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388:, who had been sent by King Edward to negotiate with them and thus did not bring his forces. After Harold, by then the king's right-hand man, had spoken with the rebels at Northampton, he likely realized that Tostig would not be able to retain Northumbria. When he returned to Oxford, where the royal council was to meet on 28 October, he had probably already made up his mind.
280:. In 1051, Earl Godwin's opposition to Edward's policies had brought England to the brink of civil war. Eventually, the Godwins' opposition convinced Edward to banish them in 1051. Freeman's explanation of the banishment has many critics, as it does not explain fully the relationship between the Godwins and the king.
435:
of Norway and persuaded him to invade
England. One of the sagas claims that he sailed for Norway, and greatly impressed the Norwegian king and his court, managing to sway a decidedly unenthusiastic Hardrada, who had just concluded a long and inconclusive war with Denmark, into raising a levy to take
400:
to agree to the demands of the rebels. Tostig was outlawed a short time later, possibly early in
November, because he refused to accept his deposition as commanded by Edward. This led to the fateful confrontation and enmity between the two Godwinsons. At a meeting of the king and his council, Tostig
333:
He was frequently absent from the court of King Edward in the south, and, possibly, showed a lack of leadership against the raiding Scots. Their king was a personal friend of Tostig, and Tostig's unpopularity made it difficult to raise local levies to combat them. He resorted to using a strong force
325:
survivors of the last Norse invasion. Tostig was said to have been heavy-handed with those who resisted his rule, including murdering several members of leading
Northumbrian families. In late 1063 or early 1064, Tostig had Gamal son of Orm and Ulf son of Dolfin assassinated when Gamal visited him
341:
In addition, it is likely that local biases played a part in his unpopularity. Tostig was from the south of
England, a distinctly different culture from the north, which had not had a southern earl in several lifetimes. In 1063, still immersed in the confused local politics of Northumbria, his
412:. He travelled to Normandy and attempted to form an alliance with William, who was related to his wife. Baldwin provided him with a fleet and he landed in the Isle of Wight in May 1066, where he collected money and provisions. He raided the coast as far as
510:
Tostig had two sons, probably born to an Anglo-Danish woman before his marriage to Judith; their names indicate an Anglo-Danish ancestry. They were fostered at the
Norwegian court, probably before his marriage in 1051:
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and carried only personal weapons. The day was very hot and they had not expected resistance. Moreover, Hardrada's 11,000-man force had been split, with many guarding the Norse ships beached miles away at
405:, who had openly declared his intention to take the English throne. It was likely that Harold had exiled his brother to ensure peace and loyalty in the north. Tostig, however, plotted vengeance.
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of York and the rest of
Yorkshire descended on York and occupied the city. They killed Tostig's officials and supporters, then declared Tostig outlawed for his unlawful actions and sent for
295:. They returned to England the following year with armed forces, gaining support and demanding that Edward restore Tostig's earldom. Three years later in 1055, Tostig became the
350:, of which Tostig's constituents were principal beneficiaries, needed to be paid for. Tostig had been a major commander in these wars attacking in the north while his brother
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but was forced to retreat when King Harold called out land and naval forces. He moved north and after an unsuccessful attempt to get his brother Gyrth to join him, he raided
499:. The victorious Harold, at the head of troops still exhausted by their previous fight with Tostig and Hardrada, would go to confront and suffer defeat at the hands of the
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384:. The northern rebels marched south to press their case with King Edward. They were joined at Northampton by Earl Edwin and his forces. There, they were met by Earl
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470:. Hardrada, Tostig, and many of their men were killed. The Norwegians and the Flemish mercenaries hired by Tostig were largely without
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publicly accused Harold of fomenting the rebellion. Harold was keen to unify
England in the face of the grave threat from
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Campbell, Miles W. "Earl Godwin of Wessex and Edward the
Confessor's Promise of the throne to William of Normandy."
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338:) as his main force, an expensive and resented policy (the housecarls' leaders were later slaughtered by rebels).
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raced northward with an
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with some difficulty. He was never popular with the
Northumbrian ruling class, a mix of Danish invaders and
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Popular (as opposed to scholarly) non-fiction books that cover Tostig's life and role in history include:
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424:. The Earls Edwin and Morcar defeated him decisively. Deserted by his men, he fled to his ally, King
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Tostig, along with his family and some loyal thegns, took refuge with his brother-in-law,
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An Accurate Description of the Cathedral and Metropolitical Church of St. Peter
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popularity apparently plummeted. Many of the inhabitants of Northumbria were
1137:. Vol. II. The Reign of Eadward the Confessor. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
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The History of the Norman Conquest of England, its Causes and its Results
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The history of the Norman conquest of England, its causes and its results
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184:. After being exiled by his brother, Tostig supported the Norwegian king
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Skuli Tostisson Kongsfostre. He was the great-great-grandfather of King
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twenty-six vills or townships as being held by Earl Tostig, forming the
1096:. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 79.
491:. Tostig's two sons fled to Norway, while his wife Judith married Duke
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The banished Godwin family, including Gytha and Tostig, together with
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This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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the throne of England. With Hardrada's aid, Tostig sailed up the
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276:" of England and, by doing so, was reducing the influence of the
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188:'s invasion of England, and was killed alongside Hardrada at the
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After his death at Stamford Bridge, Tostig's body was buried at
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Deposition by his brother Harold and the thegns of Northumbria
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992:; 3rd ed. York: printed by G. Peacock, sold by W. Tesseyman
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The Godwins : the rise and fall of a noble dynasty
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Tostig was the third son of the Anglo-Saxon nobleman
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The House of Godwine : the history of a dynasty
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751:. Vol. II. London: Clarendon. pp. 125–129.
1034:
523:, and the matrilineal great-great-grandfather of
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1490:Coronations of William the Conqueror and Matilda
173:1029 – 25 September 1066) was an
1103:The English nobility under Edward the Confessor
428:. Tostig spent the summer of 1066 in Scotland.
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272:, King of England, was pursuing a policy of "
1006:. London: Bloomsbury Academic. p. 103.
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658:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
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291:, sought refuge with his brother-in-law the
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1118:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
798:"History of Ireleth and Askam-in-Furness"
784:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
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630:The Norwegian Invasion of England in 1066
628:For more discussion on this see DeVries.
260:('in Earl Tostig's day', at bottom right)
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232:which now forms part of the county of
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709:"The Rise of Godwine, Earl of Wessex"
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440:and defeated Morcar and Edwin at the
264:In the 19th century, the antiquarian
1167:Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England
711:. Northwest & Pacific Publishing
1387:Companions of William the Conqueror
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458:Hardrada's army and Tostig invaded
317:Tostig appears to have governed in
268:posited a hypothesis claiming that
208:, the daughter of Danish chieftain
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942:. London: Dent. pp. 197–199.
869:. London: Dent. pp. 198–199.
855:
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843:Harold: The Last Anglo-Saxon King
747:Freeman, Edward Augustus (1868).
79:25 September 1066 (aged about 37)
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845:(Alan Sutton Publishing, Ltd.)
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652:"Tostig, earl of Northumbria".
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549:1066: The Year of the Conquest
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1606:11th-century English nobility
894:. London: Dent. p. 196.
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218:Baldwin IV, Count of Flanders
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16:11th-century Anglo-Saxon earl
672:UK public library membership
592:Cnut the Great's family tree
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410:Baldwin V, Count of Flanders
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1548:Carmen de Hastingae Proelio
1480:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
1120:(Boydell & Brewer Ltd)
919:. Norsk biografisk leksikon
734:(The Domesday Book On-Line)
585:
568:The Making of the King 1066
396:Harold Godwinson persuaded
364:Northumbrian Revolt of 1065
354:marched up from the south.
312:Ealdred, archbishop of York
122:Skuli Tostisson Kongsfostre
10:
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1631:Norman conquest of England
1131:Freeman, Edward A (1868).
938:Garmonsway, G. N. (1954).
917:"Harald 3 HardrĂĄde, Konge"
890:Garmonsway, G. N. (1954).
865:Garmonsway, G. N. (1954).
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892:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
867:The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle
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448:Battle of Stamford Bridge
398:King Edward the Confessor
254:Kirkdale, North Yorkshire
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1093:Encyclopædia Britannica
426:Malcolm III of Scotland
368:On 3 October 1065, the
334:of Danish mercenaries (
299:upon the death of Earl
266:Edward Augustus Freeman
236:in north-west England.
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1306:Siege of Exeter (1068)
1116:DeVries, Kelly (2003)
965:"Gesta Regum Anglorum"
841:Walker, Ian W. (1997)
796:MacLean, Mark (1999).
664:10.1093/ref:odnb/27571
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226:Domesday Book recorded
212:. In 1051, he married
202:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
149:Godwin, Earl of Wessex
1505:Council of Winchester
1495:Harrying of the North
1485:Council of Lillebonne
1255:William the Conqueror
1055:Barlow, Frank (2002)
507:nineteen days later.
376:, younger brother of
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1601:Anglo-Saxon warriors
1596:Earls of Northumbria
1403:Edward the Confessor
1301:Burning of Southwark
1145:(London: Hambledon)
1105:. Oxford: Clarendon.
1037:Edward the Confessor
1004:The House of Godwine
1002:Mason, Emma (2004).
765:28 (1972): 141–158.
707:Bibbs, Hugh (1999).
688:. englishmonarchs.co
566:Lloyd, Alan (1966).
270:Edward the Confessor
258:IN TOSTI DAGVM EORL+
220:by his second wife,
216:, the only child of
206:Gytha ThorkelsdĂłttir
180:and brother of King
1560:William of Poitiers
1510:Revolt of the Earls
1454:Battle, East Sussex
1433:Matilda of Flanders
1362:Eustace of Boulogne
1270:Sweyn II of Denmark
1192:Earl of Northumbria
1141:Mason, Emma (2004)
525:Estrid Bjørnsdotter
433:Harald III Hardrada
403:William of Normandy
392:Exile and rebellion
297:Earl of Northumbria
240:Earl of Northumbria
222:Eleanor of Normandy
178:Earl of Northumbria
30:Earl of Northumbria
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1586:Anglo-Norse people
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1296:Battle of Hastings
1176:Peerage of England
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686:"Tostig Godwinson"
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71:c. 1029
18:
1626:1066 deaths
1555:Norman yoke
323:Anglo-Saxon
319:Northumbria
175:Anglo-Saxon
44:Predecessor
1575:Categories
1315:Combatants
1196:1055–1065
971:18 October
949:0460106244
901:0460106244
876:0460106244
674:required.)
640:References
380:, Earl of
336:housecarls
196:Background
1442:Locations
782:DeVries.
519:and Duke
483:Aftermath
192:in 1066.
54:Successor
39:1055–1065
1459:Pevensey
1357:Waltheof
1033:(1970).
923:30 March
804:30 March
771:27830940
763:Traditio
715:30 March
692:30 March
586:See also
547:(1977).
414:Sandwich
1423:Ealdred
1408:Stigand
1279:Battles
1248:Leaders
1163:Tosti 2
1081::
988:(1790)
607:Normans
602:Vikings
503:at the
501:Normans
497:Bavaria
477:Riccall
418:Norfolk
305:visited
234:Cumbria
86:England
1473:Events
1352:Tostig
1347:Morcar
1202:Morcar
1185:Siward
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1088:Tostig
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472:armour
438:Humber
386:Harold
382:Mercia
374:Morcar
370:thegns
301:Siward
155:Mother
145:Father
139:Godwin
104:Spouse
92:Burial
58:Morcar
48:Siward
1342:Edwin
767:JSTOR
613:Notes
378:Edwin
348:Wales
344:Danes
289:Gyrth
285:Sweyn
159:Gytha
134:House
115:Issue
36:Reign
1147:ISBN
1122:ISBN
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1061:ISBN
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1008:ISBN
973:2021
944:ISBN
925:2016
896:ISBN
871:ISBN
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806:2016
717:2016
694:2016
572:ISBN
553:ISBN
493:Welf
460:York
420:and
287:and
204:and
76:Died
68:Born
1165:at
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660:doi
495:of
252:in
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