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193:, clay and stone," he writes in his introduction. These media tend to favour decentralization. "Media that emphasize space are apt to be less durable and light in character, such as papyrus and paper." These media generally favour large, centralized administrations. Innis believed that to persist in time and to occupy space, empires needed to strike a balance between time-biased and space-biased media. Such a balance is likely to be threatened however, when
333:...f a new technology extends one or more of our senses outside us into the social world, then new ratios among all of our senses will occur in that particular culture. It is comparable to what happens when a new note is added to a melody. And when the sense ratios alter in any culture then what had appeared lucid before may suddenly become opaque, and what had been vague or opaque will become translucent.
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as a clear demonstration of this concept. A light bulb does not have content in the way that a newspaper has articles or a television has programs, yet it is a medium that has a social effect; that is, a light bulb enables people to create spaces during nighttime that would otherwise be enveloped by
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More controversially, McLuhan postulated that content had little effect on society — in other words, it did not matter if television broadcasts children's shows or violent programming, to illustrate one example — the effect of television on society would be identical. He noted that all media have
238:
In the beginning, which for Innis means
Mesopotamia, there was clay, the reed stylus used to write on it, and the wedge-shaped cuneiform script. Thus did civilization arise, along with an elite group of scribe priests who eventually codified laws. Egypt followed suit, using papyrus, the brush, and
233:
of knowledge is built up to the point that equilibrium is disturbed." Innis argued, for example, that a "complex system of writing" such as cuneiform script resulted in the growth of a "special class" of scribes. The long training required to master such writing ensured that relatively few people
115:
and communications and with McLuhan, offered groundbreaking
Canadian perspectives on the function of communication technologies as key agents in social and historical change. Together, their works advanced a theory of history in which communication is central to social change and transformation.
361:
themselves, not the content they carry, should be the focus of study — popularly quoted as "the medium is the message". McLuhan's insight was that a medium affects the society in which it plays a role not by the content delivered over the medium, but by the characteristics of the medium itself.
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in 1948. The series, known as the Beit
Lectures, was dedicated to exploring British imperial history. However, Innis decided to undertake a sweeping historical survey of how communications media influence the rise and fall of empires. He traced the effects of media such as stone, clay,
217:, Innis remarked: "I have attempted to suggest that Western civilization has been profoundly influenced by communication and that marked changes in communications have had important implications." He went on to mention the evolution of communications media from the
188:
Innis argued that the "bias" of each medium either toward space or toward time helps determine the nature of the civilization in which that medium dominates. "Media that emphasize time are those that are durable in character such as
143:, McLuhan and Carpenter have been characterized as the Toronto School of Communication. McLuhan remained at the University of Toronto through 1979, spending much of this time as head of his Centre for Culture and Technology.
98:
The
Toronto School has been described as "the theory of the primacy of communication in the structuring of human cultures and the structuring of the human mind." Eric Havelock's studies in the transitions from
371:
characteristics that engage the viewer in different ways; for instance, a passage in a book could be reread at will, but a movie had to be screened again in its entirety to study any individual part of it.
605:. This is the fourth and latest edition of Innis's book. The original edition of 1950 published by Oxford University Press was reissued in 1972 by University of Toronto Press, edited by
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to the advent of radio in the 20th century. "In each period I have attempted to trace the implications of the media of communication for the character of knowledge and to suggest that a
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123:, at the University of Toronto. As his reputation grew, he received a growing number of offers from other universities and, to keep him, the university created the
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darkness. He describes the light bulb as a medium without any content. McLuhan states that "a light bulb creates an environment by its mere presence."
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See, for example, Innis's discussion of the priestly monopoly over writing that undermined the
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has carried the mandate for teaching and advancing the school. Notable contemporary scholars associated with the
Toronto School include
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and the theoretical view that communication systems create psychological and social states. The school originated from the works of
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Monopolies of
Knowledge in Canadian Communication Studies: The Case of Feminist Approaches: The Dallas Smythe Memorial Lecture
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555:"ARCHIVED - Introduction - Old Messengers, New Media: The Legacy of Innis and McLuhan - Library and Archives Canada"
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with an introduction by
Marshall McLuhan. An illustrated third edition was published by Press Porcepic in 1986.
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111:. Harold Innis' theories of political economy, media and society had a significant influence on
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The
Alphabet Effect: A Media Ecology Understanding of the Making of Western Civilization
265:. His interest in the critical study of popular culture was influenced by the 1933 book
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In the early 1950s, McLuhan began the
Communication and Culture seminars, funded by the
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to literacy, as an account of communication, profoundly affected the media theories of
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The Toronto School of Communication Theory: Interpretations, Extensions, Applications.
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The Toronto School of Communication Theory: Interpretations, Extensions, Applications
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The World on Paper: The Conceptual and Cognitive Implications of Writing and Reading
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organization, which in turn has profound ramifications for social organization:
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would belong to this privileged and aristocratic class. As Paul Heyer explains:
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McLuhan, Marshall; Logan, Robert K. (1977). "Alphabet, Mother of Invention".
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de Kerckhove, Derrick. "McLuhan and the Toronto School of Communication."
841:. 1st Ed.: The Vanguard Press, NY, 1951, reissued by Gingko Press, 2002.
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Derrick de Kerckhove, "McLuhan and the Toronto School of Communication”,
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809:. New York: Peter Lang Publishing, 1st edition 2010, 2nd edition 2016.
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135:, with Edmund Carpenter, throughout the 1950s. With Innis, Havelock,
35:, the principles of which were developed chiefly by scholars at the
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571:; de Kerckhove, "McLuhan and the Toronto School of Communication"
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357:(1964), is a study in media theory. In it McLuhan proposed that
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in 1963. He published his first major work during this period:
440:. The McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology. Archived from
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in the 1930s, and grew to prominence with the contributions of
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1st Ed.: Random House, 1967, reissued by Gingko Press, 2001.
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309:. Throughout the book, McLuhan takes pains to reveal how
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Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis, McLuhan, Grant.
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Carey, J. W. "Harold Adams Innis and Marshall McLuhan."
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503:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 15.
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Murray, Oswyn. "The Word is Mightier than the Pen".
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The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man
807:
Understanding New Media: Extending Marshall McLuhan
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The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man
870:The Medium is the Massage: An Inventory of Effects
816:McLuhan Misunderstood: Setting the Record Straight
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467:
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839:The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man
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474:. New York: William Morrow and Company. p.
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259:The Mechanical Bride: Folklore of Industrial Man
289:(written in 1961, first published in Canada by
277:is derived from a piece by the Dadaist artist,
827:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1962.
584:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, p.224.
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746:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1950.
652:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp.3-4.
582:Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis
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403:
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711:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007.
426:https://thetorontoschool.ca/ursula-franklin/
261:(1951) is a study in the field now known as
221:script inscribed on clay tablets in ancient
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76:University of Toronto Faculty of Information
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886:Mass Communication Theory: An Introduction
854:Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
354:Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man
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168:is based on six lectures he delivered at
72:McLuhan Program in Culture and Technology
888:. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, 1994.
753:Montreal: New World Perspectives, 1984.
213:In his 1947 presidential address to the
197:exist favouring some media over others.
39:. It is characterized by exploration of
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381:Harold Innis's communications theories
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867:McLuhan, Marshall and Quentin Fiore.
707:Blondheim, Menachem and Rita Watson.
544:Carey, (McLuhan Pro and Con), p. 271.
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293:in 1962) is a study in the fields of
818:. Toronto: The Key Publishing House.
164:Published in 1950 by Harold Innis,
13:
1096:Architecture, Landscape and Design
785:ETC: A Review of General Semantics
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351:McLuhan's most widely known work,
273:and Denys Thompson, and the title
16:School of though in communications
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1570:Science and technology in Toronto
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906:Canadian Journal of Communication
730:Canadian Journal of Communication
414:Canadian Journal of Communication
125:Centre for Culture and Technology
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739:. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950.
597:. Toronto: Dundurn Press, p.23.
1079:Applied Science and Engineering
857:. New York: McGraw Hill, 1964.
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580:Watson, John Alexander. (2006)
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185:from ancient to modern times.
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919:The Toronto School Initiative
527:The Times Literary Supplement
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1311:Toronto Pan Am Sports Centre
1161:Public Policy and Governance
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291:University of Toronto Press
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1468:Koffler Scientific Reserve
1089:Astronomy and Astrophysics
650:The Bias of Communication.
567:See Blondheim and Watson,
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1478:University Health Network
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764:Logan, Robert K. (2004).
744:The Bias of Communication
737:Empire and Communications
595:Empire and Communications
202:The Bias of Communication
166:Empire and Communications
160:Empire and Communications
153:Empire and Communications
1565:Communications in Canada
1463:Theoretical Astrophysics
499:Olson, David R. (1994).
311:communication technology
41:Ancient Greek literature
362:McLuhan pointed to the
267:Culture and Environment
215:Royal Society of Canada
209:Monopolies of knowledge
195:monopolies of knowledge
94:History and development
1266:Koffler Student Centre
648:Innis, Harold. (1951)
593:Innis, Harold. (2007)
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241:
239:hieroglyphic writing.
1545:University of Toronto
1432:Blue Sky Solar Racing
956:University of Toronto
899:Robinson, Gertrude J.
630:Innis (Empire), p.27.
621:Innis (Empire), p.26.
438:"History and Mandate"
331:
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113:critical media theory
53:Edmund Snow Carpenter
37:University of Toronto
1540:Communication theory
1483:Unity Health Toronto
444:on 21 September 2003
275:The Mechanical Bride
253:The Gutenberg Galaxy
245:The Gutenberg Galaxy
137:Derrick de Kerckhove
129:The Mechanical Bride
80:Derrick de Kerckhove
29:communication theory
1560:Canadian philosophy
1555:Mass media theories
1306:Stewart Observatory
851:McLuhan, Marshall.
837:McLuhan, Marshall.
821:McLuhan, Marshall.
725:27(1) (1967): 5–39.
723:The Antioch Review,
692:Understanding Media
470:The Alphabet Effect
347:Understanding Media
339:Understanding Media
257:Marshall McLuhan's
1410:Women's ice hockey
1383:Hart House Theatre
1301:1 Spadina Crescent
1286:President's Estate
1281:Philosopher's Walk
1241:Chestnut Residence
1231:Back Campus Fields
661:Innis, (Bias) p.4.
33:literary criticism
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1473:SciNet Consortium
1389:Hart House Review
1156:Mediaeval Studies
908:, 23, 1 Jan 1998.
775:978-1-57273-523-1
768:. Hampton Press.
717:978-0-8020-9529-9
607:Mary Quayle Innis
603:978-1-55002-662-7
510:978-0-521-57558-4
485:978-0-312-00993-9
170:Oxford University
25:school of thought
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1405:Men's ice hockey
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1101:Medieval Studies
1084:Arts and Science
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813:Logan, Robert K.
804:Logan, Robert K.
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70:Since 1963, the
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