:
2894:
2546:
2081:"Trichinella nativa - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1752:
1603:(23 ed.). Philadelphia: Saunders . pp. 791–94.
669:
cells survive and encyst. The larval host cell becomes a
21:
This article is about the disease. For the parasite, see
2981: : 315–24. Paget is mentioned on pp. 315 and 320.
1808:"New aspects of human trichinellosis: the impact of new
1216:. This is mostly attributable to a particular delicacy,
2511:
1334:
are controversial, due to a lack of records. In 1835,
5509:
Parasitic infestations, stings, and bites of the skin
2901:
The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene
2225:
1560:"CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis – Treatment Information"
797:
of raw meat. Freezing is normally only effective for
658:, where they molt four times before becoming adults.
16:
Parasitic disease due to invasion by Trichinella spp.
5372:
3077:
International Commission on trichinellosis web pages
2858:"Trichinellosis: The zoonosis that won't go quietly"
269:
type. During the initial infection, invasion of the
3978:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
2768:. Centre for Disease Control, US Government. 2004.
2694:
446:, swelling around the eyes, which may be caused by
3089:CDC Department of Parasitic Diseases – Trichinosis
2826:
1493:(2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Elsevier/Mosby.
1520:"CDC – Trichinellosis – Prevention & Control"
5500:
2975:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London
2835:. New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 67–70.
2382:"Parasitic Disease Information – Trichinellosis"
2226:Gottstein B, Pozio E, Nöckler K (January 2009).
523:(wild), but seven primarily sylvatic species of
2549:Journal of the Egyptian Society of Parasitology
2380:, Division of Parasitic Diseases (2004-07-15).
1690:"Trichinellosis Epidemiology & Risk Factor"
1346:, who is now credited for the discovery of the
1805:
722:, and subconjunctival, subungual, and retinal
530:
71:in pressed bear meat, partially digested with
4300:
3138:
2132:
1684:
1682:
1680:
1140:larvae were used to immunize mice (orally or
4153:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
3968:2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
3867:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
2855:
2618:
2353:"USDA Revises Cooking Temperatures for Pork"
1624:
1622:
1620:
1514:
1512:
1510:
1455:
1453:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1445:
1443:
1127:Researchers trying to develop a vaccine for
4091:United Kingdom food information regulations
2507:
2505:
2503:
1938:
1870:
1594:
1592:
1590:
1588:
1586:
1584:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1429:
1427:
1425:
1423:
742:activity, and various immunoassays such as
4803:
4307:
4293:
3145:
3131:
3021:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2433:
2431:
2378:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1677:
1392:International Conference on Trichinellosis
1388:International Commission on Trichinellosis
1177:About 11 million humans are infected with
1056:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
1034:Incidence of infection can be reduced by:
844:temperature than listed below to be safe.
58:
3929:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
2734:
2259:
2202:
2150:
2056:
1964:
1835:
1782:
1663:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 325.
1656:
1617:
1507:
770:
3973:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
3835:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
3152:
2833:Good to Eat: Riddles of Food and Culture
2500:
1857:
1855:
1581:
1541:
1420:
1168:
626:
506:
492:
3943:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
2428:
2407:United States Department of Agriculture
2299:
2297:
2176:
2172:
2170:
2133:Jongwutiwes S, et al. (Jan 1998).
1987:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1864:
1748:
1746:
1744:
1742:
1740:
1738:
793:Larvae may be killed by the heating or
454:in the nails is also a common symptom.
5501:
3958:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
3535:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
2862:International Journal for Parasitology
2824:
2621:"Trichinellosis: a worldwide zoonosis"
2576:
1928:
1926:
1924:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1916:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1598:
1106:
429:presents early and increases rapidly.
295:inflammation of the whites of the eyes
122:inflammation of the whites of the eyes
4288:
3126:
2888:
2105:"CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis – index"
1981:
1852:
1488:
1461:"CDC – DPDx – Trichinellosis – index"
839:table below. Nonetheless, allowing a
729:
693:
391:
4249:
4137:Institute for Food Safety and Health
3877:Australian meat substitution scandal
3845:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
3621:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
2993:Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine
2990:
2440:"Trichinae Herd Certification Pilot"
2350:
2294:
2167:
1755:"Clinical Aspects of Infection with
1753:Capo, V., Despommier, D. D. (1996).
1735:
1082:
75:. The classic coil shape is visible.
4269:
4125:Food Information and Control Agency
2335:"USDA Title 9 section 318.10 Table"
1907:
1252:
1122:
788:
684:
432:
13:
5514:Conditions diagnosed by stool test
2097:
14:
5565:
4142:International Food Safety Network
4066:International Food Safety Network
3787:Variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease
3737:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
3464:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
3070:
1939:Gottstein B, et al. (2009).
4268:
4258:
4248:
4239:
4238:
4227:
4217:
4147:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
3983:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
3914:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
3909:ICA meat repackaging controversy
2750:
2619:Dupouy-Camet J (December 2000).
2310:. Wiley Blackwell. p. 210.
2238:(1): 127–45, Table of Contents.
2029:Food and Waterborne Parasitology
1232:
1225:In parts of Eastern Europe, the
471:cerebral venous sinus thrombosis
404:
4086:Quality Assurance International
3993:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
3963:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
3857:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
3772:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
2984:
2957:
2927:
2849:
2818:
2808:
2797:from the original on 2006-01-28
2783:
2772:from the original on 2008-02-24
2758:
2676:
2665:from the original on 2016-09-18
2651:
2612:
2567:
2540:
2478:
2457:
2446:from the original on 2009-08-14
2399:
2388:from the original on 2007-01-28
2369:
2344:
2285:
2276:
2219:
2126:
2115:from the original on 2015-07-04
2073:
2016:
1799:
1724:from the original on 2008-12-18
1696:from the original on 2010-12-20
1636:from the original on 2016-05-22
1570:from the original on 2015-08-22
1530:from the original on 2015-09-24
1471:from the original on 2015-07-04
1164:
801:, since other species, such as
779:
5549:Parasitic nematodes of mammals
4115:European Food Safety Authority
3988:Food safety incidents in China
3825:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
3792:Water fluoridation controversy
1806:Bruschi F, Murrell KD (2002).
1710:
1650:
1489:Ferri FF (2010). "Chapter T".
1482:
1353:
1285:
1029:
754:
355:voluntarily controlled muscles
1:
5544:Parasitic nematodes of humans
2874:10.1016/s0020-7519(00)00132-6
2637:10.1016/S0304-4017(00)00341-1
2598:10.1016/j.vaccine.2006.01.006
2526:10.1016/j.exppara.2007.06.014
2232:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
2002:10.1016/s0020-7519(02)00139-x
1945:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1763:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
1414:
749:
4766:Diphyllobothrium mansonoides
4120:Food and Drug Administration
3802:Food contamination incidents
3108:10.1016/j.vetpar.2011.12.026
2856:Murrell KD, Pozio E (2000).
2183:Postgraduate Medical Journal
2041:10.1016/j.fawpar.2018.06.001
1816:Postgraduate Medical Journal
1074:
710:, muscle soreness and pain,
676:
622:
315:inflammation of heart muscle
313:. Complications may include
164:from eating undercooked meat
146:Inflammation of heart muscle
53:Trichinellosis, trichiniasis
7:
5103:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
4752:Spirometra erinaceieuropaei
4174:Food and drink prohibitions
3948:Bihar school meal poisoning
3872:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
3830:1900 English beer poisoning
3184:Antibiotic use in livestock
2307:Meat Inspection and Control
1397:
1381:
1368:Friedrich Albert von Zenker
1325:
594:
531:Species and characteristics
10:
5570:
4169:Curing (food preservation)
3242:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
1660:Manson's Tropical Diseases
1601:Manson's tropical diseases
1309:
638:The typical lifecycle for
465:) from worms entering the
27:
20:
5461:
5376:
5343:Capillaria philippinensis
5306:
5275:
5266:Halicephalobus gingivalis
5237:Strongyloides stercoralis
5226:
5133:
5043:
5015:
4968:
4857:
4848:
4821:
4812:
4790:
4727:
4643:
4628:
4539:
4506:
4419:
4354:
4339:
4326:
4212:
4199:Genetically modified food
4161:
4099:
4051:Food labeling regulations
4023:
3919:2008 Chinese milk scandal
3800:
3722:
3669:
3598:
3548:
3520:
3482:
3371:
3279:
3227:
3160:
2913:10.4269/ajtmh.2007.76.983
2514:Experimental Parasitology
2465:"Monograph – Mebendazole"
1657:Cook GC, Zumla A (2009).
1404:List of parasites (human)
1227:World Health Organization
1136:In one study, microwaved
712:gastrointestinal symptoms
527:also are now recognized:
323:inflammation of the lungs
309:. Minor infection may be
238:
228:
212:
204:
184:
168:
155:
150:inflammation of the lungs
139:
91:
79:
66:
57:
49:
44:
5349:Intestinal capillariasis
4444:Dicrocoelium dendriticum
4061:Food safety in Australia
3257:High-fructose corn syrup
3041:10.4269/ajtmh.1999.60.66
2719:10.1051/parasite/2016027
2573:Dea-Ayuela et al. (2006)
1087:Early administration of
488:
343:can cause disease, with
28:Not to be confused with
5524:Rodent-carried diseases
5336:Trichuriasis / Whipworm
5286:Enterobius vermicularis
5081:Cutaneous larva migrans
4654:Echinococcus granulosus
4594:Heterophyes heterophyes
4580:Gastrodiscoides hominis
4403:Trichobilharzia regenti
4041:Acceptable daily intake
3953:2013 horse meat scandal
3394:Clostridium perfringens
2625:Veterinary Parasitology
515:The classical agent is
382:bone marrow suppression
359:antibodies in the blood
175:Antibodies in the blood
5184:Visceral larva migrans
4979:Gnathostoma spinigerum
4832:Dracunculus medinensis
4738:Diphyllobothrium latum
4517:Paragonimus westermani
4484:Opisthorchis viverrini
4109:Centre for Food Safety
3924:2008 Irish pork crisis
3626:Benzene in soft drinks
3011:public domain resource
1174:
771:Education and training
740:creatine phosphokinase
635:
612:Family: Trichinellidae
512:
504:
467:central nervous system
319:central nervous system
186:Differential diagnosis
5065:Ancylostoma duodenale
4608:Metagonimus yokogawai
4131:Food Standards Agency
4081:Organic certification
4076:Nutrition facts label
3820:Esing Bakery incident
3608:environment pollution
2195:10.1136/pmj.77.903.62
2085:www.sciencedirect.com
1885:10.1002/ana.410110225
1828:10.1136/pmj.78.915.15
1172:
853:Internal Temperature
850:Internal Temperature
746:for larval antigens.
630:
510:
496:
463:respiratory paralysis
5317:Trichinella spiralis
5144:Ascaris lumbricoides
4958:Lymphatic filariasis
4940:Wuchereria bancrofti
3900:2006 North American
3558:Acesulfame potassium
3387:Campylobacter jejuni
3281:Intestinal parasites
3154:Consumer food safety
2963:Richard Owen (1835)
2868:(12–13): 1339–1349.
2244:10.1128/CMR.00026-08
1957:10.1128/cmr.00026-08
633:Trichinella spiralis
498:Trichinella spiralis
242:~10,000 cases a year
5519:Foodborne illnesses
5331:Trichuris trichiura
5258:Trichostrongyliasis
4874:Onchocerca volvulus
4430:Clonorchis sinensis
4365:Schistosoma mansoni
4346:Trematode infection
4204:Conspiracy theories
3757:Heterocyclic amines
3661:Shellfish poisoning
1873:Annals of Neurology
1107:Secondary treatment
761:European Commission
700:splinter hemorrhage
452:Splinter hemorrhage
5462:External resources
5217:Parascaris equorum
5203:Dioctophyme renale
5109:Angiostrongyliasis
5089:Necator americanus
5059:Hookworm infection
4919:Dirofilaria repens
4744:Diphyllobothriasis
4635:Tapeworm infection
4566:Fasciolopsis buski
3862:Toxic oil syndrome
3815:Swill milk scandal
3641:Diethylstilbestrol
3313:Diphyllobothriasis
3082:2007-08-23 at the
2970:2016-04-26 at the
1775:10.1128/cmr.9.1.47
1175:
730:Laboratory testing
694:Clinical diagnosis
636:
606:Class: Adenophorea
513:
505:
392:Signs and symptoms
208:Fully cooking meat
86:Infectious disease
5496:
5495:
5370:
5369:
5366:
5365:
5302:
5301:
5039:
5038:
5035:
5034:
4786:
4785:
4782:
4781:
4660:E. multilocularis
4624:
4623:
4464:Fasciola hepatica
4316:Parasitic disease
4282:
4281:
4189:Food preservation
3998:Foodborne illness
3550:Sugar substitutes
3303:Cryptosporidiosis
3285:parasitic disease
3199:HGH controversies
3166:food contaminants
3029:Am J Trop Med Hyg
2945:on 8 October 2006
2825:Harris M (1985).
1610:978-0-7020-5101-2
1599:Farrar J (2013).
1142:intraperitoneally
1111:After infection,
1083:Primary treatment
1022:
1021:
656:intestinal mucosa
652:hydrochloric acid
609:Order: Trichurida
600:Kingdom: Animalia
582:T. pseudospiralis
444:periorbital edema
321:involvement, and
257:parasitic disease
246:
245:
234:Low risk of death
170:Diagnostic method
39:Medical condition
5561:
5374:
5373:
5251:Trichostrongylus
5243:Strongyloidiasis
5123:Metastrongylosis
4855:
4854:
4819:
4818:
4810:
4809:
4801:
4800:
4705:Hymenolepis nana
4641:
4640:
4541:Intestinal fluke
4352:
4351:
4337:
4336:
4309:
4302:
4295:
4286:
4285:
4272:
4271:
4262:
4252:
4251:
4242:
4241:
4234:Drink portal
4232:
4231:
4230:
4222:
4221:
4133:(United Kingdom)
3882:Jack in the Box
3853:
3840:Minamata disease
3752:Food irradiation
3732:4-Hydroxynonenal
3580:Sodium cyclamate
3423:Escherichia coli
3415:Escherichia coli
3147:
3140:
3133:
3124:
3123:
3119:
3060:
3001:
3000:
2988:
2982:
2961:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2950:
2941:. Archived from
2931:
2925:
2924:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2853:
2847:
2846:
2830:
2822:
2816:
2812:
2806:
2805:
2803:
2802:
2787:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2762:
2756:
2755:
2754:
2748:
2738:
2698:
2692:
2691:
2680:
2674:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2655:
2649:
2648:
2631:(3–4): 191–200.
2616:
2610:
2609:
2580:
2574:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2509:
2498:
2497:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2472:
2461:
2455:
2454:
2452:
2451:
2435:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2422:
2413:. Archived from
2403:
2397:
2396:
2394:
2393:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2364:
2363:
2348:
2342:
2341:
2339:
2331:
2322:
2321:
2301:
2292:
2289:
2283:
2280:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2223:
2217:
2216:
2206:
2177:Cook GC (2001).
2174:
2165:
2164:
2154:
2130:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2120:
2101:
2095:
2094:
2092:
2091:
2077:
2071:
2070:
2060:
2020:
2014:
2013:
1985:
1979:
1978:
1968:
1936:
1905:
1904:
1868:
1862:
1859:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1803:
1797:
1796:
1786:
1757:Trichinella spp.
1750:
1733:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1702:
1701:
1686:
1675:
1674:
1654:
1648:
1647:
1642:
1641:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1596:
1579:
1578:
1576:
1575:
1556:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1535:
1516:
1505:
1504:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1477:
1476:
1457:
1265:dietary laws of
1253:Religious groups
1206:developing world
1123:Vaccine research
847:
846:
789:Food preparation
734:Blood tests and
685:Exposure history
603:Phylum: Nematoda
503:in muscle tissue
433:Parenteral phase
370:food thermometer
311:without symptoms
251:, also known as
62:
42:
41:
5569:
5568:
5564:
5563:
5562:
5560:
5559:
5558:
5539:Animal diseases
5499:
5498:
5497:
5492:
5491:
5457:
5456:
5385:
5371:
5362:
5298:
5271:
5222:
5129:
5077:Ancylostomiasis
5047:
5031:
5011:
4991:Gnathostomiasis
4964:
4861:
4844:
4795:
4792:
4778:
4729:Pseudophyllidea
4723:
4674:Taenia saginata
4632:
4620:
4572:Fasciolopsiasis
4557:Echinostomiasis
4535:
4502:
4496:Opisthorchiasis
4415:
4395:Schistosomiasis
4389:S. intercalatum
4343:
4341:Fluke/trematode
4332:
4329:
4322:
4313:
4283:
4278:
4228:
4226:
4224:Food portal
4216:
4208:
4157:
4095:
4056:Food libel laws
4019:
3847:
3796:
3762:Modified starch
3724:Food processing
3718:
3665:
3594:
3544:
3540:Sodium benzoate
3516:
3478:
3473:Vibrio cholerae
3367:
3338:Gnathostomiasis
3323:Fasciolopsiasis
3275:
3223:
3214:Mercury in fish
3156:
3151:
3102:(1–2): 323–27.
3084:Wayback Machine
3073:
3068:
3004:
2989:
2985:
2972:Wayback Machine
2962:
2958:
2948:
2946:
2933:
2932:
2928:
2893:
2889:
2854:
2850:
2843:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2809:
2800:
2798:
2789:
2788:
2784:
2775:
2773:
2764:
2763:
2759:
2749:
2699:
2695:
2682:
2681:
2677:
2668:
2666:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2617:
2613:
2592:(15): 2772–80.
2581:
2577:
2572:
2568:
2545:
2541:
2510:
2501:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2470:
2468:
2463:
2462:
2458:
2449:
2447:
2438:
2436:
2429:
2420:
2418:
2404:
2400:
2391:
2389:
2374:
2370:
2361:
2359:
2349:
2345:
2337:
2333:
2332:
2325:
2318:
2302:
2295:
2290:
2286:
2281:
2277:
2224:
2220:
2175:
2168:
2139:Clin Infect Dis
2131:
2127:
2118:
2116:
2103:
2102:
2098:
2089:
2087:
2079:
2078:
2074:
2021:
2017:
1996:(14): 1787–99.
1990:Int J Parasitol
1986:
1982:
1937:
1908:
1869:
1865:
1860:
1853:
1804:
1800:
1751:
1736:
1727:
1725:
1716:
1715:
1711:
1699:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1678:
1671:
1655:
1651:
1639:
1637:
1628:
1627:
1618:
1611:
1597:
1582:
1573:
1571:
1558:
1557:
1542:
1533:
1531:
1518:
1517:
1508:
1501:
1487:
1483:
1474:
1472:
1459:
1458:
1421:
1417:
1400:
1384:
1364:Rudolf Leuckart
1356:
1328:
1312:
1288:
1255:
1235:
1187:developed world
1167:
1125:
1109:
1085:
1077:
1032:
841:margin of error
791:
782:
773:
757:
752:
732:
704:gastroenteritis
696:
687:
679:
667:skeletal muscle
625:
597:
588:T. zimbabwensis
533:
491:
435:
407:
394:
361:, or larvae on
351:small intestine
285:. Migration of
199:gastroenteritis
195:dermatomyositis
112:
40:
37:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5567:
5557:
5556:
5551:
5546:
5541:
5536:
5531:
5526:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5494:
5493:
5490:
5489:
5478:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5459:
5458:
5455:
5454:
5443:
5432:
5417:
5402:
5386:
5381:
5380:
5378:
5377:Classification
5368:
5367:
5364:
5363:
5361:
5360:
5353:
5352:
5351:
5339:
5327:
5326:
5325:
5312:
5310:
5304:
5303:
5300:
5299:
5297:
5296:
5295:
5294:
5281:
5279:
5273:
5272:
5270:
5269:
5262:
5261:
5260:
5247:
5246:
5245:
5232:
5230:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5213:
5212:
5211:
5209:Dioctophymosis
5199:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5172:Toxocara canis
5168:
5167:
5166:
5154:
5153:
5152:
5139:
5137:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5126:
5125:
5117:Metastrongylus
5113:
5112:
5111:
5099:
5098:
5097:
5085:
5084:
5083:
5071:A. braziliense
5061:
5055:
5053:
5041:
5040:
5037:
5036:
5033:
5032:
5030:
5029:
5021:
5019:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5009:
5008:
5007:
4995:
4994:
4993:
4974:
4972:
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4936:
4935:
4934:
4932:Dirofilariasis
4922:
4915:
4914:
4913:
4911:Mansonelliasis
4901:
4900:
4899:
4884:
4883:
4882:
4880:Onchocerciasis
4869:
4867:
4852:
4846:
4845:
4843:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4838:Dracunculiasis
4827:
4825:
4816:
4807:
4798:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4780:
4779:
4777:
4776:
4775:
4774:
4762:
4761:
4760:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4733:
4731:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4721:
4720:
4719:
4717:Hymenolepiasis
4701:
4700:
4699:
4670:
4669:
4668:
4666:Echinococcosis
4649:
4647:
4645:Cyclophyllidea
4638:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4617:
4616:
4614:Metagonimiasis
4604:
4603:
4602:
4600:Heterophyiasis
4590:
4589:
4588:
4586:Amphistomiasis
4576:
4575:
4574:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4545:
4543:
4537:
4536:
4534:
4533:
4532:
4531:
4529:Paragonimiasis
4512:
4510:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4500:
4499:
4498:
4480:
4479:
4478:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4456:Dicrocoeliasis
4440:
4439:
4438:
4425:
4423:
4417:
4416:
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4409:Swimmer's itch
4399:
4398:
4397:
4383:S. haematobium
4360:
4358:
4349:
4334:
4324:
4323:
4312:
4311:
4304:
4297:
4289:
4280:
4279:
4277:
4276:
4266:
4256:
4246:
4236:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4207:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4181:
4179:Food marketing
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4162:Related topics
4159:
4158:
4156:
4155:
4150:
4144:
4139:
4134:
4128:
4122:
4117:
4112:
4105:
4103:
4097:
4096:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4083:
4078:
4073:
4068:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4043:
4037:
4035:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4005:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3916:
3911:
3906:
3897:
3888:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3842:
3837:
3832:
3827:
3822:
3817:
3812:
3806:
3804:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3747:Food additives
3744:
3739:
3734:
3728:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3716:
3711:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3681:
3675:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3612:
3610:
3596:
3595:
3593:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3572:
3571:
3570:
3560:
3554:
3552:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3542:
3537:
3532:
3526:
3524:
3518:
3517:
3515:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3494:
3488:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3477:
3476:
3469:
3461:
3454:
3449:
3444:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3419:
3411:
3404:
3397:
3390:
3383:
3377:
3375:
3373:Microorganisms
3369:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3343:Paragonimiasis
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3308:Cyclosporiasis
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3277:
3276:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3271:
3261:
3260:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3239:
3233:
3231:
3229:Food additives
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3204:Lead poisoning
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3170:
3168:
3158:
3157:
3150:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3127:
3121:
3120:
3096:Vet. Parasitol
3091:
3086:
3072:
3071:External links
3069:
3067:
3066:
3061:
3024:
3018:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2983:
2956:
2926:
2907:(5): 983–986.
2887:
2848:
2841:
2817:
2807:
2782:
2757:
2693:
2675:
2650:
2611:
2575:
2566:
2539:
2499:
2477:
2467:. medscape.com
2456:
2427:
2398:
2368:
2343:
2323:
2316:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2218:
2189:(903): 62–63.
2166:
2152:10.1086/516278
2125:
2096:
2072:
2015:
1980:
1906:
1863:
1851:
1822:(915): 15–22.
1798:
1734:
1709:
1676:
1670:978-1416044703
1669:
1649:
1616:
1609:
1580:
1540:
1506:
1500:978-0323076999
1499:
1481:
1418:
1416:
1413:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1399:
1396:
1383:
1380:
1360:Rudolf Virchow
1355:
1352:
1327:
1324:
1311:
1308:
1299:transmission.
1287:
1284:
1254:
1251:
1234:
1231:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1124:
1121:
1108:
1105:
1084:
1081:
1076:
1073:
1052:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1039:
1031:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1013:
1009:
1008:
1005:
1002:
998:
997:
994:
991:
987:
986:
983:
980:
976:
975:
972:
969:
965:
964:
961:
958:
954:
953:
950:
947:
943:
942:
939:
936:
932:
931:
928:
925:
921:
920:
917:
914:
910:
909:
906:
903:
899:
898:
895:
892:
888:
887:
884:
881:
877:
876:
873:
866:
858:
857:
854:
851:
833:
832:
818:
814:
790:
787:
781:
778:
772:
769:
756:
753:
751:
748:
731:
728:
702:, nonspecific
695:
692:
686:
683:
678:
675:
644:sylvatic cycle
624:
621:
620:
619:
613:
610:
607:
604:
601:
596:
593:
592:
591:
585:
579:
571:
565:
557:
551:
542:
532:
529:
490:
487:
434:
431:
406:
403:
393:
390:
279:abdominal pain
273:can result in
253:trichinellosis
244:
243:
240:
236:
235:
232:
226:
225:
216:
210:
209:
206:
202:
201:
188:
182:
181:
172:
166:
165:
157:
153:
152:
143:
137:
136:
106:abdominal pain
95:
89:
88:
83:
77:
76:
64:
63:
55:
54:
51:
47:
46:
38:
30:Trichomoniasis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5566:
5555:
5552:
5550:
5547:
5545:
5542:
5540:
5537:
5535:
5532:
5530:
5529:Helminthiases
5527:
5525:
5522:
5520:
5517:
5515:
5512:
5510:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5488:
5484:
5483:
5479:
5477:
5473:
5472:
5468:
5467:
5464:
5460:
5453:
5449:
5448:
5444:
5442:
5438:
5437:
5433:
5431:
5427:
5426:
5422:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5411:
5407:
5403:
5401:
5397:
5396:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5384:
5379:
5375:
5359:
5358:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5346:
5345:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5333:
5332:
5328:
5324:
5321:
5320:
5319:
5318:
5314:
5313:
5311:
5309:
5305:
5293:
5290:
5289:
5288:
5287:
5283:
5282:
5280:
5278:
5274:
5268:
5267:
5263:
5259:
5256:
5255:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5241:
5240:
5239:
5238:
5234:
5233:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5219:
5218:
5214:
5210:
5207:
5206:
5205:
5204:
5200:
5198:
5197:
5196:Baylisascaris
5193:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5181:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5173:
5169:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5160:
5159:
5155:
5151:
5148:
5147:
5146:
5145:
5141:
5140:
5138:
5136:
5132:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5119:
5118:
5114:
5110:
5107:
5106:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5093:
5092:
5091:
5090:
5086:
5082:
5078:
5075:
5074:
5073:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5060:
5057:
5056:
5054:
5051:
5046:
5042:
5028:
5027:
5023:
5022:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5006:
5003:
5002:
5001:
5000:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4986:
4981:
4980:
4976:
4975:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4959:
4956:
4955:
4954:
4953:
4948:
4947:
4946:Brugia malayi
4942:
4941:
4937:
4933:
4930:
4929:
4928:
4927:
4923:
4921:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4909:
4908:
4907:
4906:
4902:
4898:
4896:
4892:
4891:
4890:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4877:
4876:
4875:
4871:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4860:
4856:
4853:
4851:
4847:
4839:
4836:
4835:
4834:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4817:
4815:
4811:
4808:
4806:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4789:
4773:
4770:
4769:
4768:
4767:
4763:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4741:
4740:
4739:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4730:
4726:
4718:
4715:
4714:
4713:
4712:
4707:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4697:Cysticercosis
4694:
4691:
4690:
4689:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4676:
4675:
4671:
4667:
4664:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4656:
4655:
4651:
4650:
4648:
4646:
4642:
4639:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4615:
4612:
4611:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4601:
4598:
4597:
4596:
4595:
4591:
4587:
4584:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4570:
4569:
4568:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4558:
4554:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4547:
4546:
4544:
4542:
4538:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4523:P. kellicotti
4519:
4518:
4514:
4513:
4511:
4509:
4505:
4497:
4494:
4493:
4492:
4491:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4477:
4474:
4473:
4472:
4471:
4466:
4465:
4461:
4457:
4454:
4453:
4452:
4451:
4446:
4445:
4441:
4437:
4436:Clonorchiasis
4434:
4433:
4432:
4431:
4427:
4426:
4424:
4422:
4418:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4396:
4393:
4392:
4391:
4390:
4385:
4384:
4379:
4378:
4373:
4372:
4367:
4366:
4362:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4353:
4350:
4347:
4342:
4338:
4335:
4331:
4330:platyhelminth
4325:
4321:
4320:helminthiases
4317:
4310:
4305:
4303:
4298:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4287:
4275:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4237:
4235:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4214:
4211:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Food politics
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4160:
4154:
4151:
4149:(South Korea)
4148:
4145:
4143:
4140:
4138:
4135:
4132:
4129:
4126:
4123:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4113:
4110:
4107:
4106:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4092:
4089:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4077:
4074:
4072:
4069:
4067:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4047:
4044:
4042:
4039:
4038:
4036:
4034:
4030:
4026:
4022:
4014:
4013:United States
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3937:
3934:2011 Germany
3932:
3930:
3927:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3903:
3898:
3896:
3894:
3891:1996 Odwalla
3889:
3887:
3885:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3727:
3725:
3721:
3715:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3705:
3702:
3700:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3690:
3687:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3668:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3613:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3601:
3597:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3569:
3566:
3565:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3555:
3553:
3551:
3547:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3533:
3531:
3528:
3527:
3525:
3523:
3522:Preservatives
3519:
3513:
3512:Methamidophos
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3481:
3475:
3474:
3470:
3468:
3467:
3462:
3460:
3459:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3443:
3442:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3410:
3409:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3398:
3396:
3395:
3391:
3389:
3388:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3378:
3376:
3374:
3370:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3353:Toxoplasmosis
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3278:
3270:
3267:
3266:
3265:
3264:Vegetable oil
3262:
3258:
3255:
3254:
3253:
3250:
3248:
3245:
3243:
3240:
3238:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3171:
3169:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3143:
3141:
3136:
3134:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3074:
3065:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3050:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3025:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:
3012:
3007:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2987:
2980:
2976:
2973:
2969:
2966:
2960:
2944:
2940:
2936:
2930:
2922:
2918:
2914:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2883:
2879:
2875:
2871:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2844:
2842:0-671-50366-9
2838:
2834:
2829:
2821:
2811:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2771:
2767:
2761:
2753:
2746:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2712:
2708:
2704:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2679:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2626:
2622:
2615:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2579:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2555:(1): 121–33.
2554:
2550:
2543:
2535:
2531:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2508:
2506:
2504:
2496:: 1–14. 1948.
2495:
2491:
2487:
2481:
2466:
2460:
2445:
2441:
2434:
2432:
2417:on 2006-09-29
2416:
2412:
2408:
2402:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2358:
2354:
2347:
2336:
2330:
2328:
2319:
2317:9781118525869
2313:
2309:
2308:
2300:
2298:
2288:
2279:
2271:
2267:
2262:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2222:
2214:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2173:
2171:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2145:(1): 111–15.
2144:
2140:
2136:
2129:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2100:
2086:
2082:
2076:
2068:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2019:
2011:
2007:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1991:
1984:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:(1): 127–45.
1950:
1946:
1942:
1935:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1919:
1917:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1886:
1882:
1879:(2): 216–17.
1878:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1856:
1847:
1843:
1838:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1821:
1817:
1813:
1811:
1802:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1776:
1772:
1768:
1764:
1760:
1758:
1749:
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1723:
1719:
1713:
1706:
1695:
1691:
1685:
1683:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1662:
1661:
1653:
1646:
1635:
1631:
1625:
1623:
1621:
1612:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1587:
1585:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1502:
1496:
1492:
1485:
1470:
1466:
1462:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1450:
1448:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1440:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1419:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1395:
1393:
1389:
1379:
1377:
1373:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1350:larval form.
1349:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1323:
1321:
1317:
1307:
1305:
1300:
1298:
1294:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1272:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1250:
1246:
1244:
1240:
1233:United States
1230:
1228:
1223:
1221:
1220:
1215:
1214:Thai New Year
1211:
1207:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1171:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1133:
1130:
1120:
1118:
1114:
1104:
1100:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1089:anthelmintics
1080:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1057:
1049:
1046:
1044:
1040:
1037:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1024:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1010:
1006:
1003:
1000:
999:
995:
992:
989:
988:
984:
981:
978:
977:
973:
970:
967:
966:
962:
959:
956:
955:
951:
948:
945:
944:
940:
937:
934:
933:
929:
926:
923:
922:
918:
915:
912:
911:
907:
904:
901:
900:
896:
893:
890:
889:
885:
882:
879:
878:
874:
871:
867:
864:
860:
859:
856:Minimum Time
855:
852:
849:
848:
845:
842:
838:
830:
826:
822:
819:
815:
812:
808:
807:
806:
804:
800:
796:
786:
777:
768:
766:
762:
747:
745:
741:
737:
727:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
691:
682:
674:
672:
668:
663:
659:
657:
653:
649:
645:
641:
634:
631:Lifecycle of
629:
618:
614:
611:
608:
605:
602:
599:
598:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
572:
569:
566:
563:
562:
558:
555:
552:
548:
547:
543:
540:
539:
535:
534:
528:
526:
522:
518:
509:
502:
499:
495:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
455:
453:
449:
445:
441:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
405:Enteral phase
402:
400:
389:
385:
383:
379:
375:
371:
366:
364:
363:tissue biopsy
360:
356:
352:
348:
347:
342:
338:
334:
331:
326:
324:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
300:
296:
293:of the face,
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
267:
262:
258:
254:
250:
241:
237:
233:
231:
227:
224:
220:
217:
215:
211:
207:
203:
200:
196:
192:
189:
187:
183:
180:
179:tissue biopsy
176:
173:
171:
167:
163:
162:
158:
154:
151:
147:
144:
142:
141:Complications
138:
135:
131:
127:
123:
120:of the face,
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
96:
94:
90:
87:
84:
82:
78:
74:
70:
65:
61:
56:
52:
48:
43:
35:
31:
24:
19:
5480:
5469:
5445:
5434:
5419:
5404:
5389:
5356:
5341:
5329:
5322:
5315:
5292:Enterobiasis
5284:
5264:
5250:
5235:
5215:
5201:
5194:
5188:Toxocariasis
5177:
5170:
5156:
5142:
5115:
5101:
5095:Necatoriasis
5087:
5070:
5063:
5024:
4997:
4984:
4977:
4970:Thelazioidea
4951:
4944:
4938:
4925:
4917:
4903:
4894:
4886:
4872:
4830:
4764:
4750:
4737:
4710:
4703:
4685:
4679:
4672:
4659:
4652:
4606:
4592:
4578:
4564:
4555:
4548:
4522:
4515:
4489:
4482:
4470:F. gigantica
4469:
4462:
4449:
4442:
4428:
4401:
4388:
4382:
4376:
4371:S. japonicum
4370:
4363:
4194:Food quality
4101:Institutions
3935:
3901:
3892:
3883:
3767:Nitrosamines
3530:Benzoic acid
3492:Chlorpyrifos
3471:
3465:
3456:
3439:
3422:
3414:
3406:
3399:
3392:
3385:
3363:Trichuriasis
3357:
3348:Toxocariasis
3318:Enterobiasis
3194:Formaldehyde
3099:
3095:
3035:(1): 66–69.
3032:
3028:
3008:
2999:(6): 581–88.
2996:
2992:
2986:
2978:
2974:
2959:
2947:. Retrieved
2943:the original
2939:www.ansp.org
2938:
2929:
2904:
2900:
2890:
2865:
2861:
2851:
2832:
2820:
2810:
2799:. Retrieved
2785:
2774:. Retrieved
2760:
2710:
2706:
2696:
2678:
2667:. Retrieved
2653:
2628:
2624:
2614:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2569:
2552:
2548:
2542:
2520:(1): 66–74.
2517:
2513:
2493:
2489:
2480:
2469:. Retrieved
2459:
2448:. Retrieved
2419:. Retrieved
2415:the original
2401:
2390:. Retrieved
2371:
2360:. Retrieved
2356:
2351:Hendrick B.
2346:
2306:
2287:
2278:
2235:
2231:
2221:
2186:
2182:
2142:
2138:
2128:
2117:. Retrieved
2108:
2099:
2088:. Retrieved
2084:
2075:
2032:
2028:
2018:
1993:
1989:
1983:
1948:
1944:
1876:
1872:
1866:
1819:
1815:
1809:
1801:
1769:(1): 47–54.
1766:
1762:
1756:
1726:. Retrieved
1712:
1704:
1698:. Retrieved
1659:
1652:
1644:
1638:. Retrieved
1600:
1572:. Retrieved
1563:
1532:. Retrieved
1523:
1490:
1484:
1473:. Retrieved
1464:
1385:
1375:
1371:
1357:
1347:
1344:Richard Owen
1339:
1331:
1329:
1320:Joseph Leidy
1313:
1303:
1301:
1289:
1278:philosopher
1256:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1236:
1224:
1217:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1182:
1178:
1176:
1165:Epidemiology
1157:
1149:
1137:
1128:
1126:
1110:
1101:
1086:
1078:
1068:
1064:
1061:
1053:
1042:
1033:
1025:
1023:
834:
828:
824:
802:
798:
792:
783:
780:Meat testing
774:
758:
733:
720:eosinophilia
697:
688:
680:
664:
660:
639:
637:
632:
616:
587:
581:
573:
567:
560:
553:
545:
537:
524:
516:
514:
497:
479:encephalitis
456:
436:
427:Eosinophilia
408:
398:
395:
386:
367:
345:
340:
329:
327:
303:muscle pains
264:
252:
248:
247:
177:, larvae on
159:
130:muscle pains
113:
97:
67:Trichinella
34:Trichuriasis
18:
5487:Trichinosis
5471:MedlinePlus
5357:C. hepatica
5323:Trichinosis
5308:Adenophorea
5164:Anisakiasis
5045:Strongylida
5026:Gongylonema
5017:Spiruroidea
5005:Thelaziasis
4985:G. hispidum
4859:Filarioidea
4823:Camallanida
4805:Secernentea
4772:Sparganosis
4758:Sparganosis
4711:H. diminuta
4680:T. asiatica
4550:Echinostoma
4490:O. felineus
4476:Fasciolosis
4421:Liver fluke
4356:Blood fluke
4274:WikiProject
4111:(Hong Kong)
3848: [
3810:Devon colic
3684:Breast milk
3656:Nonylphenol
3631:Bisphenol A
3568:controversy
3435:Hepatitis E
3430:Hepatitis A
3408:Enterovirus
3401:Cronobacter
3358:Trichinosis
3328:Fasciolosis
3298:Anisakiasis
3269:controversy
3162:Adulterants
2109:www.cdc.gov
1810:Trichinella
1564:www.cdc.gov
1524:www.cdc.gov
1465:www.cdc.gov
1376:T. spiralis
1372:Trichinella
1348:T. spiralis
1340:T. spiralis
1336:James Paget
1332:T. spiralis
1304:Trichinella
1286:Reemergence
1243:T. spiralis
1239:T. spiralis
1183:T. spiralis
1179:Trichinella
1160:infection".
1158:T. spiralis
1150:Trichinella
1138:Trichinella
1129:Trichinella
1097:albendazole
1093:mebendazole
1069:Trichinella
1065:Trichinella
1043:Trichinella
1030:Pig farming
825:T. spiralis
799:T. spiralis
795:irradiation
755:Legislation
724:hemorrhages
640:T. spiralis
617:Trichinella
554:T. murrelli
538:T. spiralis
525:Trichinella
517:T. spiralis
475:myocarditis
399:Trichinella
378:mebendazole
374:albendazole
346:T. spiralis
341:Trichinella
330:Trichinella
266:Trichinella
249:Trichinosis
223:mebendazole
219:Albendazole
161:Trichinella
50:Other names
45:Trichinosis
23:Trichinella
5503:Categories
5482:Patient UK
5447:DiseasesDB
5228:Rhabditida
5150:Ascariasis
5135:Ascaridida
4926:D. immitis
4905:Mansonella
4897:filariasis
4864:Filariasis
4791:Roundworm/
4508:Lung fluke
4377:S. mekongi
4318:caused by
4025:Regulation
4008:death toll
3777:Shortening
3742:Acrylamide
3671:Food fraud
3651:Mycotoxins
3484:Pesticides
3458:Salmonella
3333:Giardiasis
3293:Amoebiasis
3237:Flavorings
2949:13 January
2801:2006-01-27
2776:2008-02-25
2669:2016-09-16
2471:2009-02-24
2450:2009-08-23
2421:2007-01-28
2392:2007-01-28
2362:2022-05-06
2119:2015-07-25
2090:2021-10-21
1728:2008-12-25
1700:2020-03-06
1640:2016-06-05
1574:2015-07-25
1534:2015-07-25
1475:2015-07-19
1415:References
1409:Nurse cell
1318:scientist
1280:Maimonides
1117:prednisone
1115:, such as
1091:, such as
875:(minutes)
750:Prevention
736:microscopy
671:nurse cell
568:T. nelsoni
546:T. britovi
448:vasculitis
271:intestines
261:roundworms
259:caused by
214:Medication
205:Prevention
4952:B. timori
4850:Spirurida
4796:infection
4693:Taeniasis
4686:T. solium
4450:D. hospes
4333:infection
4328:Flatworm/
4071:ISO 22000
4033:watchdogs
4029:standards
4003:outbreaks
3904:outbreaks
3782:Trans fat
3694:Olive oil
3616:Aflatoxin
3590:Sucralose
3575:Saccharin
3563:Aspartame
3507:Malathion
3452:Rotavirus
3447:Norovirus
2727:1776-1042
2252:1098-6618
2049:2405-6766
1354:Lifecycle
1075:Treatment
829:T. nativa
817:freezing.
803:T. nativa
714:, facial
677:Diagnosis
623:Lifecycle
575:T. papuae
561:T. nativa
483:pneumonia
419:dyspepsia
415:heartburn
239:Frequency
230:Prognosis
98:Initially
81:Specialty
5534:Zoonoses
5277:Oxyurida
5158:Anisakis
5050:hookworm
4999:Thelazia
4814:Spiruria
4794:Nematode
4264:Cookbook
4244:Category
4046:E number
3938:outbreak
3895:outbreak
3886:outbreak
3636:Dieldrin
3585:Sorbitol
3441:Listeria
3381:Botulism
3209:Melamine
3179:Aldicarb
3116:22244535
3080:Archived
3057:23888211
2968:Archived
2921:17488927
2882:11113259
2795:Archived
2770:Archived
2745:27317463
2707:Parasite
2688:Archived
2663:Archived
2645:11099837
2606:16446017
2561:17580572
2534:17707815
2444:Archived
2386:Archived
2270:19136437
2213:11123411
2113:Archived
2067:32095599
2010:12464425
1975:19136437
1901:32598996
1846:11796866
1812:species"
1722:Archived
1694:Archived
1634:Archived
1568:Archived
1528:Archived
1469:Archived
1398:See also
1382:Research
1326:Parasite
1316:American
1297:sylvatic
1293:zoonosis
1210:Thailand
1113:steroids
1018:Instant
595:Taxonomy
521:sylvatic
423:diarrhea
305:, and a
291:swelling
283:vomiting
275:diarrhea
118:swelling
110:vomiting
102:diarrhea
93:Symptoms
5441:D014235
5178:T. cati
4895:Loa loa
4888:Loa loa
4630:Cestoda
4254:Commons
4127:(Spain)
3936:E. coli
3902:E. coli
3893:E. coli
3884:E. coli
3704:Seafood
3604:poisons
3502:Lindane
3466:E. coli
3425:O157:H7
3417:O104:H4
3219:Sudan I
3189:Cyanide
3049:9988325
2736:4912683
2586:Vaccine
2261:2620635
2204:1741881
2161:9455518
2058:7033993
2035:: 1–5.
1966:2620635
1893:7073258
1837:1742236
1793:8665476
1310:History
1267:Judaism
1259:kashrut
1204:In the
1191:Corsica
1153:larvae.
1054:The US
615:Genus:
337:species
263:of the
255:, is a
191:Measles
5476:000631
4688:(pork)
3709:Shrimp
3646:Dioxin
3600:Toxins
3174:3-MCPD
3114:
3055:
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2880:
2839:
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2643:
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1781:
1667:
1607:
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1366:, and
1276:Jewish
501:larvae
459:ataxia
421:, and
411:nausea
287:larvae
281:, and
156:Causes
73:pepsin
69:larvae
5452:13326
3852:]
3699:Prawn
3679:Bread
3252:Sugar
3053:S2CID
2815:2014.
2357:WebMD
2338:(PDF)
1897:S2CID
1271:Islam
1263:halal
1015:62.2
1004:61.1
993:60.0
982:58.9
971:57.8
960:56.7
949:55.6
938:54.5
927:53.4
916:52.2
905:51.1
894:50.0
886:1260
744:ELISA
716:edema
708:fever
648:cysts
550:pigs.
489:Cause
481:, or
440:edema
333:cysts
299:fever
126:fever
114:Later
5436:MeSH
5425:9-CM
5400:1F6E
5253:spp.
3247:Salt
3112:PMID
3045:PMID
2951:2022
2917:PMID
2878:PMID
2837:ISBN
2741:PMID
2723:ISSN
2641:PMID
2602:PMID
2557:PMID
2530:PMID
2312:ISBN
2266:PMID
2248:ISSN
2209:PMID
2157:PMID
2063:PMID
2045:ISSN
2006:PMID
1971:PMID
1889:PMID
1842:PMID
1789:PMID
1665:ISBN
1605:ISBN
1495:ISBN
1386:The
1269:and
1261:and
1257:The
1219:larb
1012:144
1001:142
990:140
979:138
968:136
957:134
946:132
935:130
924:128
919:120
913:126
908:270
902:124
897:570
891:122
880:120
837:USDA
821:Pork
811:meat
809:All
765:USDA
307:rash
134:rash
5430:124
5421:ICD
5415:B75
5406:ICD
5391:ICD
3714:Tea
3689:Egg
3497:DDT
3104:doi
3100:187
3037:doi
3013:at
2909:doi
2870:doi
2828:"4"
2731:PMC
2715:doi
2633:doi
2594:doi
2522:doi
2518:118
2256:PMC
2240:doi
2199:PMC
2191:doi
2147:doi
2053:PMC
2037:doi
1998:doi
1961:PMC
1953:doi
1881:doi
1832:PMC
1824:doi
1779:PMC
1771:doi
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