517:
revolution" were not being fulfilled. He was particularly angry that Madero did not plan on carrying out any kind of agrarian reform, or the breakup of large haciendas. Additionally, the press in Mexico City--controlled by the landowners--began referring to Zapata as a bandit and federal generals, such as Huerta, continued attacking his troops under the pretext that Zapata failed to demobilize in violation of the treaty. Sporadic fighting in southern Mexico continued. In
November 1911, shortly after Madero's inauguration, Zapata issued the famous
233:
445:
20:
220:, which could provoke an outside intervention, and faced with a series of peace proposals from Díaz, Madero hesitated in attacking the city. He in fact ordered his commanders to lift the siege. Orozco, however disregarded the order and, joined by Villa, attacked. After two days of fighting the city fell to the insurrectionists. Madero intervened personally to spare the life of the city's commander, Gen. Navarro, whom both Orozco and Villa wanted executed for his previous killing of rebel
430:
345:
133:
275:. On April 14 Madero had Emiliano Zapata officially designated as his representative in the region. However, Zapata was worried that if he did not fully control all the major towns in Morelos by the time Madero concluded negotiations with Díaz, the demands of his agrarian movement and the issue of the autonomy of Morelos would be ignored or sidelined. Zapata's first military action was to take the town of
394:", which was spreading throughout the countryside. Estañol recommended coming to terms with the first group of revolutionaries by agreeing to the principle of no re-election and a general amnesty, in order to prevent the second group from succeeding. In addition to his fear of "anarchy", Estañol was also worried that the social revolution would lead to a military intervention by the United States.
367:, the replacement of four Díaz cabinet ministers and ten state governors by ones chosen by Madero and the establishment of the principle of "no-reelection", which would prevent Díaz from seeking yet another term as president (which would have been his ninth). Madero responded positively, although he also stated that any kind of peace deal had to include an immediate resignation by Díaz.
525:
547:, who was going to become a major revolutionary in his own right and a future president of Mexico, stated that, after the treaty, Madero had "deliver to the reactionaries a dead revolution which will have to be fought over again". Díaz, after leaving for exile in France, observed that "Madero has unleashed a tiger, let us see if he can control him".
203:
216:
commander of the city's garrison to surrender but the latter refused, hoping that the fortifications he had constructed would allow him to defend the city until reinforcements arrived. Concerned also with the possibility that a direct attack on the town would cause artillery shells to cross the border into the
215:
and Orozco and in April the army began approaching Ciudad Juárez. Orozco and Villa led the way with 500 men each, while Madero followed up with 1,500 riders. The city was besieged by the end of the month, after Madero's army encountered some resistance in the
Chihuahuan countryside. Madero asked the
440:
At the same time there was also disagreement among the rebels. The "left wing" of the revolutionary movement, represented by Zapata and Orozco (Villa, for the time being, tended to support Madero), warned against any possible compromises with Díaz. In the end their suspicions proved correct, as the
370:
Faced with the siege of Ciudad Juárez and the outbreak of rebellion in
Morelos, Díaz and members of his cabinet became more willing to negotiate and launched a "skillful peace offensive" aimed at Madero. This was largely a result of panic among the large landowners associated with the Díaz regime
516:
Zapata, however, refused to recognize the interim government of de la Barra, and for the time being the fighting in
Morelos continued. Madero met with Zapata on several occasions during June. While initially Zapata trusted Madero, with time he became increasingly concerned that the goals of "his
397:
Estañol's views represented those of the portion of the upper class which was willing to come to terms with at least a portion of the middle class in order to crush the peasant uprisings, as exemplified by those of Zapata, which were erupting throughout Mexico. Limantour, who broadly agreed with
65:
as interim president and hold presidential elections. Those who had suffered losses due to the revolution would be indemnified, and there would be a general amnesty. Díaz resigned on May 25, and interim president
Francisco León de la Barra was the new incumbent. Díaz and his family, his vice
81:
that Madero had vaguely promised on previous occasions. It also left the
Porfirian state essentially intact. Additionally, Madero supported the unpopular idea that all land disputes were to be settled through the courts, staffed by the old judges, a decision that led to outbreaks of sporadic
322:
arrived in nearby
Cuernavaca with 600 reinforcements but decided not to come to the relief of Cuautla, as he was afraid that the capital would revolt in his absence. On May 19 the remains of the "Golden Fifth" pulled out of the town, which was then occupied by Zapata's soldiers.
402:, who feared the downgrading of Mexican international credit and a general economic crisis as a result of ongoing social unrest, as well as that of the large landowners who were willing to come to terms with Madero if it would put an end to the agrarian uprisings.
543:, including his wife for the post in the treasury. He also maintained the existing federal system by keeping the sitting judges of the Supreme Court, the legislators in federal and state assemblies and the bureaucrats of the various federal agencies.
421:
stated in a letter to
Limantour that "the repression should be carried out with the greatest energy, punishing without any pity anyone participating in the armed struggle". In the end, however, Díaz dismissed the advice from his generals as
363:, and the Mexican ambassador to the US in order to discuss the possibility of peace between the two sides. Limantour proposed an end to hostilities and offered an amnesty for all revolutionaries, the resignation of the then-vice president
539:. Madero's first act after the treaty was signed was a gesture of reconciliation with the Díaz regime. As a result of the treaty he was given the right to appoint members of the la Barra cabinet. He chose mostly upper-class
164:
attacked federal troops and sent dead soldiers' clothing back to Díaz with the message, "Ahí te van las hojas, mándame más tamales" ("Here are the wrappers, send me more tamales.") He then began operations that threatened
558:, and eventually pressured Orozco to drop out of the race. When, in the aftermath of the Plan of Ayala, Madero ordered Orozco to lead federal troops to suppress Zapata, Orozco refused. In March 1912 Orozco issued his
206:
Ciudad Juárez lies on the border between Mexico and the United States. Its location played a significant role in the battle for the city and concerns that the US might intervene delayed Madero's and the rebels'
1210:
382:
The moderate view within the Díaz government was represented by Jorge Vera Estañol, who in a memo to the minister of foreign affairs wrote that there were two revolutions taking place in Mexico: a
314:. The battle took almost a week and has been described as "six of the most terrible days of battle in the whole Revolution". It consisted of house-to-house fighting, hand-to-hand combat and
336:
himself later stated that, while he felt he could defend against Villa and Orozco in
Chihuahua, the fall of Cuautla was the event that persuaded him to agree to peace with Madero.
449:
972:
492:
as soon as possible and the federal forces were to be the only army in Mexico. This was in order to appease the army, which had opposed a compromise with Madero.
513:
The treaty was signed on May 21. Díaz resigned accordingly on May 25. Francisco de la Barra became the interim president. Madero entered Mexico City on June 7.
1190:
299:, where he gathered more supplies, munitions and soldiers. By May, out of all the major urban centers in the region, only Cuautla and the capital of Morelos,
559:
1205:
129:
and establishment of free and democratic elections. As a response to Madero's proclamation, violent clashes began throughout Mexico in
November 1910.
50:
on May 21, 1911. The treaty put an end to the fighting between forces supporting Madero and those of Díaz and thus concluded the initial phase of the
71:
224:. This, coupled with the fact that both leaders were ignored by Madero in his political appointments, outraged and estranged them from him.
1380:
1310:
923:
426:-like bluster" and chose to seek peace with the moderate wing of the revolution. Limantour had finally managed to persuade him to resign.
1263:
521:, in which the Zapatistas denounced Madero and instead recognized Pascual Orozco as the rightful president and leader of the revolution.
1300:
1284:
771:
635:
680:
332:
were written about him. After Zapata's taking of Cuautla the federal government controlled only five states and some urban areas.
504:
Policemen and judges, as well as state legislators, that had been appointed or "elected" under Díaz were to retain their offices.
279:, where he obtained essential supplies. Subsequently, Zapata, for political and strategic reasons, decided to attack the city of
176:
At roughly the same time, agrarian unrest in the state of Morelos turned into a full-blown rebellion under the leadership of the
405:
These social group were in turn opposed by the more reactionary elements within Díaz's government, mostly concentrated in the
1279:
1258:
554:
in Chihuahua, which increased his resentment. When he tried to run for governor of the state, Madero supported his opponent,
853:
799:
1243:
987:
441:
treaty that was eventually signed neglected issues of social and agrarian land reform that were central to their struggle.
1375:
310:
on May 13 with 4000 troops against 400 elite soldiers of the so-called "Golden Fifth"; the Fifth Cavalry Regiment of the
211:
Encouraged by the news of the uprisings, Madero crossed the border back into Mexico in February 1911. He was joined by
1365:
1273:
706:
550:
Orozco, who saw himself as being instrumental in Madero's victory over Díaz, was merely appointed a commander of the
495:
Madero and his supporters had the right to name 14 provisional state governors and to approve De la Barra's cabinet.
197:
137:
1342:
916:
890:
868:
89:. In October 1911 he was elected president, under the banner of the Partido Constitucional Progresista, along with
835:
479:
An amnesty for all revolutionaries be declared, with the option for some of them to apply for membership in the
379:, in fact, expected that Zapata would soon march on Mexico City itself, unless peace was concluded with Madero.
1023:
555:
240:
170:
90:
409:, who thought that the rebels should be dealt with through brute force. This faction was represented by Gen.
1093:
469:
62:
1305:
1185:
1098:
177:
94:
1268:
909:
113:
imprisoned and had announced his own victory in a falsified election. Madero's earlier vague promises of
951:
1134:
122:
375:) and the financial elite, which represented a "moderate" wing within the government. Some among the
1253:
97:, the vice presidential candidate for the Anti-Reelectionist Party in 1910, as being too moderate.
1073:
326:
The successful capture of Cuautla made Zapata a hero to ordinary people throughout Mexico and new
1370:
1195:
992:
1053:
735:
The Immigration Crisis: Nativism, Armed Vigilantism, and the Rise of the Countervailing Movement
1233:
1228:
387:
288:
1083:
360:
348:
284:
283:. In order to mislead his opponents, however, he initially attacked and captured the towns of
67:
232:
1315:
1078:
747:
383:
292:
8:
1149:
1048:
1038:
1018:
544:
110:
932:
276:
51:
1154:
1144:
1028:
946:
410:
319:
307:
157:
1068:
1118:
356:
280:
141:
114:
47:
23:
1063:
1013:
528:
501:
were to be established for relatives of soldiers who had died fighting the rebels.
461:
433:
333:
166:
106:
43:
1248:
1180:
1175:
1043:
734:
264:
251:
At about the same time that Villa and Orozco were marching on Ciudad Juárez, the
236:
181:
1088:
892:
In the Shadow of the Mexican Revolution: Contemporary Mexican History, 1910–1989
465:
364:
58:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1058:
536:
535:
Madero also incurred the great displeasure of other revolutionaries, including
418:
185:
161:
145:
1359:
1139:
518:
444:
423:
217:
78:
19:
997:
472:, acting as Interim President, organize free elections as soon as possible.
355:
As early as March 1911 Madero's representatives met in New York with Díaz's
1320:
1238:
1033:
406:
390:
and remove Díaz himself from power, and a social revolution whose aim was "
311:
212:
149:
39:
268:
117:
had attracted many supporters. He himself escaped from prison and fled to
489:
296:
202:
86:
61:, were to step down by the end of May, and that he was to be replaced by
239:
and his staff together with Gen. Manuel Asúnsolo and revolutionary Gov.
169:. Additionally, political support for Madero's rebellion came from Gov.
1337:
1325:
982:
977:
956:
429:
399:
315:
300:
244:
344:
901:
351:, Díaz's advisor who encouraged him to step down from the Presidency.
801:
Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900–2000
1330:
1200:
961:
498:
328:
272:
260:
855:
Mexico: Biography of Power: a History of Modern Mexico, 1810–1996
481:
417:
against Madero. Likewise, Gen.--and potential successor to Díaz--
391:
132:
100:
27:
291:. From there he made a wide circle around Cuautla and captured
256:
57:
The treaty stipulated that Díaz, as well as his vice president
93:, his new running mate as vice-president. Madero pushed aside
966:
118:
386:, based mostly in the north whose main aim was to establish
562:
and formally declared himself in rebellion against Madero.
77:
Significantly, the treaty did not mention or institute any
867:
Joseph, Gilbert Michael and Henderson, Timothy J. (2002):
750:, Texas Historical Association, last accessed 16 June 2010
524:
125:. This manifesto called for an armed uprising against the
221:
708:
A History of Latin America: Independence to the Present
287:(which was subsequently retaken by federal forces) and
191:
837:
Villa and Zapata: A History of the Mexican Revolution
255:
revolt gathered strength and spread to the states of
227:
724:, vol. 2, pl 1522. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
460:The most significant point of the treaty was that
889:Camin, Héctor Aguilar and Meyer, Lorenzo (1993):
582:. Austin: University of Texas Press 1952, p. 150.
1357:
746:Martin Donell Kohout, "Orozco, Pascual, Jr.",
101:Military developments leading up to the treaty
917:
870:The Mexico Reader: History, Culture, Politics
720:Mark Wasserman, "Francisco Vázquez Gómez" in
508:
109:broke out in late 1910, after Díaz had rival
173:, who accepted the Plan of San Luis Potosí.
924:
910:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
784:
782:
675:
673:
671:
669:
667:
665:
663:
661:
659:
475:Additionally, the treaty stipulated that:
136:Official photograph of the victors of the
1285:Authentic Party of the Mexican Revolution
885:
883:
881:
879:
848:
846:
705:Keen, Benjamin and Haynes, Keith (2008):
413:, who would later carry out an attempted
16:1911 treaty during the Mexican Revolution
840:Carroll & Graf Publishers, pgs 92–95
766:
764:
762:
760:
758:
756:
580:Mexican Revolution: Genesis Under Madero
523:
443:
428:
398:Estañol, had the support of the Mexican
343:
231:
201:
131:
105:The rebellion against the government of
42:signed between the President of Mexico,
18:
830:
779:
656:
640:Stanford University Press, pgs 104–119.
630:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
608:
82:violence, particularly in rural areas.
1358:
931:
876:
843:
828:
826:
824:
822:
820:
818:
816:
814:
812:
810:
701:
699:
697:
695:
693:
691:
606:
604:
602:
600:
598:
596:
594:
592:
590:
588:
1280:Zapatista Army of National Liberation
905:
753:
895:University of Texas Press, pgs 27–28
776:University of Oklahoma Press, pg 289
488:The revolutionary forces were to be
1381:Treaties entered into force in 1911
1191:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
861:
807:
688:
585:
192:Orozco and Villa take Ciudad Juárez
13:
873:Duke University Press, pgs 339–341
637:The Life and Times of Pancho Villa
228:Zapata in south and central Mexico
121:, from where he issued his famous
14:
1392:
1274:Institutional Revolutionary Party
682:The Mexican Revolution, 1910–1940
455:
1343:Sonora in the Mexican Revolution
303:, remained outside his control.
85:On June 7, 1911, Madero entered
740:
727:
714:
643:
572:
198:Battle of Ciudad Juárez (1911)
1:
988:French Intervention in Mexico
679:Gonzales, Michael J. (2002):
565:
436:on horseback in 1910 or 1911.
339:
1306:Liberation Army of the South
1234:Mexican Constitution of 1917
1186:Convention of Aguascalientes
770:Miller, Robert Ryal (1989):
748:The Handbook of Texas Online
156:In the Guerrero district of
152:is standing on the far left.
7:
858:Harper Collins, pgs 283–285
798:Scheina, Robert L. (2003):
450:Francisco León de la Barra.
318:given by either side. Gen.
10:
1397:
1376:Treaties concluded in 1911
1269:Monument to the Revolution
1094:Francisco León de la Barra
952:Economic History of Mexico
509:Implementation and results
470:Francisco León de la Barra
464:, and his vice president,
195:
63:Francisco León de la Barra
1293:
1221:
1206:United States involvement
1163:
1127:
1006:
939:
737:AltaMira Press, pgs 47–48
733:Navarro, Armando (2009):
531:'s letter of resignation.
1366:Peace treaties of Mexico
1034:Francisco "Pancho" Villa
852:Krauze, Enrique (1998):
711:Cengage Learning, pg 315
685:UNM Press, pgs 76, 80–84
634:Katz, Friedrich (1998):
46:, and the revolutionary
1196:Pancho Villa Expedition
1171:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
1135:Plan of San Luis Potosí
578:Charles C. Cumberland,
138:Battle of Ciudad Juárez
123:Plan of San Luis Potosí
95:Francisco Vázquez Gómez
74:left Mexico for exile.
66:president Corral, plus
36:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
1229:Emigration from Mexico
1164:Political developments
1024:José María Pino Suárez
834:McLynn, Frank (2002):
722:Encyclopedia of Mexico
532:
452:
437:
352:
248:
208:
153:
91:José María Pino Suárez
31:
1254:1968 student protests
1074:Plutarco Elías Calles
527:
447:
432:
347:
235:
205:
196:Further information:
148:on the far right and
144:is seated in center,
135:
22:
1054:Ricardo Flores Magón
973:Constitution of 1857
384:political revolution
1150:Plan of Agua Prieta
1084:José Yves Limantour
1039:Venustiano Carranza
1019:Francisco I. Madero
545:Venustiano Carranza
361:José Yves Limantour
349:José Yves Limantour
285:Izúcar de Matamoros
111:Francisco I. Madero
68:José Yves Limantour
1316:División del Norte
1311:Constitutionalists
1099:Félix Díaz Velasco
933:Mexican Revolution
651:Mexican Revolution
560:Plan of Empacadora
533:
468:, resign and that
453:
448:Interim president
438:
353:
249:
209:
154:
52:Mexican Revolution
32:
1351:
1350:
1264:Historical Museum
1155:Plan of San Diego
1145:Plan of Guadalupe
1029:Victoriano Huerta
947:History of Mexico
773:Mexico: A History
411:Victoriano Huerta
320:Victoriano Huerta
308:attack on Cuautla
306:Zapata began the
1388:
1119:Genovevo de la O
1007:Important people
926:
919:
912:
903:
902:
896:
887:
874:
865:
859:
850:
841:
832:
805:
804:Brassey's, pg 15
796:
777:
768:
751:
744:
738:
731:
725:
718:
712:
703:
686:
677:
654:
647:
641:
632:
583:
576:
556:Abraham González
357:finance minister
241:Abraham González
171:Abraham González
115:agrarian reforms
48:Francisco Madero
24:Francisco Madero
1396:
1395:
1391:
1390:
1389:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1356:
1355:
1352:
1347:
1289:
1259:Popular culture
1249:Mexican miracle
1217:
1181:Morelos Commune
1159:
1123:
1079:Lázaro Cárdenas
1044:Emiliano Zapata
1002:
935:
930:
900:
899:
888:
877:
866:
862:
851:
844:
833:
808:
797:
780:
769:
754:
745:
741:
732:
728:
719:
715:
704:
689:
678:
657:
648:
644:
633:
586:
577:
573:
568:
511:
458:
342:
237:Emiliano Zapata
230:
200:
194:
103:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1394:
1384:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1371:1911 in Mexico
1368:
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1334:
1333:
1328:
1323:
1318:
1313:
1308:
1297:
1295:
1291:
1290:
1288:
1287:
1282:
1277:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1203:
1198:
1193:
1188:
1183:
1178:
1176:Decena trágica
1173:
1167:
1165:
1161:
1160:
1158:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1131:
1129:
1125:
1124:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1114:Manuel Palafox
1111:
1109:Eufemio Zapata
1106:
1104:Bernardo Reyes
1101:
1096:
1091:
1086:
1081:
1076:
1071:
1069:Aquiles Serdán
1066:
1061:
1059:Pascual Orozco
1056:
1051:
1049:Álvaro Obregón
1046:
1041:
1036:
1031:
1026:
1021:
1016:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:
1001:
1000:
995:
990:
985:
980:
975:
970:
964:
959:
954:
949:
943:
941:
937:
936:
929:
928:
921:
914:
906:
898:
897:
875:
860:
842:
806:
778:
752:
739:
726:
713:
687:
655:
642:
584:
570:
569:
567:
564:
537:Pascual Orozco
510:
507:
506:
505:
502:
496:
493:
486:
457:
456:Treaty's terms
454:
419:Bernardo Reyes
388:free elections
341:
338:
247:in April 1911.
229:
226:
193:
190:
162:Pascual Orozco
102:
99:
79:social reforms
72:Rosendo Pineda
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1393:
1382:
1379:
1377:
1374:
1372:
1369:
1367:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1354:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1332:
1329:
1327:
1324:
1322:
1319:
1317:
1314:
1312:
1309:
1307:
1304:
1303:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1220:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1168:
1166:
1162:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1140:Plan of Ayala
1138:
1136:
1133:
1132:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1117:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1102:
1100:
1097:
1095:
1092:
1090:
1087:
1085:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1075:
1072:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1064:Carmen Serdán
1062:
1060:
1057:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1045:
1042:
1040:
1037:
1035:
1032:
1030:
1027:
1025:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1015:
1014:Porfirio Díaz
1012:
1011:
1009:
1005:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:social system
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
950:
948:
945:
944:
942:
938:
934:
927:
922:
920:
915:
913:
908:
907:
904:
894:
893:
886:
884:
882:
880:
872:
871:
864:
857:
856:
849:
847:
839:
838:
831:
829:
827:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
813:
811:
803:
802:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
775:
774:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
757:
749:
743:
736:
730:
723:
717:
710:
709:
702:
700:
698:
696:
694:
692:
684:
683:
676:
674:
672:
670:
668:
666:
664:
662:
660:
652:
646:
639:
638:
631:
629:
627:
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
607:
605:
603:
601:
599:
597:
595:
593:
591:
589:
581:
575:
571:
563:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
538:
530:
529:Porfirio Díaz
526:
522:
520:
519:Plan of Ayala
514:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
487:
484:
483:
478:
477:
476:
473:
471:
467:
463:
462:Porfirio Díaz
451:
446:
442:
435:
434:Porfirio Díaz
431:
427:
425:
420:
416:
412:
408:
403:
401:
395:
393:
389:
385:
380:
378:
374:
368:
366:
362:
358:
350:
346:
337:
335:
334:Porfirio Díaz
331:
330:
324:
321:
317:
313:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
246:
242:
238:
234:
225:
223:
219:
218:United States
214:
204:
199:
189:
187:
183:
179:
174:
172:
168:
167:Ciudad Juárez
163:
159:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
107:Porfirio Díaz
98:
96:
92:
88:
83:
80:
75:
73:
69:
64:
60:
55:
53:
49:
45:
44:Porfirio Díaz
41:
37:
29:
25:
21:
1353:
1244:Land Reforms
1239:Cristero War
1170:
1089:Ramón Corral
891:
869:
863:
854:
836:
800:
772:
742:
729:
721:
716:
707:
681:
650:
649:Cumberland,
645:
636:
579:
574:
551:
549:
540:
534:
515:
512:
480:
474:
466:Ramón Corral
459:
439:
414:
407:Federal Army
404:
396:
381:
376:
372:
369:
365:Ramón Corral
354:
327:
325:
312:Federal Army
305:
252:
250:
213:Pancho Villa
210:
175:
155:
126:
104:
84:
76:
59:Ramón Corral
56:
40:peace treaty
35:
33:
26:arriving in
998:Científicos
957:Encomiendas
490:demobilized
415:coup d'état
377:Porfiristas
297:Jonacatepec
87:Mexico City
1360:Categories
1338:Soldaderas
1331:Magonistas
1326:Felicistas
1211:formations
993:Porfiriato
983:La Reforma
978:Reform War
940:Background
566:References
541:Maderistas
400:financiers
373:hacendados
340:Compromise
316:no quarter
301:Cuernavaca
245:Cuernavaca
180:brothers,
127:Porfiriato
1321:Federales
962:Haciendas
277:Chinameca
269:Michoacán
253:Zapatista
158:Chihuahua
1301:Factions
1201:Maximato
499:Pensions
329:corridos
293:Yautepec
273:Guerrero
261:Tlaxcala
182:Emiliano
653:p. 150.
552:rurales
482:rurales
392:anarchy
289:Chietla
281:Cuautla
207:attack.
186:Eufemio
30:in 1912
28:Pachuca
1222:Legacy
424:Custer
265:Mexico
257:Puebla
178:Zapata
146:Orozco
142:Madero
38:was a
1294:Other
1276:(PRI)
1128:Plans
967:Casta
371:(the
150:Villa
119:Texas
295:and
271:and
222:POWs
184:and
70:and
34:The
243:in
1362::
878:^
845:^
809:^
781:^
755:^
690:^
658:^
587:^
359:,
267:,
263:,
259:,
188:.
160:,
140:.
54:.
925:e
918:t
911:v
485:.
422:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
