1715:"2. A learned committee, consisting of Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, western Mohammedans, etc. was appointed by the emperor K'ien-lung to revise the Yüan shi, and especially the foreign names of men, places etc. occurring so frequently in that book. These savants in their reformatory zeal, proceeded on the idea, that all the proper names had been incorrectly rendered in the official documents of the Mongols, and had to be changed. They pronounced the same verdict with respect to the histories of the Liao and the Kin. Thus in the new editions of the histories of the Liao, Kin and Yüan, all the original proper names without exception disappeared, and were replaced by names of a new invention, which generally have little resemblance to the original. For further particulars, compare my Notes on Chinese Mediaeval Travellers, p. 58, note 1. By this way of corrupting the names of the original historios, which have generally rendered foreign sounds as correctly as the Chinese language permits, the K'ien-lung editions of these works have become completely unserviceable for historical and geographical investigations. K'ien-lung was very proud of the happy idea of metamorphosing the ancient proper names, and issued an edict, that in future no Chinese scholar should dare to use the ancient names.
1725:
original spelling of the name however is always given, and the chapters are indicated where the name occurs. This renders the vocabulary very useful for reference, and we may lay aside the fact, that the principal object in view of the learned committee, was the absurd explanation of the meaning of the newly-invented names. I may give a few examples of the sagacity these savants displayed in their etymological commentaries. The city of
Derbend (the name means "gate" in Persian), situated on the western shore of the Caspian sea, is mentioned in the Yuan shi, as a city of Persia, and the name is written
16858:
2423:
16846:
15441:
16795:
1771:
libraries. The numerous translations from the "Mongol history," found in
Pauthier's M. Polo, have all been made from this corrupted text. At the time Klaproth and Rémusat wrote, the Yuan shi was unknown in Europe, and it seems, that even the old Catholic missionaries in Peking had not seen it. The old sinologues knew only an extract of the great "Mongol History"." -
3864:), China did not accept those transliterations and proceed to use their own transliterations. For Malay names, transliterations usually uses their pronunciation to transliterate into Chinese characters instead of their appeared romanization (e.g. Xinhua's translation usually transliterate letter by letter instead of following their pronunciation).
45:
1059:
foreign to
Chinese must be broken into their constituent sounds (or omitted), despite being thought of as a single unit in their original language. Since there are so many characters to choose from when transcribing a word, a translator can manipulate the transcription to add additional meaning. As
15542:
The characters now employed in standardized transcription tend to have abstract or obscure meanings and have fallen out of use, so that their phonetic use is apparent. Therefore, in many cases, the
Chinese names non-Chinese people adopt for themselves are not those that are phonetically equivalent
1790:
Transcriptions of
English in Chinese characters were used in a book to learn English dating to 1860 in the reign of the Xianfeng Emperor. During the late 19th century, when Western ideas and products flooded China, transcriptions mushroomed. They include not only transcriptions of proper nouns but
1785:
Though a great soldier and a great litterateur, K'ien-lung did not escape some serious errors. At one time he appointed a learned committee of
Chinese, Manchus, Mongols, and Western Mohammedans to revise the foreign names of men and places which occur in the Yüan Records. So unscientific was this
1724:
Liao kin yüan shi yü kai, or "Explanation of words (proper names) found in the histories of the Liao, Kin and Yüan." In this vocabulary, all the names of men, countries, places, mountains, rivers etc.—of the three histories have been systematically arranged, but according to the new spelling. The
1770:
The most recent edition of the Yüan shi (also with corrupted proper names) is dated 1824, but
Archimandrite Palladius has noticed that it was only finished about twenty years later. This edition is not difficult of purchase, and I fancy it is the only edition of the Yuan shi found in European
1668:
with the
Jurchen, and the Mongolian language with the Mongolian. Solon, Mongolian, and Manchu speakers were consulted with on the "correct" pronunciations of the names and words and their Chinese transcriptions were accordingly changed. However the Khitan language has now been found by modern
1650:
were not phonetically accurate and true to the original pronunciation. The histories were in fact hastily compiled and suffered from inaccurate and inconsistent phonetic transcriptions of the same names. He ordered the "Imperial Liao Jin Yuan Three
Histories National Language Explanation"
1090:), which controls most transcription for official media and publication in mainland China. As the name implies, the work consists of a dictionary of common names. It also includes transcription tables for names and terms which are not included. The English table is reproduced
1864:
is a phonetically imperfect rendering of the
English initial syllable. Chinese has a large number of homo/heterotonal homophonous morphemes, which would have been much better phonetically (but not nearly as good semantically) – consider the syllable
2244:
Given that a Chinese neologism can be a phono-semantic matching (i.e. in accordance with both the meaning and the sound of the foreign lexical item), an "innocent" transcription may be unwittingly interpreted as reflecting the meaning of the original. During the
1147:
Increasingly, other countries are setting their own official standards for Chinese transcription and do not necessarily follow Xinhua's versions, just as Xinhua's version differs from Wade–Giles and other international standards. For example, the
3276:
Cantonese transcriptions are now frequently cribbed from the mainland, even if the transcription’s local pronunciation doesn’t match up with the original language. For example, sources in Hong Kong and Macau follow the mainland transcription
1136:, transcription standards are established by the Translation Standardisation Committee for the Chinese Media and in 2014 was moved to National Translation Committee (NTC) of the Ministry of Communication and Information. In
3246:
In general, mainland China tends to preserve the pronunciation of names deriving from their language of origin while Taiwan often transcribes them according to the English pronunciation. For example, the Russian President
1786:
work that the K'ien-lung editions of the Liao, Kin, and Yüan histories are practically useless. The title Kalif rendered Ha-li-fu was changed by the Committee into Farkha and is explained as being "a village in Manchuria."
16760:
1024:, it is increasingly common to see foreign names and terms left in their original form in Chinese texts. However, for mass media and marketing within China and for non-European languages, particularly those of the
15544:
15665:, and at the same time, the two characters look like a net and a paddle. The most general radical for transcription is the mouth radical, which is used to transcribe not only certain foreign terms (such as
2324:
Cultural differences and personal preference about negative meaning is subjective. However, some translations are generally held to be inappropriate and are usually not used in today's transcriptions:
15763:
1611:("Imperially-Published Revised and Enlarged mirror of Qing") in Manchu and Chinese, used both Manchu script to transcribe Chinese words and Chinese characters to transcribe Manchu words with
16163:. Vol. 52 of Harvard Yenching Institute Cambridge, Mass: Harvard-Yenching Institute monograph series (illustrated, revised ed.). Harvard Univ Asia Center. p. 864.
1121:
provide that "Chinese" will be the official languages of those territories, in addition to English and Portuguese, respectively, leaving ambiguous the relative preference for
1337:. Some scholars have tried to use it to reconstruct an original version of the otherwise unrecorded language of the Yangtze's Yue people before their incorporation into the
16768:
1718:
After the three histories had been corrupted, K'ien-lung ordered the same committee to explain the meanings of the new names; and this gave rise to a new work entitled:
16601:
16495:
15686:
make up the majority of Chinese characters, but new ones coined to communicate foreign words only infrequently reach common use today. Notable exceptions are the
1669:
linguists to be a Mongolic language and is unrelated to the Solon language. The project was part of the Siku Quanshu. Qianlong also promulgated a theory that the
321:
17:
15458:
1222:
word for "sea". However, the tendency within China was to fit new groups into the existing structure, so that, for example, "Yi" eventually became a word for
300:
3273:
in Taiwan. Meanwhile, Hong Kong and Macau transcribe names using Cantonese pronunciations, although this has become less common following their handovers.
15712:
1141:
968:
1761:
Wu-ch'eng, meaning also "Five cities," occurs repeatedly in the Yuan shi, as a synonym of Bie-shi-ba-li. The committee however transformed the name into
1660:) project to "correct" the Chinese character transcriptions by referring to the contemporaneous descendants of those languages. Qianlong identified the
1461:
to be rendered very carefully into Chinese characters, since they were thought to lose their efficacy if their exact sounds were not properly uttered.
1208:. The Chinese characters developed to describe them may have originally transcribed local names, such as the proposed connection between the original "
1031:
Except for a handful of traditional exceptions, most modern transcription in Mainland China uses the standardized Mandarin pronunciations exclusively.
15897:
15505:
3294:
In 2016, a controversy arose in Hong Kong when protestors petitioned Nintendo to reverse its decision of converting the Hong Kong names of over 100
3106:
15477:
16455:
Masini, Federico (1993). "The Formation of Modern Chinese Lexicon and Its Evolution Toward a National Language: The Period from 1840 to 1898".
2540:, the early Chinese transcription of "English", but subsequently applied to the UK after it was formed from the union of England and Scotland.
1755:
Bie-shi-ba-li in theuncorrupted Yuan shi, Bishbalik is to be understood. The meaning of this name in Turkish, is " Five cities," and the term
15853:
15484:
15743:
495:
1737:
Du-r-ben, and explain that durben in Mongol means, "four." The name of Bardaa, a city of Armenia, is rendered in the original Yuan shi by
450:
15555:
Very rarely, characters are specially made for the transcribed terms. This was formerly more common: by adding the appropriate semantic
1051:
abound and most non-Han words have multiple possible transcriptions. This is particularly true since Chinese is written as monosyllabic
15491:
935:
3207:. In addition, transcriptions used in Chinese speaking regions sometimes differ from official transcriptions. For example "Hawaii" (
15687:
961:
15473:
15191:
Generally still transcribe an aspirated unaspirated-consonant or an unaspirated aspirated-consonant according to its written form.
15127:
When vowels ⟨a⟩, ⟨e⟩, ⟨i⟩, ⟨o⟩, and ⟨u⟩ are in an unstressed syllable, generally transcribe them according to their written forms.
1118:
940:
455:
3190:, meaning "foundations". The name can be interpreted as "the encyclopedia that connects the fundamental knowledge of humanity".
1812:
1522:, 'Sino-Barbarian Dictionary'), using Chinese characters to phonetically transcribe the words of the foreign languages such as
314:
1513:) published bilingual dictionaries/vocabularies of foreign languages like the Bureau of Translators' multilingual dictionary (
16675:
16613:
16507:
16388:
16244:
16069:
16042:
7046:
1449:
was the first to emphasize its importance in reconstructing the sounds of Middle Chinese. The transcriptions made during the
1149:
1095:
565:
1446:
16883:
15993:
15722:
1795:. Many of these phonemic loans proved to be fads, however, and popular usage and linguistic reformers subsequently favored
800:
554:
1791:
also those of common nouns for new products. The influence was particularly marked in dialects near the major ports, like
15916:
4058:
3956:
954:
16397:. Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. Kelly & Walsh. pp. 79–80
16210:
16134:
8432:
3302:. In the first half of 2016, Nintendo announced that it would change Pikachu's name from its original Cantonese name,
16621:
16515:
15756:
15524:
485:
16659:
15498:
6375:
4030:
4016:
686:
16202:
From Frontier Policy to Foreign Policy: The Question of India and the Transformation of Geopolitics in Qing China
4819:
4065:
3963:
3892:
3881:
877:
16370:. Contributor Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North-China Branch. The Branch. pp. 79–80
16827:
16306:
16168:
15788:
15462:
5666:
985:
440:
142:
59:
15942:"Barbarians or Not? Ethnicity and Changing Conceptions of the Ancient Yue (Viet) Peoples, ca. 400–50 BC"
15813:
15180:
when it is before a ⟨b⟩ or ⟨p⟩. But when a ⟨b⟩ after ⟨m⟩ is not pronounced, still transcribe ⟨m⟩ according to
15543:
but are instead "adapted" from or "inspired" by (i.e., translations of) the original. See, for instance, the
4825:
4023:
4009:
1070:
989:
636:
616:
559:
470:
284:
158:
75:
16389:
Bretschneider, E.; Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. North China Branch, Shanghai (1876).
16260:
Crossley, Pamela Kyle; Rawski, Evelyn S. (Jun 1993). "A Profile of The Manchu Language in Ch'ing History".
15679:
3990:
3983:
3949:
3056:
1420:
1304:
854:
269:
14490:
13947:
13943:
13939:
13319:
12677:
12673:
12669:
12665:
12053:
12049:
12045:
12041:
12037:
11406:
11402:
11398:
11394:
11390:
11386:
10777:
10773:
10769:
10204:
9566:
9024:
9020:
7768:
5671:
2292:"small", believing that the Europeans were deliberately belittling the East. The ancient Japanese, or the
16878:
16693:"Translation of Proper Names in Hong Kong: Media and Official Usage at the Turn of the Twentieth Century"
7763:
7040:
4037:
2942:
1767:
Ba-shi-bo-li, and state that Ba-shi in the language of the Mohammedans means "head" and bo-li "kidneys."
1001:
331:
257:
16011:
2346:, with the characters meaning "Do not three noses give". Today the country is more often transcribed as
16836:
16634:
4072:
4002:
3928:
3914:
3089:, "wheat serve as labor". The name was also chosen because it represented a "well-known local street",
1021:
907:
388:
372:
361:
336:
224:
15941:
2917:
Foreign companies are able to choose representations of their names which serve advertising purposes:
16667:
15181:
15173:
15138:
15095:
15093:
15085:
4813:
3976:
3970:
3184:, whose ancient sense refers to "ropes or webs connecting objects", and alludes to the Internet; and
2321:("negative, wrong continent") in Chinese. Whether these accusations were justified is controversial.
1492:
544:
475:
15690:, which mostly consist of combining pre-existing characters with the appropriate radicals, such as
8426:
2577:
2088:
1271:
1009:
882:
529:
408:
240:
15883:
3172:, meaning "Wiki Encyclopedia". The Chinese transcription of "Wiki" is composed of two characters:
2892:), meaning "elegant mountain / excellent and holy / elegant poem / superior (and) beautiful land".
2310:("peace, harmony"). Modern Africans have accused the Chinese of racism, as "Africa" is written as
1129:. In practice, transcriptions based on both Cantonese and Mandarin pronunciations have been used.
16085:
Ido, Shinji (2018). "Chapter 2: Huihuiguan zazi: A New Persian glossary compiled in Ming China".
15717:
15683:
15451:
7757:
3996:
3942:
3921:
3907:
1822:
1818:
1328:
1073:, the process has been standardized by the Proper Names and Translation Service of the state-run
465:
16437:
16236:
Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
16126:
Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
16034:
Chinese Lexicography : A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
3325:
1382:
fame) handed down guidelines of "Five Kinds of Words Not to Translate" (simplified Chinese:
1182:
Transcription of foreign terms may date to the earliest surviving written records in China, the
16545:"Limited Views"), Beijing: Chung Hwa Book Company, 1999, vol.4, pp.1458-1462. Cf. Zhang Shaoqi
15656:, in which both characters are formed by removing a stroke from the similar sounding character
3860:
Even though Malaysia had their official transliteration names for ministers and currency unit (
2699:
2495:, phono-semantic matching in Chinese is common in four semantic domains: brand names, computer
1205:
549:
445:
16589:
Translating Science: The Transmission of Western Chemistry into Late Imperial China, 1840-1900
16234:
16200:
16158:
16124:
16059:
16032:
16491:
16390:
16363:
16298:
Materials for a Genealogy of the Niohuru Clan: With Introductory Remarks on Manchu Onomastics
16296:
15891:
15183:
15175:
4051:
4044:
3204:
2492:
2422:
1749:
Ba-le-t'a-ha, and comment that this name in Manchu means "the neck part of a sable skin." By
1353:
1275:
820:
16423:
16338:
1626:
field, Qianlong decided that the Chinese character transcriptions of names and words of the
1390:). He directed that transcription should be used instead of translation when the words are:
15985:
15733:
15675:
3935:
3200:
1415:
These ancient transcription into Chinese characters provide clues to the reconstruction of
591:
3298:
into the mainland Chinese equivalents of their names, including its most famous character
8:
2984:
2665:
1821:, i.e. it reflects both the sound and the meaning of the transcribed word. For example, "
1547:
1543:
1378:
1349:
1320:
1106:
1555:
892:
16819:
16605:
16499:
16460:
16391:"ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia"
16364:"ARTICLE IV. Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia"
16277:
16110:
Iranian languages and literatures of Central Asia: from the 18th century to the present
3873:
1772:
1643:
1539:
1535:
1324:
1114:
1074:
1025:
992:
704:
349:
326:
2207:
concerning disheveled hair. They can also reflect subjective opinions or advertising.
795:
524:
16823:
16761:"Pokémon Politics: Proposed Pikachu Name-Change Sparks Protests in Hong Kong 【Video】"
16734:
16692:
16671:
16617:
16609:
16511:
16503:
16312:
16302:
16240:
16206:
16174:
16164:
16130:
16065:
16038:
15640:
15556:
15140:
15087:
6381:
3861:
2249:, some Chinese scholars were unhappy to find China was located on a continent called
2034:("Russia") preserving the meaning of the original name. Similarly, the common ending
1587:
1583:
1575:
1531:
1333:
1066:, there is a choice of some 120 characters that have this as a Hanyu Pinyin reading.
1056:
656:
611:
539:
356:
264:
16479:
New Terms for New Ideas: Western Knowledge and Lexical Change in Late Imperial China
15134:⟨ai⟩ and ⟨ay⟩ are at the beginning of a word, transcribe them according to the row.
16714:
16704:
16269:
16090:
15873:
15865:
3261:
2895:
2635:
2405:
is still used colloquially. Moreover, today the place is more often transcribed as
2387:
2039:
1635:
1571:
1563:
1523:
1477:
1126:
1040:
1017:
1005:
736:
711:
690:
676:
490:
480:
231:
191:
110:
16417:
15674:, "coffee"), but also terms for which no Chinese characters exist in non-Mandarin
15559:, existing characters could be used to give a sense of the sound of the new word.
2211:, now known as "the international language" or literally "language of the world" (
1079:
Names of the World's Peoples: a Comprehensive Dictionary of Names in Roman-Chinese
51:
Names of the World's Peoples: A Comprehensive Dictionary of Names in Roman-Chinese
16850:
15749:
15738:
3090:
2793:
2506:
Some transcriptions are meant to have, or happen to have, positive connotations:
1665:
1647:
1631:
1627:
1602:
1527:
1481:
1469:
1465:
1316:
1246:), originally applied to a people northwest of the Shang, was later applied to a
1227:
1201:
847:
763:
579:
534:
460:
294:
274:
252:
44:
2313:
165:
149:
82:
66:
16709:
16562:
3504:
3248:
2125:
1661:
1639:
1579:
1567:
1473:
1416:
930:
902:
887:
788:
715:
680:
289:
279:
16094:
15920:
15869:
16872:
16805:
16527:
16316:
16178:
15760:, a surviving document written in Mongolian transcribed to Chinese characters
4093:
4086:
4079:
3329:
3071:
2772:
1559:
1551:
1361:
1297:
1219:
1183:
811:
754:
1282:
brings the first certain evidence of transcription: most famously, the word
16862:
15707:
15416:
15393:
15372:
15351:
15330:
15309:
15288:
15267:
15246:
15225:
15204:
15156:
15114:
15063:
15035:
15011:
14987:
14963:
14939:
14915:
14891:
14867:
14843:
14819:
14795:
14771:
14747:
14723:
14699:
14675:
14651:
14627:
14603:
14579:
14555:
14531:
14507:
14470:
14446:
14422:
14398:
14374:
14350:
14326:
14302:
14278:
14252:
14228:
14204:
14180:
14156:
14132:
14108:
14084:
14060:
14036:
14012:
13988:
13964:
13921:
13894:
13868:
13844:
13818:
13794:
13770:
13746:
13722:
13698:
13674:
13650:
13624:
13600:
13576:
13552:
13528:
13504:
13480:
13456:
13432:
13408:
13384:
13360:
13336:
13303:
13279:
13252:
13226:
13202:
13176:
13152:
13128:
13104:
13080:
13056:
13032:
13008:
12982:
12958:
12934:
12910:
12886:
12862:
12838:
12814:
12790:
12766:
12742:
12718:
12694:
12649:
12625:
12598:
12574:
12550:
12526:
12502:
12478:
12454:
12430:
12406:
12382:
12358:
12334:
12310:
12286:
12262:
12238:
12214:
12190:
12166:
12142:
12118:
12094:
12070:
12023:
11999:
11975:
11951:
11927:
11903:
11879:
11855:
11831:
11807:
11783:
11759:
11735:
11711:
11687:
11663:
11639:
11615:
11591:
11567:
11543:
11519:
11495:
11471:
11447:
11423:
11372:
11348:
11324:
11300:
11276:
11252:
11228:
11204:
11180:
11156:
11132:
11108:
11082:
11058:
11034:
11010:
10986:
10962:
10938:
10914:
10890:
10866:
10842:
10818:
10794:
10753:
10727:
10703:
10679:
10655:
10631:
10607:
10583:
10559:
10535:
10509:
10485:
10461:
10437:
10413:
10389:
10365:
10341:
10317:
10293:
10269:
10245:
10221:
10190:
10166:
10142:
10115:
10091:
10067:
10043:
10019:
9995:
9971:
9947:
9923:
9897:
9873:
9849:
9825:
9801:
9777:
9753:
9729:
9705:
9679:
9655:
9631:
9607:
9583:
9544:
9520:
9496:
9472:
9448:
9424:
9400:
9376:
9350:
9326:
9302:
9278:
9251:
9224:
9197:
9173:
9149:
9122:
9095:
9068:
9041:
9004:
8978:
8954:
8930:
8906:
8882:
8858:
8834:
8810:
8786:
8762:
8738:
8714:
8690:
8666:
8642:
8618:
8594:
8570:
8546:
8522:
8498:
8474:
8450:
8411:
8387:
8363:
8339:
8313:
8289:
8265:
8241:
8217:
8193:
8169:
8145:
8121:
8097:
8073:
8049:
8025:
8001:
7977:
7953:
7929:
7905:
7881:
7857:
7833:
7809:
7785:
7742:
7718:
7694:
7670:
7644:
7620:
7594:
7570:
7544:
7520:
7496:
7472:
7448:
7424:
7400:
7376:
7352:
7328:
7304:
7280:
7256:
7232:
7208:
7184:
7160:
7136:
7112:
7088:
7064:
7025:
7001:
6977:
6953:
6929:
6905:
6879:
6855:
6831:
6807:
6783:
6759:
6735:
6711:
6687:
6663:
6639:
6615:
6591:
6567:
6543:
6519:
6495:
6471:
6447:
6423:
6399:
6360:
6336:
6312:
6288:
6262:
6238:
6214:
6190:
6166:
6142:
6119:
6095:
6071:
6047:
6023:
5999:
5975:
5951:
5927:
5903:
5879:
5855:
5831:
5807:
5784:
5760:
5736:
5712:
5688:
5651:
5627:
5603:
5577:
5553:
5529:
5505:
5479:
5455:
5429:
5405:
5381:
5357:
5333:
5307:
5283:
5259:
5233:
5209:
5185:
5161:
5135:
5111:
5085:
5061:
5035:
5011:
4987:
4963:
4939:
4915:
4891:
4867:
4843:
4798:
4774:
4750:
4726:
4702:
4678:
4654:
4630:
4606:
4582:
4558:
4534:
4510:
4484:
4460:
4436:
4412:
4386:
4362:
4336:
4312:
4286:
4262:
4238:
4214:
4190:
4166:
4142:
4118:
3845:
3824:
3802:
3781:
3759:
3738:
3723:
3709:
3687:
3665:
3636:
3614:
3592:
3577:
3563:
3541:
3519:
3490:
3468:
3446:
3431:
3417:
3395:
3373:
3358:
2703:
2246:
1792:
1623:
1598:
1488:
1450:
1395:
1365:
1279:
1198:
1186:
1153:
775:
629:
198:
117:
15137:
When ⟨r⟩ or ⟨re⟩ is at the end of a word with a phonetic transcription of
16395:
Journal of the North China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10
16368:
Journal of the North-China Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, Volume 10
16340:
Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia
16301:. Vol. 10 of Aetas Manjurica. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 37.
15625:
15594:
2616:
1777:
Notices of the Mediæval Geography and History of Central and Western Asia
1670:
1338:
1308:
1267:
1259:
1247:
727:
649:
604:
508:
419:
401:
16464:
15878:
16719:
16281:
16112:. Association pour l'Avancement des Études Iraniennes. pp. 99–136.
15693:
15568:
15465: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
3203:
in its transcriptions, while Taiwan, Hong Kong and Macau typically use
3130:, meaning "precious horse", sounding like its colloquial name "Beamer".
2328:
2293:
1369:
1312:
1263:
586:
381:
15764:
Official Cantonese translations of English names for British officials
15054:
15026:
15002:
14978:
14954:
14930:
14906:
14882:
14858:
14834:
14810:
14786:
14762:
14738:
14714:
14690:
14666:
14642:
14618:
14594:
14570:
14546:
14522:
14498:
14461:
14437:
14413:
14389:
14365:
14341:
14317:
14293:
14269:
14243:
14219:
14195:
14171:
14147:
14123:
14099:
14075:
14051:
14027:
14003:
13979:
13955:
13912:
13909:
13885:
13859:
13835:
13809:
13785:
13761:
13737:
13713:
13689:
13665:
13641:
13615:
13591:
13567:
13543:
13519:
13495:
13471:
13447:
13423:
13399:
13375:
13351:
13327:
13294:
13270:
13267:
13243:
13217:
13193:
13167:
13143:
13119:
13095:
13071:
13047:
13023:
12999:
12973:
12949:
12925:
12901:
12877:
12853:
12829:
12805:
12781:
12757:
12733:
12709:
12685:
12640:
12616:
12613:
12589:
12565:
12541:
12517:
12493:
12469:
12445:
12421:
12397:
12373:
12349:
12325:
12301:
12277:
12253:
12229:
12205:
12181:
12157:
12133:
12109:
12085:
12061:
12014:
11990:
11966:
11942:
11918:
11894:
11870:
11846:
11822:
11798:
11774:
11750:
11726:
11702:
11678:
11654:
11630:
11606:
11582:
11558:
11534:
11510:
11486:
11462:
11438:
11414:
11363:
11339:
11315:
11291:
11267:
11243:
11219:
11195:
11171:
11147:
11123:
11099:
11073:
11049:
11025:
11001:
10977:
10953:
10929:
10905:
10881:
10857:
10833:
10809:
10785:
10744:
10718:
10694:
10670:
10646:
10622:
10598:
10574:
10550:
10526:
10500:
10476:
10452:
10428:
10404:
10380:
10356:
10332:
10308:
10284:
10260:
10236:
10212:
10181:
10157:
10133:
10130:
10106:
10082:
10058:
10034:
10010:
9986:
9962:
9938:
9914:
9888:
9864:
9840:
9816:
9792:
9768:
9744:
9720:
9696:
9670:
9646:
9622:
9598:
9574:
9535:
9511:
9487:
9463:
9439:
9415:
9391:
9367:
9341:
9317:
9293:
9269:
9266:
9242:
9239:
9215:
9212:
9188:
9164:
9140:
9137:
9113:
9110:
9086:
9083:
9059:
9056:
9032:
8995:
8969:
8945:
8921:
8897:
8873:
8849:
8825:
8801:
8777:
8753:
8729:
8705:
8681:
8657:
8633:
8609:
8585:
8561:
8537:
8513:
8489:
8465:
8441:
8402:
8378:
8354:
8330:
8304:
8280:
8256:
8232:
8208:
8184:
8160:
8136:
8112:
8088:
8064:
8040:
8016:
7992:
7968:
7944:
7920:
7896:
7872:
7848:
7824:
7800:
7776:
7733:
7709:
7685:
7661:
7635:
7611:
7585:
7561:
7535:
7511:
7487:
7463:
7439:
7415:
7391:
7367:
7343:
7319:
7295:
7271:
7247:
7223:
7199:
7175:
7151:
7127:
7103:
7079:
7055:
7016:
6992:
6968:
6944:
6920:
6896:
6870:
6846:
6822:
6798:
6774:
6750:
6726:
6702:
6678:
6654:
6630:
6606:
6582:
6558:
6534:
6510:
6486:
6462:
6438:
6414:
6390:
6351:
6327:
6303:
6279:
6253:
6229:
6205:
6181:
6157:
6133:
6110:
6086:
6062:
6038:
6014:
5990:
5966:
5942:
5918:
5894:
5870:
5846:
5822:
5798:
5775:
5751:
5727:
5703:
5679:
5642:
5618:
5594:
5568:
5544:
5520:
5496:
5470:
5446:
5420:
5396:
5372:
5348:
5324:
5298:
5274:
5250:
5224:
5200:
5176:
5152:
5126:
5102:
5076:
5052:
5026:
5002:
4978:
4954:
4930:
4906:
4882:
4858:
4834:
4789:
4765:
4741:
4717:
4693:
4669:
4645:
4621:
4597:
4573:
4549:
4525:
4501:
4475:
4451:
4427:
4403:
4377:
4353:
4327:
4303:
4277:
4253:
4229:
4205:
4181:
4157:
4133:
4109:
3295:
2439:, after the official Ferreira de Almeida. Ferreira was transcribed as
2304:
2297:
15653:
15131:
3872:
The table below is the English-into-Chinese transcription table from
3154:
3133:
3102:
2921:
2455:
2208:
1800:
1231:
1194:
1133:
1122:
1102:
1062:
1048:
997:
838:
669:
428:
16273:
16108:
Ido, Shinji (2015). "New Persian vowels transcribed in Ming China".
15440:
1484:, Mongol names were phonetically transcribed in Chinese characters.
16845:
15609:
15426:
is used at the beginning of a word. (shown as an alternative above)
3035:
2963:
2814:
2722:
2709:
2500:
2358:
2296:
people were upset by their name being represented by the character
2051:, meaning "baby" or "girl", and the corresponding masculine suffix
1619:
1591:
1442:
1400:
1373:
1357:
1345:
1137:
1052:
1044:
897:
435:
15613:
3299:
2732:
2543:
2189:
2154:
2149:
2000:
1673:
were descended from a Khitan clan, changing the Khitan clan name
1605:
words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters. The book
1255:
1193:
spread from their initial settlements near the confluence of the
517:
2399:, meaning "Hong Kong minor"; that is now the official name, but
15584:
3650:
3020:
2686:
2650:
2496:
2303:("small, short, servile") by the Chinese, and replaced it with
2144:
2069:
2065:
1796:
1612:
1480:
words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters. In the
1458:
1454:
1251:
1209:
1190:
247:
15403:, etc. (shown as alternatives above) are used in female names.
1411:
Lofty and subtle, which a translation might devalue or obscure
15727:
3284:
2462:
2432:
1834:
1110:
1094:; those for a number of other languages are available on the
827:
770:
743:
1701:) was edited and inserted in place of the Jurchen clan name
1691:. The Chinese transcription of the Manchu clan name Niohuru
1472:
words phonetically transcribed with Chinese characters. The
15092:
at the beginning of a word, transcribe it according to the
3005:
2265:
1817:
A transcription into Chinese characters can sometimes be a
15988:. "Decipherment of Yue-Ren-Ge (Song of the Yue Boatman)".
16735:"Why the Plan to Rename Pikachu Has Made Hong Kong Angry"
16602:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
16496:
Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew
15103:
When ⟨ia⟩ is at the end of a word, transcribe the ⟨a⟩ as
3112:
1140:, transcription/translation standards are established by
16438:"Qing Dynasty Textbook Shows How People Learned English"
2598:, literally "beautiful country". It is abbreviated from
2426:
Sign for the Avenida do Conselheiro Ferreira de Almeida.
2147:-dimensional net". Sometimes the transcription reflects
16061:
Chinese Lexicography: A History from 1046 BC to AD 1911
15169:
Transcribe and as plus - and plus -row characters.
2153:
or other Chinese sayings and idioms. For example, the
2124:("solid", "hefty"). More recently, one translation of
16834:
16802:
The Chinese recorder and missionary journal, Volume 3
1028:, transcription into characters remains very common.
1004:
the sound of terms and names of foreign words to the
203:
122:
53:, the official transcription guide of Mainland China.
16232:
16057:
16030:
15713:
Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia
3884:
for English vowels (rows) and consonants (columns).
2683:, meaning "fragrant pavilion (and) beautiful house".
2361:
is a common name for places and people, rendered as
1142:
Chinese Language Standardisation Council of Malaysia
1077:. Xinhua publishes an official reference guide, the
1016:
of a foreign word is communicated in Chinese. Since
15858:
Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association
2613:
being an early phonetic transcription of "America".
2007: "White Russia") is transcribed in Chinese as
1601:some bilingual Chinese-Manchu dictionaries had the
15630:(clothes) was added to other characters to permit
3225:in most Chinese-language media while New Zealand (
2561:, literally "moral country". The first character,
1743:Ba-r-da-a. The committee will have the name to be
2525:, literally "hero country". The first character,
2172:, "the mop-headed", and in Taiwan and Hong Kong,
16870:
3315:in favor of fitting the Mandarin pronunciation,
3287:, even though its Cantonese pronunciation being
3264:pronunciation , whereas the name is rendered as
16635:"Chinese Names for 50 Famous Foreign Companies"
16457:Journal of Chinese Linguistics Monograph Series
15752:, for transcribing Arabic to Chinese characters
3109:where a McDonald's restaurant opened (in 1975).
2241:, meaning " love this not difficult to read".
1453:are particularly valuable, as the then-popular
16259:
16226:
16051:
15617:
3324:, in the most recent series of Pokémon games,
1731:Da-r-ban. The committee changed the name into
16813:
16556:
16546:
16540:
16530:
16409:
16361:
16336:
16012:
16005:
15968:
15962:
15896:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
15691:
15666:
15657:
15644:
15631:
15623:
15600:
15592:
15574:
15566:
15560:
15407:
15384:
15363:
15342:
15321:
15300:
15279:
15258:
15237:
15216:
15195:
15147:
15105:
15052:
15024:
15000:
14976:
14952:
14928:
14904:
14880:
14856:
14832:
14808:
14784:
14760:
14736:
14712:
14688:
14664:
14640:
14616:
14592:
14568:
14544:
14520:
14496:
14459:
14435:
14411:
14387:
14363:
14339:
14315:
14291:
14267:
14241:
14217:
14193:
14169:
14145:
14121:
14097:
14073:
14049:
14025:
14001:
13977:
13953:
13907:
13883:
13857:
13833:
13807:
13783:
13759:
13735:
13711:
13687:
13663:
13639:
13613:
13589:
13565:
13541:
13517:
13493:
13469:
13445:
13421:
13397:
13373:
13349:
13325:
13292:
13265:
13241:
13215:
13191:
13165:
13141:
13117:
13093:
13069:
13045:
13021:
12997:
12971:
12947:
12923:
12899:
12875:
12851:
12827:
12803:
12779:
12755:
12731:
12707:
12683:
12638:
12611:
12587:
12563:
12539:
12515:
12491:
12467:
12443:
12419:
12395:
12371:
12347:
12323:
12299:
12275:
12251:
12227:
12203:
12179:
12155:
12131:
12107:
12083:
12059:
12012:
11988:
11964:
11940:
11916:
11892:
11868:
11844:
11820:
11796:
11772:
11748:
11724:
11700:
11676:
11652:
11628:
11604:
11580:
11556:
11532:
11508:
11484:
11460:
11436:
11412:
11361:
11337:
11313:
11289:
11265:
11241:
11217:
11193:
11169:
11145:
11121:
11097:
11071:
11047:
11023:
10999:
10975:
10951:
10927:
10903:
10879:
10855:
10831:
10807:
10783:
10742:
10716:
10692:
10668:
10644:
10620:
10596:
10572:
10548:
10524:
10498:
10474:
10450:
10426:
10402:
10378:
10354:
10330:
10306:
10282:
10258:
10234:
10210:
10179:
10155:
10128:
10104:
10080:
10056:
10032:
10008:
9984:
9960:
9936:
9912:
9886:
9862:
9838:
9814:
9790:
9766:
9742:
9718:
9694:
9668:
9644:
9620:
9596:
9572:
9533:
9509:
9485:
9461:
9437:
9413:
9389:
9365:
9339:
9315:
9291:
9264:
9237:
9210:
9186:
9162:
9135:
9108:
9081:
9054:
9030:
8993:
8967:
8943:
8919:
8895:
8871:
8847:
8823:
8799:
8775:
8751:
8727:
8703:
8679:
8655:
8631:
8607:
8583:
8559:
8535:
8511:
8487:
8463:
8439:
8400:
8376:
8352:
8328:
8302:
8278:
8254:
8230:
8206:
8182:
8158:
8134:
8110:
8086:
8062:
8038:
8014:
7990:
7966:
7942:
7918:
7894:
7870:
7846:
7822:
7798:
7774:
7731:
7707:
7683:
7659:
7633:
7609:
7583:
7559:
7533:
7509:
7485:
7461:
7437:
7413:
7389:
7365:
7341:
7317:
7293:
7269:
7245:
7221:
7197:
7173:
7149:
7125:
7101:
7077:
7053:
7014:
6990:
6966:
6942:
6918:
6894:
6868:
6844:
6820:
6796:
6772:
6748:
6724:
6700:
6676:
6652:
6628:
6604:
6580:
6556:
6532:
6508:
6484:
6460:
6436:
6412:
6388:
6349:
6325:
6301:
6277:
6251:
6227:
6203:
6179:
6155:
6131:
6108:
6084:
6060:
6036:
6012:
5988:
5964:
5940:
5916:
5892:
5868:
5844:
5820:
5796:
5773:
5749:
5725:
5701:
5677:
5640:
5616:
5592:
5566:
5542:
5518:
5494:
5468:
5444:
5418:
5394:
5370:
5346:
5322:
5296:
5272:
5248:
5222:
5198:
5174:
5150:
5124:
5100:
5074:
5050:
5024:
5000:
4976:
4952:
4928:
4904:
4880:
4856:
4832:
4787:
4763:
4739:
4715:
4691:
4667:
4643:
4619:
4595:
4571:
4547:
4523:
4499:
4473:
4449:
4425:
4401:
4375:
4351:
4325:
4301:
4275:
4251:
4227:
4203:
4179:
4155:
4131:
4107:
3836:
3815:
3793:
3772:
3750:
3729:
3700:
3678:
3656:
3627:
3605:
3583:
3554:
3532:
3510:
3481:
3459:
3437:
3408:
3386:
3364:
3319:
3306:
3278:
3265:
3252:
3235:
3226:
3217:
3208:
3185:
3179:
3173:
3164:
3158:
3143:
3137:
3122:
3116:
3081:
3075:
3060:
3045:
3039:
3024:
3009:
2994:
2988:
2973:
2967:
2952:
2946:
2931:
2925:
2905:
2899:
2884:
2878:
2869:
2863:
2854:
2848:
2839:
2833:
2824:
2818:
2803:
2797:
2782:
2776:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2736:
2726:
2713:
2690:
2675:
2669:
2654:
2639:
2626:
2620:
2608:
2599:
2590:
2584:
2568:
2562:
2553:
2547:
2532:
2526:
2517:
2511:
2479:
2470:
2449:
2440:
2406:
2400:
2391:
2381:
2375:
2362:
2347:
2338:
2332:
2311:
2287:
2281:
2275:
2269:
2256:
2250:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2199:
2193:
2179:
2173:
2164:
2158:
2135:
2129:
2119:
2113:
2107:
2098:
2092:
2079:
2073:
2056:
2043:
2026:
2017:
2008:
1989:
1980:
1971:
1962:
1953:
1944:
1937:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1902:
1892:
1883:
1874:
1867:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1825:
1762:
1756:
1750:
1744:
1738:
1732:
1726:
1719:
1702:
1692:
1683:
1674:
1652:
1606:
1514:
1505:
1496:
1307:also found their way into Chinese during the
1287:
1241:
1235:
1213:
1166:
1157:
1082:
962:
163:
147:
80:
64:
16574:Cf. Michael Carr, "Wa 倭 Wa 和 Lexicography",
16024:
15744:Chinese characters for transcribing Slavonic
2386:meaning duck. However a place in Hong Kong,
1441:'corresponding sounds'); in Western
16664:Golden Arches East: McDonald's in East Asia
15842:, p. 563. University of Hawaii Press, 2007.
3328:, in order to standardize marketing in the
3199:Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia use
2765:, transcriptions based on the Anglo-French
2741:"cold". Today the city is usually known as
2448:, as shown on the name of the street, with
2064:, meaning "man". In literary translations,
1436:
1356:required the transcription of a great many
16205:. Stanford University Press. p. 381.
15917:"Baxter–Sagart Old Chinese Reconstruction"
15840:ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese
2437:Avenida do Conselheiro Ferreira de Almeida
2042:female surnames is usually transcribed as
1493:Chinese government's Bureau of Translators
969:
955:
43:
16718:
16708:
16415:
16233:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
16156:
16087:Trends in Iranian and Persian Linguistics
16058:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
16031:Heming Yong; Jing Peng (14 August 2008).
15951:, 3rd Series, vol. 16, pp. 6 ff
15909:
15907:
15877:
15525:Learn how and when to remove this message
2981:, "buy (after) thinking a hundred times".
1408:Traditionally transcribed, not translated
1327:'s transcription and translation of the "
16129:. Oxford University Press. p. 397.
16122:
15939:
15845:
15746:, for transcription from Church Slavonic
15688:Chinese characters for chemical elements
15579:, which at the time had the sound value
15545:Chinese names of the Hong Kong governors
2811:, literally "gorgeous colour wonderful".
2583:United States of America is abbreviated
2421:
1303:Besides proper names, a small number of
1091:
16804:, a publication from 1871, now in the
15930:, p. 56. 2011. Accessed 12 August 2013.
15851:
15474:"Transcription into Chinese characters"
3194:
1882:'deliver, carry, give (as a present)',
1204:, they were surrounded on all sides by
18:Transliteration into Chinese characters
14:
16871:
16758:
16658:
16454:
15990:Cahiers de Linguistique Asie Orientale
15913:Baxter, Wm. H. & Sagart, Laurent.
15904:
3867:
3347:Mainland China, Singapore and Malaysia
3002:, "competing (with) a hundred tastes".
2790:, meaning "red maple (and) white dew".
2662:, literally "elegant" and "classical".
2187:, "the mop-head four", reflecting the
1813:Graphic pejoratives in written Chinese
1658:Qīndìng Liáo Jīn Yuán sān shǐ guóyǔjiě
16591:, Leiden; Boston: Brill, 2000, p.212.
16576:International Journal of Lexicography
16343:. Trübner & Company. pp. 5–6
16268:(1). Harvard-Yenching Institute: 99.
16198:
16089:. De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 21–52.
15933:
3260:in mainland sources after the native
3068:, "agree to (a) virtuous foundation".
1034:
982:Transcription into Chinese characters
16800:This article incorporates text from
16690:
15979:
15973:. Commercial Press (Beijing), 2000.
15956:
15537:
15463:adding citations to reliable sources
15434:
3339:Regional transcriptions into Chinese
3234:) is transcribed by Taiwan media as
3107:the first Chinese speaking territory
2226:), was first introduced to China as
1935:'sour, spoiled' and many others) or
1806:
16565:"), Beijing: Yuwen Chubanshe, 2000.
16419:Islam in China: A Neglected Problem
16294:
16157:Wilkinson, Endymion Porter (2000).
16107:
16084:
15789:"Chinese Wiktionary's pinyin index"
3053:, "multiple neighboring countries".
1682:, found in the History of Liao, to
24:
16641:. Transparent Language. 2015-02-10
16262:Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies
15832:
15639:, the Chinese version of Sanskrit
15565:, for instance, was formed out of
2634:through transliteration. However,
1938:
1903:
1868:
1783:Marshall Broomhall commented that
1504:) and the Bureau of Interpreters (
1447:Baron Alexander von Staël-Holstein
1022:standard in most secondary schools
25:
16895:
16123:Yong, Heming; Peng, Jing (2008).
15757:The Secret History of the Mongols
15550:
8431:
8425:
7762:
7756:
7045:
7039:
6380:
6374:
5665:
4824:
4818:
4812:
4092:
4085:
4078:
4071:
4064:
4057:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4022:
4015:
4008:
4001:
3995:
3989:
3982:
3975:
3969:
3962:
3955:
3948:
3941:
3934:
3927:
3920:
3913:
3906:
2580:", the German word for "German").
1258:. Interaction with the states of
1008:. Transcription is distinct from
16856:
16844:
16793:
16600:P. 59 of Zuckermann, G. (2003),
16037:. OUP Oxford. pp. 382–383.
15439:
3032:, "market of many great things".
2939:, meaning "delicious (and) fun".
2476:Dēméihdīu Sīnàhdeih daaihmáhlouh
687:Hainanese Transliteration Scheme
16752:
16727:
16684:
16652:
16627:
16594:
16581:
16568:
16521:
16484:
16471:
16448:
16430:
16422:. Morgan & Scott. pp.
16382:
16355:
16330:
16288:
16253:
16192:
16150:
16116:
16101:
16078:
15450:needs additional citations for
3882:International Phonetic Alphabet
3017:, "suitable/proper for a home".
2576:(the Chinese transcription of "
2157:are known in Mainland China as
1900:'tower; alarm, attract' etc.),
878:Character-based General Chinese
16812:Names of the World's Peoples (
16018:》 . Accessed 6 November 2013.
15999:
15806:
15781:
15417:
15406:
15394:
15383:
15373:
15362:
15352:
15341:
15331:
15320:
15310:
15299:
15289:
15278:
15268:
15257:
15247:
15236:
15226:
15215:
15205:
15194:
15157:
15146:
15115:
15104:
15064:
15051:
15036:
15023:
15012:
14999:
14988:
14975:
14964:
14951:
14940:
14927:
14916:
14903:
14892:
14879:
14868:
14855:
14844:
14831:
14820:
14807:
14796:
14783:
14772:
14759:
14748:
14735:
14724:
14711:
14700:
14687:
14676:
14663:
14652:
14639:
14628:
14615:
14604:
14591:
14580:
14567:
14556:
14543:
14532:
14519:
14508:
14495:
14471:
14458:
14447:
14434:
14423:
14410:
14399:
14386:
14375:
14362:
14351:
14338:
14327:
14314:
14303:
14290:
14279:
14266:
14253:
14240:
14229:
14216:
14205:
14192:
14181:
14168:
14157:
14144:
14133:
14120:
14109:
14096:
14085:
14072:
14061:
14048:
14037:
14024:
14013:
14000:
13989:
13976:
13965:
13952:
13922:
13906:
13895:
13882:
13869:
13856:
13845:
13832:
13819:
13806:
13795:
13782:
13771:
13758:
13747:
13734:
13723:
13710:
13699:
13686:
13675:
13662:
13651:
13638:
13625:
13612:
13601:
13588:
13577:
13564:
13553:
13540:
13529:
13516:
13505:
13492:
13481:
13468:
13457:
13444:
13433:
13420:
13409:
13396:
13385:
13372:
13361:
13348:
13337:
13324:
13304:
13291:
13280:
13264:
13253:
13240:
13227:
13214:
13203:
13190:
13177:
13164:
13153:
13140:
13129:
13116:
13105:
13092:
13081:
13068:
13057:
13044:
13033:
13020:
13009:
12996:
12983:
12970:
12959:
12946:
12935:
12922:
12911:
12898:
12887:
12874:
12863:
12850:
12839:
12826:
12815:
12802:
12791:
12778:
12767:
12754:
12743:
12730:
12719:
12706:
12695:
12682:
12650:
12637:
12626:
12610:
12599:
12586:
12575:
12562:
12551:
12538:
12527:
12514:
12503:
12490:
12479:
12466:
12455:
12442:
12431:
12418:
12407:
12394:
12383:
12370:
12359:
12346:
12335:
12322:
12311:
12298:
12287:
12274:
12263:
12250:
12239:
12226:
12215:
12202:
12191:
12178:
12167:
12154:
12143:
12130:
12119:
12106:
12095:
12082:
12071:
12058:
12024:
12011:
12000:
11987:
11976:
11963:
11952:
11939:
11928:
11915:
11904:
11891:
11880:
11867:
11856:
11843:
11832:
11819:
11808:
11795:
11784:
11771:
11760:
11747:
11736:
11723:
11712:
11699:
11688:
11675:
11664:
11651:
11640:
11627:
11616:
11603:
11592:
11579:
11568:
11555:
11544:
11531:
11520:
11507:
11496:
11483:
11472:
11459:
11448:
11435:
11424:
11411:
11373:
11360:
11349:
11336:
11325:
11312:
11301:
11288:
11277:
11264:
11253:
11240:
11229:
11216:
11205:
11192:
11181:
11168:
11157:
11144:
11133:
11120:
11109:
11096:
11083:
11070:
11059:
11046:
11035:
11022:
11011:
10998:
10987:
10974:
10963:
10950:
10939:
10926:
10915:
10902:
10891:
10878:
10867:
10854:
10843:
10830:
10819:
10806:
10795:
10782:
10754:
10741:
10728:
10715:
10704:
10691:
10680:
10667:
10656:
10643:
10632:
10619:
10608:
10595:
10584:
10571:
10560:
10547:
10536:
10523:
10510:
10497:
10486:
10473:
10462:
10449:
10438:
10425:
10414:
10401:
10390:
10377:
10366:
10353:
10342:
10329:
10318:
10305:
10294:
10281:
10270:
10257:
10246:
10233:
10222:
10209:
10191:
10178:
10167:
10154:
10143:
10127:
10116:
10103:
10092:
10079:
10068:
10055:
10044:
10031:
10020:
10007:
9996:
9983:
9972:
9959:
9948:
9935:
9924:
9911:
9898:
9885:
9874:
9861:
9850:
9837:
9826:
9813:
9802:
9789:
9778:
9765:
9754:
9741:
9730:
9717:
9706:
9693:
9680:
9667:
9656:
9643:
9632:
9619:
9608:
9595:
9584:
9571:
9545:
9532:
9521:
9508:
9497:
9484:
9473:
9460:
9449:
9436:
9425:
9412:
9401:
9388:
9377:
9364:
9351:
9338:
9327:
9314:
9303:
9290:
9279:
9263:
9252:
9236:
9225:
9209:
9198:
9185:
9174:
9161:
9150:
9134:
9123:
9107:
9096:
9080:
9069:
9053:
9042:
9029:
9005:
8992:
8979:
8966:
8955:
8942:
8931:
8918:
8907:
8894:
8883:
8870:
8859:
8846:
8835:
8822:
8811:
8798:
8787:
8774:
8763:
8750:
8739:
8726:
8715:
8702:
8691:
8678:
8667:
8654:
8643:
8630:
8619:
8606:
8595:
8582:
8571:
8558:
8547:
8534:
8523:
8510:
8499:
8486:
8475:
8462:
8451:
8438:
8412:
8399:
8388:
8375:
8364:
8351:
8340:
8327:
8314:
8301:
8290:
8277:
8266:
8253:
8242:
8229:
8218:
8205:
8194:
8181:
8170:
8157:
8146:
8133:
8122:
8109:
8098:
8085:
8074:
8061:
8050:
8037:
8026:
8013:
8002:
7989:
7978:
7965:
7954:
7941:
7930:
7917:
7906:
7893:
7882:
7869:
7858:
7845:
7834:
7821:
7810:
7797:
7786:
7773:
7743:
7730:
7719:
7706:
7695:
7682:
7671:
7658:
7645:
7632:
7621:
7608:
7595:
7582:
7571:
7558:
7545:
7532:
7521:
7508:
7497:
7484:
7473:
7460:
7449:
7436:
7425:
7412:
7401:
7388:
7377:
7364:
7353:
7340:
7329:
7316:
7305:
7292:
7281:
7268:
7257:
7244:
7233:
7220:
7209:
7196:
7185:
7172:
7161:
7148:
7137:
7124:
7113:
7100:
7089:
7076:
7065:
7052:
7026:
7013:
7002:
6989:
6978:
6965:
6954:
6941:
6930:
6917:
6906:
6893:
6880:
6867:
6856:
6843:
6832:
6819:
6808:
6795:
6784:
6771:
6760:
6747:
6736:
6723:
6712:
6699:
6688:
6675:
6664:
6651:
6640:
6627:
6616:
6603:
6592:
6579:
6568:
6555:
6544:
6531:
6520:
6507:
6496:
6483:
6472:
6459:
6448:
6435:
6424:
6411:
6400:
6387:
6361:
6348:
6337:
6324:
6313:
6300:
6289:
6276:
6263:
6250:
6239:
6226:
6215:
6202:
6191:
6178:
6167:
6154:
6143:
6130:
6120:
6107:
6096:
6083:
6072:
6059:
6048:
6035:
6024:
6011:
6000:
5987:
5976:
5963:
5952:
5939:
5928:
5915:
5904:
5891:
5880:
5867:
5856:
5843:
5832:
5819:
5808:
5795:
5785:
5772:
5761:
5748:
5737:
5724:
5713:
5700:
5689:
5676:
5652:
5639:
5628:
5615:
5604:
5591:
5578:
5565:
5554:
5541:
5530:
5517:
5506:
5493:
5480:
5467:
5456:
5443:
5430:
5417:
5406:
5393:
5382:
5369:
5358:
5345:
5334:
5321:
5308:
5295:
5284:
5271:
5260:
5247:
5234:
5221:
5210:
5197:
5186:
5173:
5162:
5149:
5136:
5123:
5112:
5099:
5086:
5073:
5062:
5049:
5036:
5023:
5012:
4999:
4988:
4975:
4964:
4951:
4940:
4927:
4916:
4903:
4892:
4879:
4868:
4855:
4844:
4831:
4799:
4786:
4775:
4762:
4751:
4738:
4727:
4714:
4703:
4690:
4679:
4666:
4655:
4642:
4631:
4618:
4607:
4594:
4583:
4570:
4559:
4546:
4535:
4522:
4511:
4498:
4485:
4472:
4461:
4448:
4437:
4424:
4413:
4400:
4387:
4374:
4363:
4350:
4337:
4324:
4313:
4300:
4287:
4274:
4263:
4250:
4239:
4226:
4215:
4202:
4191:
4178:
4167:
4154:
4143:
4130:
4119:
4106:
3846:
3835:
3825:
3814:
3803:
3792:
3782:
3771:
3760:
3749:
3739:
3728:
3710:
3699:
3688:
3677:
3666:
3655:
3637:
3626:
3615:
3604:
3593:
3582:
3564:
3553:
3542:
3531:
3520:
3509:
3491:
3480:
3469:
3458:
3447:
3436:
3418:
3407:
3396:
3385:
3374:
3363:
3098:
3094:
2027:
2009:
1826:
1432:
1428:
1387:
1383:
1150:United States embassy in China
1119:Special Administrative Regions
1088:Shìjiè Rénmíng Fānyì Dà Cídiǎn
204:
164:
148:
123:
81:
65:
13:
1:
16239:. OUP Oxford. pp. 383–.
16064:. OUP Oxford. pp. 382–.
15769:
15599:(the grass radical) produced
15591:. Similarly, the addition of
15430:
2469:. It has been transcribed as
1423:, this information is called
1060:an example, for the syllable
637:Kienning Colloquial Romanized
617:Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme
540:Habhunwe Latinxua Sin Bhundzi
471:S. L. Wong (phonetic symbols)
16759:Baseel, Casey (2016-05-31).
16416:Broomhall, Marshall (1910).
15940:Brindley, Erica Fox (2003),
15774:
3891:Transcription from English (
3878:Names of the World's Peoples
3057:Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC)
2068:was famously transcribed by
1618:As part of the promotion of
1421:historical Chinese phonology
270:Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II
7:
16884:Transcription (linguistics)
16691:Chan, Clara Ho-Yan (2018).
16477:Lackner, Michael & al.
15701:
15618:
2913:, meaning "fragrant areca".
2647:, meaning "Fragrant Lands".
2467:Avenida de Demetrio Cinatti
1431:; traditional Chinese:
1386:; traditional Chinese:
1248:people south of the Yangtze
10:
16900:
16786:
16710:10.21071/hikma.v17i0.11110
16362:Bretschneider, E. (1876).
16337:Bretschneider, E. (1876).
15854:"Defining the Hundred Yue"
15643:. Another such example is
15084:When ⟨a⟩ is pronounced as
3889:
2499:, technological terms and
2487:meaning cunning or wicked.
2087:("unfounded country") and
1810:
1372:, the monk and translator
1177:
1071:People's Republic of China
913:Transcription into Chinese
908:Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols
389:Romanization of Wu Chinese
362:Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz
225:Transliteration of Chinese
16814:
16668:Stanford University Press
16557:
16553:Hànyǔ Liúsú Cíyuán Yánjiū
16547:
16541:
16531:
16160:Chinese History: A Manual
16095:10.1515/9783110455793-003
16013:
16006:
15969:
15963:
15870:10.7152/bippa.v15i0.11537
15852:Meacham, William (1996).
15730:, the Japanese equivalent
15692:
15667:
15658:
15645:
15632:
15624:
15601:
15593:
15575:
15567:
15561:
15408:
15385:
15364:
15343:
15322:
15301:
15280:
15259:
15238:
15217:
15196:
15148:
15106:
15053:
15025:
15001:
14977:
14953:
14929:
14905:
14881:
14857:
14833:
14809:
14785:
14761:
14737:
14713:
14689:
14665:
14641:
14617:
14593:
14569:
14545:
14521:
14497:
14460:
14436:
14412:
14388:
14364:
14340:
14316:
14292:
14268:
14242:
14218:
14194:
14170:
14146:
14122:
14098:
14074:
14050:
14026:
14002:
13978:
13954:
13908:
13884:
13858:
13834:
13808:
13784:
13760:
13736:
13712:
13688:
13664:
13640:
13614:
13590:
13566:
13542:
13518:
13494:
13470:
13446:
13422:
13398:
13374:
13350:
13326:
13293:
13266:
13242:
13216:
13192:
13166:
13142:
13118:
13094:
13070:
13046:
13022:
12998:
12972:
12948:
12924:
12900:
12876:
12852:
12828:
12804:
12780:
12756:
12732:
12708:
12684:
12639:
12612:
12588:
12564:
12540:
12516:
12492:
12468:
12444:
12420:
12396:
12372:
12348:
12324:
12300:
12276:
12252:
12228:
12204:
12180:
12156:
12132:
12108:
12084:
12060:
12013:
11989:
11965:
11941:
11917:
11893:
11869:
11845:
11821:
11797:
11773:
11749:
11725:
11701:
11677:
11653:
11629:
11605:
11581:
11557:
11533:
11509:
11485:
11461:
11437:
11413:
11362:
11338:
11314:
11290:
11266:
11242:
11218:
11194:
11170:
11146:
11122:
11098:
11072:
11048:
11024:
11000:
10976:
10952:
10928:
10904:
10880:
10856:
10832:
10808:
10784:
10743:
10717:
10693:
10669:
10645:
10621:
10597:
10573:
10549:
10525:
10499:
10475:
10451:
10427:
10403:
10379:
10355:
10331:
10307:
10283:
10259:
10235:
10211:
10180:
10156:
10129:
10105:
10081:
10057:
10033:
10009:
9985:
9961:
9937:
9913:
9887:
9863:
9839:
9815:
9791:
9767:
9743:
9719:
9695:
9669:
9645:
9621:
9597:
9573:
9534:
9510:
9486:
9462:
9438:
9414:
9390:
9366:
9340:
9316:
9292:
9265:
9238:
9211:
9187:
9163:
9136:
9109:
9082:
9055:
9031:
8994:
8968:
8944:
8920:
8896:
8872:
8848:
8824:
8800:
8776:
8752:
8728:
8704:
8680:
8656:
8632:
8608:
8584:
8560:
8536:
8512:
8488:
8464:
8440:
8401:
8377:
8353:
8329:
8303:
8279:
8255:
8231:
8207:
8183:
8159:
8135:
8111:
8087:
8063:
8039:
8015:
7991:
7967:
7943:
7919:
7895:
7871:
7847:
7823:
7799:
7775:
7732:
7708:
7684:
7660:
7634:
7610:
7584:
7560:
7534:
7510:
7486:
7462:
7438:
7414:
7390:
7366:
7342:
7318:
7294:
7270:
7246:
7222:
7198:
7174:
7150:
7126:
7102:
7078:
7054:
7015:
6991:
6967:
6943:
6919:
6895:
6869:
6845:
6821:
6797:
6773:
6749:
6725:
6701:
6677:
6653:
6629:
6605:
6581:
6557:
6533:
6509:
6485:
6461:
6437:
6413:
6389:
6350:
6326:
6302:
6278:
6252:
6228:
6204:
6180:
6156:
6132:
6109:
6085:
6061:
6037:
6013:
5989:
5965:
5941:
5917:
5893:
5869:
5845:
5821:
5797:
5774:
5750:
5726:
5702:
5678:
5641:
5617:
5593:
5567:
5543:
5519:
5495:
5469:
5445:
5419:
5395:
5371:
5347:
5323:
5297:
5273:
5249:
5223:
5199:
5175:
5151:
5125:
5101:
5075:
5051:
5025:
5001:
4977:
4953:
4929:
4905:
4881:
4857:
4833:
4788:
4764:
4740:
4716:
4692:
4668:
4644:
4620:
4596:
4572:
4548:
4524:
4500:
4474:
4450:
4426:
4402:
4376:
4352:
4326:
4302:
4276:
4252:
4228:
4204:
4180:
4156:
4132:
4108:
3837:
3816:
3794:
3773:
3751:
3730:
3701:
3679:
3657:
3628:
3606:
3584:
3555:
3533:
3511:
3482:
3460:
3438:
3409:
3387:
3365:
3337:
3320:
3307:
3279:
3266:
3253:
3236:
3227:
3218:
3209:
3186:
3180:
3174:
3165:
3159:
3144:
3138:
3123:
3117:
3082:
3076:
3061:
3046:
3040:
3025:
3010:
2995:
2989:
2974:
2968:
2953:
2947:
2932:
2926:
2906:
2900:
2885:
2879:
2870:
2864:
2855:
2849:
2840:
2834:
2825:
2819:
2804:
2798:
2783:
2777:
2758:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2727:
2714:
2691:
2676:
2670:
2655:
2640:
2627:
2621:
2609:
2600:
2591:
2585:
2569:
2563:
2554:
2548:
2533:
2527:
2518:
2512:
2510:United Kingdom is called
2480:
2471:
2450:
2441:
2407:
2401:
2392:
2382:
2376:
2363:
2348:
2339:
2333:
2312:
2288:
2282:
2276:
2270:
2257:
2251:
2234:
2228:
2219:
2213:
2200:
2194:
2180:
2174:
2165:
2159:
2136:
2130:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2099:
2093:
2080:
2074:
2057:
2044:
2018:
1990:
1981:
1972:
1963:
1954:
1945:
1928:
1919:
1910:
1893:
1884:
1875:
1857:
1848:
1839:
1763:
1757:
1751:
1745:
1739:
1733:
1727:
1720:
1703:
1693:
1684:
1675:
1653:
1607:
1515:
1506:
1497:
1427:(simplified Chinese:
1288:
1242:
1236:
1214:
1167:
1158:
1083:
936:Romanization in Singapore
931:Romanization in Hong Kong
855:Romanized General Chinese
476:S. L. Wong (romanization)
215:
197:
190:
185:
181:
173:
157:
141:
134:
116:
109:
104:
100:
90:
74:
58:
42:
38:
31:
16295:Toh, Hoong Teik (2005).
15723:Cyrillization of Chinese
15684:phono-semantic compounds
15078:
2769:rather than the endonym.
2638:in the Philippines uses
2390:, was originally called
1364:terms. According to the
1348:within China during the
1010:translation into Chinese
737:Nanchang-Duchang dialect
530:Modern Literal Taiwanese
409:Wenzhounese romanization
241:Modern Standard Mandarin
143:Traditional Chinese
60:Traditional Chinese
16481:. Brill (Leiden), 2001.
16199:Mosca, Matthew (2013).
15872:(inactive 2024-03-02).
15718:Romanization of Chinese
15652:, the Chinese word for
3151:, "the guest must win".
1997:'thin' and so forth)."
1837:", uses the characters
1823:Modern Standard Chinese
1819:phono-semantic matching
1329:Song of the Yue Boatman
159:Simplified Chinese
76:Simplified Chinese
15573:(the water radical) +
3880:. This table uses the
3205:traditional characters
2567:, is abbreviated from
2531:, is abbreviated from
2427:
2280:means "secondary" and
1891:'pine; loose, slack',
1781:
1315:'s exploration of the
1276:Warring States periods
1152:recommends rendering "
1101:The Basic Laws of the
1043:consists of about 412
941:Romanization in Taiwan
872:Other transliterations
550:Daighi tongiong pingim
446:Guangdong Romanization
315:Late imperial Mandarin
16808:in the United States.
16639:Chinese Language Blog
15583:, to approximate the
15145:, transcribe both as
3201:simplified characters
2425:
1713:
1664:with the Khitan, the
1354:Three Kingdoms period
486:Standard Romanization
322:Morrison romanization
16818:), published by the
16561:"A study of Chinese
15986:Zhengzhang Shangfang
15734:Place names in China
15676:varieties of Chinese
15459:improve this article
3326:Pokémon Sun and Moon
3195:Regional differences
2605:Měilìjiān Hézhòngguó
1165:, while Xinhua uses
451:Hong Kong Government
258:Spelling conventions
16444:. November 4, 2016.
3868:Transcription table
3350:Hong Kong and Macau
3101:meaning 'Road', in
1961:'receive, accept',
1952:'receive, accept',
1855:"receive, accept".
1476:contains a list of
1468:contains a list of
1379:Journey to the West
1296:, derives from the
332:Postal romanization
16879:Chinese characters
16820:Xinhua News Agency
16670:. pp. 81–83.
16606:Palgrave Macmillan
16578:, 1992, 5(1):1-30.
16500:Palgrave Macmillan
15838:Schuessler, Axel.
15820:. 14 November 2009
15172:Transcribe ⟨m⟩ as
2985:Subway restaurants
2960:, "love to visit".
2546:is abbreviated as
2493:Ghil'ad Zuckermann
2428:
1644:Mongolian language
1457:sect required its
1405:Not found in China
1300:word for "river".
1075:Xinhua News Agency
1057:consonant clusters
1035:Official standards
1026:Chinese minorities
993:Chinese characters
327:Legge romanization
16677:978-0-8047-6739-2
16614:978-1-4039-3869-5
16508:978-1-4039-3869-5
16246:978-0-19-156167-2
16071:978-0-19-953982-6
16044:978-0-19-156167-2
15793:Zh.wiktionary.org
15608:to translate the
15538:Translating names
15535:
15534:
15527:
15509:
15076:
15075:
3862:Malaysian Ringgit
3858:
3857:
3216:) is rendered as
2118:("gigantic") and
2006:
1807:Sound and meaning
1439:
1344:The expansion of
1334:Garden of Stories
1272:Spring and Autumn
1096:Chinese Knowledge
979:
978:
821:Chang–Yi dialects
657:Hinghwa Romanized
612:Foochow Romanized
441:Yale romanization
357:Sichuanese Pinyin
285:Yale romanization
265:Latinxua Sin Wenz
219:
218:
211:
210:
192:Standard Mandarin
130:
129:
111:Standard Mandarin
94:sound translation
16:(Redirected from
16891:
16861:
16860:
16859:
16849:
16848:
16840:
16822:, October 1993,
16817:
16816:
16797:
16796:
16780:
16779:
16777:
16776:
16767:. Archived from
16756:
16750:
16749:
16747:
16746:
16731:
16725:
16724:
16722:
16712:
16688:
16682:
16681:
16660:Watson, James L.
16656:
16650:
16649:
16647:
16646:
16631:
16625:
16598:
16592:
16585:
16579:
16572:
16566:
16560:
16559:
16550:
16549:
16544:
16543:
16534:
16533:
16525:
16519:
16488:
16482:
16475:
16469:
16468:
16452:
16446:
16445:
16434:
16428:
16427:
16413:
16407:
16406:
16404:
16402:
16386:
16380:
16379:
16377:
16375:
16359:
16353:
16352:
16350:
16348:
16334:
16328:
16327:
16325:
16323:
16292:
16286:
16285:
16257:
16251:
16250:
16230:
16224:
16223:
16221:
16219:
16196:
16190:
16189:
16187:
16185:
16154:
16148:
16147:
16145:
16143:
16120:
16114:
16113:
16105:
16099:
16098:
16082:
16076:
16075:
16055:
16049:
16048:
16028:
16022:
16021:
16016:
16015:
16009:
16008:
16003:
15997:
15983:
15977:
15976:
15972:
15971:
15966:
15965:
15960:
15954:
15952:
15946:
15937:
15931:
15928:
15924:
15919:. Archived from
15911:
15902:
15901:
15895:
15887:
15882:. Archived from
15881:
15849:
15843:
15836:
15830:
15829:
15827:
15825:
15810:
15804:
15803:
15801:
15800:
15785:
15697:
15696:
15670:
15669:
15661:
15660:
15648:
15647:
15635:
15634:
15629:
15628:
15621:
15604:
15603:
15598:
15597:
15578:
15577:
15572:
15571:
15564:
15563:
15530:
15523:
15519:
15516:
15510:
15508:
15467:
15443:
15435:
15425:
15420:
15419:
15411:
15410:
15402:
15397:
15396:
15388:
15387:
15381:
15376:
15375:
15367:
15366:
15360:
15355:
15354:
15346:
15345:
15339:
15334:
15333:
15325:
15324:
15318:
15313:
15312:
15304:
15303:
15297:
15292:
15291:
15283:
15282:
15276:
15271:
15270:
15262:
15261:
15255:
15250:
15249:
15241:
15240:
15234:
15229:
15228:
15220:
15219:
15213:
15208:
15207:
15199:
15198:
15187:
15179:
15165:
15160:
15159:
15151:
15150:
15144:
15123:
15118:
15117:
15109:
15108:
15099:
15091:
15072:
15067:
15066:
15058:
15057:
15044:
15039:
15038:
15030:
15029:
15020:
15015:
15014:
15006:
15005:
14996:
14991:
14990:
14982:
14981:
14972:
14967:
14966:
14958:
14957:
14948:
14943:
14942:
14934:
14933:
14924:
14919:
14918:
14910:
14909:
14900:
14895:
14894:
14886:
14885:
14876:
14871:
14870:
14862:
14861:
14852:
14847:
14846:
14838:
14837:
14828:
14823:
14822:
14814:
14813:
14804:
14799:
14798:
14790:
14789:
14780:
14775:
14774:
14766:
14765:
14756:
14751:
14750:
14742:
14741:
14732:
14727:
14726:
14718:
14717:
14708:
14703:
14702:
14694:
14693:
14684:
14679:
14678:
14670:
14669:
14660:
14655:
14654:
14646:
14645:
14636:
14631:
14630:
14622:
14621:
14612:
14607:
14606:
14598:
14597:
14588:
14583:
14582:
14574:
14573:
14564:
14559:
14558:
14550:
14549:
14540:
14535:
14534:
14526:
14525:
14516:
14511:
14510:
14502:
14501:
14492:
14479:
14474:
14473:
14465:
14464:
14455:
14450:
14449:
14441:
14440:
14431:
14426:
14425:
14417:
14416:
14407:
14402:
14401:
14393:
14392:
14383:
14378:
14377:
14369:
14368:
14359:
14354:
14353:
14345:
14344:
14335:
14330:
14329:
14321:
14320:
14311:
14306:
14305:
14297:
14296:
14287:
14282:
14281:
14273:
14272:
14261:
14256:
14255:
14247:
14246:
14237:
14232:
14231:
14223:
14222:
14213:
14208:
14207:
14199:
14198:
14189:
14184:
14183:
14175:
14174:
14165:
14160:
14159:
14151:
14150:
14141:
14136:
14135:
14127:
14126:
14117:
14112:
14111:
14103:
14102:
14093:
14088:
14087:
14079:
14078:
14069:
14064:
14063:
14055:
14054:
14045:
14040:
14039:
14031:
14030:
14021:
14016:
14015:
14007:
14006:
13997:
13992:
13991:
13983:
13982:
13973:
13968:
13967:
13959:
13958:
13949:
13945:
13941:
13930:
13925:
13924:
13916:
13915:
13903:
13898:
13897:
13889:
13888:
13879:
13877:
13872:
13871:
13863:
13862:
13853:
13848:
13847:
13839:
13838:
13829:
13827:
13822:
13821:
13813:
13812:
13803:
13798:
13797:
13789:
13788:
13779:
13774:
13773:
13765:
13764:
13755:
13750:
13749:
13741:
13740:
13731:
13726:
13725:
13717:
13716:
13707:
13702:
13701:
13693:
13692:
13683:
13678:
13677:
13669:
13668:
13659:
13654:
13653:
13645:
13644:
13633:
13628:
13627:
13619:
13618:
13609:
13604:
13603:
13595:
13594:
13585:
13580:
13579:
13571:
13570:
13561:
13556:
13555:
13547:
13546:
13537:
13532:
13531:
13523:
13522:
13513:
13508:
13507:
13499:
13498:
13489:
13484:
13483:
13475:
13474:
13465:
13460:
13459:
13451:
13450:
13441:
13436:
13435:
13427:
13426:
13417:
13412:
13411:
13403:
13402:
13393:
13388:
13387:
13379:
13378:
13369:
13364:
13363:
13355:
13354:
13345:
13340:
13339:
13331:
13330:
13321:
13312:
13307:
13306:
13298:
13297:
13288:
13283:
13282:
13274:
13273:
13261:
13256:
13255:
13247:
13246:
13237:
13235:
13230:
13229:
13221:
13220:
13211:
13206:
13205:
13197:
13196:
13187:
13185:
13180:
13179:
13171:
13170:
13161:
13156:
13155:
13147:
13146:
13137:
13132:
13131:
13123:
13122:
13113:
13108:
13107:
13099:
13098:
13089:
13084:
13083:
13075:
13074:
13065:
13060:
13059:
13051:
13050:
13041:
13036:
13035:
13027:
13026:
13017:
13012:
13011:
13003:
13002:
12991:
12986:
12985:
12977:
12976:
12967:
12962:
12961:
12953:
12952:
12943:
12938:
12937:
12929:
12928:
12919:
12914:
12913:
12905:
12904:
12895:
12890:
12889:
12881:
12880:
12871:
12866:
12865:
12857:
12856:
12847:
12842:
12841:
12833:
12832:
12823:
12818:
12817:
12809:
12808:
12799:
12794:
12793:
12785:
12784:
12775:
12770:
12769:
12761:
12760:
12751:
12746:
12745:
12737:
12736:
12727:
12722:
12721:
12713:
12712:
12703:
12698:
12697:
12689:
12688:
12679:
12675:
12671:
12667:
12658:
12653:
12652:
12644:
12643:
12634:
12629:
12628:
12620:
12619:
12607:
12602:
12601:
12593:
12592:
12583:
12578:
12577:
12569:
12568:
12559:
12554:
12553:
12545:
12544:
12535:
12530:
12529:
12521:
12520:
12511:
12506:
12505:
12497:
12496:
12487:
12482:
12481:
12473:
12472:
12463:
12458:
12457:
12449:
12448:
12439:
12434:
12433:
12425:
12424:
12415:
12410:
12409:
12401:
12400:
12391:
12386:
12385:
12377:
12376:
12367:
12362:
12361:
12353:
12352:
12343:
12338:
12337:
12329:
12328:
12319:
12314:
12313:
12305:
12304:
12295:
12290:
12289:
12281:
12280:
12271:
12266:
12265:
12257:
12256:
12247:
12242:
12241:
12233:
12232:
12223:
12218:
12217:
12209:
12208:
12199:
12194:
12193:
12185:
12184:
12175:
12170:
12169:
12161:
12160:
12151:
12146:
12145:
12137:
12136:
12127:
12122:
12121:
12113:
12112:
12103:
12098:
12097:
12089:
12088:
12079:
12074:
12073:
12065:
12064:
12055:
12051:
12047:
12043:
12039:
12032:
12027:
12026:
12018:
12017:
12008:
12003:
12002:
11994:
11993:
11984:
11979:
11978:
11970:
11969:
11960:
11955:
11954:
11946:
11945:
11936:
11931:
11930:
11922:
11921:
11912:
11907:
11906:
11898:
11897:
11888:
11883:
11882:
11874:
11873:
11864:
11859:
11858:
11850:
11849:
11840:
11835:
11834:
11826:
11825:
11816:
11811:
11810:
11802:
11801:
11792:
11787:
11786:
11778:
11777:
11768:
11763:
11762:
11754:
11753:
11744:
11739:
11738:
11730:
11729:
11720:
11715:
11714:
11706:
11705:
11696:
11691:
11690:
11682:
11681:
11672:
11667:
11666:
11658:
11657:
11648:
11643:
11642:
11634:
11633:
11624:
11619:
11618:
11610:
11609:
11600:
11595:
11594:
11586:
11585:
11576:
11571:
11570:
11562:
11561:
11552:
11547:
11546:
11538:
11537:
11528:
11523:
11522:
11514:
11513:
11504:
11499:
11498:
11490:
11489:
11480:
11475:
11474:
11466:
11465:
11456:
11451:
11450:
11442:
11441:
11432:
11427:
11426:
11418:
11417:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11396:
11392:
11388:
11381:
11376:
11375:
11367:
11366:
11357:
11352:
11351:
11343:
11342:
11333:
11328:
11327:
11319:
11318:
11309:
11304:
11303:
11295:
11294:
11285:
11280:
11279:
11271:
11270:
11261:
11256:
11255:
11247:
11246:
11237:
11232:
11231:
11223:
11222:
11213:
11208:
11207:
11199:
11198:
11189:
11184:
11183:
11175:
11174:
11165:
11160:
11159:
11151:
11150:
11141:
11136:
11135:
11127:
11126:
11117:
11112:
11111:
11103:
11102:
11091:
11086:
11085:
11077:
11076:
11067:
11062:
11061:
11053:
11052:
11043:
11038:
11037:
11029:
11028:
11019:
11014:
11013:
11005:
11004:
10995:
10990:
10989:
10981:
10980:
10971:
10966:
10965:
10957:
10956:
10947:
10942:
10941:
10933:
10932:
10923:
10918:
10917:
10909:
10908:
10899:
10894:
10893:
10885:
10884:
10875:
10870:
10869:
10861:
10860:
10851:
10846:
10845:
10837:
10836:
10827:
10822:
10821:
10813:
10812:
10803:
10798:
10797:
10789:
10788:
10779:
10775:
10771:
10762:
10757:
10756:
10748:
10747:
10736:
10731:
10730:
10722:
10721:
10712:
10707:
10706:
10698:
10697:
10688:
10683:
10682:
10674:
10673:
10664:
10659:
10658:
10650:
10649:
10640:
10635:
10634:
10626:
10625:
10616:
10611:
10610:
10602:
10601:
10592:
10587:
10586:
10578:
10577:
10568:
10563:
10562:
10554:
10553:
10544:
10539:
10538:
10530:
10529:
10518:
10513:
10512:
10504:
10503:
10494:
10489:
10488:
10480:
10479:
10470:
10465:
10464:
10456:
10455:
10446:
10441:
10440:
10432:
10431:
10422:
10417:
10416:
10408:
10407:
10398:
10393:
10392:
10384:
10383:
10374:
10369:
10368:
10360:
10359:
10350:
10345:
10344:
10336:
10335:
10326:
10321:
10320:
10312:
10311:
10302:
10297:
10296:
10288:
10287:
10278:
10273:
10272:
10264:
10263:
10254:
10249:
10248:
10240:
10239:
10230:
10225:
10224:
10216:
10215:
10206:
10199:
10194:
10193:
10185:
10184:
10175:
10170:
10169:
10161:
10160:
10151:
10146:
10145:
10137:
10136:
10124:
10119:
10118:
10110:
10109:
10100:
10095:
10094:
10086:
10085:
10076:
10071:
10070:
10062:
10061:
10052:
10047:
10046:
10038:
10037:
10028:
10023:
10022:
10014:
10013:
10004:
9999:
9998:
9990:
9989:
9980:
9975:
9974:
9966:
9965:
9956:
9951:
9950:
9942:
9941:
9932:
9927:
9926:
9918:
9917:
9906:
9901:
9900:
9892:
9891:
9882:
9877:
9876:
9868:
9867:
9858:
9853:
9852:
9844:
9843:
9834:
9829:
9828:
9820:
9819:
9810:
9805:
9804:
9796:
9795:
9786:
9781:
9780:
9772:
9771:
9762:
9757:
9756:
9748:
9747:
9738:
9733:
9732:
9724:
9723:
9714:
9709:
9708:
9700:
9699:
9690:
9688:
9683:
9682:
9674:
9673:
9664:
9659:
9658:
9650:
9649:
9640:
9635:
9634:
9626:
9625:
9616:
9611:
9610:
9602:
9601:
9592:
9587:
9586:
9578:
9577:
9568:
9553:
9548:
9547:
9539:
9538:
9529:
9524:
9523:
9515:
9514:
9505:
9500:
9499:
9491:
9490:
9481:
9476:
9475:
9467:
9466:
9457:
9452:
9451:
9443:
9442:
9433:
9428:
9427:
9419:
9418:
9409:
9404:
9403:
9395:
9394:
9385:
9380:
9379:
9371:
9370:
9359:
9354:
9353:
9345:
9344:
9335:
9330:
9329:
9321:
9320:
9311:
9306:
9305:
9297:
9296:
9287:
9282:
9281:
9273:
9272:
9260:
9255:
9254:
9246:
9245:
9233:
9228:
9227:
9219:
9218:
9206:
9201:
9200:
9192:
9191:
9182:
9177:
9176:
9168:
9167:
9158:
9153:
9152:
9144:
9143:
9131:
9126:
9125:
9117:
9116:
9104:
9099:
9098:
9090:
9089:
9077:
9072:
9071:
9063:
9062:
9050:
9045:
9044:
9036:
9035:
9026:
9022:
9013:
9008:
9007:
8999:
8998:
8987:
8982:
8981:
8973:
8972:
8963:
8958:
8957:
8949:
8948:
8939:
8934:
8933:
8925:
8924:
8915:
8910:
8909:
8901:
8900:
8891:
8886:
8885:
8877:
8876:
8867:
8862:
8861:
8853:
8852:
8843:
8838:
8837:
8829:
8828:
8819:
8814:
8813:
8805:
8804:
8795:
8790:
8789:
8781:
8780:
8771:
8766:
8765:
8757:
8756:
8747:
8742:
8741:
8733:
8732:
8723:
8718:
8717:
8709:
8708:
8699:
8694:
8693:
8685:
8684:
8675:
8670:
8669:
8661:
8660:
8651:
8646:
8645:
8637:
8636:
8627:
8622:
8621:
8613:
8612:
8603:
8598:
8597:
8589:
8588:
8579:
8574:
8573:
8565:
8564:
8555:
8550:
8549:
8541:
8540:
8531:
8526:
8525:
8517:
8516:
8507:
8502:
8501:
8493:
8492:
8483:
8478:
8477:
8469:
8468:
8459:
8454:
8453:
8445:
8444:
8435:
8429:
8420:
8415:
8414:
8406:
8405:
8396:
8391:
8390:
8382:
8381:
8372:
8367:
8366:
8358:
8357:
8348:
8343:
8342:
8334:
8333:
8324:
8322:
8317:
8316:
8308:
8307:
8298:
8293:
8292:
8284:
8283:
8274:
8269:
8268:
8260:
8259:
8250:
8245:
8244:
8236:
8235:
8226:
8221:
8220:
8212:
8211:
8202:
8197:
8196:
8188:
8187:
8178:
8173:
8172:
8164:
8163:
8154:
8149:
8148:
8140:
8139:
8130:
8125:
8124:
8116:
8115:
8106:
8101:
8100:
8092:
8091:
8082:
8077:
8076:
8068:
8067:
8058:
8053:
8052:
8044:
8043:
8034:
8029:
8028:
8020:
8019:
8010:
8005:
8004:
7996:
7995:
7986:
7981:
7980:
7972:
7971:
7962:
7957:
7956:
7948:
7947:
7938:
7933:
7932:
7924:
7923:
7914:
7909:
7908:
7900:
7899:
7890:
7885:
7884:
7876:
7875:
7866:
7861:
7860:
7852:
7851:
7842:
7837:
7836:
7828:
7827:
7818:
7813:
7812:
7804:
7803:
7794:
7789:
7788:
7780:
7779:
7770:
7766:
7760:
7751:
7746:
7745:
7737:
7736:
7727:
7722:
7721:
7713:
7712:
7703:
7698:
7697:
7689:
7688:
7679:
7674:
7673:
7665:
7664:
7655:
7653:
7648:
7647:
7639:
7638:
7629:
7624:
7623:
7615:
7614:
7605:
7603:
7598:
7597:
7589:
7588:
7579:
7574:
7573:
7565:
7564:
7555:
7553:
7548:
7547:
7539:
7538:
7529:
7524:
7523:
7515:
7514:
7505:
7500:
7499:
7491:
7490:
7481:
7476:
7475:
7467:
7466:
7457:
7452:
7451:
7443:
7442:
7433:
7428:
7427:
7419:
7418:
7409:
7404:
7403:
7395:
7394:
7385:
7380:
7379:
7371:
7370:
7361:
7356:
7355:
7347:
7346:
7337:
7332:
7331:
7323:
7322:
7313:
7308:
7307:
7299:
7298:
7289:
7284:
7283:
7275:
7274:
7265:
7260:
7259:
7251:
7250:
7241:
7236:
7235:
7227:
7226:
7217:
7212:
7211:
7203:
7202:
7193:
7188:
7187:
7179:
7178:
7169:
7164:
7163:
7155:
7154:
7145:
7140:
7139:
7131:
7130:
7121:
7116:
7115:
7107:
7106:
7097:
7092:
7091:
7083:
7082:
7073:
7068:
7067:
7059:
7058:
7049:
7043:
7034:
7029:
7028:
7020:
7019:
7010:
7005:
7004:
6996:
6995:
6986:
6981:
6980:
6972:
6971:
6962:
6957:
6956:
6948:
6947:
6938:
6933:
6932:
6924:
6923:
6914:
6909:
6908:
6900:
6899:
6890:
6888:
6883:
6882:
6874:
6873:
6864:
6859:
6858:
6850:
6849:
6840:
6835:
6834:
6826:
6825:
6816:
6811:
6810:
6802:
6801:
6792:
6787:
6786:
6778:
6777:
6768:
6763:
6762:
6754:
6753:
6744:
6739:
6738:
6730:
6729:
6720:
6715:
6714:
6706:
6705:
6696:
6691:
6690:
6682:
6681:
6672:
6667:
6666:
6658:
6657:
6648:
6643:
6642:
6634:
6633:
6624:
6619:
6618:
6610:
6609:
6600:
6595:
6594:
6586:
6585:
6576:
6571:
6570:
6562:
6561:
6552:
6547:
6546:
6538:
6537:
6528:
6523:
6522:
6514:
6513:
6504:
6499:
6498:
6490:
6489:
6480:
6475:
6474:
6466:
6465:
6456:
6451:
6450:
6442:
6441:
6432:
6427:
6426:
6418:
6417:
6408:
6403:
6402:
6394:
6393:
6384:
6378:
6369:
6364:
6363:
6355:
6354:
6345:
6340:
6339:
6331:
6330:
6321:
6316:
6315:
6307:
6306:
6297:
6292:
6291:
6283:
6282:
6273:
6271:
6266:
6265:
6257:
6256:
6247:
6242:
6241:
6233:
6232:
6223:
6218:
6217:
6209:
6208:
6199:
6194:
6193:
6185:
6184:
6175:
6170:
6169:
6161:
6160:
6151:
6146:
6145:
6137:
6136:
6128:
6123:
6122:
6114:
6113:
6104:
6099:
6098:
6090:
6089:
6080:
6075:
6074:
6066:
6065:
6056:
6051:
6050:
6042:
6041:
6032:
6027:
6026:
6018:
6017:
6008:
6003:
6002:
5994:
5993:
5984:
5979:
5978:
5970:
5969:
5960:
5955:
5954:
5946:
5945:
5936:
5931:
5930:
5922:
5921:
5912:
5907:
5906:
5898:
5897:
5888:
5883:
5882:
5874:
5873:
5864:
5859:
5858:
5850:
5849:
5840:
5835:
5834:
5826:
5825:
5816:
5811:
5810:
5802:
5801:
5793:
5788:
5787:
5779:
5778:
5769:
5764:
5763:
5755:
5754:
5745:
5740:
5739:
5731:
5730:
5721:
5716:
5715:
5707:
5706:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5683:
5682:
5673:
5669:
5660:
5655:
5654:
5646:
5645:
5636:
5631:
5630:
5622:
5621:
5612:
5607:
5606:
5598:
5597:
5588:
5586:
5581:
5580:
5572:
5571:
5562:
5557:
5556:
5548:
5547:
5538:
5533:
5532:
5524:
5523:
5514:
5509:
5508:
5500:
5499:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5482:
5474:
5473:
5464:
5459:
5458:
5450:
5449:
5440:
5438:
5433:
5432:
5424:
5423:
5414:
5409:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5390:
5385:
5384:
5376:
5375:
5366:
5361:
5360:
5352:
5351:
5342:
5337:
5336:
5328:
5327:
5318:
5316:
5311:
5310:
5302:
5301:
5292:
5287:
5286:
5278:
5277:
5268:
5263:
5262:
5254:
5253:
5244:
5242:
5237:
5236:
5228:
5227:
5218:
5213:
5212:
5204:
5203:
5194:
5189:
5188:
5180:
5179:
5170:
5165:
5164:
5156:
5155:
5146:
5144:
5139:
5138:
5130:
5129:
5120:
5115:
5114:
5106:
5105:
5096:
5094:
5089:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5070:
5065:
5064:
5056:
5055:
5046:
5044:
5039:
5038:
5030:
5029:
5020:
5015:
5014:
5006:
5005:
4996:
4991:
4990:
4982:
4981:
4972:
4967:
4966:
4958:
4957:
4948:
4943:
4942:
4934:
4933:
4924:
4919:
4918:
4910:
4909:
4900:
4895:
4894:
4886:
4885:
4876:
4871:
4870:
4862:
4861:
4852:
4847:
4846:
4838:
4837:
4828:
4822:
4816:
4807:
4802:
4801:
4793:
4792:
4783:
4778:
4777:
4769:
4768:
4759:
4754:
4753:
4745:
4744:
4735:
4730:
4729:
4721:
4720:
4711:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4696:
4687:
4682:
4681:
4673:
4672:
4663:
4658:
4657:
4649:
4648:
4639:
4634:
4633:
4625:
4624:
4615:
4610:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4591:
4586:
4585:
4577:
4576:
4567:
4562:
4561:
4553:
4552:
4543:
4538:
4537:
4529:
4528:
4519:
4514:
4513:
4505:
4504:
4495:
4493:
4488:
4487:
4479:
4478:
4469:
4464:
4463:
4455:
4454:
4445:
4440:
4439:
4431:
4430:
4421:
4416:
4415:
4407:
4406:
4397:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4381:
4380:
4371:
4366:
4365:
4357:
4356:
4347:
4345:
4340:
4339:
4331:
4330:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4307:
4306:
4297:
4295:
4290:
4289:
4281:
4280:
4271:
4266:
4265:
4257:
4256:
4247:
4242:
4241:
4233:
4232:
4223:
4218:
4217:
4209:
4208:
4199:
4194:
4193:
4185:
4184:
4175:
4170:
4169:
4161:
4160:
4151:
4146:
4145:
4137:
4136:
4127:
4122:
4121:
4113:
4112:
4096:
4089:
4082:
4075:
4068:
4061:
4054:
4047:
4040:
4033:
4026:
4019:
4012:
4005:
3999:
3993:
3986:
3979:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3952:
3945:
3938:
3931:
3924:
3917:
3910:
3887:
3886:
3854:
3849:
3848:
3840:
3839:
3833:
3828:
3827:
3819:
3818:
3811:
3806:
3805:
3797:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3784:
3776:
3775:
3768:
3763:
3762:
3754:
3753:
3747:
3742:
3741:
3733:
3732:
3718:
3713:
3712:
3704:
3703:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3682:
3681:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3660:
3659:
3645:
3640:
3639:
3631:
3630:
3623:
3618:
3617:
3609:
3608:
3601:
3596:
3595:
3587:
3586:
3572:
3567:
3566:
3558:
3557:
3550:
3545:
3544:
3536:
3535:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3514:
3513:
3499:
3494:
3493:
3485:
3484:
3477:
3472:
3471:
3463:
3462:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3441:
3440:
3426:
3421:
3420:
3412:
3411:
3404:
3399:
3398:
3390:
3389:
3382:
3377:
3376:
3368:
3367:
3335:
3334:
3323:
3322:
3310:
3309:
3282:
3281:
3269:
3268:
3256:
3255:
3239:
3238:
3230:
3229:
3221:
3220:
3212:
3211:
3189:
3188:
3183:
3182:
3177:
3176:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3161:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3140:
3126:
3125:
3120:
3119:
3100:
3096:
3085:
3084:
3079:
3078:
3064:
3063:
3049:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3028:
3027:
3013:
3012:
2998:
2997:
2992:
2991:
2977:
2976:
2971:
2970:
2956:
2955:
2950:
2949:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2928:
2909:
2908:
2903:
2902:
2888:
2887:
2882:
2881:
2873:
2872:
2867:
2866:
2858:
2857:
2852:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2821:
2807:
2806:
2801:
2800:
2786:
2785:
2780:
2779:
2761:
2760:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2745:
2740:
2739:
2730:
2729:
2717:
2716:
2694:
2693:
2679:
2678:
2673:
2672:
2658:
2657:
2643:
2642:
2636:Filipino-Chinese
2630:
2629:
2624:
2623:
2612:
2611:
2603:
2602:
2594:
2593:
2588:
2587:
2572:
2571:
2566:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2536:
2535:
2530:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2514:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2473:
2453:
2452:
2444:
2443:
2410:
2409:
2404:
2403:
2395:
2394:
2388:Aberdeen Harbour
2385:
2384:
2379:
2378:
2366:
2365:
2351:
2350:
2342:
2341:
2336:
2335:
2317:
2316:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2284:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2272:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2253:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2222:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2203:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2176:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2161:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2117:
2116:
2111:
2110:
2102:
2101:
2096:
2095:
2083:
2082:
2077:
2076:
2060:
2059:
2047:
2046:
2030:
2029:
2021:
2020:
2012:
2011:
2004:
1993:
1992:
1984:
1983:
1975:
1974:
1966:
1965:
1957:
1956:
1948:
1947:
1941:
1931:
1930:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1896:
1895:
1887:
1886:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1860:
1859:
1851:
1850:
1842:
1841:
1829:
1828:
1803:in their place.
1773:E. Bretschneider
1766:
1765:
1760:
1759:
1754:
1753:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1736:
1735:
1730:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1706:
1705:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:
1678:
1677:
1656:
1655:
1636:Jurchen language
1610:
1609:
1518:
1517:
1509:
1508:
1500:
1499:
1440:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1394:Arcane, such as
1389:
1385:
1291:
1290:
1254:as far south as
1245:
1244:
1239:
1238:
1230:" and the name "
1217:
1216:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1086:
1085:
1020:classes are now
1006:Chinese language
971:
964:
957:
893:ʼPhags-pa script
712:Romanized Shaowu
691:Wenchang dialect
677:Hainan Romanized
566:Comparison chart
497:Comparison chart
481:Cantonese Pinyin
456:Macau Government
301:Comparison chart
221:
220:
207:
206:
183:
182:
169:
168:
153:
152:
126:
125:
102:
101:
86:
85:
70:
69:
47:
29:
28:
21:
16899:
16898:
16894:
16893:
16892:
16890:
16889:
16888:
16869:
16868:
16867:
16857:
16855:
16843:
16835:
16833:
16794:
16789:
16784:
16783:
16774:
16772:
16757:
16753:
16744:
16742:
16733:
16732:
16728:
16689:
16685:
16678:
16657:
16653:
16644:
16642:
16633:
16632:
16628:
16599:
16595:
16586:
16582:
16573:
16569:
16526:
16522:
16489:
16485:
16476:
16472:
16453:
16449:
16436:
16435:
16431:
16414:
16410:
16400:
16398:
16387:
16383:
16373:
16371:
16360:
16356:
16346:
16344:
16335:
16331:
16321:
16319:
16309:
16293:
16289:
16274:10.2307/2719468
16258:
16254:
16247:
16231:
16227:
16217:
16215:
16213:
16197:
16193:
16183:
16181:
16171:
16155:
16151:
16141:
16139:
16137:
16121:
16117:
16106:
16102:
16083:
16079:
16072:
16056:
16052:
16045:
16029:
16025:
16019:
16004:
16000:
15984:
15980:
15974:
15961:
15957:
15944:
15938:
15934:
15926:
15915:
15912:
15905:
15889:
15888:
15850:
15846:
15837:
15833:
15823:
15821:
15814:""奥巴马"还是"欧巴马"？"
15812:
15811:
15807:
15798:
15796:
15787:
15786:
15782:
15777:
15772:
15750:Jingtang Jiaoyu
15739:Chinese exonyms
15704:
15553:
15540:
15531:
15520:
15514:
15511:
15468:
15466:
15456:
15444:
15433:
15081:
13854:
13804:
13212:
13162:
9665:
8299:
7630:
7580:
7530:
6865:
6248:
5563:
5465:
5415:
5293:
5219:
5121:
5071:
5021:
4470:
4372:
4322:
4272:
3870:
3197:
3091:MacDonnell Road
2943:Sheraton Hotels
2454:meaning "fat" (
2091:was written as
2055:is rendered as
1815:
1809:
1666:Manchu language
1648:History of Yuan
1632:History of Liao
1628:Khitan language
1622:studies in the
1482:History of Yuan
1466:History of Liao
1317:Western Regions
1180:
1047:in 5 tones, so
1037:
975:
946:
945:
926:
918:
917:
873:
860:
859:
850:
848:General Chinese
833:
832:
823:
806:
805:
791:
781:
780:
766:
764:Meixian dialect
749:
748:
739:
722:
721:
707:
697:
696:
672:
662:
661:
652:
642:
641:
632:
622:
621:
607:
597:
596:
582:
572:
571:
545:Bbánlám pìngyīm
535:Phofsit Daibuun
520:
503:
502:
431:
414:
413:
404:
394:
393:
384:
367:
366:
352:
342:
341:
317:
307:
306:
295:Simplified Wade
275:Tongyong Pinyin
253:Gwoyeu Romatzyh
243:
177:translated name
174:Literal meaning
95:
91:Literal meaning
54:
49:Front cover of
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16897:
16887:
16886:
16881:
16866:
16865:
16853:
16832:
16831:
16810:
16790:
16788:
16785:
16782:
16781:
16751:
16726:
16683:
16676:
16651:
16626:
16593:
16587:David Wright,
16580:
16567:
16563:folk etymology
16537:Guǎn Zhuī Biān
16520:
16492:Zuckermann, G.
16483:
16470:
16447:
16429:
16408:
16381:
16354:
16329:
16307:
16287:
16252:
16245:
16225:
16212:978-0804785389
16211:
16191:
16169:
16149:
16136:978-0191561672
16135:
16115:
16100:
16077:
16070:
16050:
16043:
16023:
15998:
15978:
15955:
15932:
15927:(1.93 MB)
15923:on 2013-09-27.
15903:
15886:on 2014-02-28.
15844:
15831:
15805:
15779:
15778:
15776:
15773:
15771:
15768:
15767:
15766:
15761:
15753:
15747:
15741:
15736:
15731:
15725:
15720:
15715:
15710:
15703:
15700:
15552:
15551:New characters
15549:
15539:
15536:
15533:
15532:
15447:
15445:
15438:
15432:
15429:
15428:
15427:
15424:
15421:
15414:
15404:
15401:
15398:
15391:
15380:
15377:
15370:
15359:
15356:
15349:
15338:
15335:
15328:
15317:
15314:
15307:
15296:
15293:
15286:
15275:
15272:
15265:
15254:
15251:
15244:
15233:
15230:
15223:
15212:
15209:
15202:
15192:
15189:
15170:
15167:
15164:
15161:
15154:
15135:
15128:
15125:
15122:
15119:
15112:
15101:
15080:
15077:
15074:
15073:
15071:
15068:
15061:
15049:
15047:
15045:
15043:
15040:
15033:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15009:
14997:
14995:
14992:
14985:
14973:
14971:
14968:
14961:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14937:
14925:
14923:
14920:
14913:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14889:
14877:
14875:
14872:
14865:
14853:
14851:
14848:
14841:
14829:
14827:
14824:
14817:
14805:
14803:
14800:
14793:
14781:
14779:
14776:
14769:
14757:
14755:
14752:
14745:
14733:
14731:
14728:
14721:
14709:
14707:
14704:
14697:
14685:
14683:
14680:
14673:
14661:
14659:
14656:
14649:
14637:
14635:
14632:
14625:
14613:
14611:
14608:
14601:
14589:
14587:
14584:
14577:
14565:
14563:
14560:
14553:
14541:
14539:
14536:
14529:
14517:
14515:
14512:
14505:
14493:
14487:
14486:
14484:
14482:
14480:
14478:
14475:
14468:
14456:
14454:
14451:
14444:
14432:
14430:
14427:
14420:
14408:
14406:
14403:
14396:
14384:
14382:
14379:
14372:
14360:
14358:
14355:
14348:
14336:
14334:
14331:
14324:
14312:
14310:
14307:
14300:
14288:
14286:
14283:
14276:
14264:
14262:
14260:
14257:
14250:
14238:
14236:
14233:
14226:
14214:
14212:
14209:
14202:
14190:
14188:
14185:
14178:
14166:
14164:
14161:
14154:
14142:
14140:
14137:
14130:
14118:
14116:
14113:
14106:
14094:
14092:
14089:
14082:
14070:
14068:
14065:
14058:
14046:
14044:
14041:
14034:
14022:
14020:
14017:
14010:
13998:
13996:
13993:
13986:
13974:
13972:
13969:
13962:
13950:
13936:
13935:
13933:
13931:
13929:
13926:
13919:
13904:
13902:
13899:
13892:
13880:
13876:
13873:
13866:
13852:
13849:
13842:
13830:
13826:
13823:
13816:
13802:
13799:
13792:
13780:
13778:
13775:
13768:
13756:
13754:
13751:
13744:
13732:
13730:
13727:
13720:
13708:
13706:
13703:
13696:
13684:
13682:
13679:
13672:
13660:
13658:
13655:
13648:
13636:
13634:
13632:
13629:
13622:
13610:
13608:
13605:
13598:
13586:
13584:
13581:
13574:
13562:
13560:
13557:
13550:
13538:
13536:
13533:
13526:
13514:
13512:
13509:
13502:
13490:
13488:
13485:
13478:
13466:
13464:
13461:
13454:
13442:
13440:
13437:
13430:
13418:
13416:
13413:
13406:
13394:
13392:
13389:
13382:
13370:
13368:
13365:
13358:
13346:
13344:
13341:
13334:
13322:
13316:
13315:
13313:
13311:
13308:
13301:
13289:
13287:
13284:
13277:
13262:
13260:
13257:
13250:
13238:
13234:
13231:
13224:
13210:
13207:
13200:
13188:
13184:
13181:
13174:
13160:
13157:
13150:
13138:
13136:
13133:
13126:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13102:
13090:
13088:
13085:
13078:
13066:
13064:
13061:
13054:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13030:
13018:
13016:
13013:
13006:
12994:
12992:
12990:
12987:
12980:
12968:
12966:
12963:
12956:
12944:
12942:
12939:
12932:
12920:
12918:
12915:
12908:
12896:
12894:
12891:
12884:
12872:
12870:
12867:
12860:
12848:
12846:
12843:
12836:
12824:
12822:
12819:
12812:
12800:
12798:
12795:
12788:
12776:
12774:
12771:
12764:
12752:
12750:
12747:
12740:
12728:
12726:
12723:
12716:
12704:
12702:
12699:
12692:
12680:
12662:
12661:
12659:
12657:
12654:
12647:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12623:
12608:
12606:
12603:
12596:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12572:
12560:
12558:
12555:
12548:
12536:
12534:
12531:
12524:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12500:
12488:
12486:
12483:
12476:
12464:
12462:
12459:
12452:
12440:
12438:
12435:
12428:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12404:
12392:
12390:
12387:
12380:
12368:
12366:
12363:
12356:
12344:
12342:
12339:
12332:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12308:
12296:
12294:
12291:
12284:
12272:
12270:
12267:
12260:
12248:
12246:
12243:
12236:
12224:
12222:
12219:
12212:
12200:
12198:
12195:
12188:
12176:
12174:
12171:
12164:
12152:
12150:
12147:
12140:
12128:
12126:
12123:
12116:
12104:
12102:
12099:
12092:
12080:
12078:
12075:
12068:
12056:
12034:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12021:
12009:
12007:
12004:
11997:
11985:
11983:
11980:
11973:
11961:
11959:
11956:
11949:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11925:
11913:
11911:
11908:
11901:
11889:
11887:
11884:
11877:
11865:
11863:
11860:
11853:
11841:
11839:
11836:
11829:
11817:
11815:
11812:
11805:
11793:
11791:
11788:
11781:
11769:
11767:
11764:
11757:
11745:
11743:
11740:
11733:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11709:
11697:
11695:
11692:
11685:
11673:
11671:
11668:
11661:
11649:
11647:
11644:
11637:
11625:
11623:
11620:
11613:
11601:
11599:
11596:
11589:
11577:
11575:
11572:
11565:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11541:
11529:
11527:
11524:
11517:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11493:
11481:
11479:
11476:
11469:
11457:
11455:
11452:
11445:
11433:
11431:
11428:
11421:
11409:
11383:
11382:
11380:
11377:
11370:
11358:
11356:
11353:
11346:
11334:
11332:
11329:
11322:
11310:
11308:
11305:
11298:
11286:
11284:
11281:
11274:
11262:
11260:
11257:
11250:
11238:
11236:
11233:
11226:
11214:
11212:
11209:
11202:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11178:
11166:
11164:
11161:
11154:
11142:
11140:
11137:
11130:
11118:
11116:
11113:
11106:
11094:
11092:
11090:
11087:
11080:
11068:
11066:
11063:
11056:
11044:
11042:
11039:
11032:
11020:
11018:
11015:
11008:
10996:
10994:
10991:
10984:
10972:
10970:
10967:
10960:
10948:
10946:
10943:
10936:
10924:
10922:
10919:
10912:
10900:
10898:
10895:
10888:
10876:
10874:
10871:
10864:
10852:
10850:
10847:
10840:
10828:
10826:
10823:
10816:
10804:
10802:
10799:
10792:
10780:
10766:
10765:
10763:
10761:
10758:
10751:
10739:
10737:
10735:
10732:
10725:
10713:
10711:
10708:
10701:
10689:
10687:
10684:
10677:
10665:
10663:
10660:
10653:
10641:
10639:
10636:
10629:
10617:
10615:
10612:
10605:
10593:
10591:
10588:
10581:
10569:
10567:
10564:
10557:
10545:
10543:
10540:
10533:
10521:
10519:
10517:
10514:
10507:
10495:
10493:
10490:
10483:
10471:
10469:
10466:
10459:
10447:
10445:
10442:
10435:
10423:
10421:
10418:
10411:
10399:
10397:
10394:
10387:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10363:
10351:
10349:
10346:
10339:
10327:
10325:
10322:
10315:
10303:
10301:
10298:
10291:
10279:
10277:
10274:
10267:
10255:
10253:
10250:
10243:
10231:
10229:
10226:
10219:
10207:
10201:
10200:
10198:
10195:
10188:
10176:
10174:
10171:
10164:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10140:
10125:
10123:
10120:
10113:
10101:
10099:
10096:
10089:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10065:
10053:
10051:
10048:
10041:
10029:
10027:
10024:
10017:
10005:
10003:
10000:
9993:
9981:
9979:
9976:
9969:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9945:
9933:
9931:
9928:
9921:
9909:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9895:
9883:
9881:
9878:
9871:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9847:
9835:
9833:
9830:
9823:
9811:
9809:
9806:
9799:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9775:
9763:
9761:
9758:
9751:
9739:
9737:
9734:
9727:
9715:
9713:
9710:
9703:
9691:
9687:
9684:
9677:
9663:
9660:
9653:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9629:
9617:
9615:
9612:
9605:
9593:
9591:
9588:
9581:
9569:
9563:
9562:
9560:
9558:
9556:
9554:
9552:
9549:
9542:
9530:
9528:
9525:
9518:
9506:
9504:
9501:
9494:
9482:
9480:
9477:
9470:
9458:
9456:
9453:
9446:
9434:
9432:
9429:
9422:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9398:
9386:
9384:
9381:
9374:
9362:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9348:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9324:
9312:
9310:
9307:
9300:
9288:
9286:
9283:
9276:
9261:
9259:
9256:
9249:
9234:
9232:
9229:
9222:
9207:
9205:
9202:
9195:
9183:
9181:
9178:
9171:
9159:
9157:
9154:
9147:
9132:
9130:
9127:
9120:
9105:
9103:
9100:
9093:
9078:
9076:
9073:
9066:
9051:
9049:
9046:
9039:
9027:
9017:
9016:
9014:
9012:
9009:
9002:
8990:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8976:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8952:
8940:
8938:
8935:
8928:
8916:
8914:
8911:
8904:
8892:
8890:
8887:
8880:
8868:
8866:
8863:
8856:
8844:
8842:
8839:
8832:
8820:
8818:
8815:
8808:
8796:
8794:
8791:
8784:
8772:
8770:
8767:
8760:
8748:
8746:
8743:
8736:
8724:
8722:
8719:
8712:
8700:
8698:
8695:
8688:
8676:
8674:
8671:
8664:
8652:
8650:
8647:
8640:
8628:
8626:
8623:
8616:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8592:
8580:
8578:
8575:
8568:
8556:
8554:
8551:
8544:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8520:
8508:
8506:
8503:
8496:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8472:
8460:
8458:
8455:
8448:
8436:
8422:
8421:
8419:
8416:
8409:
8397:
8395:
8392:
8385:
8373:
8371:
8368:
8361:
8349:
8347:
8344:
8337:
8325:
8321:
8318:
8311:
8297:
8294:
8287:
8275:
8273:
8270:
8263:
8251:
8249:
8246:
8239:
8227:
8225:
8222:
8215:
8203:
8201:
8198:
8191:
8179:
8177:
8174:
8167:
8155:
8153:
8150:
8143:
8131:
8129:
8126:
8119:
8107:
8105:
8102:
8095:
8083:
8081:
8078:
8071:
8059:
8057:
8054:
8047:
8035:
8033:
8030:
8023:
8011:
8009:
8006:
7999:
7987:
7985:
7982:
7975:
7963:
7961:
7958:
7951:
7939:
7937:
7934:
7927:
7915:
7913:
7910:
7903:
7891:
7889:
7886:
7879:
7867:
7865:
7862:
7855:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7831:
7819:
7817:
7814:
7807:
7795:
7793:
7790:
7783:
7771:
7753:
7752:
7750:
7747:
7740:
7728:
7726:
7723:
7716:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7692:
7680:
7678:
7675:
7668:
7656:
7652:
7649:
7642:
7628:
7625:
7618:
7606:
7602:
7599:
7592:
7578:
7575:
7568:
7556:
7552:
7549:
7542:
7528:
7525:
7518:
7506:
7504:
7501:
7494:
7482:
7480:
7477:
7470:
7458:
7456:
7453:
7446:
7434:
7432:
7429:
7422:
7410:
7408:
7405:
7398:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7374:
7362:
7360:
7357:
7350:
7338:
7336:
7333:
7326:
7314:
7312:
7309:
7302:
7290:
7288:
7285:
7278:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7254:
7242:
7240:
7237:
7230:
7218:
7216:
7213:
7206:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7182:
7170:
7168:
7165:
7158:
7146:
7144:
7141:
7134:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7110:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7086:
7074:
7072:
7069:
7062:
7050:
7036:
7035:
7033:
7030:
7023:
7011:
7009:
7006:
6999:
6987:
6985:
6982:
6975:
6963:
6961:
6958:
6951:
6939:
6937:
6934:
6927:
6915:
6913:
6910:
6903:
6891:
6887:
6884:
6877:
6863:
6860:
6853:
6841:
6839:
6836:
6829:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6805:
6793:
6791:
6788:
6781:
6769:
6767:
6764:
6757:
6745:
6743:
6740:
6733:
6721:
6719:
6716:
6709:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6685:
6673:
6671:
6668:
6661:
6649:
6647:
6644:
6637:
6625:
6623:
6620:
6613:
6601:
6599:
6596:
6589:
6577:
6575:
6572:
6565:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6541:
6529:
6527:
6524:
6517:
6505:
6503:
6500:
6493:
6481:
6479:
6476:
6469:
6457:
6455:
6452:
6445:
6433:
6431:
6428:
6421:
6409:
6407:
6404:
6397:
6385:
6371:
6370:
6368:
6365:
6358:
6346:
6344:
6341:
6334:
6322:
6320:
6317:
6310:
6298:
6296:
6293:
6286:
6274:
6270:
6267:
6260:
6246:
6243:
6236:
6224:
6222:
6219:
6212:
6200:
6198:
6195:
6188:
6176:
6174:
6171:
6164:
6152:
6150:
6147:
6140:
6127:
6124:
6117:
6105:
6103:
6100:
6093:
6081:
6079:
6076:
6069:
6057:
6055:
6052:
6045:
6033:
6031:
6028:
6021:
6009:
6007:
6004:
5997:
5985:
5983:
5980:
5973:
5961:
5959:
5956:
5949:
5937:
5935:
5932:
5925:
5913:
5911:
5908:
5901:
5889:
5887:
5884:
5877:
5865:
5863:
5860:
5853:
5841:
5839:
5836:
5829:
5817:
5815:
5812:
5805:
5792:
5789:
5782:
5770:
5768:
5765:
5758:
5746:
5744:
5741:
5734:
5722:
5720:
5717:
5710:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5686:
5674:
5662:
5661:
5659:
5656:
5649:
5637:
5635:
5632:
5625:
5613:
5611:
5608:
5601:
5589:
5585:
5582:
5575:
5561:
5558:
5551:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5527:
5515:
5513:
5510:
5503:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5477:
5463:
5460:
5453:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5427:
5413:
5410:
5403:
5391:
5389:
5386:
5379:
5367:
5365:
5362:
5355:
5343:
5341:
5338:
5331:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5305:
5291:
5288:
5281:
5269:
5267:
5264:
5257:
5245:
5241:
5238:
5231:
5217:
5214:
5207:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5183:
5171:
5169:
5166:
5159:
5147:
5143:
5140:
5133:
5119:
5116:
5109:
5097:
5093:
5090:
5083:
5069:
5066:
5059:
5047:
5043:
5040:
5033:
5019:
5016:
5009:
4997:
4995:
4992:
4985:
4973:
4971:
4968:
4961:
4949:
4947:
4944:
4937:
4925:
4923:
4920:
4913:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4889:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4865:
4853:
4851:
4848:
4841:
4829:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4803:
4796:
4784:
4782:
4779:
4772:
4760:
4758:
4755:
4748:
4736:
4734:
4731:
4724:
4712:
4710:
4707:
4700:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4676:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4652:
4640:
4638:
4635:
4628:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4604:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4580:
4568:
4566:
4563:
4556:
4544:
4542:
4539:
4532:
4520:
4518:
4515:
4508:
4496:
4492:
4489:
4482:
4468:
4465:
4458:
4446:
4444:
4441:
4434:
4422:
4420:
4417:
4410:
4398:
4394:
4391:
4384:
4370:
4367:
4360:
4348:
4344:
4341:
4334:
4320:
4317:
4310:
4298:
4294:
4291:
4284:
4270:
4267:
4260:
4248:
4246:
4243:
4236:
4224:
4222:
4219:
4212:
4200:
4198:
4195:
4188:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4164:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4140:
4128:
4126:
4123:
4116:
4104:
4102:
4098:
4097:
4090:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4062:
4055:
4048:
4041:
4034:
4027:
4020:
4013:
4006:
3987:
3980:
3967:
3960:
3953:
3946:
3939:
3932:
3925:
3918:
3911:
3904:
3901:
3898:
3897:
3895:) into Chinese
3869:
3866:
3856:
3855:
3853:
3850:
3843:
3832:
3829:
3822:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3800:
3789:
3786:
3779:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3757:
3746:
3743:
3736:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3707:
3697:
3695:
3692:
3685:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3663:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3634:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3612:
3602:
3600:
3597:
3590:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3571:
3568:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3517:
3507:
3501:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3488:
3478:
3476:
3473:
3466:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3444:
3434:
3428:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3415:
3405:
3403:
3400:
3393:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3371:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3341:
3249:Vladimir Putin
3196:
3193:
3192:
3191:
3152:
3131:
3110:
3069:
3054:
3033:
3018:
3003:
2982:
2961:
2940:
2915:
2914:
2893:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2707:
2684:
2666:Champs-Élysées
2663:
2648:
2614:
2581:
2541:
2489:
2488:
2459:
2420:
2419:
2356:
2126:World Wide Web
2025:("white") and
1808:
1805:
1662:Solon language
1640:History of Jin
1474:History of Jin
1417:Middle Chinese
1413:
1412:
1409:
1406:
1403:
1398:
1292:), originally
1179:
1176:
1036:
1033:
984:is the use of
977:
976:
974:
973:
966:
959:
951:
948:
947:
944:
943:
938:
933:
927:
924:
923:
920:
919:
916:
915:
910:
905:
903:Taiwanese kana
900:
895:
890:
885:
880:
874:
871:
870:
867:
866:
862:
861:
858:
857:
851:
846:
845:
842:
841:
835:
834:
831:
830:
824:
819:
818:
815:
814:
808:
807:
804:
803:
798:
792:
789:Sixian dialect
787:
786:
783:
782:
779:
778:
773:
767:
762:
761:
758:
757:
751:
750:
747:
746:
740:
735:
734:
731:
730:
724:
723:
720:
719:
716:Shaowu dialect
708:
705:Shao–Jiang Min
703:
702:
699:
698:
695:
694:
684:
681:Haikou dialect
673:
668:
667:
664:
663:
660:
659:
653:
648:
647:
644:
643:
640:
639:
633:
628:
627:
624:
623:
620:
619:
614:
608:
603:
602:
599:
598:
595:
594:
589:
583:
578:
577:
574:
573:
570:
569:
562:
557:
552:
547:
542:
537:
532:
527:
521:
516:
515:
512:
511:
505:
504:
501:
500:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
432:
427:
426:
423:
422:
416:
415:
412:
411:
405:
400:
399:
396:
395:
392:
391:
385:
380:
379:
376:
375:
369:
368:
365:
364:
359:
353:
348:
347:
344:
343:
340:
339:
334:
329:
324:
318:
313:
312:
309:
308:
305:
304:
297:
292:
290:Lessing-Othmer
287:
282:
277:
272:
267:
262:
261:
260:
250:
244:
239:
238:
235:
234:
228:
227:
217:
216:
213:
212:
209:
208:
201:
195:
194:
188:
187:
186:Transcriptions
179:
178:
175:
171:
170:
161:
155:
154:
145:
139:
138:
132:
131:
128:
127:
120:
114:
113:
107:
106:
105:Transcriptions
98:
97:
92:
88:
87:
78:
72:
71:
62:
56:
55:
48:
40:
39:
36:
35:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16896:
16885:
16882:
16880:
16877:
16876:
16874:
16864:
16854:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16841:
16838:
16829:
16825:
16821:
16811:
16809:
16807:
16806:public domain
16801:
16792:
16791:
16771:on 2016-11-20
16770:
16766:
16762:
16755:
16740:
16736:
16730:
16721:
16716:
16711:
16706:
16702:
16698:
16694:
16687:
16679:
16673:
16669:
16665:
16661:
16655:
16640:
16636:
16630:
16623:
16622:1-4039-1723-X
16619:
16615:
16611:
16607:
16603:
16597:
16590:
16584:
16577:
16571:
16564:
16554:
16538:
16529:
16528:Qian Zhongshu
16524:
16517:
16516:1-4039-1723-X
16513:
16509:
16505:
16501:
16497:
16493:
16487:
16480:
16474:
16466:
16462:
16459:(6). §2.2.2.
16458:
16451:
16443:
16439:
16433:
16425:
16421:
16420:
16412:
16396:
16392:
16385:
16369:
16365:
16358:
16342:
16341:
16333:
16318:
16314:
16310:
16304:
16300:
16299:
16291:
16283:
16279:
16275:
16271:
16267:
16263:
16256:
16248:
16242:
16238:
16237:
16229:
16214:
16208:
16204:
16203:
16195:
16180:
16176:
16172:
16166:
16162:
16161:
16153:
16138:
16132:
16128:
16127:
16119:
16111:
16104:
16096:
16092:
16088:
16081:
16073:
16067:
16063:
16062:
16054:
16046:
16040:
16036:
16035:
16027:
16017:
16002:
15995:
15991:
15987:
15982:
15959:
15950:
15943:
15936:
15929:
15922:
15918:
15910:
15908:
15899:
15893:
15885:
15880:
15875:
15871:
15867:
15863:
15859:
15855:
15848:
15841:
15835:
15819:
15815:
15809:
15794:
15790:
15784:
15780:
15765:
15762:
15759:
15758:
15754:
15751:
15748:
15745:
15742:
15740:
15737:
15735:
15732:
15729:
15726:
15724:
15721:
15719:
15716:
15714:
15711:
15709:
15706:
15705:
15699:
15695:
15689:
15685:
15681:
15677:
15673:
15664:
15655:
15651:
15642:
15638:
15627:
15620:
15615:
15611:
15607:
15596:
15590:
15586:
15582:
15570:
15558:
15548:
15546:
15529:
15526:
15518:
15507:
15504:
15500:
15497:
15493:
15490:
15486:
15483:
15479:
15476: –
15475:
15471:
15470:Find sources:
15464:
15460:
15454:
15453:
15448:This section
15446:
15442:
15437:
15436:
15422:
15415:
15412:
15405:
15399:
15392:
15389:
15378:
15371:
15368:
15357:
15350:
15347:
15336:
15329:
15326:
15315:
15308:
15305:
15294:
15287:
15284:
15273:
15266:
15263:
15252:
15245:
15242:
15231:
15224:
15221:
15210:
15203:
15200:
15193:
15190:
15185:
15177:
15171:
15168:
15162:
15155:
15152:
15142:
15136:
15133:
15129:
15126:
15120:
15113:
15110:
15102:
15097:
15089:
15083:
15082:
15069:
15062:
15059:
15056:
15050:
15048:
15046:
15041:
15034:
15031:
15028:
15022:
15017:
15010:
15007:
15004:
14998:
14993:
14986:
14983:
14980:
14974:
14969:
14962:
14959:
14956:
14950:
14945:
14938:
14935:
14932:
14926:
14921:
14914:
14911:
14908:
14902:
14897:
14890:
14887:
14884:
14878:
14873:
14866:
14863:
14860:
14854:
14849:
14842:
14839:
14836:
14830:
14825:
14818:
14815:
14812:
14806:
14801:
14794:
14791:
14788:
14782:
14777:
14770:
14767:
14764:
14758:
14753:
14746:
14743:
14740:
14734:
14729:
14722:
14719:
14716:
14710:
14705:
14698:
14695:
14692:
14686:
14681:
14674:
14671:
14668:
14662:
14657:
14650:
14647:
14644:
14638:
14633:
14626:
14623:
14620:
14614:
14609:
14602:
14599:
14596:
14590:
14585:
14578:
14575:
14572:
14566:
14561:
14554:
14551:
14548:
14542:
14537:
14530:
14527:
14524:
14518:
14513:
14506:
14503:
14500:
14494:
14489:
14488:
14485:
14483:
14481:
14476:
14469:
14466:
14463:
14457:
14452:
14445:
14442:
14439:
14433:
14428:
14421:
14418:
14415:
14409:
14404:
14397:
14394:
14391:
14385:
14380:
14373:
14370:
14367:
14361:
14356:
14349:
14346:
14343:
14337:
14332:
14325:
14322:
14319:
14313:
14308:
14301:
14298:
14295:
14289:
14284:
14277:
14274:
14271:
14265:
14263:
14258:
14251:
14248:
14245:
14239:
14234:
14227:
14224:
14221:
14215:
14210:
14203:
14200:
14197:
14191:
14186:
14179:
14176:
14173:
14167:
14162:
14155:
14152:
14149:
14143:
14138:
14131:
14128:
14125:
14119:
14114:
14107:
14104:
14101:
14095:
14090:
14083:
14080:
14077:
14071:
14066:
14059:
14056:
14053:
14047:
14042:
14035:
14032:
14029:
14023:
14018:
14011:
14008:
14005:
13999:
13994:
13987:
13984:
13981:
13975:
13970:
13963:
13960:
13957:
13951:
13938:
13937:
13934:
13932:
13927:
13920:
13917:
13914:
13911:
13905:
13900:
13893:
13890:
13887:
13881:
13874:
13867:
13864:
13861:
13850:
13843:
13840:
13837:
13831:
13824:
13817:
13814:
13811:
13800:
13793:
13790:
13787:
13781:
13776:
13769:
13766:
13763:
13757:
13752:
13745:
13742:
13739:
13733:
13728:
13721:
13718:
13715:
13709:
13704:
13697:
13694:
13691:
13685:
13680:
13673:
13670:
13667:
13661:
13656:
13649:
13646:
13643:
13637:
13635:
13630:
13623:
13620:
13617:
13611:
13606:
13599:
13596:
13593:
13587:
13582:
13575:
13572:
13569:
13563:
13558:
13551:
13548:
13545:
13539:
13534:
13527:
13524:
13521:
13515:
13510:
13503:
13500:
13497:
13491:
13486:
13479:
13476:
13473:
13467:
13462:
13455:
13452:
13449:
13443:
13438:
13431:
13428:
13425:
13419:
13414:
13407:
13404:
13401:
13395:
13390:
13383:
13380:
13377:
13371:
13366:
13359:
13356:
13353:
13347:
13342:
13335:
13332:
13329:
13323:
13318:
13317:
13314:
13309:
13302:
13299:
13296:
13290:
13285:
13278:
13275:
13272:
13269:
13263:
13258:
13251:
13248:
13245:
13239:
13232:
13225:
13222:
13219:
13208:
13201:
13198:
13195:
13189:
13182:
13175:
13172:
13169:
13158:
13151:
13148:
13145:
13139:
13134:
13127:
13124:
13121:
13115:
13110:
13103:
13100:
13097:
13091:
13086:
13079:
13076:
13073:
13067:
13062:
13055:
13052:
13049:
13043:
13038:
13031:
13028:
13025:
13019:
13014:
13007:
13004:
13001:
12995:
12993:
12988:
12981:
12978:
12975:
12969:
12964:
12957:
12954:
12951:
12945:
12940:
12933:
12930:
12927:
12921:
12916:
12909:
12906:
12903:
12897:
12892:
12885:
12882:
12879:
12873:
12868:
12861:
12858:
12855:
12849:
12844:
12837:
12834:
12831:
12825:
12820:
12813:
12810:
12807:
12801:
12796:
12789:
12786:
12783:
12777:
12772:
12765:
12762:
12759:
12753:
12748:
12741:
12738:
12735:
12729:
12724:
12717:
12714:
12711:
12705:
12700:
12693:
12690:
12687:
12681:
12664:
12663:
12660:
12655:
12648:
12645:
12642:
12636:
12631:
12624:
12621:
12618:
12615:
12609:
12604:
12597:
12594:
12591:
12585:
12580:
12573:
12570:
12567:
12561:
12556:
12549:
12546:
12543:
12537:
12532:
12525:
12522:
12519:
12513:
12508:
12501:
12498:
12495:
12489:
12484:
12477:
12474:
12471:
12465:
12460:
12453:
12450:
12447:
12441:
12436:
12429:
12426:
12423:
12417:
12412:
12405:
12402:
12399:
12393:
12388:
12381:
12378:
12375:
12369:
12364:
12357:
12354:
12351:
12345:
12340:
12333:
12330:
12327:
12321:
12316:
12309:
12306:
12303:
12297:
12292:
12285:
12282:
12279:
12273:
12268:
12261:
12258:
12255:
12249:
12244:
12237:
12234:
12231:
12225:
12220:
12213:
12210:
12207:
12201:
12196:
12189:
12186:
12183:
12177:
12172:
12165:
12162:
12159:
12153:
12148:
12141:
12138:
12135:
12129:
12124:
12117:
12114:
12111:
12105:
12100:
12093:
12090:
12087:
12081:
12076:
12069:
12066:
12063:
12057:
12036:
12035:
12029:
12022:
12019:
12016:
12010:
12005:
11998:
11995:
11992:
11986:
11981:
11974:
11971:
11968:
11962:
11957:
11950:
11947:
11944:
11938:
11933:
11926:
11923:
11920:
11914:
11909:
11902:
11899:
11896:
11890:
11885:
11878:
11875:
11872:
11866:
11861:
11854:
11851:
11848:
11842:
11837:
11830:
11827:
11824:
11818:
11813:
11806:
11803:
11800:
11794:
11789:
11782:
11779:
11776:
11770:
11765:
11758:
11755:
11752:
11746:
11741:
11734:
11731:
11728:
11722:
11717:
11710:
11707:
11704:
11698:
11693:
11686:
11683:
11680:
11674:
11669:
11662:
11659:
11656:
11650:
11645:
11638:
11635:
11632:
11626:
11621:
11614:
11611:
11608:
11602:
11597:
11590:
11587:
11584:
11578:
11573:
11566:
11563:
11560:
11554:
11549:
11542:
11539:
11536:
11530:
11525:
11518:
11515:
11512:
11506:
11501:
11494:
11491:
11488:
11482:
11477:
11470:
11467:
11464:
11458:
11453:
11446:
11443:
11440:
11434:
11429:
11422:
11419:
11416:
11410:
11385:
11384:
11378:
11371:
11368:
11365:
11359:
11354:
11347:
11344:
11341:
11335:
11330:
11323:
11320:
11317:
11311:
11306:
11299:
11296:
11293:
11287:
11282:
11275:
11272:
11269:
11263:
11258:
11251:
11248:
11245:
11239:
11234:
11227:
11224:
11221:
11215:
11210:
11203:
11200:
11197:
11191:
11186:
11179:
11176:
11173:
11167:
11162:
11155:
11152:
11149:
11143:
11138:
11131:
11128:
11125:
11119:
11114:
11107:
11104:
11101:
11095:
11093:
11088:
11081:
11078:
11075:
11069:
11064:
11057:
11054:
11051:
11045:
11040:
11033:
11030:
11027:
11021:
11016:
11009:
11006:
11003:
10997:
10992:
10985:
10982:
10979:
10973:
10968:
10961:
10958:
10955:
10949:
10944:
10937:
10934:
10931:
10925:
10920:
10913:
10910:
10907:
10901:
10896:
10889:
10886:
10883:
10877:
10872:
10865:
10862:
10859:
10853:
10848:
10841:
10838:
10835:
10829:
10824:
10817:
10814:
10811:
10805:
10800:
10793:
10790:
10787:
10781:
10768:
10767:
10764:
10759:
10752:
10749:
10746:
10740:
10738:
10733:
10726:
10723:
10720:
10714:
10709:
10702:
10699:
10696:
10690:
10685:
10678:
10675:
10672:
10666:
10661:
10654:
10651:
10648:
10642:
10637:
10630:
10627:
10624:
10618:
10613:
10606:
10603:
10600:
10594:
10589:
10582:
10579:
10576:
10570:
10565:
10558:
10555:
10552:
10546:
10541:
10534:
10531:
10528:
10522:
10520:
10515:
10508:
10505:
10502:
10496:
10491:
10484:
10481:
10478:
10472:
10467:
10460:
10457:
10454:
10448:
10443:
10436:
10433:
10430:
10424:
10419:
10412:
10409:
10406:
10400:
10395:
10388:
10385:
10382:
10376:
10371:
10364:
10361:
10358:
10352:
10347:
10340:
10337:
10334:
10328:
10323:
10316:
10313:
10310:
10304:
10299:
10292:
10289:
10286:
10280:
10275:
10268:
10265:
10262:
10256:
10251:
10244:
10241:
10238:
10232:
10227:
10220:
10217:
10214:
10208:
10203:
10202:
10196:
10189:
10186:
10183:
10177:
10172:
10165:
10162:
10159:
10153:
10148:
10141:
10138:
10135:
10132:
10126:
10121:
10114:
10111:
10108:
10102:
10097:
10090:
10087:
10084:
10078:
10073:
10066:
10063:
10060:
10054:
10049:
10042:
10039:
10036:
10030:
10025:
10018:
10015:
10012:
10006:
10001:
9994:
9991:
9988:
9982:
9977:
9970:
9967:
9964:
9958:
9953:
9946:
9943:
9940:
9934:
9929:
9922:
9919:
9916:
9910:
9908:
9903:
9896:
9893:
9890:
9884:
9879:
9872:
9869:
9866:
9860:
9855:
9848:
9845:
9842:
9836:
9831:
9824:
9821:
9818:
9812:
9807:
9800:
9797:
9794:
9788:
9783:
9776:
9773:
9770:
9764:
9759:
9752:
9749:
9746:
9740:
9735:
9728:
9725:
9722:
9716:
9711:
9704:
9701:
9698:
9692:
9685:
9678:
9675:
9672:
9661:
9654:
9651:
9648:
9642:
9637:
9630:
9627:
9624:
9618:
9613:
9606:
9603:
9600:
9594:
9589:
9582:
9579:
9576:
9570:
9565:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9557:
9555:
9550:
9543:
9540:
9537:
9531:
9526:
9519:
9516:
9513:
9507:
9502:
9495:
9492:
9489:
9483:
9478:
9471:
9468:
9465:
9459:
9454:
9447:
9444:
9441:
9435:
9430:
9423:
9420:
9417:
9411:
9406:
9399:
9396:
9393:
9387:
9382:
9375:
9372:
9369:
9363:
9361:
9356:
9349:
9346:
9343:
9337:
9332:
9325:
9322:
9319:
9313:
9308:
9301:
9298:
9295:
9289:
9284:
9277:
9274:
9271:
9268:
9262:
9257:
9250:
9247:
9244:
9241:
9235:
9230:
9223:
9220:
9217:
9214:
9208:
9203:
9196:
9193:
9190:
9184:
9179:
9172:
9169:
9166:
9160:
9155:
9148:
9145:
9142:
9139:
9133:
9128:
9121:
9118:
9115:
9112:
9106:
9101:
9094:
9091:
9088:
9085:
9079:
9074:
9067:
9064:
9061:
9058:
9052:
9047:
9040:
9037:
9034:
9028:
9019:
9018:
9015:
9010:
9003:
9000:
8997:
8991:
8989:
8984:
8977:
8974:
8971:
8965:
8960:
8953:
8950:
8947:
8941:
8936:
8929:
8926:
8923:
8917:
8912:
8905:
8902:
8899:
8893:
8888:
8881:
8878:
8875:
8869:
8864:
8857:
8854:
8851:
8845:
8840:
8833:
8830:
8827:
8821:
8816:
8809:
8806:
8803:
8797:
8792:
8785:
8782:
8779:
8773:
8768:
8761:
8758:
8755:
8749:
8744:
8737:
8734:
8731:
8725:
8720:
8713:
8710:
8707:
8701:
8696:
8689:
8686:
8683:
8677:
8672:
8665:
8662:
8659:
8653:
8648:
8641:
8638:
8635:
8629:
8624:
8617:
8614:
8611:
8605:
8600:
8593:
8590:
8587:
8581:
8576:
8569:
8566:
8563:
8557:
8552:
8545:
8542:
8539:
8533:
8528:
8521:
8518:
8515:
8509:
8504:
8497:
8494:
8491:
8485:
8480:
8473:
8470:
8467:
8461:
8456:
8449:
8446:
8443:
8437:
8434:
8428:
8424:
8423:
8417:
8410:
8407:
8404:
8398:
8393:
8386:
8383:
8380:
8374:
8369:
8362:
8359:
8356:
8350:
8345:
8338:
8335:
8332:
8326:
8319:
8312:
8309:
8306:
8295:
8288:
8285:
8282:
8276:
8271:
8264:
8261:
8258:
8252:
8247:
8240:
8237:
8234:
8228:
8223:
8216:
8213:
8210:
8204:
8199:
8192:
8189:
8186:
8180:
8175:
8168:
8165:
8162:
8156:
8151:
8144:
8141:
8138:
8132:
8127:
8120:
8117:
8114:
8108:
8103:
8096:
8093:
8090:
8084:
8079:
8072:
8069:
8066:
8060:
8055:
8048:
8045:
8042:
8036:
8031:
8024:
8021:
8018:
8012:
8007:
8000:
7997:
7994:
7988:
7983:
7976:
7973:
7970:
7964:
7959:
7952:
7949:
7946:
7940:
7935:
7928:
7925:
7922:
7916:
7911:
7904:
7901:
7898:
7892:
7887:
7880:
7877:
7874:
7868:
7863:
7856:
7853:
7850:
7844:
7839:
7832:
7829:
7826:
7820:
7815:
7808:
7805:
7802:
7796:
7791:
7784:
7781:
7778:
7772:
7765:
7759:
7755:
7754:
7748:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7729:
7724:
7717:
7714:
7711:
7705:
7700:
7693:
7690:
7687:
7681:
7676:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7657:
7650:
7643:
7640:
7637:
7626:
7619:
7616:
7613:
7607:
7600:
7593:
7590:
7587:
7576:
7569:
7566:
7563:
7557:
7550:
7543:
7540:
7537:
7526:
7519:
7516:
7513:
7507:
7502:
7495:
7492:
7489:
7483:
7478:
7471:
7468:
7465:
7459:
7454:
7447:
7444:
7441:
7435:
7430:
7423:
7420:
7417:
7411:
7406:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7387:
7382:
7375:
7372:
7369:
7363:
7358:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7339:
7334:
7327:
7324:
7321:
7315:
7310:
7303:
7300:
7297:
7291:
7286:
7279:
7276:
7273:
7267:
7262:
7255:
7252:
7249:
7243:
7238:
7231:
7228:
7225:
7219:
7214:
7207:
7204:
7201:
7195:
7190:
7183:
7180:
7177:
7171:
7166:
7159:
7156:
7153:
7147:
7142:
7135:
7132:
7129:
7123:
7118:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7099:
7094:
7087:
7084:
7081:
7075:
7070:
7063:
7060:
7057:
7051:
7048:
7042:
7038:
7037:
7031:
7024:
7021:
7018:
7012:
7007:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6988:
6983:
6976:
6973:
6970:
6964:
6959:
6952:
6949:
6946:
6940:
6935:
6928:
6925:
6922:
6916:
6911:
6904:
6901:
6898:
6892:
6885:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6861:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6842:
6837:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6818:
6813:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6794:
6789:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6770:
6765:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6746:
6741:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6722:
6717:
6710:
6707:
6704:
6698:
6693:
6686:
6683:
6680:
6674:
6669:
6662:
6659:
6656:
6650:
6645:
6638:
6635:
6632:
6626:
6621:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6602:
6597:
6590:
6587:
6584:
6578:
6573:
6566:
6563:
6560:
6554:
6549:
6542:
6539:
6536:
6530:
6525:
6518:
6515:
6512:
6506:
6501:
6494:
6491:
6488:
6482:
6477:
6470:
6467:
6464:
6458:
6453:
6446:
6443:
6440:
6434:
6429:
6422:
6419:
6416:
6410:
6405:
6398:
6395:
6392:
6386:
6383:
6377:
6373:
6372:
6366:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6347:
6342:
6335:
6332:
6329:
6323:
6318:
6311:
6308:
6305:
6299:
6294:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6275:
6268:
6261:
6258:
6255:
6244:
6237:
6234:
6231:
6225:
6220:
6213:
6210:
6207:
6201:
6196:
6189:
6186:
6183:
6177:
6172:
6165:
6162:
6159:
6153:
6148:
6141:
6138:
6135:
6125:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6106:
6101:
6094:
6091:
6088:
6082:
6077:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6058:
6053:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6034:
6029:
6022:
6019:
6016:
6010:
6005:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5986:
5981:
5974:
5971:
5968:
5962:
5957:
5950:
5947:
5944:
5938:
5933:
5926:
5923:
5920:
5914:
5909:
5902:
5899:
5896:
5890:
5885:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5866:
5861:
5854:
5851:
5848:
5842:
5837:
5830:
5827:
5824:
5818:
5813:
5806:
5803:
5800:
5790:
5783:
5780:
5777:
5771:
5766:
5759:
5756:
5753:
5747:
5742:
5735:
5732:
5729:
5723:
5718:
5711:
5708:
5705:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5675:
5668:
5664:
5663:
5657:
5650:
5647:
5644:
5638:
5633:
5626:
5623:
5620:
5614:
5609:
5602:
5599:
5596:
5590:
5583:
5576:
5573:
5570:
5559:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5540:
5535:
5528:
5525:
5522:
5516:
5511:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5475:
5472:
5461:
5454:
5451:
5448:
5442:
5435:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5411:
5404:
5401:
5398:
5392:
5387:
5380:
5377:
5374:
5368:
5363:
5356:
5353:
5350:
5344:
5339:
5332:
5329:
5326:
5320:
5313:
5306:
5303:
5300:
5289:
5282:
5279:
5276:
5270:
5265:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5246:
5239:
5232:
5229:
5226:
5215:
5208:
5205:
5202:
5196:
5191:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5172:
5167:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5148:
5141:
5134:
5131:
5128:
5117:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5098:
5091:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5067:
5060:
5057:
5054:
5048:
5041:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5017:
5010:
5007:
5004:
4998:
4993:
4986:
4983:
4980:
4974:
4969:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4950:
4945:
4938:
4935:
4932:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4902:
4897:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4878:
4873:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4854:
4849:
4842:
4839:
4836:
4830:
4827:
4821:
4815:
4811:
4810:
4804:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4785:
4780:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4761:
4756:
4749:
4746:
4743:
4737:
4732:
4725:
4722:
4719:
4713:
4708:
4701:
4698:
4695:
4689:
4684:
4677:
4674:
4671:
4665:
4660:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4641:
4636:
4629:
4626:
4623:
4617:
4612:
4605:
4602:
4599:
4593:
4588:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4569:
4564:
4557:
4554:
4551:
4545:
4540:
4533:
4530:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4509:
4506:
4503:
4497:
4490:
4483:
4480:
4477:
4466:
4459:
4456:
4453:
4447:
4442:
4435:
4432:
4429:
4423:
4418:
4411:
4408:
4405:
4399:
4392:
4385:
4382:
4379:
4368:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4349:
4342:
4335:
4332:
4329:
4318:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4299:
4292:
4285:
4282:
4279:
4268:
4261:
4258:
4255:
4249:
4244:
4237:
4234:
4231:
4225:
4220:
4213:
4210:
4207:
4201:
4196:
4189:
4186:
4183:
4177:
4172:
4165:
4162:
4159:
4153:
4148:
4141:
4138:
4135:
4129:
4124:
4117:
4114:
4111:
4105:
4103:
4100:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4088:
4084:
4081:
4077:
4074:
4070:
4067:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4046:
4042:
4039:
4035:
4032:
4028:
4025:
4021:
4018:
4014:
4011:
4007:
4004:
3998:
3992:
3988:
3985:
3981:
3978:
3972:
3968:
3965:
3961:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3937:
3933:
3930:
3926:
3923:
3919:
3916:
3912:
3909:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3879:
3875:
3865:
3863:
3851:
3844:
3841:
3830:
3823:
3820:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3798:
3787:
3780:
3777:
3770:
3765:
3758:
3755:
3744:
3737:
3734:
3727:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3715:
3708:
3705:
3698:
3693:
3686:
3683:
3676:
3671:
3664:
3661:
3654:
3652:
3649:
3648:
3642:
3635:
3632:
3625:
3620:
3613:
3610:
3603:
3598:
3591:
3588:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3569:
3562:
3559:
3552:
3547:
3540:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3515:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3502:
3496:
3489:
3486:
3479:
3474:
3470:Hāaklàhmdeuhn
3467:
3464:
3457:
3452:
3445:
3442:
3435:
3433:
3430:
3429:
3423:
3416:
3413:
3406:
3401:
3394:
3391:
3384:
3379:
3372:
3369:
3362:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3340:
3336:
3333:
3331:
3330:Greater China
3327:
3318:
3314:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3274:
3272:
3263:
3259:
3250:
3244:
3242:
3233:
3224:
3215:
3206:
3202:
3171:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3135:
3132:
3129:
3114:
3111:
3108:
3104:
3092:
3088:
3073:
3070:
3067:
3058:
3055:
3052:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3022:
3019:
3016:
3007:
3004:
3001:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2965:
2962:
2959:
2944:
2941:
2938:
2923:
2920:
2919:
2918:
2912:
2897:
2894:
2891:
2890:Yōushèngměidì
2876:
2861:
2860:Yōushèngměidì
2846:
2831:
2816:
2813:
2810:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2774:
2773:Fontainebleau
2771:
2768:
2764:
2755:
2734:
2724:
2721:(by the poet
2720:
2711:
2708:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2681:Xiāngxièlìshè
2667:
2664:
2661:
2652:
2649:
2646:
2637:
2633:
2618:
2615:
2606:
2597:
2582:
2579:
2575:
2560:
2545:
2542:
2539:
2524:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2491:According to
2486:
2477:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2457:
2447:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2417:
2413:
2398:
2389:
2373:
2369:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2345:
2330:
2327:
2326:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2315:
2309:
2306:
2302:
2299:
2295:
2267:
2263:
2248:
2242:
2240:
2225:
2210:
2206:
2192:
2191:
2186:
2171:
2156:
2152:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2127:
2105:
2090:
2086:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2054:
2050:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2024:
2015:
2002:
1998:
1996:
1987:
1978:
1969:
1960:
1951:
1942:
1940:
1934:
1925:
1916:
1907:
1905:
1899:
1890:
1881:
1872:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1845:
1836:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1814:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1794:
1788:
1787:
1780:
1778:
1774:
1768:
1716:
1712:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1681:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1659:
1649:
1645:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1625:
1621:
1616:
1614:
1604:
1600:
1595:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1529:
1525:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1490:
1485:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1444:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1410:
1407:
1404:
1402:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1392:
1391:
1381:
1380:
1375:
1371:
1368:-era scholar
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1342:
1340:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1298:Austroasiatic
1295:
1285:
1281:
1278:of the later
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1252:many cultures
1249:
1233:
1229:
1225:
1221:
1220:Austroasiatic
1211:
1207:
1206:other peoples
1203:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1185:
1175:
1173:
1164:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1065:
1064:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
991:
987:
983:
972:
967:
965:
960:
958:
953:
952:
950:
949:
942:
939:
937:
934:
932:
929:
928:
922:
921:
914:
911:
909:
906:
904:
901:
899:
896:
894:
891:
889:
886:
884:
883:Cyrillization
881:
879:
876:
875:
869:
868:
864:
863:
856:
853:
852:
849:
844:
843:
840:
837:
836:
829:
826:
825:
822:
817:
816:
813:
810:
809:
802:
799:
797:
794:
793:
790:
785:
784:
777:
774:
772:
769:
768:
765:
760:
759:
756:
753:
752:
745:
742:
741:
738:
733:
732:
729:
726:
725:
717:
713:
710:
709:
706:
701:
700:
692:
688:
685:
682:
678:
675:
674:
671:
666:
665:
658:
655:
654:
651:
646:
645:
638:
635:
634:
631:
626:
625:
618:
615:
613:
610:
609:
606:
601:
600:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
581:
576:
575:
568:
567:
563:
561:
558:
556:
553:
551:
548:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
531:
528:
526:
523:
522:
519:
514:
513:
510:
507:
506:
499:
498:
494:
492:
489:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
452:
449:
447:
444:
442:
439:
437:
434:
433:
430:
425:
424:
421:
418:
417:
410:
407:
406:
403:
398:
397:
390:
387:
386:
383:
378:
377:
374:
371:
370:
363:
360:
358:
355:
354:
351:
346:
345:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
319:
316:
311:
310:
303:
302:
298:
296:
293:
291:
288:
286:
283:
281:
278:
276:
273:
271:
268:
266:
263:
259:
256:
255:
254:
251:
249:
246:
245:
242:
237:
236:
233:
230:
229:
226:
223:
222:
214:
202:
200:
196:
193:
189:
184:
180:
176:
172:
167:
162:
160:
156:
151:
146:
144:
140:
137:
136:Transcription
133:
121:
119:
115:
112:
108:
103:
99:
93:
89:
84:
79:
77:
73:
68:
63:
61:
57:
52:
46:
41:
37:
34:
33:Transcription
30:
27:
19:
16803:
16799:
16773:. Retrieved
16769:the original
16765:RocketNews24
16764:
16754:
16743:. Retrieved
16741:. 2016-05-31
16738:
16729:
16700:
16696:
16686:
16663:
16654:
16643:. Retrieved
16638:
16629:
16596:
16588:
16583:
16575:
16570:
16552:
16536:
16523:
16486:
16478:
16473:
16456:
16450:
16442:China.org.cn
16441:
16432:
16418:
16411:
16399:. Retrieved
16394:
16384:
16372:. Retrieved
16367:
16357:
16345:. Retrieved
16339:
16332:
16320:. Retrieved
16297:
16290:
16265:
16261:
16255:
16235:
16228:
16216:. Retrieved
16201:
16194:
16182:. Retrieved
16159:
16152:
16140:. Retrieved
16125:
16118:
16109:
16103:
16086:
16080:
16060:
16053:
16033:
16026:
16020:(in Chinese)
16001:
15989:
15981:
15975:(in Chinese)
15958:
15948:
15935:
15921:the original
15914:
15892:cite journal
15884:the original
15879:10722/208513
15861:
15857:
15847:
15839:
15834:
15822:. Retrieved
15817:
15808:
15797:. Retrieved
15795:(in Chinese)
15792:
15783:
15755:
15708:Sinicization
15680:in Cantonese
15671:
15662:
15649:
15636:
15605:
15588:
15580:
15554:
15541:
15521:
15512:
15502:
15495:
15488:
15481:
15469:
15457:Please help
15452:verification
15449:
3890:
3877:
3871:
3859:
3804:Dahklóhngpóu
3724:Donald Trump
3338:
3316:
3312:
3303:
3293:
3288:
3275:
3270:
3257:
3251:is known as
3245:
3240:
3231:
3222:
3213:
3198:
3169:
3148:
3127:
3105:, which was
3086:
3065:
3050:
3029:
3014:
2999:
2978:
2957:
2936:
2916:
2910:
2889:
2874:
2859:
2845:Yōuxiānměidì
2844:
2830:Yōushānměidì
2829:
2808:
2788:Fēngdānbáilù
2787:
2766:
2762:
2753:
2718:
2695:
2680:
2659:
2644:
2631:
2604:
2595:
2573:
2558:
2537:
2522:
2505:
2490:
2484:
2475:
2466:
2461:A street in
2445:
2436:
2431:A street in
2415:
2411:
2397:Hēunggóngjái
2396:
2371:
2367:
2352:
2343:
2323:
2318:
2307:
2300:
2261:
2247:Qing dynasty
2243:
2238:
2223:
2204:
2188:
2184:
2169:
2148:
2140:
2103:
2084:
2061:
2052:
2048:
2035:
2031:
2022:
2013:
1999:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1936:
1932:
1923:
1914:
1901:
1897:
1888:
1879:
1866:
1861:
1852:
1846:"sound" and
1843:
1830:
1816:
1793:Shanghainese
1789:
1784:
1782:
1776:
1769:
1717:
1714:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1679:
1657:
1624:philological
1617:
1599:Qing dynasty
1596:
1519:
1511:Huìtóng Guǎn
1510:
1501:
1489:Ming dynasty
1486:
1463:
1451:Tang dynasty
1424:
1414:
1396:incantations
1377:
1343:
1332:
1302:
1293:
1283:
1250:and then to
1223:
1187:oracle bones
1181:
1171:
1162:
1146:
1131:
1100:
1087:
1078:
1068:
1061:
1038:
1030:
1013:
1012:whereby the
998:phonetically
996:
981:
980:
912:
776:Hagfa Pinyim
630:Northern Min
564:
496:
491:Barnett–Chao
299:
248:Hanyu Pinyin
199:Hanyu Pinyin
135:
118:Hanyu Pinyin
50:
32:
26:
16720:10396/19457
15994:pp. 159–168
15992:, Vol. 20,
15824:11 February
15698:for gases.
3397:Hēidahklāai
3170:Wéijī Bǎikē
2875:Yōushīměidì
2698:, meaning "
2617:Philippines
2239:Àisībùnándú
2205:pītóu sànfǎ
2143:, meaning "
2141:Wànwéi Wǎng
2104:Pángdàgù'āi
1926:'old man',
1779:, pp. 5-6.
1671:Daur people
1597:During the
1520:Huá-Yí yìyǔ
1321:Western Han
1309:Han dynasty
1270:during the
1041:Han Chinese
986:traditional
888:Xiao'erjing
796:Pha̍k-fa-sṳ
650:Pu-Xian Min
461:Meyer–Wempe
402:Wenzhounese
16873:Categories
16828:7500102216
16775:2016-11-20
16745:2016-11-17
16703:: 95–117.
16645:2016-11-14
16401:1 December
16374:1 December
16347:1 December
16308:3447051965
16170:0674002490
15949:Asia Major
15864:: 93–100.
15799:2018-12-05
15770:References
15485:newspapers
15431:Exceptions
15132:diphthongs
3087:Màidāngláo
3072:McDonald's
2937:Kěkǒu Kělè
2763:Fóluólúnsī
2754:Fóluólúnsà
2719:Fěilěngcuì
2465:is called
2446:Fèihleihla
2435:is called
2353:Mòsāngbǐkè
2344:Mòsānbígěi
2329:Mozambique
2089:Pantagruel
2014:Bái'éluósī
1917:'search',
1811:See also:
1801:neologisms
1654:欽定遼金元三史國語解
1642:, and the
1548:Vietnamese
1544:Old Uyghur
1401:Polysemous
1370:Zhou Dunyi
1313:Zhang Qian
1212:" people (
1210:Eastern Yi
1049:homophones
1002:transcribe
990:simplified
839:Polylectal
605:Fuzhounese
592:Pe̍h-ūe-jī
525:Pe̍h-ōe-jī
466:Sidney Lau
382:General Wu
350:Sichuanese
280:Wade–Giles
96:transcribe
16815:世界人名翻译大辞典
16490:P. 57 of
16317:0931-282X
16179:0073-084X
15775:Citations
15678:(such as
15654:ping pong
15612:name for
15515:July 2024
3313:Pèihkāyāu
3304:Béikāchīu
3155:Knowledge
3149:Bìshèngkè
3134:Pizza Hut
3103:Hong Kong
3051:Duōlínguó
3030:Hǎoshìduō
3000:Sàibǎiwèi
2958:Xǐláidēng
2922:Coca-Cola
2896:Champagne
2731:meaning "
2472:爹美刁施拿地大馬路
2416:Abaakdīng
2209:Esperanto
2085:Wūtuōbāng
1988:'beast',
1540:Mongolian
1502:Sìyí Guǎn
1350:later Han
1331:" in his
1325:Liu Xiang
1323:also saw
1305:loanwords
1228:barbarian
1218:) and an
1189:. As the
1134:Singapore
1123:Cantonese
1103:Hong Kong
1084:世界人名翻译大辞典
1053:logograms
1045:syllables
670:Hainanese
429:Cantonese
16851:Language
16739:BBC News
16662:(1997).
16558:汉语流俗词源研究
16494:(2003),
16465:23887926
16322:24 April
16218:24 April
16184:24 April
16142:24 April
15818:BBC News
15702:See also
15682:). Such
15650:pīngpāng
15610:Sanskrit
3783:Dōnglòuh
3761:Tèlǎngpǔ
3740:Tángnàdé
3492:Kēlíndùn
3448:Kèlíndùn
3332:region.
3241:Niǔxīlán
3232:Xīnxīlán
3223:Xiàwēiyí
3097:), with
3036:Duolingo
2979:Bǎisīmǎi
2964:Best Buy
2911:xiāngbīn
2815:Yosemite
2767:Florence
2723:Xu Zhimo
2632:Fēilǜbīn
2538:Yīngjílì
2501:toponyms
2372:Aapbādīn
2368:Yābādiàn
2359:Aberdeen
2224:Shìjièyǔ
2170:Pītóushì
1979:'head',
1970:'hand',
1620:Kaozheng
1592:Sanskrit
1588:Acehnese
1584:Javanese
1536:Ryukyuan
1532:Japanese
1443:Sinology
1374:Xuanzang
1358:Sanskrit
1346:Buddhism
1138:Malaysia
1127:Mandarin
925:By place
898:Bopomofo
865:See also
436:Jyutping
232:Mandarin
16837:Portals
16787:Sources
16282:2719468
15996:. 1991.
15970:《汉语外来词》
15614:jasmine
15557:radical
15499:scholar
3847:Chuānpǔ
3689:Sīknèih
3616:Oubāmáh
3543:Bousyùh
3432:Clinton
3353:Taiwan
3317:Píkǎqiū
3300:Pikachu
3296:Pokémon
3289:Póugīng
3262:Russian
3066:Kěndéjī
2809:Qǐsèjiā
2733:jadeite
2710:Firenze
2704:capital
2702:forest
2700:cypress
2696:Dūbólín
2578:Deutsch
2574:Déyìzhì
2544:Germany
2523:Yīngguó
2478:, with
2412:Ābódīng
2374:, with
2319:Fēizhōu
2264:, i.e.
2190:chengyu
2185:Pītóusì
2155:Beatles
2150:chengyu
2106:, from
2040:Russian
2016:, with
2001:Belarus
1831:shēngnà
1797:calques
1709:Nǚxīliè
1699:Niǔhùlù
1689:Dáhū'ěr
1646:in the
1638:in the
1630:in the
1608:御製增訂清文鑑
1576:Tibetan
1572:Persian
1564:Burmese
1524:Jurchen
1487:In the
1478:Jurchen
1459:mantras
1256:Vietnam
1178:History
1115:article
1107:article
1069:In the
1039:Modern
1018:English
1014:meaning
587:Peng'im
580:Teochew
518:Hokkien
16826:
16798:
16674:
16620:
16612:
16514:
16506:
16463:
16315:
16305:
16280:
16243:
16209:
16177:
16167:
16133:
16068:
16041:
15925:
15641:kasaya
15637:jiāshā
15622:) and
15589:*Krong
15501:
15494:
15487:
15480:
15472:
13923:gǔyīng
9280:fēiyóu
9253:wēiyóu
9226:wéiyóu
3874:Xinhua
3826:Tángnà
3651:Sydney
3638:Ōubāmǎ
3594:Àobāmǎ
3419:Xītèlè
3375:Xītèlè
3359:Hitler
3271:Pǔdīng
3258:Pǔjīng
3214:Hāwǎyī
3021:Costco
2832:(also
2794:Ithaca
2735:" and
2687:Dublin
2660:Yǎdiǎn
2651:Athens
2645:Fēiguó
2601:美利堅合眾國
2596:Měiguó
2497:jargon
2262:Yàxìyà
2145:myriad
2070:Yan Fu
2066:Utopia
2032:Éluósī
1721:遼金元史語解
1634:, the
1613:fanqie
1603:Manchu
1590:, and
1528:Korean
1491:, the
1470:Khitan
1455:Tantra
1425:duìyīn
1319:. The
1311:after
1266:, and
1240:&
1202:rivers
1199:Yellow
1191:Huaxia
1172:Àobāmǎ
1163:Ōubāmǎ
1109:) and
1055:, and
560:Tâi-lô
205:yìmíng
16863:China
16697:Hikma
16461:JSTOR
16278:JSTOR
16014:翻譯名義序
15945:(PDF)
15728:Ateji
15672:kāfēi
15619:malli
15587:name
15581:khong
15506:JSTOR
15492:books
15186:]
15182:[
15178:]
15174:[
15143:]
15139:[
15130:When
15098:]
15094:[
15090:]
15086:[
15079:Notes
14893:qióng
14869:qióng
14845:xióng
13281:gǔyīn
12627:gǔ'ēn
12025:huáng
12001:kuāng
11977:guāng
11809:chāng
11785:zhāng
11761:shàng
11110:shàng
10144:guāyī
9151:dìyóu
9124:díyóu
9097:píyóu
9070:bǐyóu
3711:Xuělí
3578:Obama
3521:Bùshí
3311:, to
3285:Putin
3128:Bǎomǎ
3015:Yíjiā
2877:, or
2559:Déguó
2463:Macau
2433:Macau
2268:, as
2235:爱斯不难读
2229:愛斯不難讀
1943:(cf.
1908:(cf.
1873:(cf.
1862:shēng
1844:shēng
1835:sonar
1580:Malay
1568:Khmer
1419:. In
1294:krong
1284:jiāng
1184:Shang
1156:" as
1154:Obama
1111:Macau
1092:below
828:Pinfa
812:Xiang
771:Pinfa
755:Hakka
744:Pinfa
124:yīnyì
16830:/Z21
16824:ISBN
16672:ISBN
16618:ISBN
16610:ISBN
16512:ISBN
16504:ISBN
16426:–94.
16403:2014
16376:2014
16349:2014
16324:2014
16313:ISSN
16303:ISBN
16241:ISBN
16220:2014
16207:ISBN
16186:2014
16175:ISSN
16165:ISBN
16144:2014
16131:ISBN
16066:ISBN
16039:ISBN
15898:link
15826:2019
15663:bīng
15606:mòlì
15478:news
15100:row.
15065:hóng
15037:yǒng
15013:lóng
14989:lóng
14965:nóng
14941:méng
14917:hóng
14821:róng
14797:sōng
14773:cōng
14749:zōng
14725:fēng
14701:wēng
14677:wēng
14653:kǒng
14629:gòng
14605:tōng
14581:dōng
14557:péng
14533:bāng
14509:wēng
14400:nóng
14376:méng
14352:hóng
14328:chūn
14304:zhǔn
14280:shùn
14230:cōng
14182:fēng
14086:gòng
14062:tōng
14014:péng
13896:yīng
13772:níng
13748:míng
13724:xìng
13700:qīng
13676:jīng
13652:xìng
13602:qīng
13578:jīng
13458:jīng
13434:tíng
13410:dīng
13386:píng
13338:yīng
13130:níng
13106:míng
12792:tíng
12768:dīng
12744:píng
12480:hēng
12432:zhēn
12408:shēn
12312:zēng
12168:téng
12144:dēng
12120:péng
11953:yáng
11929:lǎng
11905:lǎng
11857:máng
11833:háng
11737:ràng
11713:sāng
11689:cāng
11665:zàng
11641:fāng
11617:wàng
11593:wàng
11569:kāng
11545:gāng
11521:táng
11497:dāng
11473:páng
11449:bāng
11374:huán
11350:kuān
11326:guān
11302:yáng
11158:qián
11134:zhān
11084:sāng
10585:qiáo
10561:jiāo
10537:shào
10511:shào
10192:huái
9973:chái
9803:huái
8171:qiáo
8147:qiáo
8123:xiāo
3667:Xīní
3565:Bùxī
3505:Bush
3283:for
3166:维基百科
3160:維基百科
3095:麥當勞道
3006:IKEA
2933:可口可乐
2927:可口可樂
2886:优胜美地
2880:優勝美地
2871:优诗美地
2865:優詩美地
2856:优圣美地
2850:優聖美地
2841:优仙美地
2835:優仙美地
2826:优山美地
2820:優山美地
2784:枫丹白露
2778:楓丹白露
2759:佛羅倫斯
2750:佛罗伦萨
2744:佛羅倫薩
2677:香榭丽舍
2671:香榭麗舍
2456:adj.
2349:莫桑比克
2340:莫三鼻给
2334:莫三鼻給
2266:Asia
2201:披头散发
2195:披頭散髮
2100:庞大固埃
2094:龐大固埃
2010:白俄罗斯
2005:lit.
1995:shòu
1986:shòu
1977:shǒu
1968:shǒu
1959:shòu
1950:shōu
1939:shou
1898:sǒng
1889:sōng
1880:sòng
1869:song
1764:巴實伯里
1752:别失八里
1746:巴勒塔哈
1740:巴耳打阿
1680:Dàhè
1560:Thai
1552:Cham
1516:华夷译语
1464:The
1438:lit.
1388:五種不翻
1384:五种不翻
1376:(of
1366:Song
1362:Pali
1360:and
1352:and
1280:Zhou
1274:and
1197:and
1125:and
801:TLPA
555:TLPA
337:EFEO
16715:hdl
16705:doi
16548:张绍麒
16542:管錐編
16532:錢鍾書
16270:doi
16091:doi
16010:. 《
16007:周敦頤
15964:史有为
15874:hdl
15866:doi
15585:Yue
15461:by
15353:dài
15332:shā
15248:lín
14472:yún
14448:lún
14424:lún
14254:sūn
14206:zūn
14158:wén
14134:wén
14110:kūn
14038:dūn
13990:běn
13966:wēn
13948:oʊn
13870:lín
13846:lín
13820:lín
13796:lín
13626:xīn
13554:fēn
13530:wēn
13506:wēn
13482:jīn
13362:bīn
13305:kūn
13254:yīn
13228:lín
13204:lín
13178:lín
13154:lín
13082:xīn
13058:qīn
13034:jīn
13010:xīn
12984:xīn
12960:xīn
12936:jīn
12912:fēn
12888:wēn
12864:wēn
12840:jīn
12816:jīn
12720:bīn
12696:yīn
12678:jən
12674:ɪən
12651:kūn
12600:yán
12576:lún
12552:lún
12528:nèn
12504:mén
12456:qín
12384:rèn
12360:sēn
12336:cén
12288:fēn
12264:wén
12240:wén
12216:kěn
12192:gēn
12096:běn
11881:nán
11425:áng
11391:aʊn
11278:lán
11254:lán
11230:nán
11206:màn
11182:hàn
11060:càn
11036:zàn
11012:fán
10988:wàn
10964:wàn
10940:kǎn
10916:gān
10892:tǎn
10868:dān
10844:pān
10820:bān
10755:kuò
10729:yáo
10705:láo
10681:láo
10657:nǎo
10633:máo
10609:háo
10487:cáo
10463:zǎo
10367:kǎo
10343:gāo
10319:táo
10295:dào
10271:bǎo
10247:bào
10168:kuā
10093:lài
10069:lái
10045:nài
10021:mài
9997:hǎi
9949:jiǎ
9925:xià
9899:sài
9875:cài
9851:zǎi
9779:wéi
9755:kǎi
9731:gài
9707:tài
9681:dài
9657:dài
9633:pài
9609:bài
9546:liú
9522:liǔ
9498:niǔ
9474:miù
9450:xiū
9426:qiū
9402:jiǔ
9378:xiū
9352:xiū
9328:qiū
9304:jiǔ
9199:qiū
9175:jiǔ
9043:yóu
9021:juː
8980:yóu
8836:chǔ
8812:zhū
8788:shū
8716:chǔ
8413:huò
8389:kuò
8365:guǒ
8341:yuē
8315:luó
8291:luó
8267:luò
8243:nuò
8195:huò
8099:ruò
8075:suǒ
8051:cuò
8027:zuǒ
7883:tuō
7859:duō
7744:huì
7720:kuí
7696:guī
7282:fēi
7258:wēi
7234:wéi
7027:huò
7003:kuò
6979:guǒ
6785:chè
6761:zhé
6737:shè
6362:huì
6338:kuí
6314:guī
6264:lěi
6240:léi
6216:lái
6192:nèi
6168:méi
6144:hēi
6097:qiè
6073:jié
6049:xiè
6001:sài
5929:fèi
5905:wéi
5881:wéi
5857:kǎi
5833:gài
5809:tài
5738:pèi
5714:bèi
5653:huá
5629:kuā
5605:guā
5359:chá
5335:jiǎ
5309:shā
5285:shā
5261:zhā
5235:shā
5187:chá
5163:zhā
4965:jiā
4536:shí
3893:IPA
3876:'s
3795:特朗普
3752:特朗普
3731:唐纳德
3629:歐巴馬
3607:奧巴馬
3585:奥巴马
3483:柯林頓
3461:克林頓
3439:克林顿
3410:希特勒
3388:希特拉
3366:希特勒
3321:皮卡丘
3308:比卡超
3237:紐西蘭
3228:新西兰
3219:夏威夷
3210:哈瓦伊
3157:is
3145:必胜客
3139:必勝客
3136:as
3115:as
3113:BMW
3083:麦当劳
3077:麥當勞
3074:as
3062:肯德基
3059:as
3047:多邻国
3041:多鄰國
3038:as
3026:好市多
3023:as
3008:as
2996:赛百味
2990:賽百味
2987:as
2975:百思买
2969:百思買
2966:as
2954:喜来登
2948:喜來登
2945:as
2924:as
2898:as
2817:as
2805:绮色佳
2799:綺色佳
2796:as
2775:as
2756:or
2725:),
2715:翡冷翠
2712:as
2692:都柏林
2689:as
2668:as
2653:as
2628:菲律賓
2622:菲律宾
2619:as
2610:美利堅
2570:德意志
2534:英吉利
2485:dīu
2442:肥利喇
2408:阿伯丁
2402:鴨巴甸
2393:香港仔
2364:鴨巴甸
2331:as
2258:亚细亚
2252:亞細亞
2220:世界语
2214:世界語
2181:披头四
2175:披頭四
2166:披头士
2160:披頭士
2137:万维网
2131:萬維網
2128:is
2081:乌托邦
2075:烏托邦
2072:as
2038:in
2036:-va
2028:俄罗斯
2023:bái
1933:sōu
1924:sǒu
1915:sōu
1904:sou
1799:or
1734:都爾本
1728:打耳班
1711:).
1704:女奚烈
1694:鈕祜祿
1685:達呼爾
1556:Dai
1507:会同馆
1498:四夷馆
1339:Han
1268:Yue
1260:Chu
1234:" (
1232:Yue
1224:any
1195:Wei
1168:奥巴马
1159:欧巴马
1132:In
995:to
988:or
728:Gan
509:Min
420:Yue
16875::
16763:.
16737:.
16713:.
16701:17
16699:.
16695:.
16666:.
16637:.
16616:/
16608:,
16604:,
16551:,
16535:,
16510:/
16502:,
16498:,
16440:.
16424:93
16393:.
16366:.
16311:.
16276:.
16266:53
16264:.
16173:.
15967:.
15947:,
15906:^
15894:}}
15890:{{
15862:15
15860:.
15856:.
15816:.
15791:.
15668:咖啡
15646:乒乓
15633:袈裟
15602:茉莉
15547:.
15418:fú
15395:nī
15382:,
15374:sī
15361:,
15340:,
15319:,
15311:lì
15298:,
15290:lì
15277:,
15269:nà
15256:,
15235:,
15227:mǎ
15214:,
15206:yà
15158:ěr
15116:yà
15096:ɑː
14491:ʊŋ
13946:,
13944:ʊn
13942:,
13940:un
13320:ɪŋ
12676:,
12672:,
12670:in
12668:,
12666:ɪn
12072:ēn
12054:əŋ
12052:,
12050:ən
12048:,
12046:ɜn
12044:,
12042:ɛŋ
12040:,
12038:ɛn
11407:ɒŋ
11405:,
11403:ɒn
11401:,
11399:ɔn
11397:,
11395:ʌŋ
11393:,
11389:,
11387:ɑn
10796:ān
10778:æŋ
10776:,
10774:ʌn
10772:,
10770:æn
10439:fú
10415:wò
10391:wò
10223:ào
10205:aʊ
10117:yē
9827:fǎ
9585:ài
9567:aɪ
9025:jʊ
9023:,
9006:kù
8956:lǔ
8932:lú
8908:nǔ
8884:mù
8860:hú
8764:rú
8740:sū
8692:zǔ
8668:fù
8644:wǔ
8620:wǔ
8596:kù
8572:gǔ
8548:tú
8524:dù
8500:pǔ
8476:bù
8452:wū
8430:,
8427:uː
8219:mò
8003:fú
7979:wò
7955:wò
7931:kē
7907:gē
7835:bō
7811:bó
7787:ào
7769:oʊ
7767:,
7764:ɔː
7761:,
7672:yī
7646:lì
7622:lǐ
7596:lì
7572:lì
7546:nī
7522:ní
7498:mǐ
7474:xī
7450:qí
7426:jí
7402:xī
7378:rì
7354:xī
7330:qí
7306:qí
7210:jī
7186:jí
7162:dì
7138:dí
7114:pí
7090:bǐ
7066:yī
7044:,
7041:iː
6955:yē
6931:lè
6907:lè
6881:nà
6857:nà
6833:mò
6809:hè
6713:rè
6689:sè
6665:cè
6641:zé
6617:fú
6593:wò
6569:fú
6545:kè
6521:gé
6497:tè
6473:dé
6449:pò
6425:bó
6379:,
6290:yē
6121:hè
6025:rè
5977:cè
5953:zé
5786:tè
5762:dé
5690:āi
5672:eɪ
5670:,
5579:yà
5555:yà
5531:lā
5507:lā
5481:nà
5457:nà
5431:mǎ
5407:mǎ
5383:hā
5211:sà
5137:wá
5113:fǎ
5087:wá
5063:wǎ
5037:wá
5013:wǎ
4989:kǎ
4941:tǎ
4917:dá
4893:pà
4869:bā
4823:,
4817:,
4814:ɑː
4800:hú
4776:kù
4752:gǔ
4728:yī
4704:ěr
4680:ěr
4656:ēn
4632:mǔ
4608:hè
4584:qí
4560:qí
4512:rì
4486:sī
4462:sī
4438:cí
4414:zī
4388:fú
4364:fū
4338:fú
4314:fū
4288:fú
4264:fū
4240:kè
4216:gé
4192:tè
4168:dé
4144:pǔ
4120:bù
4094:hʷ
4087:kʷ
4080:ɡʷ
4031:tʃ
4024:dʒ
4000:,
3994:,
3984:ts
3977:dz
3974:,
3838:川普
3817:唐納
3774:當勞
3702:雪梨
3680:悉尼
3658:悉尼
3556:布希
3534:布殊
3512:布什
3291:.
3280:普京
3267:普丁
3254:普京
3243:.
3124:宝马
3118:寶馬
3011:宜家
2907:香槟
2901:香檳
2862:,
2847:,
2728:翡翠
2706:".
2656:雅典
2641:菲國
2607:,
2592:美国
2586:美國
2555:德国
2549:德國
2519:英国
2513:英國
2503:.
2458:).
2314:非洲
2308:hé
2301:wō
2294:Wa
2115:庞大
2109:龐大
2062:fū
2053:-v
2049:wā
1853:nà
1827:声纳
1775:,
1758:五城
1676:大賀
1615:.
1594:.
1586:,
1582:,
1578:,
1574:,
1570:,
1566:,
1562:,
1558:,
1554:,
1550:,
1546:,
1542:,
1538:,
1534:,
1530:,
1526:,
1445:,
1435:;
1433:對音
1429:对音
1341:.
1264:Wu
1262:,
1215:東夷
1174:.
1144:.
1117:)
1098:.
1063:jī
373:Wu
166:译名
150:譯名
83:音译
67:音譯
16839::
16778:.
16748:.
16723:.
16717::
16707::
16680:.
16648:.
16624:.
16555:(
16539:(
16518:.
16467:.
16405:.
16378:.
16351:.
16326:.
16284:.
16272::
16249:.
16222:.
16188:.
16146:.
16097:.
16093::
16074:.
16047:.
15953:.
15900:)
15876::
15868::
15828:.
15802:.
15694:气
15659:兵
15626:衣
15616:(
15595:艹
15576:工
15569:氵
15562:江
15528:)
15522:(
15517:)
15513:(
15503:·
15496:·
15489:·
15482:·
15455:.
15423:)
15413:(
15409:弗
15400:)
15390:(
15386:妮
15379:)
15369:(
15365:丝
15358:)
15348:(
15344:黛
15337:)
15327:(
15323:莎
15316:)
15306:(
15302:莉
15295:)
15285:(
15281:丽
15274:)
15264:(
15260:娜
15253:)
15243:(
15239:琳
15232:)
15222:(
15218:玛
15211:)
15201:(
15197:娅
15188:.
15184:m
15176:n
15166:.
15163:)
15153:(
15149:尔
15141:ə
15124:.
15121:)
15111:(
15107:亚
15088:ə
15070:)
15060:(
15055:洪
15042:)
15032:(
15027:永
15018:)
15008:(
15003:龙
14994:)
14984:(
14979:隆
14970:)
14960:(
14955:农
14946:)
14936:(
14931:蒙
14922:)
14912:(
14907:洪
14898:)
14888:(
14883:琼
14874:)
14864:(
14859:琼
14850:)
14840:(
14835:雄
14826:)
14816:(
14811:容
14802:)
14792:(
14787:松
14778:)
14768:(
14763:聪
14754:)
14744:(
14739:宗
14730:)
14720:(
14715:丰
14706:)
14696:(
14691:翁
14682:)
14672:(
14667:翁
14658:)
14648:(
14643:孔
14634:)
14624:(
14619:贡
14610:)
14600:(
14595:通
14586:)
14576:(
14571:东
14562:)
14552:(
14547:蓬
14538:)
14528:(
14523:邦
14514:)
14504:(
14499:翁
14477:)
14467:(
14462:云
14453:)
14443:(
14438:伦
14429:)
14419:(
14414:伦
14405:)
14395:(
14390:农
14381:)
14371:(
14366:蒙
14357:)
14347:(
14342:洪
14333:)
14323:(
14318:春
14309:)
14299:(
14294:准
14285:)
14275:(
14270:顺
14259:)
14249:(
14244:孙
14235:)
14225:(
14220:聪
14211:)
14201:(
14196:尊
14187:)
14177:(
14172:丰
14163:)
14153:(
14148:文
14139:)
14129:(
14124:文
14115:)
14105:(
14100:昆
14091:)
14081:(
14076:贡
14067:)
14057:(
14052:通
14043:)
14033:(
14028:敦
14019:)
14009:(
14004:蓬
13995:)
13985:(
13980:本
13971:)
13961:(
13956:温
13928:)
13918:(
13913:英
13910:古
13901:)
13891:(
13886:英
13878:)
13875:)
13865:(
13860:琳
13855:(
13851:)
13841:(
13836:林
13828:)
13825:)
13815:(
13810:琳
13805:(
13801:)
13791:(
13786:林
13777:)
13767:(
13762:宁
13753:)
13743:(
13738:明
13729:)
13719:(
13714:兴
13705:)
13695:(
13690:青
13681:)
13671:(
13666:京
13657:)
13647:(
13642:兴
13631:)
13621:(
13616:辛
13607:)
13597:(
13592:青
13583:)
13573:(
13568:京
13559:)
13549:(
13544:芬
13535:)
13525:(
13520:温
13511:)
13501:(
13496:温
13487:)
13477:(
13472:金
13463:)
13453:(
13448:京
13439:)
13429:(
13424:廷
13415:)
13405:(
13400:丁
13391:)
13381:(
13376:平
13367:)
13357:(
13352:宾
13343:)
13333:(
13328:英
13310:)
13300:(
13295:昆
13286:)
13276:(
13271:因
13268:古
13259:)
13249:(
13244:因
13236:)
13233:)
13223:(
13218:琳
13213:(
13209:)
13199:(
13194:林
13186:)
13183:)
13173:(
13168:琳
13163:(
13159:)
13149:(
13144:林
13135:)
13125:(
13120:宁
13111:)
13101:(
13096:明
13087:)
13077:(
13072:欣
13063:)
13053:(
13048:钦
13039:)
13029:(
13024:金
13015:)
13005:(
13000:欣
12989:)
12979:(
12974:辛
12965:)
12955:(
12950:欣
12941:)
12931:(
12926:津
12917:)
12907:(
12902:芬
12893:)
12883:(
12878:温
12869:)
12859:(
12854:温
12845:)
12835:(
12830:金
12821:)
12811:(
12806:金
12797:)
12787:(
12782:廷
12773:)
12763:(
12758:丁
12749:)
12739:(
12734:平
12725:)
12715:(
12710:宾
12701:)
12691:(
12686:因
12656:)
12646:(
12641:昆
12632:)
12622:(
12617:恩
12614:古
12605:)
12595:(
12590:延
12581:)
12571:(
12566:伦
12557:)
12547:(
12542:伦
12533:)
12523:(
12518:嫩
12509:)
12499:(
12494:门
12485:)
12475:(
12470:亨
12461:)
12451:(
12446:琴
12437:)
12427:(
12422:真
12413:)
12403:(
12398:申
12389:)
12379:(
12374:任
12365:)
12355:(
12350:森
12341:)
12331:(
12326:岑
12317:)
12307:(
12302:曾
12293:)
12283:(
12278:芬
12269:)
12259:(
12254:文
12245:)
12235:(
12230:文
12221:)
12211:(
12206:肯
12197:)
12187:(
12182:根
12173:)
12163:(
12158:滕
12149:)
12139:(
12134:登
12125:)
12115:(
12110:彭
12101:)
12091:(
12086:本
12077:)
12067:(
12062:恩
12030:)
12020:(
12015:黄
12006:)
11996:(
11991:匡
11982:)
11972:(
11967:光
11958:)
11948:(
11943:扬
11934:)
11924:(
11919:朗
11910:)
11900:(
11895:朗
11886:)
11876:(
11871:南
11862:)
11852:(
11847:芒
11838:)
11828:(
11823:杭
11814:)
11804:(
11799:昌
11790:)
11780:(
11775:章
11766:)
11756:(
11751:尚
11742:)
11732:(
11727:让
11718:)
11708:(
11703:桑
11694:)
11684:(
11679:仓
11670:)
11660:(
11655:藏
11646:)
11636:(
11631:方
11622:)
11612:(
11607:旺
11598:)
11588:(
11583:旺
11574:)
11564:(
11559:康
11550:)
11540:(
11535:冈
11526:)
11516:(
11511:唐
11502:)
11492:(
11487:当
11478:)
11468:(
11463:庞
11454:)
11444:(
11439:邦
11430:)
11420:(
11415:昂
11379:)
11369:(
11364:环
11355:)
11345:(
11340:宽
11331:)
11321:(
11316:关
11307:)
11297:(
11292:扬
11283:)
11273:(
11268:兰
11259:)
11249:(
11244:兰
11235:)
11225:(
11220:南
11211:)
11201:(
11196:曼
11187:)
11177:(
11172:汉
11163:)
11153:(
11148:钱
11139:)
11129:(
11124:詹
11115:)
11105:(
11100:尚
11089:)
11079:(
11074:桑
11065:)
11055:(
11050:灿
11041:)
11031:(
11026:赞
11017:)
11007:(
11002:凡
10993:)
10983:(
10978:万
10969:)
10959:(
10954:万
10945:)
10935:(
10930:坎
10921:)
10911:(
10906:甘
10897:)
10887:(
10882:坦
10873:)
10863:(
10858:丹
10849:)
10839:(
10834:潘
10825:)
10815:(
10810:班
10801:)
10791:(
10786:安
10760:)
10750:(
10745:阔
10734:)
10724:(
10719:尧
10710:)
10700:(
10695:劳
10686:)
10676:(
10671:劳
10662:)
10652:(
10647:瑙
10638:)
10628:(
10623:毛
10614:)
10604:(
10599:豪
10590:)
10580:(
10575:乔
10566:)
10556:(
10551:焦
10542:)
10532:(
10527:绍
10516:)
10506:(
10501:绍
10492:)
10482:(
10477:曹
10468:)
10458:(
10453:藻
10444:)
10434:(
10429:福
10420:)
10410:(
10405:沃
10396:)
10386:(
10381:沃
10372:)
10362:(
10357:考
10348:)
10338:(
10333:高
10324:)
10314:(
10309:陶
10300:)
10290:(
10285:道
10276:)
10266:(
10261:保
10252:)
10242:(
10237:鲍
10228:)
10218:(
10213:奥
10197:)
10187:(
10182:怀
10173:)
10163:(
10158:夸
10149:)
10139:(
10134:伊
10131:瓜
10122:)
10112:(
10107:耶
10098:)
10088:(
10083:赖
10074:)
10064:(
10059:莱
10050:)
10040:(
10035:奈
10026:)
10016:(
10011:迈
10002:)
9992:(
9987:海
9978:)
9968:(
9963:柴
9954:)
9944:(
9939:贾
9930:)
9920:(
9915:夏
9904:)
9894:(
9889:赛
9880:)
9870:(
9865:蔡
9856:)
9846:(
9841:宰
9832:)
9822:(
9817:法
9808:)
9798:(
9793:怀
9784:)
9774:(
9769:韦
9760:)
9750:(
9745:凯
9736:)
9726:(
9721:盖
9712:)
9702:(
9697:泰
9689:)
9686:)
9676:(
9671:黛
9666:(
9662:)
9652:(
9647:代
9638:)
9628:(
9623:派
9614:)
9604:(
9599:拜
9590:)
9580:(
9575:艾
9551:)
9541:(
9536:留
9527:)
9517:(
9512:柳
9503:)
9493:(
9488:纽
9479:)
9469:(
9464:缪
9455:)
9445:(
9440:休
9431:)
9421:(
9416:丘
9407:)
9397:(
9392:久
9383:)
9373:(
9368:休
9357:)
9347:(
9342:休
9333:)
9323:(
9318:丘
9309:)
9299:(
9294:久
9285:)
9275:(
9270:尤
9267:菲
9258:)
9248:(
9243:尤
9240:威
9231:)
9221:(
9216:尤
9213:维
9204:)
9194:(
9189:丘
9180:)
9170:(
9165:久
9156:)
9146:(
9141:尤
9138:蒂
9129:)
9119:(
9114:尤
9111:迪
9102:)
9092:(
9087:尤
9084:皮
9075:)
9065:(
9060:尤
9057:比
9048:)
9038:(
9033:尤
9011:)
9001:(
8996:库
8985:)
8975:(
8970:尤
8961:)
8951:(
8946:鲁
8937:)
8927:(
8922:卢
8913:)
8903:(
8898:努
8889:)
8879:(
8874:穆
8865:)
8855:(
8850:胡
8841:)
8831:(
8826:楚
8817:)
8807:(
8802:朱
8793:)
8783:(
8778:舒
8769:)
8759:(
8754:茹
8745:)
8735:(
8730:苏
8721:)
8711:(
8706:楚
8697:)
8687:(
8682:祖
8673:)
8663:(
8658:富
8649:)
8639:(
8634:伍
8625:)
8615:(
8610:武
8601:)
8591:(
8586:库
8577:)
8567:(
8562:古
8553:)
8543:(
8538:图
8529:)
8519:(
8514:杜
8505:)
8495:(
8490:普
8481:)
8471:(
8466:布
8457:)
8447:(
8442:乌
8433:ʊ
8418:)
8408:(
8403:霍
8394:)
8384:(
8379:阔
8370:)
8360:(
8355:果
8346:)
8336:(
8331:约
8323:)
8320:)
8310:(
8305:萝
8300:(
8296:)
8286:(
8281:罗
8272:)
8262:(
8257:洛
8248:)
8238:(
8233:诺
8224:)
8214:(
8209:莫
8200:)
8190:(
8185:霍
8176:)
8166:(
8161:乔
8152:)
8142:(
8137:乔
8128:)
8118:(
8113:肖
8104:)
8094:(
8089:若
8080:)
8070:(
8065:索
8056:)
8046:(
8041:措
8032:)
8022:(
8017:佐
8008:)
7998:(
7993:福
7984:)
7974:(
7969:沃
7960:)
7950:(
7945:沃
7936:)
7926:(
7921:科
7912:)
7902:(
7897:戈
7888:)
7878:(
7873:托
7864:)
7854:(
7849:多
7840:)
7830:(
7825:波
7816:)
7806:(
7801:博
7792:)
7782:(
7777:奥
7758:ɒ
7749:)
7739:(
7734:惠
7725:)
7715:(
7710:奎
7701:)
7691:(
7686:圭
7677:)
7667:(
7662:伊
7654:)
7651:)
7641:(
7636:丽
7631:(
7627:)
7617:(
7612:里
7604:)
7601:)
7591:(
7586:莉
7581:(
7577:)
7567:(
7562:利
7554:)
7551:)
7541:(
7536:妮
7531:(
7527:)
7517:(
7512:尼
7503:)
7493:(
7488:米
7479:)
7469:(
7464:希
7455:)
7445:(
7440:奇
7431:)
7421:(
7416:吉
7407:)
7397:(
7392:希
7383:)
7373:(
7368:日
7359:)
7349:(
7344:西
7335:)
7325:(
7320:齐
7311:)
7301:(
7296:齐
7287:)
7277:(
7272:菲
7263:)
7253:(
7248:威
7239:)
7229:(
7224:维
7215:)
7205:(
7200:基
7191:)
7181:(
7176:吉
7167:)
7157:(
7152:蒂
7143:)
7133:(
7128:迪
7119:)
7109:(
7104:皮
7095:)
7085:(
7080:比
7071:)
7061:(
7056:伊
7047:ɪ
7032:)
7022:(
7017:霍
7008:)
6998:(
6993:阔
6984:)
6974:(
6969:果
6960:)
6950:(
6945:耶
6936:)
6926:(
6921:勒
6912:)
6902:(
6897:勒
6889:)
6886:)
6876:(
6871:娜
6866:(
6862:)
6852:(
6847:纳
6838:)
6828:(
6823:默
6814:)
6804:(
6799:赫
6790:)
6780:(
6775:彻
6766:)
6756:(
6751:哲
6742:)
6732:(
6727:舍
6718:)
6708:(
6703:热
6694:)
6684:(
6679:瑟
6670:)
6660:(
6655:策
6646:)
6636:(
6631:泽
6622:)
6612:(
6607:弗
6598:)
6588:(
6583:沃
6574:)
6564:(
6559:弗
6550:)
6540:(
6535:克
6526:)
6516:(
6511:格
6502:)
6492:(
6487:特
6478:)
6468:(
6463:德
6454:)
6444:(
6439:珀
6430:)
6420:(
6415:伯
6406:)
6401:è
6396:(
6391:厄
6382:ə
6376:ɜ
6367:)
6357:(
6352:惠
6343:)
6333:(
6328:奎
6319:)
6309:(
6304:圭
6295:)
6285:(
6280:耶
6272:)
6269:)
6259:(
6254:蕾
6249:(
6245:)
6235:(
6230:雷
6221:)
6211:(
6206:莱
6197:)
6187:(
6182:内
6173:)
6163:(
6158:梅
6149:)
6139:(
6134:黑
6129:/
6126:)
6116:(
6111:赫
6102:)
6092:(
6087:切
6078:)
6068:(
6063:杰
6054:)
6044:(
6039:谢
6030:)
6020:(
6015:热
6006:)
5996:(
5991:塞
5982:)
5972:(
5967:策
5958:)
5948:(
5943:泽
5934:)
5924:(
5919:费
5910:)
5900:(
5895:韦
5886:)
5876:(
5871:韦
5862:)
5852:(
5847:凯
5838:)
5828:(
5823:盖
5814:)
5804:(
5799:泰
5794:/
5791:)
5781:(
5776:特
5767:)
5757:(
5752:德
5743:)
5733:(
5728:佩
5719:)
5709:(
5704:贝
5695:)
5685:(
5680:埃
5667:ɛ
5658:)
5648:(
5643:华
5634:)
5624:(
5619:夸
5610:)
5600:(
5595:瓜
5587:)
5584:)
5574:(
5569:娅
5564:(
5560:)
5550:(
5545:亚
5536:)
5526:(
5521:拉
5512:)
5502:(
5497:拉
5489:)
5486:)
5476:(
5471:娜
5466:(
5462:)
5452:(
5447:纳
5439:)
5436:)
5426:(
5421:玛
5416:(
5412:)
5402:(
5397:马
5388:)
5378:(
5373:哈
5364:)
5354:(
5349:查
5340:)
5330:(
5325:贾
5317:)
5314:)
5304:(
5299:莎
5294:(
5290:)
5280:(
5275:沙
5266:)
5256:(
5251:扎
5243:)
5240:)
5230:(
5225:莎
5220:(
5216:)
5206:(
5201:萨
5192:)
5182:(
5177:察
5168:)
5158:(
5153:扎
5145:)
5142:)
5132:(
5127:娃
5122:(
5118:)
5108:(
5103:法
5095:)
5092:)
5082:(
5077:娃
5072:(
5068:)
5058:(
5053:瓦
5045:)
5042:)
5032:(
5027:娃
5022:(
5018:)
5008:(
5003:瓦
4994:)
4984:(
4979:卡
4970:)
4960:(
4955:加
4946:)
4936:(
4931:塔
4922:)
4912:(
4907:达
4898:)
4888:(
4883:帕
4874:)
4864:(
4859:巴
4850:)
4845:ā
4840:(
4835:阿
4826:ʌ
4820:æ
4805:)
4795:(
4790:胡
4781:)
4771:(
4766:库
4757:)
4747:(
4742:古
4733:)
4723:(
4718:伊
4709:)
4699:(
4694:尔
4685:)
4675:(
4670:尔
4661:)
4651:(
4646:恩
4637:)
4627:(
4622:姆
4613:)
4603:(
4598:赫
4589:)
4579:(
4574:奇
4565:)
4555:(
4550:奇
4541:)
4531:(
4526:什
4517:)
4507:(
4502:日
4494:)
4491:)
4481:(
4476:丝
4471:(
4467:)
4457:(
4452:斯
4443:)
4433:(
4428:茨
4419:)
4409:(
4404:兹
4396:)
4393:)
4383:(
4378:弗
4373:(
4369:)
4359:(
4354:夫
4346:)
4343:)
4333:(
4328:弗
4323:(
4319:)
4309:(
4304:夫
4296:)
4293:)
4283:(
4278:弗
4273:(
4269:)
4259:(
4254:夫
4245:)
4235:(
4230:克
4221:)
4211:(
4206:格
4197:)
4187:(
4182:特
4173:)
4163:(
4158:德
4149:)
4139:(
4134:普
4125:)
4115:(
4110:布
4101:–
4073:j
4066:r
4059:l
4052:n
4045:m
4038:h
4017:ʃ
4010:ʒ
4003:θ
3997:ð
3991:s
3971:z
3964:f
3957:w
3950:v
3943:k
3936:ɡ
3929:t
3922:d
3915:p
3908:b
3903:–
3852:)
3842:(
3834:·
3831:)
3821:(
3809:)
3799:(
3791:·
3788:)
3778:(
3766:)
3756:(
3748:·
3745:)
3735:(
3716:)
3706:(
3694:)
3684:(
3672:)
3662:(
3643:)
3633:(
3621:)
3611:(
3599:)
3589:(
3570:)
3560:(
3548:)
3538:(
3526:)
3516:(
3497:)
3487:(
3475:)
3465:(
3453:)
3443:(
3424:)
3414:(
3402:)
3392:(
3380:)
3370:(
3187:基
3181:维
3178:/
3175:維
3163:/
3142:/
3121:/
3099:道
3093:(
3080:/
3044:/
2993:/
2972:/
2951:/
2930:/
2904:/
2883:/
2868:/
2853:/
2838:/
2823:/
2802:/
2781:/
2747:/
2738:冷
2674:/
2625:/
2589:/
2564:德
2552:/
2528:英
2516:/
2481:刁
2451:肥
2418:.
2414:/
2383:鸭
2380:/
2377:鴨
2370:/
2355:.
2337:/
2305:和
2298:倭
2289:细
2286:/
2283:細
2277:亚
2274:/
2271:亞
2255:/
2232:/
2217:/
2198:/
2178:/
2163:/
2134:/
2121:固
2112:/
2097:/
2078:/
2058:夫
2045:娃
2019:白
2003:(
1991:瘦
1982:兽
1973:首
1964:手
1955:受
1946:收
1929:馊
1920:叟
1911:搜
1894:耸
1885:松
1876:送
1858:声
1849:纳
1840:声
1833:"
1707:(
1697:(
1651:(
1495:(
1289:江
1286:(
1243:越
1237:戉
1226:"
1113:(
1105:(
1081:(
970:e
963:t
956:v
718:)
714:(
693:)
689:(
683:)
679:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
