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190:. His father was Pascual Orozco Sr. His mother was Amada Orozco y Vázquez (1852–1948); the Vázquez family were second-generation Basque immigrants. The family was not rich, but had standing locally, where his father ran a village store and was a minor office holder. Pascual Jr. was educated in the local public school and began working as a muleteer, a hands-on job that was a vital link in transporting goods in northern Mexico and as a revolutionary gave him intimate knowledge of the terrain. Orozco, like fellow northern revolutionary
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coerced the cook to prepare him a meal and attend his horses, while Orozco and his men got ready to steal Love's cattle. When the owner arrived, they fled on the rancher's horses. The facts of this are often disputed because in other accounts it is believed that the horses belonged to Orozco and Love set up Orozco to seek revenge for an earlier dispute. Love used his accusations to persuade 26 members from the
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276:, against Madero's orders. For revolutionaries who had fought for the overthrow of Díaz, the victory at Ciudad Juárez that forced Díaz to resign the presidency was sweet. However, dismaying the revolutionaries who had defeated the Federal Army, Madero entered into negotiations with the Díaz regime for a transfer of power that dismayed revolutionary fighters. The
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in a box canyon above
Stephan's Tank where law enforcement caught and killed them. A Mexican version asserts that Orozco was murdered trying to resist the theft of his own horses by Love and his men. On 7 October a local hearing against the 40-plus Americans involved was initiated, but the court found the people involved innocent of all charges.
257:(revolutionary leader) of the Porfirio Díaz Anti Re-election Club in Guerrero District. A week after the beginning of the war, he obtained his first victory, against General Juan Navarro. After ambushing the federal troops in Cañón del Mal Paso on 2 January 1911, he ordered the dead soldiers stripped and sent the uniforms to
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Orozco successfully executed a planned escape to Sierra Blanca where he met up with leaders and future cabinet members (General José Delgado, Christoforo
Caballero, Miguel Terrazas and Andreas Sandoval). The official U.S. report stated that Orozco and his men had crossed by Dick Love's ranch and had
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to pursue the mysterious horse thieves whom he purposefully fails to mention by name to ensure their participation. The posse in pursuit converged at
Stephan's tank just west of High Lonesome in the Van Horn Mountains Orozco, and his four men (Delgado, Caballero, Terrazas and Sandoval) were camped
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On 31 October of that year, Orozco was placed in command of the revolutionary forces in
Guerrero municipality. He led his forces to a series of victories against Díaz loyalists, and by the end of the year most of the state was in the hands of the revolutionaries. At this point, Orozco was a hero in
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After Díaz's fall, Orozco became resentful at Madero's failure to name him to the cabinet or to a state governorship. Orozco was particularly upset with Madero's failure to implement a series of social reforms that he had promised at the beginning of the revolution. Orozco believed that Madero was
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In efforts to overthrow
Venustiano Carranza's government, Orozco and Huerta traveled throughout the United States, with the support of fellow exiles Gen. Marcelo Caraveo, Francisco Del Toro, Emilio Campa, and Gen. José Inez Salazar in Texas. Orozco traveled to San Antonio, St. Louis and New York.
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in
Chihuahua. In June 1911, Orozco decided to run for governor of Chihuahua for the Club Independiente Chihuahuense, an organization opposed to Francisco I. Madero. After receiving many admonitions by the revolutionary hierarchy, Orozco was compelled to resign his candidacy on 15 July 1911.
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against Madero in
February 1913 during which Madero was murdered, Orozco joined the Huerta regime. Orozco's revolt against Madero somewhat tarnished his revolutionary reputation, but his subsequent support of Huerta compounded the repugnance against him.
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and he rose to the rank of division general. Orozco defeated the
Constitutionalist Army at Ciudad Camargo, Mapula, Santa Rosalía, Zacatecas, and Torreón. With his successes against that revolutionary force came their vitriol against him as a betrayer.
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was a key factor in forcing Díaz to resign in May 1911. Following Díaz's resignation and the democratic election of Madero in
November 1911, Orozco served Madero as leader of the state militia in Chihuahua, a paltry reward for his service in the
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where he won several successive engagements against the
Constitutionalists, he was forced to retreat because he lacked sufficient manpower to hold the ground he won. He was again forced into exile and was named "Supreme Military Commander."
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On 3 March 1912, he announced his intention to revolt against the government of President Madero. Orozco financed his rebellion with his own assets and with confiscated livestock, which he sold in the neighboring U.S. state of
535:, at the decision of his wife, dressed in a full Mexican general's uniform, with the Mexican flag draping his coffin, in front of three thousand followers and admirers. In 1925, his remains were returned to his home state of
375:, with his first cousin, Teodora Vázquez Molinar González (1879–1956) and husband, Carlos Díaz-Ferrales González (1878–1953) he was able to return to Chihuahua but extremely ill, affected with periodic
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that sought to oust Huerta in northern Mexico. Orozco's successes had brought promotions. As Commanding General of all Mexican Federal forces, he led attacks against the revolutionaries, including
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In the mountainous region of Chihuahua, "the outstanding leader in 1910-11 was Pascual Orozco, a tall, powerful, taciturn young man." He quickly rose to prominence once he had been recruited by
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Brave fighter and faithful lover, you tear off the mask of the tyrant! The thankful and delirious people shake your ardent hand! To the unbeaten General Pascual Orozco!
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On 3 March 1912 Orozco decreed a formal revolt against Madero's government. Orozco's forces, known as the Orozquistas and Colorados ("Red Flaggers"), defeated the
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Pascual Jr. married Refugia Frías and dedicated his youth to the transport of precious metals between the mining firms of the state. He was also the uncle of
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501:, who participated in the Mexican Revolution as a colonel in the Villista Army. In the first years of the 20th century he was attracted by the ideas of the
136:(in contemporary documents, sometimes spelled "Oroszco") (28 January 1882 – 30 August 1915) was a Mexican revolutionary leader who rose up to support
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Heribert von Feilitzsch, In Plain Sight: Felix A. Sommerfeld, Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914, Henselstone Verlag LLC., Amissville, VA, 2012, p. 165
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With the settlement brokered by Madero with the Díaz regime, Orozco turned to business interests, involved in mining, retail commerce, and transport.
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stipulated the resignations of Díaz and his vice president, allowing them to go into exile; the establishment of an Interim Presidency under
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in early 1913, Orozco agreed to support him if Huerta agreed to some reforms (such as payment of hacienda workers in hard money rather than
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In New York, Orozco and Huerta finalized plans to retake Mexico. En route to El Paso by train on 27 June 1915 the two were arrested in
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Eventually Enrique Creel and Huerta were able to strike a deal with the German government for the sale of $ 895,000.00 in weapons.
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When Díaz presented his resignation, Orozco was named to a relatively junior position, commander of the federal rural police
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whom he viewed to be similar to Madero. After briefly leading a revolt financed with his own money where he took in
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Protestants and the Mexican Revolution: missionaries, ministers, and social change by Deborah J. Baldwin, p.76
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Orozco is played by Mexican actor Arturo Martínez in the Mexican film "Pancho Villa y la Valentina" (1960).
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with a note that read, "Ahí te van las hojas, mándame más tamales". ("Here are the wrappers, send me more
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After Huerta's fall Orozco announced his refusal to recognize the government of the new president,
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very similar to Díaz, whom he had helped to overthrow. Orozco was then offered the governorship of
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OROZCO, PASCUAL, JR. | The Handbook of Texas Online| Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)
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On 3 September 1915 Orozco's remains were placed in space 13 of the Masonic Holding Vault at
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in March 1912. It was a serious revolt which the Federal Army struggled to suppress. When
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out of retirement to stop Orozco's rebellion. Huerta's troops defeated the
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Mexican Rebel; Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1915, p. 15
144:(1876-1911). Orozco was a natural military leader whose victory over the
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Mexican Rebel: Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1915
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Mexican Rebel: Pascual Orozco and the Mexican Revolution, 1910-1915
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Subsequently, he refused a request to command the troops fighting
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song sheet praising Orozco and his exploits. The headline reads:
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vol. 1, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1986, p. 141, 176.
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Lynching Pascual Orozco, Mexican Revolutionary Hero and Paradox
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666:, vol. 4, p. 241. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
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scrip). Huerta agreed. Orozco led campaigns against the
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Orozco was born to a middle-class family on Santa Inés
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Felix A. Sommerfeld: Spymaster in Mexico, 1908 to 1914
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Osorio Zúñiga, "Pascual Orozco Vázquez, Jr.", p. 1037.
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431:), Orozco, upon learning of the murders of Madero and
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Orozco, The Life and Death of a Mexican Revolutionary
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Mexican troops in Chihuahua during Orozco's Rebellion
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663:Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture
218:. Orozco was not so much a hard-line opponent of
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31: and the second or maternal family name is
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906:The Handbook of Texas Online: Pascual Orozco
876:. Amissville, Virginia: Henselstone Verlag.
867:. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.
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617:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press 1967
513:in the face of the imminent outbreak of the
364:and Bachimba finally seizing Ciudad Juárez.
835:. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
660:Grieb, Kenneth J. "Pascual Orozco, Jr." in
505:brothers and, in 1909 he started importing
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140:in late 1910 to depose long-time president
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1200:Querétaro Constitutional Convention
826:. México, D.F.: Siglo XXI Editores.
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592:This article draws heavily on the
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459:(left) and Pascual Orozco (right).
382:After Huerta installed himself as
268:On 10 May 1911 Orozco and colonel
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872:von Feilitzsch, Heribert (2012).
824:Pascual Orozco, ¿Héroe y traidor?
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1393:20th-century Mexican politicians
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822:Caballero, Raymond (2020).
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558:The Friends of Pancho Villa
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859:Meyer, Michael C. (1967).
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1144:Plan of San Luis Potosí
766:El Heraldo de Chihuahua
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278:Treaty of Ciudad Juárez
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1173:Political developments
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1048:Venustiano Carranza
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560:(1996), a novel by
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384:President of Mexico
350:José González Salas
255:jefe revolucionario
216:Francisco I. Madero
138:Francisco I. Madero
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956:History of Mexico
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457:Victoriano Huerta
415:Orozco and Huerta
354:Victoriano Huerta
291:Break with Madero
240:brigadier general
182:near San Isidro,
163:Victoriano Huerta
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21:Spanish name
1378:1915 deaths
1373:1882 births
1007:Científicos
966:Encomiendas
433:Pino Suárez
373:Los Angeles
358:orozquistas
167:coup d'état
99:Orozquistas
1367:Categories
1347:Soldaderas
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1335:Felicistas
1220:formations
1002:Porfiriato
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987:Reform War
949:Background
799:1967, p132
771:2020-10-02
586:References
408:Guanajuato
379:seizures.
377:rheumatism
174:Early life
66:1882-01-28
1330:Federales
971:Haciendas
892:25414251M
537:Chihuahua
509:from the
298:Chihuahua
232:Chihuahua
188:Chihuahua
75:Chihuahua
1310:Factions
1210:Maximato
725:Knight,
712:Knight,
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574:See also
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184:Guerrero
180:hacienda
95:Movement
77:, Mexico
19:In this
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369:Ojinaga
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307:Rurales
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33:Vázquez
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1303:Other
1285:(PRI)
1137:Plans
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322:Texas
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