103:, and regional literature, as well as in the larger media. Most tourism regions belong to a larger economic and administrative unit which takes on the role of developing the discourse of the tourism region into a marketable product. According to Saarinen, once the discourse of a tourism region has been established, the parent region helps shape further development of the area as a tourism region. This earlier period is characterized by rapid development, construction, investment in greater advertising, and increasing tourism. Eventually, if the region becomes successful as a tourism region, a mature stage in the development of a tourism region is reached where the "meaning and history of the destination are continually produced anew" in cycles of decline, reinvention, growth, and stability.
232:
the intimate bond between everyone's own community and the nation". According to Strom, many people believed that "only by being faithful to its own character could the region contribute to the welfare of the whole". The idea of the region as part of a whole nation gained further ground in the first years of the twentieth century, particularly after World War I, as an argument was advanced that "every region had its own 'soul'...an organic part of the nation". During this period, regional officials and businesses began promoting regions as tourist destination. Through this process, "tourism promoters strove to balance the demands of multiple identities: local, regional, state, national
29:
17:
298:, have attempted to use the creation of tourism regions to help produce a tourism industry in a state not frequently considered by potential tourists. The state's "Lewis and Clark" region in northeast Nebraska and the "Frontier Trails" region of south-central Nebraska attempt to deemphasize the state's reputation as a place people cross on their way somewhere else by capitalizing the role the state's territory played in the United States' often romanticized project of
340:
1927:
1947:
1937:
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provided with advertising, and basic tourism infrastructure such as signage. Some traditionally heavily touristed countries such as France have implemented this strategy to encourage tourists who would normally only spend time in more famous areas such as Paris and the French
Riviera to venture out into designated tourism regions such as the Western
443:. One of the goals of this partnership is the establishment of Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino as a coherent tourism region. To further this goal, the Euroregion has produced an extensive travel guide of the region on the Internet. In addition to Tyrol, some of the many Euroregions that have positioned themselves as tourist regions include the
247:
of the 1930s, national governments in Europe and the United States began aggressively promoting travel within their own borders. In doing so, they drew upon nationalist sentiment to imbue tourism regions within the state with greater cultural and historical meaning. Travel became a patriotic gesture
210:
of the 19th century encouraged the appreciation of the natural world, leading to the explosion in popularity of scenic tourism regions such as the
English Lake District and the Niagara Falls region. According to Peter Murphy, "increased competition" encouraged private development of hotels, resorts,
317:
For example, the
Canadian province of Alberta rationalized its tourism regions during 1998 to six, down from nearly twenty. Despite this, local initiatives continue to promote much smaller areas than the six massive official regions, which are larger than many European countries. For example, the
278:
Continuing earlier trends, governments have attempted to maximize tourism potential by reverse engineering tourism regions. This process consists of dividing their territories into discrete tourism regions in such a way that every inch of that country, state, or region is given an attractive name,
255:
program subsidized travel for working-class
Germans. One of the major projects of the program included "assert that Germans everywhere should be interested in the various regions" of Germany and that "part of preserving German culture...was to get to know it in all its variants". According to D.
231:
At the same time, regions became an increasingly important aspects of nationalism. It is also during this period that the
English phrase "tourist region" came into use. Eric Storm has argued that in the later decades of the nineteenth century "the stress was put on the region in order to underline
190:
of continental Europe for wealthy young men popularized the idea of leisure travel. The popularity of the Grand Tour, combined with the stresses and benefits of the
Industrial Revolution, encouraged wealthy and middle-class European and American families to explore leisure travel, though on a more
194:
The development of faster methods of transportation during the nineteenth century allowed tourists to travel greater distances in smaller periods of time. This period also saw the "seaside" developed as a "spatial area for 'mass tourism,'” a phenomenon that resulted in the development of specific
366:
in France were joined by regions in
California, Italy, Spain, and even New York as areas of interest to the potential wine tourist. Currently, several dozen countries have their own wine regions, while many of these countries have dozens of regions within their borders. Many wine regions do not
47:
that has been designated by a governmental organization or tourism bureau as having common cultural or environmental characteristics. These regions are often named after historical or current administrative and geographical regions. Others have names created specifically for
64:, and other administrative regions are often carved up into tourism regions. In addition to drawing the attention of potential tourists, these tourism regions often provide tourists who are otherwise unfamiliar with an area with a manageable number of attractive options.
390:
are also a popular feature of wine regions, helping to guide the wine tourist from vineyard to vineyard. Often these wine routes are marked by signs along the region's highways which also serve to inform non-wine tourists of the existence of the wine region.
266:. As Andrew Gross argued, the guidebooks "transform local culture into a tourist attraction, and the tourist attraction into a symbol of national loyalty, in order to reproduce patriotism as a form of brand-name identification". In these
224:, and European countries and their colonies began setting aside areas as parks, monuments, and trails for preservation and future enjoyment. Some of these, such as Niagara Falls, were existing tourism regions while parks such as
256:
Medina
Lasansky, in Italy, one piece of tourism literature argued that "every region of Italy represents a page in the great book of shining national glories from which each one of us could learn to be proud of being Italian".
236:... They instructed their audiences that the regions' political, social, and economic fates were inextricably bound to their landscapes and geography". Tourists were portrayed "as important historical actors whose engagement
98:
of region" in which a region's social and geographical qualities are combined with familiar and traditional representations of the region. The resulting discourse is "produced and reproduced" in the form of advertisements,
191:
local scale. These families began frequenting seaside resorts known for their health benefits such as the Roman resort town of Bath, particularly during hotter months that left industrializing cities extremely unpleasant.
386:, but also on its "infrastructure, physical environment, scenery, regional cuisine and the social and cultural components of the wine region"—in short, the major characteristics of tourism regions more generally.
219:
In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, governments increasingly took a role in encouraging the development of tourism regions. Federal and state governments in the United States, with the encouragement of
211:
and entertainment facilities as well as "municipal investment in parades, parks, piers, and baths." These trends marked an important intervention of the state into the evolution of tourism regions.
784:
358:
catering to tourists has grown in recent decades. Although wine regions have existed since the 1850s in France, wine tourism became increasingly popular in the 1970s. Wine regions such as
195:
coastal areas as tourist regions. Among elite groups in the nineteenth century, "the mountains" also became increasingly popular in the winter months; the most popular of these regions was
310:
A counter-trend to the establishment of government-designated tourism regions is that of local voluntary associations which cooperate to market a specific area. One popular type is an
314:
which promotes natural and cultural tourism in rural areas. Ecomuseums originated in France in the 1970s and have spread across Europe and to North
America as well.
270:
guides, the region became an object of nostalgia, a victim of the national identity that flourished through celebration of the regionalism it was helping to weaken.
243:
Although local and regional governments took the larger role in promoting regional tourism in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, during the
559:
Saarinen, Jaarko, "The Social
Construction of Tourist Destinations: The Process of Transformation of the Saariselkä Tourism Region in Finnish Lapland", in
788:
1657:
411:
encourage the renewal of interest in cross-border regions, tourism regions may increasingly assume a more transnational form. For example, the
287:. The first of these is a more recently constructed region, while Franche-Comté has been a distinct political and cultural region since the
367:
correspond to designated tourism regions. For example, the famous Bordeaux region in France is part of the political and tourism region of
802:
116:
Historically, tourism regions often developed in areas widely considered to be of historical, cultural, or natural importance such as the
1804:
259:
In the United States, "regional diversity" gave strength to a national whole in the United States' tourist guidebooks produced by the
1907:
1875:
1707:
1950:
1870:
415:
of the European Union allow areas that have been separated by the borders of nation-states to reassert some cultural and political
1652:
52:
purposes. The names often evoke certain positive qualities of the area and suggest a coherent tourism experience to visitors.
1697:
140:. Tourist regions have existed for thousands of years for relaxation and leisure as well as for religious expression. The
203:
of New York and Bath in England were abandoned by wealthier visitors when they became too popular with the middle class.
687:
1391:
199:
in Austria. Tourism regions were often subject to downward mobility as areas frequented by the upper class such as the
838:
1729:
1912:
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382:
According to C. Michael Hall, a wine region's success depends not only upon its grapes and the experience of
1753:
1677:
724:
267:
75:
in Mexico. Famous examples of regions created by a government or tourism bureau include the United Kingdom's
1850:
1824:
136:. Others developed around specific attractions such as a major city, i.e. Paris, or a monument such as the
1845:
263:
1902:
1717:
1672:
1060:
420:
67:
Some of the more famous tourism regions based on historical or current administrative regions include
1102:
855:
225:
83:
1971:
1940:
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1885:
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806:
157:
763:
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1055:
831:
175:
1880:
1768:
1734:
1386:
1233:
1216:
888:
376:
252:
183:
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tourism industry that provided travelers with accommodations along their pilgrimage route.
8:
1763:
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1461:
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1008:
962:
878:
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448:
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221:
28:
673:
Andrew S. Gross, "The American Guide Series: Patriotism as Brand-Name Identification",
1809:
1614:
1506:
1451:
1050:
863:
638:
Caitin E. Murdock, "Tourist Landscapes and Regional Identities in Saxony, 1878-1938",
299:
200:
72:
1783:
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1117:
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372:
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249:
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as citizens and subjects were encouraged to explore their nation's tourism regions.
207:
100:
33:
1930:
1551:
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1201:
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1038:
1033:
991:
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404:
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137:
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1865:
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1072:
1018:
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950:
898:
436:
196:
133:
80:
57:
16:
662:
The Renaissance Perfected: Architecture, Spectacle, and Tourism in Fascist Italy
1897:
1814:
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state and extends far to the northeast of the Moselle and Saar tourism region.
323:
318:"Might Peace Tourism Association" is a grouping of local municipalities in the
149:
141:
129:
1965:
1702:
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1306:
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1107:
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145:
625:
Eric Storm, "Regionalism in History, 1890-1945: The Cultural Approach",
1778:
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1353:
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were areas selected by these organizations as future tourism regions.
1526:
1456:
1426:
1411:
1401:
664:(University Park: The Pennsylvania State University Press, 2004),113.
368:
311:
95:
61:
53:
1687:
1586:
1466:
1446:
1286:
1281:
751:
Wine Tourism around the World: Development, Management, and Markets
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was formed to encourage cross-border cooperation between Austria's
359:
295:
168:
728:
512:
1421:
847:
68:
49:
21:
1531:
1521:
1333:
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1211:
44:
536:
240:... played a vital role in shaping the outcome of that bond".
178:
as cities grew in size, pollution increased, and an expanding
1773:
1712:
1318:
1301:
354:
in regions such as California's Wine Country, the number of
440:
816:
447:, which has a Commission for Tourism and Culture, and the
326:
eco-museum serves a similar role in East-Central Alberta.
1313:
305:
294:
Other governments, such as that of the American state of
182:
possessed greater amounts of disposable income. From the
616:(Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1986),18-19.
1088:
MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, Exhibitions)
459:, and which also has an official tourism initiative.
1713:World Federation of Travel Journalists and Writers
1658:American Hotel & Lodging Educational Institute
727:. Mighty Peace Tourist Association. Archived from
439:that once encompassed a large area of the eastern
94:Tourism scholar Jaarko Saarinen has identified a "
563:, ed. Greg Ringer (London: Routledge, 1998), 159.
1963:
186:through the nineteenth century, the fashionable
753:(Woburn, Mass: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000), 9.
322:, which has existed since 1963. Likewise, the
832:
561:Destinations: Cultural Landscapes of Tourism
174:The modern tourism region emerged from the
1805:Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism
839:
825:
435:, all three formerly part of the Austrian
111:
1908:UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists
1708:Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
338:
27:
15:
1964:
1653:American Hotel and Lodging Association
306:Non-government regions and eco-museums
273:
1698:South-East Asian Tourism Organisation
820:
1936:
785:"Commission for tourism and culture"
513:"Lake District National Park - Home"
329:
1946:
704:
688:"Homepage | VisitNebraska.com"
629:, 33, no. 2 (April 2003): 251-267.
13:
1392:Destination marketing organization
14:
1983:
1876:Convention and exhibition centers
1945:
1935:
1926:
1925:
1871:Cities by international visitors
1730:World Travel and Tourism Council
585:(New York: Routledge, 2006), 24.
394:
1913:World Heritage Sites by country
1693:Pacific Asia Travel Association
803:"Activities concerning tourism"
795:
777:
756:
743:
717:
698:
680:
667:
654:
645:
632:
619:
606:
583:Tourism and the Social Sciences
334:
214:
1668:Caribbean Tourism Organization
1292:Hospitality management studies
1197:Visiting friends and relatives
766:(in Italian). 26 December 2003
597:
588:
575:
566:
553:
529:
505:
491:
479:. Toscana Promozione Turistica
469:
451:, comprising parts of Poland,
89:
1:
1754:Akwaaba African Travel Market
1678:Historical Archive on Tourism
764:"Euregio Guide - Il progetto"
614:Tourism: A Community Approach
462:
427:region and Italy's provinces
375:of Germany is located in the
1825:Tourism improvement district
477:"Top attractions in Tuscany"
7:
846:
350:Building on the success of
10:
1988:
1718:World Tourism Organization
1673:European Travel Commission
627:European History Quarterly
421:Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino
407:organizations such as the
106:
1921:
1838:
1792:
1743:
1638:
1600:
1374:
1232:
854:
226:Yellowstone National Park
1800:Heritage commodification
1648:American Bus Association
705:Alberta, Government of.
640:Central European History
264:Federal Writers' Project
517:www.lakedistrict.gov.uk
112:18th and 19th centuries
1723:World Tourism rankings
1663:BEST Education Network
677:62, no. 1 (2006), 86.
347:
158:Santiago de Compostela
86:in the United States.
36:
25:
1759:Arabian Travel Market
660:D. Medina Lasansky,
642:, 40 (2007): 589-621.
537:"Wine Country - Home"
419:. The Euroregion of
342:
176:Industrial Revolution
167:supported by a major
31:
19:
1769:Festival del Viaggio
1735:World Travel Monitor
1387:Convention (meeting)
1234:Hospitality industry
377:Rhineland-Palatinate
253:Strength through Joy
20:Scenic landscape of
1846:Adjectival tourisms
1764:Cruise of the Kings
1683:Life Beyond Tourism
1462:Roadside attraction
707:"Header and Footer"
541:www.winecountry.com
449:Silesian Euroregion
445:Adriatic Euroregion
274:Recent developments
222:conservation groups
160:was a site of mass
1903:Passenger airlines
1810:Impacts of tourism
1640:Trade associations
1615:Outdoor literature
1507:Tourist attraction
1452:Perpetual traveler
749:C. Michael Hall,
612:Peter E. Murphy,
348:
300:westward expansion
201:Catskill Mountains
43:is a geographical
37:
26:
1959:
1958:
1784:World Tourism Day
1602:Travel literature
1567:Travel technology
1492:Tourism geography
1252:Convention center
1242:Bed and breakfast
1103:Recreational drug
692:visitnebraska.com
675:Arizona Quarterly
373:Mosel wine region
344:German Wine Route
330:Specialty regions
208:romantic movement
34:Hidden Heartlands
1979:
1949:
1948:
1939:
1938:
1929:
1928:
1625:Travel magazines
1620:Tourism journals
1552:Travel insurance
1497:Tourism minister
1477:Tour bus service
841:
834:
827:
818:
817:
811:
810:
805:. Archived from
799:
793:
792:
787:. Archived from
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775:
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772:
771:
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754:
747:
741:
740:
738:
736:
731:on 25 March 2011
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489:
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486:
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405:supranationalist
245:Great Depression
239:
235:
138:Pyramids of Giza
128:of England, the
124:and Canada, the
1987:
1986:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1976:
1972:Tourism regions
1962:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1917:
1834:
1788:
1739:
1634:
1596:
1557:Travel medicine
1547:Travel document
1542:Travel behavior
1512:Tourist gateway
1437:Journey planner
1370:
1262:Destination spa
1228:
899:Bicycle touring
850:
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815:
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581:Andrew Holden,
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437:County of Tyrol
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134:Italian Riviera
114:
109:
92:
12:
11:
5:
1985:
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1815:Leakage effect
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1592:Visitor center
1589:
1584:
1582:Travel website
1579:
1577:Travel warning
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1502:Tourism region
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1329:Referral chain
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1247:Boutique hotel
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931:Archaeological
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860:
858:
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843:
836:
829:
821:
813:
812:
809:on 2021-04-27.
794:
791:on 2011-10-06.
776:
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711:tpr.alberta.ca
697:
679:
666:
653:
644:
631:
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605:
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574:
572:Saarinen, 160.
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467:
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457:Czech Republic
409:European Union
396:
393:
336:
333:
331:
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324:Kalyna Country
307:
304:
275:
272:
250:Nazi Germany's
216:
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142:ancient Romans
130:French Riviera
113:
110:
108:
105:
91:
88:
41:tourism region
9:
6:
4:
3:
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1881:Cruise lines
1856:Bibliography
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1442:Package tour
1407:Factory tour
1382:College tour
1061:Volunteering
1009:Experiential
807:the original
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789:the original
779:
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384:wine tasting
381:
371:, while the
356:wine regions
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335:Wine regions
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281:Loire Valley
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215:20th century
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180:middle class
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144:visited the
115:
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84:Wine Country
81:California's
66:
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1951:WikiProject
1851:Attractions
1830:Tourist tax
1820:Overtourism
1745:Trade fairs
1572:Travel visa
1375:Terminology
1277:Guest ranch
1272:Guest house
1257:Cruise ship
1182:Sustainable
963:Pop-culture
889:Backpacking
879:Alternative
874:Agritourism
433:South Tyrol
417:sovereignty
413:Euroregions
388:Wine routes
289:Middle Ages
146:hot springs
101:travelogues
90:Development
1779:ITB Berlin
1747:and events
1630:Wikivoyage
1610:Guide book
1482:Tour guide
1472:Staycation
1417:Grand Tour
1366:Restaurant
1267:Front desk
1133:Pilgrimage
1051:Industrial
1046:Geotourism
997:Ecotourism
919:Enotourism
894:Beachgoing
864:Accessible
770:2024-08-03
725:"About Us"
603:Murphy, 19
594:Holden, 33
546:2024-08-03
522:2024-08-03
463:References
455:, and the
352:enotourism
261:New Deal's
188:Grand Tour
165:pilgrimage
120:region of
32:Ireland's
1527:Transport
1457:Road trip
1427:Honeymoon
1412:Gift shop
1402:Excursion
1118:Christian
1113:Religious
1098:Orphanage
1029:Genealogy
980:Holocaust
946:Bookstore
869:Adventure
499:"Unknown"
369:Aquitaine
312:ecomuseum
162:Christian
96:discourse
62:provinces
54:Countries
1966:Category
1931:Category
1688:Musement
1587:Vacation
1467:Souvenir
1447:Passport
1287:Homestay
1282:Heuhotel
1207:Wildlife
1202:Wellness
1093:Nautical
1039:Identity
1034:Heritage
992:Domestic
975:Disaster
941:Literary
926:Cultural
914:Culinary
909:Business
453:Slovakia
429:Trentino
364:Burgundy
360:Bordeaux
296:Nebraska
169:medieval
132:and the
122:New York
1941:Commons
1891:Largest
1866:Casinos
1422:Holiday
1349:Seaside
1324:Pension
1307:Manager
1192:Virtual
1150:Sensory
1145:Science
1083:Medical
1073:Justice
1019:Fashion
1014:Extreme
951:Tolkien
848:Tourism
651:Murdock
107:History
73:Yucatán
69:Tuscany
50:tourism
24:, Italy
22:Tuscany
1898:Motels
1886:Hotels
1793:Issues
1532:Travel
1522:Touron
1344:Island
1334:Resort
1297:Hostel
1212:Safari
1177:Sports
1128:Kosher
1068:Jungle
1024:Garden
884:Atomic
238:
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156:while
58:states
45:region
1839:Lists
1774:FITUR
1339:Hotel
1319:Motel
1302:Hotel
1217:Scuba
1187:Urban
1170:Lunar
1165:Space
1160:Smart
1140:Rural
1123:Halal
1002:Shark
958:Music
904:Birth
856:Types
735:7 May
483:7 May
425:Tyrol
197:Tyrol
1359:Town
1224:Yoga
1155:Slum
1078:LGBT
970:Dark
936:Film
737:2021
485:2021
441:Alps
431:and
403:and
362:and
346:Sign
283:and
206:The
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399:As
268:WPA
152:in
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