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of an environmental impact assessment". The environmental studies were seriously flawed by many omissions in the biotic, and socioeconomic baseline. PTP never placed serious attention to the possibility of oil spills and effects on marine or terrestrial ecosystems. For example, "studies of petroleum hydrocarbons in the marine ecosystems were not performed". Erosion control was minimal and thousands of tons soil were displaced during construction. Many forests, rivers and creeks were damaged or destroyed resulting in negative impact on natural ecosystems. Pipeline construction through the mountains of
Fortuna (Boquete and Gualaca) in Central Cordillera was later the base for the construction of the first road from Chiriqui to Bocas del Toro. The road construction was positive in social terms but the environmental impact on virgin forests has resulted in overall biodiversity losses in the Palo Seco Forestal Reserve and buffer area along the coast from Chiriqui Grande to Almirante-Changuinola and Comarca Ngäbe-Bugle.
204:. In 1980s in average twenty supertankers, each with a capacity of a million barrels of crude oil, arrived each month at Puerto Armuelles from Valdez in Alaska, for transportation to the Caribbean Sea. Between 1982 and 1996 the pipeline transported 2.7 billion barrels of Alaskan oil to the U.S. Gulf Coast ports. After declining Alaskan oil shipments, the pipeline was closed in 1996. In November 2003, the Trans-Panama pipeline was re-opened for transportation of
263:, with three docks constructed to receive supertankers, a system to treat ballast water, and three large tanks with a total capacity of 2.5 million barrels (400 thousand cubic metres) of crude oil. From 1979 to 1982, before construction of the pipeline, these facilities were utilized to transfer petroleum from large supertankers (200,000 tons) to smaller tankers (65,000 tons) that could transit the Panama Canal.
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The pipeline is owned and operated by
Petroterminal de Panama S.A., a joint venture of the Government of Panama and the NIC Holding Corporation located in the town of Melville, on Long Island (NY). The Government of Panama, currently owning 40% of the company, plans to acquire rest of shares in the
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Many environmental concerns have been considered by scientists and environmental activists. However, PTP has applied little restraint in construction and operations of the pipeline with consideration to the environment. The pipeline project "was approved and completed in 1981–1982 before submission
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signed an agreement with
Petroterminal de Panama S.A., according to which the pipeline was modernized and reversed to ship BP's Angolan and other crude oil to the U.S. West Coast refineries. BP acquired 5 million barrels
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The pipeline is 130-kilometre (81 mi) long and it has a capacity of 860 thousand barrels per day (137 thousand cubic metres per day). Its terminal installations are located in
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oil company started reverse oil shipments through the pipeline to supply the
Atlantic Basin oil to the Pacific Rim refineries.
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In 2005, Venezuela began talks about reverse using the pipeline for its oil exports to China. In May 2008,
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The Trans-Panama
Pipeline was opened in 1982 as an alternative to carry crude oil from the Pacific to the
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Suman, Daniel (1987). "Socioenvironmental impacts of Panama's trans-isthmian pipeline".
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On 15 October 2009, Petroterminal de Panama S.A. signed a contract with
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494:"Republica de Panama acquires Petroterminal de Panama SA (pending)"
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411:"Central America Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis - Oil"
496:. Thomson Financial Mergers & Acquisitions. 2008-04-22
433:"Tesoro starts oil flow through reversed Panama pipeline"
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Buildings and structures in Bocas del Toro
Province
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413:. Energy Information Administration. November 2007
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464:"Contract let for Panamanian terminal expansion"
384:"Where are the world's oil transit chokepoints?"
327:"BP Finds Shortcut To US West Coast Refineries"
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162:Oleoducto Chiriqui Bocas del Toro
136:860 thousand barrels per day (137
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236: m/d). On 28 August 2009,
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208:crude oil to U.S. Gulf ports.
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552:1982 establishments in Panama
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303:Webpage: NIC Holdings
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154:Trans-Panama Pipeline
120:Technical information
19:Trans-Panama pipeline
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83:General information
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112:Commissioned
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170:Costa Rican
65:Charco Azul
516:Categories
500:2008-05-31
479:2009-10-17
448:2009-09-05
417:2008-05-31
393:2008-05-31
368:: 227–246.
337:2008-05-31
309:References
291:Caño Limón
206:Ecuadorian
146: m/d)
281:company.
182:Caribbean
168:near the
42:West-east
285:See also
276:Operator
104:Operator
96:Partners
24:Location
196:History
188:on the
180:on the
158:Spanish
29:Country
238:Tesoro
166:Panama
125:Length
33:Panama
216:(790
152:The
115:1982
88:Type
73:Barú
47:From
91:Oil
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