Harold Innis - Knowledge

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country, and First Nations peoples who traded furs for industrial goods such as metal pots, knives, guns and liquor. Innis describes the central role First Nations peoples played in the development of the fur trade. Without their skilled hunting techniques, knowledge of the territory and advanced tools such as snowshoes, toboggans and birch-bark canoes, the fur trade would not have existed. However, dependence on European technologies disrupted First Nations societies. "The new technology with its radical innovations," Innis writes, "brought about such a rapid shift in the prevailing Indian culture as to lead to wholesale destruction of the peoples concerned by warfare and disease." Historian Carl Berger argues that by placing First Nations culture at the centre of his analysis of the fur trade, Innis "was the first to explain adequately the disintegration of native society under the thrust of European capitalism."

1174:, must have baffled his listeners as he ranged over centuries of economic history jumping abruptly from one topic to the next linking monetary developments to patterns of trade and settlement. The address was an ambitious attempt to show the disruptive effects of new technologies culminating in the modern shift from an industrial system based on coal and iron to the newest sources of industrial power, electricity, oil, and steel. Innis also tried to show the commercial effects of mass circulation newspapers, made possible by expanded newsprint production, and of the new medium of radio, which "threatens to circumvent the walls imposed by tariffs and to reach across boundaries frequently denied to other media of communication." Both media, Innis argued, stimulated the demand for consumer goods and both promoted nationalism. 1479:, McLuhan marvelled at Innis's technique of juxtaposing "his insights in a mosaic structure of seemingly unrelated and disproportioned sentences and aphorisms." McLuhan argued that although that made reading Innis's dense prose difficult ("a pattern of insights that are not packaged for the consumer palate"), Innis's method approximated "the natural form of conversation or dialogue rather than of written discourse." Best of all, it yielded "insight" and "pattern recognition" rather than the "classified knowledge" so overvalued by print-trained scholars. "How exciting it was to encounter a writer whose every phrase invited prolonged meditation and exploration," McLuhan added. McLuhan's own books with their reliance on aphorisms, puns, quips, "probes" and oddly juxtaposed observations also employ that mosaic technique. 1132:, Innis outlined the plight of "a country susceptible to the slightest ground-swell of international disturbance" but beset by regional differences that made it difficult to devise effective solutions. He described a prairie economy dependent on the export of wheat but afflicted by severe drought, on the one hand, and the increased political power of Canada's growing cities, sheltered from direct reliance on the staples trade, on the other. The result was political conflict and a breakdown in federal–provincial relations. "We lack vital information on which to base prospective policies to meet this situation," Innis warned, because of "the weak position of the social sciences in Canada." 878:. He was assigned to teach courses in commerce, economic history and economic theory. He decided to focus his scholarly research on Canadian economic history, a hugely neglected subject, and he settled on the fur trade as his first area of study. Furs had brought French and English traders to Canada, motivating them to travel west along the continent's interlocking lake and river systems to the Pacific coast. Innis realized that he had to search out archival documents to understand the history of the fur trade and also travel the country himself gathering masses of firsthand information and accumulating what he called "dirt" experience. 38: 825: 1452:.'" Innis, for example, tried to show how printed media such as books or newspapers were "biased" toward control over space and secular power, while engraved media such as stone or clay tablets were "biased" in favour of continuity in time and metaphysical or religious knowledge. McLuhan focused on what may be called a medium's "sensory bias" arguing, for example, that books and newspapers appealed to the rationality of the eye, while radio played to the irrationality of the ear. The differences in the Innisian and McLuhanesque approaches were summarized by the late James W. Carey: 1024:

industry of central importance to the Canadian economy. The research provided an additional crossover point from his work on staple products to his communications studies. Biographer Paul Heyer writes that Innis "followed pulp and paper through its subsequent stages: newspapers and journalism, books and advertising. In other words, from looking at a natural resource-based industry he turned his attention to a cultural industry in which information, and ultimately knowledge, was a commodity that circulated, had value, and empowered those who controlled it."

3504: 3463: 3449: 590:, to complete his secondary education at a Baptist-run college. He intended to become a public-school teacher and passed the entrance examinations for teacher training, but decided to take a year off to earn the money he would need to support himself at an Ontario teachers' college. At age 18, therefore, he returned to the one-room schoolhouse at Otterville to teach for one term until the local school board could recruit a fully qualified teacher. The experience made him realize that the life of a teacher in a small, rural school was not for him. 862:

metals and fossil fuels. Innis theorized that the reliance on exporting natural resources made Canada dependent on more industrially advanced countries and resulted in periodic disruptions to economic life as the international demand for staples rose and fell; as the staple itself became increasingly scarce; and, as technological change resulted in shifts from one staple to others. Innis pointed out, for example, that as furs became scarce and trade in that staple declined, it became necessary to develop and export other staples such as wheat,

951:(1930). The book chronicles the trade in beaver fur from the early 16th century to the 1920s. Instead of focusing on the "heroic" European adventurers who explored the Canadian wilderness as conventional histories had done, Innis documents how the interplay of geography, technology and economic forces shaped both the fur trade and Canada's political and economic destiny. He argues that the fur trade largely determined Canada's boundaries, and he comes to the conclusion that the country "emerged not in spite of geography but because of it." 1664: 1248:, one of Innis's colleagues at the University of Toronto was a founding member of the CCF. Innis and Underhill had both been members of an earlier group at the university that declared itself "dissatisfied with the policies of the two major parties in Canada" and that aimed at "forming a definite body of progressive opinion." In 1931, Innis presented a paper to the group on "Economic Conditions in Canada", but he later recoiled from participating in party politics, denouncing partisans like Underhill as "hot gospellers." 3895: 836:(CPR). The completion of Canada's first transcontinental railway in 1885 had been a defining moment in Canadian history. Innis's thesis, eventually published as a book in 1923, can be seen as an early attempt to document the railway's significance from an economic historian's point of view. It uses voluminous statistics to underpin its arguments. Innis maintains that the difficult and expensive construction project was sustained by fears of American annexation of the Canadian West. 599: 1194: 1028: 4240: 533: 1185:, director of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Innis edited and wrote prefaces for the volumes contributed by Canadian scholars. His own study of the cod fisheries also appeared as part of the series. His work with Shotwell enabled Innis to gain access to Carnegie money to further Canadian academic research. As John Watson points out, "the project offered one of the few sources of research funds in rather lean times." 1650: 936: 1055:

to show that media 'biases' toward time or space affected the complex interrelationships needed to sustain an empire. The interrelationships included the partnership between the knowledge (and ideas) necessary to create and maintain an empire and the power (or force) required to expand and defend it. For Innis, the interplay between knowledge and power was always a crucial factor in understanding empire.

1678: 642:. The experience gave him a sense of the vastness of Canada. He also learned about Western grievances over high interest rates and steep transportation costs. In his final undergraduate year, Innis focused on history and economics. He kept in mind a remark made by history lecturer W. S. Wallace that the economic interpretation of history was not the only possible one but that it went the deepest. 1136: 840:

sites. It was also a kind of communications medium that contributed to the spread of European civilization. Babe writes that, for Innis, the CPR's equipment "comprised a massive, energy-consuming, fast-moving, powerful, capital-intensive 'sign' dropped into the very midst of indigenous peoples, whose entire way of life was disrupted, and eventually shattered as a result.

1636: 3113:(1969) Baltimore: Pelican Books, p. 281. Graeme Patterson strongly disagrees with that view by arguing that Innis paid an extraordinary amount of attention to perception and thought, while McLuhan examined institutions. Both Innis and McLuhan, Patterson argues, were preoccupied with language, one of humanity's basic institutions. See Patterson, pp. 36–37. 755:, the iconoclastic thinker who drew on his deep knowledge of philosophy and economics to write scathing critiques of contemporary thought and culture. Veblen had left Chicago years before, but his ideas were still strongly felt there. Years later, in an essay on Veblen, Innis praised him for waging war against "standardized static economics." 848:

lifelong interest in the exercise of economic and political power. His CPR history ends, for example, with a recounting of Western grievances against economic policies, such as high freight rates and the steep import tariffs designed to protect fledgling Canadian manufacturers. Westerners complained that the

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Both McLuhan and Innis assume the centrality of communication technology; where they differ is in the principal kinds of effects they see deriving from this technology. Whereas Innis sees communication technology principally affecting social organization and culture, McLuhan sees its principal effect

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Innis maintained that scholars had no place in active politics and that they should instead devote themselves, first to research on public problems, and then to the production of knowledge based on critical thought. He saw the university, with its emphasis on dialogue, open-mindedness and skepticism,

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Innis examined the rise and fall of ancient empires as a way of tracing the effects of communications media. He looked at media that led to the growth of an empire; those that sustained it during its periods of success, and then, the communications changes that hastened an empire's collapse. He tried

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also describes the cultural interactions among three groups of people: the Europeans in fashionable metropolitan centres who regarded beaver hats as luxury items; the European colonial settlers who saw beaver fur as a staple that could be exported to pay for essential manufactured goods from the home

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Innis argues that "the history of the Canadian Pacific Railroad is primarily the history of the spread of Western civilization over the northern half of the North American continent." As Robert Babe notes, the railway brought industrialization, transporting coal and building supplies to manufacturing

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In his 1929 essay, Innis concluded: "Veblen has waged a constructive warfare of emancipation against the tendency toward standardized static economics which becomes so dangerous on a continent with ever increasing numbers of students clamouring for textbooks on final economic theory." (The essay was

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of the United States and the Nazi loudspeaker had the same form of negative effect: they reduced men from thinking beings to mere automatons in a chain of command." Watson argues that while McLuhan separated media according to their sensory bias, Innis examined a different set of interrelationships,

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Harold Innis is considered the leading founder of a Canadian school of economic thought known as the staples theory. It holds that Canada's culture, political history and economy have been decisively shaped by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as fur, fish, wood, wheat, mined

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Biographer John Watson notes that Innis's work was profoundly political while McLuhan's was not. He writes that "the mechanization of knowledge, not the relative sensual bias of media, is the key to Innis's work. That also underlies the politicization of Innis's position vis-a-vis that of McLuhan."

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on Transportation, a position that involved extensive travel at a time when his health was starting to fail. The last decade of his career, during which he worked on his communications studies, was an unhappy time for Innis. He was academically isolated because his colleagues in economics could not

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He has been called the radical conservative of his day — not a bad designation of a complex mind, clear sighted, cautious, perhaps at bottom pessimistic in areas where thinkers we would label 'progressive' felt less difficulty in taking a stand; never content to select only one or two elements in a

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funnelled money from Prairie farmers into the pockets of the Eastern business establishment. "Western Canada," Innis wrote, "has paid for the development of Canadian nationality, and it would appear that it must continue to pay. The acquisitiveness of Eastern Canada shows little sign of abatement."

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on the reading list of the fourth-year economics course. McLuhan built on Innis's idea that in studying the effects of communications media, technological form mattered more than content. Biographer Paul Heyer writes that Innis's concept of the "bias" of a particular medium of communication can be

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was now facing its own profound crisis. The development of powerful communications media such as mass-circulation newspapers had shifted the balance decisively in favour of space and power, over time, continuity and knowledge. The balance required for cultural survival had been upset by what Innis

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published in 1940, 10 years after the fur trade study. Innis tells the detailed history of competing empires in the exploitation of a teeming natural resource, a history that ranges over 500 years. While his study of the fur trade focused on the continental interior with its interlocking

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argues that Innis's study of the Canadian Pacific Railway was only the first in which he attempted to demonstrate that "technology is not something external to Canadian being; but on the contrary, is the necessary condition and lasting consequence of Canadian existence." It also reflected Innis's

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Innis got his first taste of university teaching at Chicago, where he delivered several introductory economics courses. One of his students was Mary Quayle, the woman he would marry in May 1921 when he was 26 and she 22. Together they had four children, Donald (1924), Mary (1927), Hugh (1930), and

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and communications and, in conjunction with McLuhan, offered groundbreaking Canadian perspectives on the function of communication technologies as key agents in social and historical change. Together, their works advanced a theory of history in which communication is central to social change and

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In line with that observation, Innis notably proposes that European settlement of the Saint Lawrence River Valley followed the economic and social patterns of indigenous peoples, making for a Canadian historical and cultural continuity that predates and postdates European settlement. Unlike many

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Innis also tried to defend universities from political and economic pressures. He believed that independent universities, as centres of critical thought, were essential to the survival of Western civilization. His intellectual disciple and university colleague, Marshall McLuhan, lamented Innis's

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political economy department, he worked to build up a cadre of Canadian scholars so that universities would not continue to rely as heavily on British or American-trained professors unfamiliar with Canada's history and culture. He was successful in establishing sources of financing for Canadian

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Innis's study of the effects of interconnected lakes and rivers on Canadian development and European empire sparked his interest in the complex economic and cultural relationships between transportation systems and communications. During the 1940s, Innis also began studying pulp and paper, an

1350:. Innis lamented the rise in international tensions. He saw the Soviet Union as a stabilizing counterbalance to the American emphasis on commercialism, the individual and constant change. For Innis, Russia was a society within the Western tradition, not an alien civilization. He abhorred the 1341:

n economy which emphasizes consumer's goods is characterized by communication industries largely dependent on advertising and by constant efforts to reach the largest number of readers or listeners; an economy emphasizing producer's goods is characterized by communications industries largely

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as an institution that could foster such thinking and research. "The university could provide an environment," he wrote, "as free as possible from the biases of the various institutions that form the state, so that its intellectuals could continue to seek out and explore other perspectives."

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concludes by arguing that Canadian economic history can best be understood by examining how one staple product gave way to another—furs to timber, for example, and the later importance of wheat and minerals. Reliance on staples made Canada economically dependent on more industrially advanced

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historians who see Canadian history as beginning with the arrival of Europeans, Innis emphasizes the cultural and economic contributions of First Nations peoples. "We have not yet realized," he writes, "that the Indian and his culture was fundamental to the growth of Canadian institutions."

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faith that she and her husband William shared. At the time, the Baptist church was an important part of life in rural areas. It gave isolated families a sense of community and embodied the values of individualism and independence. Its far-flung congregations were not ruled by a centralized,

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The strict sense of values and the feeling of devotion to a cause, which became so characteristic of him in later life, were derived, in part at least, from the instruction imparted so zealously and unquestioningly inside the severely unadorned walls of the Baptist Church at Otterville.

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was becoming a subservient colony to its much more powerful southern neighbor. "We are indeed fighting for our lives", he warned, pointing especially to the "pernicious influence of American advertising.... We can only survive by taking persistent action at strategic points against

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Western civilization could be saved, Innis argued, only by recovering the balance between space and time. For him, that meant reinvigorating the oral tradition within universities while freeing institutions of higher learning from political and commercial pressures. In his essay,

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The overwhelming pressure of mechanization evident in the newspaper and the magazine, has led to the creation of vast monopolies of communication. Their entrenched positions involve a continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural

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tug. During his travels, Innis supplemented his fur research by gathering information on other staple products such as lumber, pulp and paper, minerals, grain and fish. He travelled so extensively that by the early 1940s, he had visited every part of Canada except for the

1291:. He later became the association's second president. Innis played a central role in founding two important sources for the funding of academic research: the Canadian Social Science Research Council (1940) and the Humanities Research Council of Canada (1944). 1096:, he suggested that genuine dialogue within universities could produce the critical thinking necessary to restore the balance between power and knowledge. Then, universities could muster the courage to attack the monopolies that always imperil civilization. 689:

Innis's war was over. His biographer, John Watson, notes the physical wound took seven years to heal, but the psychological damage lasted a lifetime. Innis experienced recurring bouts of depression and nervous exhaustion because of his military service.

618:). McMaster was a natural choice for him because it was a Baptist university and many students who attended Woodstock College went there. McMaster's liberal arts professors encouraged critical thinking and debate. Innis was especially influenced by 1474:

As scholars and teachers, Innis and McLuhan shared a similar dilemma since both argued that book culture tended to produce fixed points of view and homogeneity of thought; yet both produced many books. In his introduction to the 1964 reprint of

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landed, then sent back aiming corrections so that the next shells could hit their targets more accurately. On July 7, 1917, Innis received a serious shrapnel wound in his right thigh that required eight months of hospital treatment in England.

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fathom how the new work related to his pioneering research in staples theory. Biographer John Watson writes that "the almost complete lack of positive response to the communications works, contributed to his sense of overwork and depression."

729:, in August 1920. His two years at Chicago had a profound influence on his later work. His interest in economics deepened and he decided to become a professional economist. The economics faculty at Chicago questioned abstract and universalist 1369:, a collection of his speeches and essays that reflected both his staples research and his new work in communications. In 1947, Innis was appointed the University of Toronto's dean of graduate studies. In 1948, he delivered lectures at the 452:

Innis's writings on communication explore the role of media in shaping the culture and development of civilizations. He argued, for example, that a balance between oral and written forms of communication contributed to the flourishing of

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Although Innis remains appreciated and respected for the grand and unique nature of his later efforts regarding communications theories, he was not without critics. Particularly, the fragmentary and mosaic writing style exemplified in

697:; sharpened his opinion of what he thought were the destructive effects of technology, including the communications media that were used so effectively to "sell" the war; and led him, for the first time, to doubt his Baptist faith. 2203:

Creighton, p. 31. Creighton wrote that Innis believed if German aggression went unpunished, it would be fatal to Christian hope for the world. Innis wrote to his sister: "If I had no faith in Christianity, I don't think I would

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saw as "mechanized" communications media used to transmit information quickly over long distances. The new media had contributed to an obsession with "present-mindedness", wiping out concerns about past or future. Innis wrote,

1066:. The balance between the time-biased medium of speech and the space-biased medium of writing was eventually upset, Innis argued, as the oral tradition gave way to the dominance of writing. The torch of empire then passed from 536:

The one-room schoolhouse in Otterville, officially known as S.S.#1 South Norwich. The photo was taken around 1906. Innis is the boy with the cap, fifth from the right, back row. Innis would later teach for a few months at the

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has been criticized as ambiguous, aggressively nonlinear, and lacking connections between levels of analysis. Biographers have suggested that the style may have been a result of Innis's illness late in his career.

3003: 1267:. He worried, too, that as Canada's ties with Britain weakened, the country would fall under the spell of American ideas instead of developing its own based on Canada's unique circumstances. Havelock added: 1457:

on sensory organization and thought. McLuhan has much to say about perception and thought but little to say about institutions; Innis says much about institutions and little about perception and thought.

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Radio, a new medium, drew a scathing rebuke from Harold Innis for promoting "small talk" and "bores." Innis believed that both radio and mass circulation newspapers encouraged stereotypical thinking.

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complicated equation in order to build a quick-order policy or program; far ranging enough in intellect to take in the whole sum of the factors, and comprehend their often contradictory effects.

465:-driven media obsessed by "present-mindedness" and the "continuous, systematic, ruthless destruction of elements of permanence essential to cultural activity." His intellectual bond with 631:, the university's one-man philosophy department. Ten Broeke posed an essay question that Innis pondered for the rest of his life: "Why do we attend to the things to which we attend?" 5267: 748:

writes that Mead and Park "characterized communication as the entire process whereby a culture is brought into existence, maintained in time, and sedimented into institutions."

744:. Although he did not attend any of those famous professors' classes, Innis did absorb their idea that communication involved much more than the transmission of information. 4269: 5227: 1001:

looks outward at global trade and empire, showing the far-reaching effects of one staple product both on imperial centres and on marginal colonies such as Newfoundland,

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Thus, Innis travelled extensively beginning in the summer of 1924 when he and a friend paddled an 18-foot (5.5 m) canvas-covered canoe hundreds of miles down the

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Invited Lecture Presented at the Conference: Affect, Activism, and New Media: Theoretical Provocations. Tanner Humanities Center, University of Utah, 5–7 October 2017

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from a papyrus roll. Innis argued that Plato's dialogues combined the vitality of the spoken word with the power of writing, a perfect balance between time and space.

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Innis's role as an artillery signaller gave him firsthand experience of life (and death) on the front lines as he participated in the successful Canadian attack on

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Buxton, William J. (2013). "Introduction: North by Northwest; Harold Innis and 'the Advancement of Knowledge of the Canadian North'". In Buxton, William J. (ed.).

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Before his final undergraduate year at McMaster, Innis spent a summer teaching at the Northern Star School in the frontier farming community of Landonville near

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and especially lumber. The export of the new staples was made possible through improved transportation networks that included first canals and later railways.

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In the 1940s, Harold Innis reached the height of his influence in both academic circles and Canadian society. In 1941, he helped establish the American-based

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Everywhere that Innis went, his methods were the same: he interviewed people connected with the production of staple products and listened to their stories.

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Watson, p. 93. Watson notes that 240,000 young Canadians died in the war, while 600,000 were wounded. The war was a devastating blow to Innis's generation.

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Following his premature death, Innis' significance increasingly deepened as scholars in several academic disciplines continued to build upon his writings.

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of power and knowledge" in specific historical circumstances. For Watson, Innis's work is therefore more flexible and less deterministic than McLuhan's.

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was a colleague of Innis's at the University of Toronto. As a young English professor, McLuhan was flattered when he learned that Innis had put his book

1419: 1128:. During the summers of 1932 and 1933, he travelled to the West to see the effects of the Depression for himself. The next year, in an essay entitled, 619: 118: 3548: 2949: 1259:, a left-leaning colleague explained many years later that Innis distrusted political "solutions" imported from elsewhere, especially those based on 1039:

One of Innis's primary contributions to communications studies was to apply the dimensions of time and space to various media. He divided media into

1365:, the country's senior body of scientists and scholars. The same year, he served on the Manitoba Royal Commission on Adult Education and published 1124:, Innis wrote extensively in the 1930s about other staple products such as minerals and wheat as well as Canada's immense economic problems in the 258: 1177:

Innis was also a central participant in an international project that produced 25 scholarly volumes between 1936 and 1945. It was a series called

5182: 3697: 1208:. Although Innis advocated staying out of politics, he did correspond with Bennett urging him to strengthen the law against business monopolies. 5207: 5157: 3391:

Vancouver Public Library. (1999) "The Bias of Communication" and "The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History." In

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Negative Dialogues: a study of Harold Innis and Marshall McLuhan in the light of the negative dialects of Theodor Adorno and Walter Benjamin.

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with its mass unemployment, poverty and despair gave rise to new Canadian political movements. In Alberta, for example, the radio evangelist

553:. As a boy he loved the rhythms and routines of farm life and he never forgot his rural origins. His mother, Mary Adams Innis, had named him 3211:

Buxton, William J. (1998) "Harold Innis' excavation of modernity: The newspaper industry, communications, and the decline of public life."

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Innis (Bias), pp. 61–91. The comment about universities mustering their courage appears in "The upside of ivory towers" by Rick Salutin.

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University of Toronto Archives & Records Management Services, University of Toronto Archives & Records Management Services

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Innis attended the one-room schoolhouse in Otterville and the community's high school. He travelled 20 miles (32 km) by train to

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as a footnote to the observations of Innis on the subject of the psychic and social consequences, first of writing then of printing."

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Innis laid the basis for scholarship that looked at the social sciences from a distinctly Canadian point of view. As the head of the

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dependent on government support. As a result of this contrast, a common public opinion in Russia and the West is hard to achieve.

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Corte Madera, CA : Gingko Press v. 8, p. 8. This is a reprint of McLuhan's introduction to the 1964 edition of Innis's book

3536: 2899:. Toronto: Harold Innis Foundation, pp. 14–15. The reference to "hot gospellers" can be found in the Creighton biography, p. 93. 3599: 3554: 1167: 470: 228: 1051:. Space-binding media are more ephemeral and include modern media such as radio, television, and mass circulation newspapers. 5247: 3418: 3400: 3368: 3336: 3301: 3287: 3273: 3259: 1808: 393: 27: 962:, which became an accepted part of the Canadian political science tradition well before American and European counterparts. 1233: 967:

countries and the "cyclonic" shifts from one staple to another caused frequent disruptions in the country's economic life.

943:. Innis argued that it is impossible to understand Canadian history without some knowledge of the beaver's life and habits. 5237: 5202: 3984: 3690: 958:

The Innisian perspective on the development of Canadian political, economic and social institutions was an early form of

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Although sympathetic to the plight of western farmers and urban, unemployed workers, Innis did not embrace socialism.

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history, and economy have been decisively influenced by the exploitation and export of a series of "staples" such as

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premature death as a disastrous loss for human understanding. McLuhan wrote: "I am pleased to think of my own book

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Donald Alexander Smith drives the last spike of the Canadian Pacific Railway at Craigellachie, BC—November 7, 1885

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Innis's theories of political economy, media and society remain highly relevant: he had a profound influence on

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Innis's analysis of the effects of communications on the rise and fall of empires led him to warn grimly that

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where he had been invited to attend the 220th anniversary celebrations marking the founding of the country's

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Harold Innis's interest in the relationship between empires and colonies was developed in his classic study,

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After graduating from McMaster, Innis felt that his Christian principles compelled him to enlist in the

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grew hotter after 1947, Innis grew increasingly hostile to the United States. He warned repeatedly that

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Innis's trip to Moscow and Leningrad came shortly before US–Soviet rivalry led to the hostility of the

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After the publication of his book on the fur trade, Innis turned to a study of an earlier staple, the

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Watson adds that Innis believed very different media could produce similar effects. "For Innis, the

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Innis argued that a balance between the spoken word and writing contributed to the flourishing of

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Watson also notes that the Great War influenced Innis's intellectual outlook. It strengthened his

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professor and a year later, became the head of the university's Department of Political Economy.

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Easterbrook, W.T. and Watkins, M.H. (1984) "Introduction" and "Part 1: The Staple Approach." In

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Harold Adams Innis: The Bias of Communications & Monopolies of Power by Dr. Marshall Soules

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in later life, but never lost his interest in religion. According to his friend and biographer

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did doctoral work in biology and became an advisor for the independent studies program at the

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Innis was born on November 5, 1894, on a small livestock and dairy farm near the community of

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The Writing of Canadian History: Aspects of English-Canadian Historical Writing: 1900–1970.

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History and Communications: Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, the Interpretation of History

2713:

History and Communications: Harold Innis, Marshall McLuhan, the Interpretation of History

2241: 1408: 1299: 1144: 797: 737: 611: 542: 153: 113: 54: 1303: 4728: 4716: 4680: 4567: 4537: 4507: 4466: 4317: 3999: 3974: 3949: 3874: 3817: 3636: 3503: 2645: 2637: 2285: 1430:

adopted Innis as a "reference point in his conception of two models of communication."

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Hutcheson, John. (1982) "Harold Innis and the Unity and Diversity of Confederation,"

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Carey, J. W. (1992). "Space, Time and Communications: A Tribute to Harold Innis." In

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Quoted in "The Public Role of the Intellectual," by Liora Salter and Cheryl Dahl. In

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Carey, J. W. (1992). "Space, Time and Communications: A Tribute to Harold Innis." In

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in all its attractive guises." His views influenced some younger scholars, including

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Aitken, Hugh Gj. (1977) "Myth and Measurement-Innis Tradition in Economic-History."

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Creighton, pp. 49–60. The reference to "dirt" experience appears in Watson, p. 41.

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and saw it as the triumph of force over knowledge, a modern form of the medieval

1245: 898: 849: 809: 760: 458: 126: 2424: 1776: 1759: 5056: 5044: 5002: 4847: 4841: 4817: 4811: 4722: 4704: 4674: 4495: 4358: 4329: 4225: 4220: 4210: 4205: 4200: 4195: 4145: 4120: 4105: 4095: 4090: 4035: 1760:"The 'Values' Discussion Group at the University of Toronto, February–May 1949" 1683: 1427: 1418:'s general media theory that proposes two sub-theories were inspired by Innis. 1264: 1067: 1059: 911: 886: 745: 741: 711: 671: 454: 414: 339: 318: 3551:, Fifth-Estate-Online – International Journal of Radical Mass Media Criticism. 736:

Innis was influenced by the university's two eminent communications scholars,

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Babe, Robert E. (2000) "The Communication Thought of Harold Adams Innis." In

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fished for centuries off the eastern coasts of North America. The result was

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B1972-0003, B1972-0025, B1977-0016, B1983-0001, B1993-0044, B2010-0019

3165:

Babe, Robert. (2000). "The Communication Thought of Harold Adams Innis." In

2360:. Lanham, Md: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers Inc.. p. 5 & pp. 113–15. 5110: 5086: 5080: 5020: 4943: 4925: 4871: 4829: 4627: 4555: 4394: 4388: 4364: 4185: 4125: 4060: 3762: 3747: 3499: 3495: 3341:

McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) "Introduction to the Bias of Communication: " In

3282:(with a preface by H. Marshall McLuhan). Toronto: Harold Innis Foundation. 3069:

Preface by H. Marshall McLuhan in Havelock, p. 10. Also see Watson, p. 405.

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on November 8, 1952, a few days after his 58th birthday. In commemoration,

1326: 1071: 902: 603: 598: 364: 3350: 2623: 1193: 1027: 473:, which provided a source of inspiration for future members of the school 5104: 4919: 4877: 4764: 4561: 4165: 3772: 3322: 3252:

Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times

2818:

Communications and History: Theories of Media, Knowledge and Civilization

2711:. Toronto: Dundurn Press, pp. 23–24. Also see, Patterson, Graeme. (1990) 2593:

Canada's First Nations: A History of Founding Peoples from Earliest Times

2498: 1355: 1152: 1044: 1006: 1002: 890: 667: 566: 558: 462: 374: 248: 3675: 3245: 816:

and published books on zoology, feminism, and Canadian women's history.

5092: 3842: 3797: 3792: 1917:. Ottawa: Carleton Library Series, Carleton University Press, pp. 1–98. 915: 625: 145: 3531: 3199:

Emergence and Empire: Innis, Complexity and the Trajectory of History

532: 3827: 3574: 2523:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

1913:

Easterbrook, W.T. and Watkins, M.H. (1984) "The Staple Approach." In

1512:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

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Prime Minister of Canada from 1930 to 1935, during the depths of the

949:

The Fur Trade in Canada: An Introduction to Canadian Economic History

650: 426: 2595:. Fourth Edition. Don Mills, Ontario: Oxford University Press, p.ix. 1866: 1828: 1448:

seen as a "less flamboyant precursor to McLuhan's legendary phrase '

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Mary Quayle Innis special collection at the University of Waterloo.

1347: 493: 3539:, EH.Net Encyclopedia, edited by Robert Whaples. January 10, 2005. 3268:. Ottawa: The Carleton Library Series. Carleton University Press. 1860:(PhD thesis). Kingston, Ontario: Queen's University. p. 119. 674:

with its "mud and lice and rats" had a devastating effect on him.

397:(November 5, 1894 – November 8, 1952) was a Canadian professor of 3884: 3852: 1721: 1260: 1229: 1225: 935: 874:

In 1920, Innis joined the department of political economy at the

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degree at McMaster, graduating in April 1918. His thesis, called

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Berger, Carl. (1976). "Harold Innis: The Search for Limits." In

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Watson, p. 326. Innis refers to the question in the preface to

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would also confer honorary degrees in 1947–48. He received the

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and was awarded his PhD, with a dissertation on the history of

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University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

3532:

University of Toronto Archives and Records Management Services

1947:. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc., p. 66. 1381:

that same year. He also gave the prestigious Beit lectures at

3557:, a virtual museum exhibition at Library and Archives Canada. 3109:

Carey, James W. "Harold Adams Innis and Marshall McLuhan" in

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A New Theory of Value: The Canadian Economics of H.A. Innis

2503:

A New Theory of Value: The Canadian Economics of H.A. Innis

1829:"Extended Body ... Extended Mind: The Risk of Thought" 446: 3555:

Old Messengers, New Media: The Legacy of Innis and McLuhan

2291:(Reprint ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 1533:

The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy

1232:, social reformers had founded a new political party, the 994:

The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy

984:

The Cod Fisheries: The History of an International Economy

2912:(1999) Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, p. 119. 1803:. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 49. 1298:

awarded Innis an honorary degree, as did his alma mater,

1155:'s economic problems. The next year, he helped establish 989: 5268:

Presidents of the Canadian Political Science Association

3167:

Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers

2130:

Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers

1928:

Canadian Communication Thought: Ten Foundational Writers

1801:

Harold Innis and the North: Appraisals and Contestations

832:

Harold Innis wrote his PhD thesis on the history of the

1157:

The Canadian Journal of Economics and Political Science

2475:

Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis/McLuhan/Grant.

2213:

Quoted from a later Innis letter by Creighton, p. 107.

2176:

his book of essays on consciousness and communication.

1858:

Making the Scene: Yorkville and Hip Toronto, 1960–1970

1151:

invited him to serve on a Royal Commission to examine

767:

was herself a notable economist and writer. Her book,

3561:

Harold Adams Innis entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia

3329:

Technology and the Canadian Mind: Innis/McLuhan/Grant

3220:

Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society

3187:. Toronto: Oxford University Press. pp. 85–111. 2331:

Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society

1631: 1188: 751:

While at Chicago, Innis was exposed to the ideas of

3135:

Corte Madera, CA : Gingko Press, v.8, pp. 5–8.

3026:

Watson, pp. 224–25. See also Creighton, pp. 136–40.

2764:

Innis (Empire), p. 104. See also, Heyer, pp. 49–50.

5228:Persons of National Historic Significance (Canada) 2284: 1407:at the University of Toronto and Innis Library at 557:, hoping he would become a minister in the strict 2379: 2377: 2375: 1224:party to victory in 1935. Three years earlier in 5124: 2076:Toronto: University of Toronto Press, pp. 83–89. 2052:. University of Toronto Press. pp. 174–75. 1886:"Re: 'The Past Reframes Itself,' by Mel Watkins" 1377:. He was elected an International Member of the 781:The Clear Spirit: Canadian Women and Their Times 602:The original home of McMaster University at 273 457:in the 5th century BC. He warned, however, that 5233:Presidents of the American Economic Association 4286:Presidents of the American Economic Association 3201:. Montreal: McGill-Queens University Press. 2018: 1236:(CCF). It advocated democratic socialism and a 573:, Innis's character was moulded by the church: 2582:. Toronto: Oxford University Press, pp. 94–95. 2396:, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Company, p. 67. 2372: 1744: 1742: 808:where he taught communications and economics. 681:. Signallers, or spotters, watched where each 5278:Members of the American Philosophical Society 4270: 3691: 3549:Harold Innis and the Press by Robert E. Babe. 3407:Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis 2952:. The Royal Society of Canada. Archived from 2614:Lecours, Andre (2005). Lecours, André (ed.). 2045: 2003:Marginal Man: The Dark Vision of Harold Innis 1179:The Relations of Canada and the United States 1110: 1043:. Time-binding media are durable and include 2560:Toronto: Oxford University Press. pp. 89–90. 2517: 2515: 2072:Innis, Harold. (1951) "A Plea for Time." In 2025:. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 13–14. 1361:In 1946, Innis was elected president of the 869: 5253:Academic staff of the University of Toronto 1739: 1325:In 1945, Innis spent nearly a month in the 1147:was growing steadily and, in 1934, Premier 4277: 4263: 3698: 3684: 3502: 3461: 3447: 3098:Understanding Media: The Extensions of Man 2449:A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway. 1172:The Penetrative Powers of the Price System 1012: 775:appeared in 1943. Her other books include 645: 610:In October 1913, Innis started classes at 405:and the author of seminal works on media, 36: 3705: 3296:. Lanham, Md.: Rowman & Littlefield. 3234:Harold Adams Innis: Portrait of a Scholar 3100:. Corte Madera, California: Gingko Press. 2616:New Institutionalism: Theory and Analysis 2512: 2423: 2287:A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway 2104:Harold Adams Innis: Portrait of a Scholar 1909: 1907: 1865: 1852: 1775: 1499:A History of the Canadian Pacific Railway 1115: 3627:President of the Royal Society of Canada 3222:. New York: Routledge. pp. 142–72. 2618:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 2494: 2492: 2477:Montreal: New World Perspectives, p. 94. 1955: 1953: 1880: 1619:, edited by William Christian. Toronto: 1276: 1192: 1134: 1026: 934: 897:. They completed their journey down the 823: 649: 597: 565:bureaucratic authority. Innis became an 531: 3583:Professional and academic associations 3345:. Corte Madera, CA: Gingko Press. v.8. 3266:Approaches to Canadian Economic History 3250:Dickason, Olive; MacNab, David. (2009) 2613: 1915:Approaches to Canadian Economic History 1553:The Diary of Simeon Perkins: 1766–1780. 1130:The Canadian Economy and the Depression 721:Innis did his postgraduate work at the 705: 5183:Fellows of the Royal Society of Canada 5125: 3600:Canadian Political Science Association 2591:Dickason, Olive; McNab, David. (2009) 1904: 1798: 1757: 1168:Canadian Political Science Association 1019:Harold Innis's communications theories 924: 471:Toronto School of communication theory 5208:Academic staff of McMaster University 5158:Canadian Expeditionary Force soldiers 4258: 3679: 3545:, Malaspina University-College, 2007. 3395:. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. 3144:Carey, (McLuhan Pro and Con), p. 271. 2807:Ottawa: Canada National Library, p. 6 2489: 2405: 2282: 1950: 1823: 1543:Political Economy in the Modern State 1525:Peter Pond, Fur Trader and Adventurer 1367:Political Economy in the Modern State 1166:Innis was appointed president of the 819: 593: 3331:. Montreal: New World Perspectives. 2842:, edited by Mary Q. Innis. Toronto: 1608:, edited by Mary Q. Innis. Toronto: 1433: 1234:Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 1041:time-binding and space-binding types 800:became a geography professor at the 771:, was published in 1935. Her novel, 666:in the fall of 1916 to fight in the 3393:Great Canadian Books of the Century 2840:Essays in Canadian Economic History 2820:. Westport: Greenwood Press, p. 114 2345:Essays in Canadian Economic History 2049:Donald Creighton: A Life in History 1617:The Idea File of Harold Adams Innis 1606:Essays in Canadian Economic History 1515:. Revised edition (1956). Toronto: 1502:. Revised edition (1971). Toronto: 1159:. In 1936, he was appointed a full 789:Essays in Canadian Economic History 700: 13: 5223:People from Oxford County, Ontario 14: 5294: 5273:20th-century political scientists 5243:Theorists on Western civilization 5163:Canadian male non-fiction writers 3537:Harold Adams Innis by Robin Neill 3425: 3213:Canadian Journal of Communication 2412:Canadian Journal of Communication 1764:Canadian Journal of Communication 1490: 1189:Politics and the Great Depression 901:, Canada's longest river, to the 856: 791:(1956) and a 1972 reissue of his 5283:20th-century American economists 5148:20th-century Canadian economists 5143:20th-century Canadian historians 4239: 4238: 3893: 3405:Watson, Alexander John. (2006). 3138: 2910:Harold Innis in the New Century. 1676: 1662: 1648: 1634: 1170:in 1938. His inaugural address, 5218:North American cultural studies 5168:Canadian political philosophers 3758:Computer-mediated communication 3185:The Writing of Canadian History 3125: 3116: 3103: 3090: 3081: 3072: 3063: 3038: 3029: 3020: 2996: 2987: 2978: 2969: 2960: 2942: 2933: 2924: 2915: 2902: 2889: 2880: 2867: 2858: 2849: 2832: 2823: 2810: 2797: 2784: 2767: 2758: 2749: 2740: 2731: 2722: 2701: 2692: 2683: 2674: 2665: 2656: 2607: 2598: 2585: 2580:The Writing of Canadian History 2572: 2563: 2550: 2541: 2532: 2480: 2467: 2458: 2441: 2432: 2399: 2394:Canadian Novelists: 1920 – 1945 2386: 2363: 2350: 2336: 2323: 2314: 2305: 2276: 2267: 2258: 2234: 2225: 2216: 2207: 2197: 2188: 2179: 2166: 2157: 2148: 2139: 2122: 2113: 2096: 2079: 2066: 2039: 2012: 2001:Watson, Alexander John. (2006) 1995: 1970: 96: 5198:Literacy and society theorists 3315:An Economic History of Canada. 2707:Innis, Harold. (2007 edition) 2333:. New York: Routledge, p. 144. 1937: 1920: 1874: 1846: 1817: 1792: 1751: 1712:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 1528:. Toronto: Irwin & Gordon. 1385:, later published in his book 1379:American Philosophical Society 1320:J. B. Tyrrell Historical Medal 1263:analysis with its emphasis on 977: 522: 469:formed the foundations of the 461:is now imperiled by powerful, 314:Metropolitan-hinterland thesis 1: 3655:American Economic Association 3571:Harold Innis Foundation fonds 3151: 1656:Business and economics portal 1218:William "Bible Bill" Aberhart 769:An Economic History of Canada 527: 16:Canadian academic (1894–1952) 5248:University of Chicago alumni 3880:Text and conversation theory 3591:William Archibald Mackintosh 3530:archival papers held at the 3487:How to use archival material 2525:. Revised Edition. Toronto: 1555:Toronto: Champlain Society. 1283:Economic History Association 802:State University of New York 660:Canadian Expeditionary Force 417:, which holds that Canada's 7: 3411:University of Toronto Press 3379:University of Toronto Press 3361:University of Toronto Press 3313:Innis, Mary Quayle. (1935) 3308:Journal of Canadian Studies 3238:University of Toronto Press 3232:Creighton, Donald. (1957). 3171:University of Toronto Press 3160:Journal of Canadian Studies 2844:University of Toronto Press 2779:University of Toronto Press 2717:University of Toronto Press 2680:Innis (Fur Trade), p. 10-15 2527:University of Toronto Press 2507:University of Toronto Press 2453:University of Toronto Press 2425:10.22230/cjc.2003v28n4a1391 2134:University of Toronto Press 2108:University of Toronto Press 2007:University of Toronto Press 1965:University of Toronto Press 1932:University of Toronto Press 1777:10.22230/cjc.2004v29n2a1435 1758:Buxton, William J. (2004). 1627: 1621:University of Toronto Press 1610:University of Toronto Press 1599:University of Toronto Press 1588:University of Toronto Press 1575:University of Toronto Press 1517:University of Toronto Press 1504:University of Toronto Press 1296:University of New Brunswick 1288:Journal of Economic History 10: 5299: 5238:Philosophers of technology 5203:McMaster University alumni 3373:Patterson, Graeme. (1990) 3131:McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) 3096:McLuhan, Marshall. (2003) 2755:Innis (Empire), pp. 78–79. 2689:Innis (Fur Trade), p. 388. 2604:Innis (Fur Trade), p. 392. 2283:Innis, Harold A. (1971) . 2242:"Books in Canada - Review" 2174:The Bias of Communication, 2085:McLuhan, Marshall. (2005) 2074:The Bias of Communication. 1564:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 1411:were named in his honour. 1111:Academic and public career 1016: 981: 928: 793:Empire and Communications. 4965: 4798: 4637: 4550:Oliver M. W. Sprague 4476: 4339: 4292: 4234: 4023: 3902: 3891: 3731: 3713: 3661: 3651: 3643: 3633: 3624: 3616: 3606: 3595: 3587: 3582: 3469: 3456: 3441: 3280:Harold A. Innis: a memoir 3133:Marshall McLuhan Unbound. 2775:The Bias of Communication 2709:Empire and Communications 2091:The Bias of Communication 2087:Marshall McLuhan Unbound. 2022:Changing Concepts of Time 1961:Changing Concepts of Time 1890:Literary Review of Canada 1727:Technological nationalism 1595:Changing Concepts of Time 1570:The Bias of Communication 1561:Empire and Communications 1477:The Bias of Communication 1450:the medium is the message 1388:Empire and Communications 1103:Empire and Communications 710:Harold Innis completed a 411:Canadian economic history 383: 327: 306: 296:The Bias of Communication 288:Empire and Communications 271: 254: 244: 234: 224: 203: 182: 177: 167: 144: 139: 135: 106: 81: 62: 47: 35: 21: 3838:Nonviolent communication 3768:History of communication 3343:Marshall McLuhan Unbound 3327:Kroker, Arthur. (1984). 3317:Toronto: Ryerson Press. 3278:Havelock, Eric. (1982). 2406:Black, David J. (2003). 2093:first published in 1951. 2019:Harold A. Innis (2004). 1854:Henderson, Stuart Robert 1732: 1697:History of communication 1692:Historiography of Canada 1143:Innis's reputation as a 1031:A Greek copy of Plato's 834:Canadian Pacific Railway 727:Canadian Pacific Railway 413:. He helped develop the 5173:Communication theorists 4866:Charles P. Kindleberger 4604:Emanuel A. Goldenweiser 3833:Nonverbal communication 3823:Models of communication 3524:Harold Innis Foundation 2975:Quoted in Heyer, p. 33. 2895:Havelock, Eric. (1982) 2473:Kroker, Arthur. (1984) 1982:Library Archives Canada 1717:Monopolies of knowledge 1583:The Strategy of Culture 1363:Royal Society of Canada 1316:Royal Society of Canada 1120:Aside from his work on 1013:Communications theories 971:The Fur Trade in Canada 964:The Fur Trade in Canada 939:North American beaver, 931:The Fur Trade in Canada 843:Communications scholar 654:Harold Innis in uniform 646:First World War service 486:University of Toronto's 360:Arthur R. M. Lower 280:The Fur Trade in Canada 5193:Historians of printing 4771:John Kenneth Galbraith 3355:Neill, Robin. (1972). 3197:Bonnett, John (2013). 2897:Harold Innis: A Memoir 2838:Innis, Harold. (1956) 2773:Innis, Harold. (1951) 2737:Innis (Empire), p. 27. 2556:Berger, Carl. (1976). 2521:Innis, Harold. (1956) 2447:Innis, Harold. (1971) 2392:Thomas, Clara. (1946) 2343:republished in Innis, 2046:Donald Wright (2015). 1959:Innis, Harold. (1952) 1459: 1344: 1333:. Later, in his essay 1308:University of Manitoba 1274: 1209: 1140: 1116:Influence in the 1930s 1089: 1036: 944: 829: 814:University of Waterloo 655: 607: 580: 538: 3985:Mediated cross-border 3707:Communication studies 3510:Works by Harold Innis 3496:Works by Harold Innis 3292:Heyer, Paul. (2003). 3087:Innis, (Empire) p. 7. 2993:Innis, (Bias) p. 139. 2855:Creighton, pp. 85–95. 2642:10.3138/9781442677630 2624:10.3138/9781442677630 2578:Berger, Carl. (1976) 2547:Creighton, pp. 61–64. 2451:Revised ed. Toronto: 2246:www.booksincanada.com 2222:Creighton, pp. 34–35. 2154:Creighton, pp. 18–19. 1702:History of technology 1484:critical media theory 1454: 1375:Nottingham University 1339: 1335:Reflections on Russia 1312:University of Glasgow 1277:Late career and death 1269: 1196: 1161:University of Toronto 1149:Angus Lewis Macdonald 1138: 1084: 1030: 938: 914:and the east side of 876:University of Toronto 827: 731:neoclassical theories 723:University of Chicago 653: 601: 575: 535: 479:Edmund Snow Carpenter 403:University of Toronto 239:University of Toronto 190:Communication studies 159:University of Chicago 5213:Mass media theorists 5188:Historians of Canada 4824:Tjalling C. Koopmans 4437:Herbert J. Davenport 4347:Edwin R. A. Seligman 3920:Communication theory 3915:Communication design 3046:"Harold Adams Innis" 3008:search.amphilsoc.org 3004:"APS Member History" 2966:Watson, pp. 223–224. 2950:"Past Award Winners" 2921:Havelock, pp. 22–23. 2816:Heyer, Paul. (1988) 2794:, September 7, 2007. 2356:Heyer, Paul. (2003) 2185:Creighton pp. 26–27. 1978:"Harold Adams Innis" 1943:Heyer, Paul. (2003) 1444:The Mechanical Bride 1422:expanded on Innis' " 1371:University of London 1079:Western civilization 960:neo-institutionalism 907:Hudson's Bay Company 716:The Returned Soldier 706:McMaster and Chicago 695:Canadian nationalism 547:southwestern Ontario 516:The Gutenberg Galaxy 503:American imperialism 489:scholarly research. 459:Western civilization 407:communication theory 211:Communication theory 5178:Economic historians 5039:Christopher A. Sims 4938:Arnold C. Harberger 4902:Thomas C. Schelling 4860:Charles L. Schultze 4747:Kenneth E. Boulding 4699:Theodore W. Schultz 3647:John Henry Williams 3162:12#5 : 96–105. 3122:Watson, pp. 410–11. 3111:McLuhan Pro and Con 3050:EH.Net Encyclopedia 3035:Watson, pp. 250–55. 2939:Watson, pp. 223–24. 2671:Watson, pp. 152–53. 2264:Watson, pp. 68–117. 2102:Creighton, Donald. 1409:McMaster University 1331:Academy of Sciences 1300:McMaster University 1244:of key industries. 1145:public intellectual 925:Fur trade in Canada 798:Donald Quayle Innis 777:Mrs. Simcoe's Diary 738:George Herbert Mead 612:McMaster University 225:School or tradition 154:McMaster University 140:Academic background 114:Donald Quayle Innis 55:Otterville, Ontario 5153:Canadian agnostics 4753:William J. Fellner 4729:Joseph J. Spengler 4717:Gottfried Haberler 4687:George W. Stocking 4681:Morris A. Copeland 4568:Frederick C. Mills 4508:Matthew B. Hammond 4461:Wesley C. Mitchell 4443:Jacob H. Hollander 3950:Discourse analysis 3875:Telecommunications 3818:Meta-communication 3637:Walter P. Thompson 3475:Harold Innis fonds 3173:. pp. 51–88. 2984:Creighton, p. 122. 2803:Stamps, J. (1991) 2662:Berger, pp. 95–96. 2486:Innis, pp. 290–94. 2163:Watson, pp. 64–68. 2119:Watson, pp. 50–51. 1210: 1198:R. B. Bennett 1141: 1037: 997:rivers and lakes, 945: 830: 820:History of the CPR 806:Ryerson University 773:Stand on a Rainbow 656: 608: 594:University studies 539: 455:Greek civilization 390:Harold Adams Innis 42:Innis in the 1920s 5120: 5119: 5075:Olivier Blanchard 5063:Robert J. Shiller 5033:Orley Ashenfelter 5009:Thomas J. Sargent 4956:Dale W. Jorgenson 4890:Joseph A. Pechman 4842:William J. Baumol 4812:Lawrence R. Klein 4806:Franco Modigliani 4723:George J. Stigler 4705:Paul A. Samuelson 4616:Joseph Schumpeter 4526:William Z. Ripley 4520:George E. Barnett 4484:Edwin W. Kemmerer 4407:Walter F. Willcox 4359:Jeremiah W. Jenks 4306:Charles F. Dunbar 4300:Francis A. Walker 4252: 4251: 3671: 3670: 3662:Succeeded by 3653:President of the 3634:Succeeded by 3610:John Wesley Dafoe 3607:Succeeded by 3492: 3491: 3481: 3480: 3419:978-0-8020-3916-3 3401:978-1-55054-736-8 3369:978-0-8020-0182-5 3337:978-0-312-78832-2 3302:978-0-7425-2484-2 3288:978-0-9691212-1-3 3274:978-0-88629-021-4 3260:978-0-19-542892-6 2956:on June 29, 2024. 2829:Creighton, p. 84. 2145:Creighton, p. 19. 1810:978-0-7735-8876-9 1707:Innis-Gérin Medal 1547:The Ryerson Press 1537:The Ryerson Press 1434:Innis and McLuhan 1352:nuclear arms race 1220:led his populist 1183:James T. Shotwell 1122:The Cod Fisheries 999:The Cod Fisheries 941:castor canadensis 765:Mary Quayle Innis 662:. He was sent to 399:political economy 387: 386: 370:John Ralston Saul 245:Doctoral students 195:political economy 172:Chester W. Wright 76:, Ontario, Canada 5290: 5263:Anti-Americanism 5051:William Nordhaus 4991:Martin Feldstein 4979:Robert Lucas Jr. 4836:Moses Abramovitz 4783:Walter W. Heller 4777:Kenneth J. Arrow 4759:Wassily Leontief 4657:Calvin B. Hoover 4645:John H. Williams 4544:Alvin S. Johnson 4514:Ernest L. Bogart 4431:Henry B. Gardner 4413:Thomas N. Carver 4324:Arthur T. Hadley 4279: 4272: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4242: 4241: 3897: 3848:Public relations 3743:Biocommunication 3700: 3693: 3686: 3677: 3676: 3665:Calvin B. Hoover 3644:Preceded by 3617:Preceded by 3597:President of the 3588:Preceded by 3580: 3579: 3506: 3477: 3465: 3452: 3451: 3439: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3145: 3142: 3136: 3129: 3123: 3120: 3114: 3107: 3101: 3094: 3088: 3085: 3079: 3076: 3070: 3067: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3042: 3036: 3033: 3027: 3024: 3018: 3017: 3015: 3014: 3000: 2994: 2991: 2985: 2982: 2976: 2973: 2967: 2964: 2958: 2957: 2946: 2940: 2937: 2931: 2928: 2922: 2919: 2913: 2906: 2900: 2893: 2887: 2884: 2878: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2856: 2853: 2847: 2836: 2830: 2827: 2821: 2814: 2808: 2801: 2795: 2788: 2782: 2771: 2765: 2762: 2756: 2753: 2747: 2744: 2738: 2735: 2729: 2726: 2720: 2705: 2699: 2696: 2690: 2687: 2681: 2678: 2672: 2669: 2663: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2611: 2605: 2602: 2596: 2589: 2583: 2576: 2570: 2567: 2561: 2554: 2548: 2545: 2539: 2536: 2530: 2519: 2510: 2496: 2487: 2484: 2478: 2471: 2465: 2462: 2456: 2445: 2439: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2427: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2381: 2370: 2367: 2361: 2354: 2348: 2340: 2334: 2327: 2321: 2318: 2312: 2309: 2303: 2302: 2290: 2280: 2274: 2271: 2265: 2262: 2256: 2255: 2253: 2252: 2238: 2232: 2229: 2223: 2220: 2214: 2211: 2205: 2201: 2195: 2194:Creighton p. 28. 2192: 2186: 2183: 2177: 2170: 2164: 2161: 2155: 2152: 2146: 2143: 2137: 2126: 2120: 2117: 2111: 2100: 2094: 2083: 2077: 2070: 2064: 2063: 2043: 2037: 2036: 2016: 2010: 1999: 1993: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1974: 1968: 1957: 1948: 1941: 1935: 1924: 1918: 1911: 1902: 1901: 1899: 1897: 1878: 1872: 1871: 1869: 1850: 1844: 1843: 1841: 1839: 1821: 1815: 1814: 1796: 1790: 1789: 1779: 1755: 1749: 1746: 1686: 1681: 1680: 1679: 1672: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1658: 1653: 1652: 1644: 1642:Biography portal 1639: 1638: 1637: 1487:transformation. 1439:Marshall McLuhan 1424:vent for surplus 1420:Douglas C. North 1393:Royal Commission 1304:Université Laval 1242:public ownership 1214:"Dirty Thirties" 1206:Great Depression 1126:Great Depression 895:Great Slave Lake 889:; then down the 785:Unfold the Years 753:Thorstein Veblen 701:Graduate studies 630: 627: 620:James Ten Broeke 571:Donald Creighton 507:Donald Creighton 475:Marshall McLuhan 467:Eric A. Havelock 396: 355:Marshall McLuhan 350:Stuart Henderson 345:Donald Creighton 267: 255:Notable students 249:S. D. Clark 216:economic history 168:Doctoral advisor 119:Mary Innis Cates 100: 98: 69: 66:November 8, 1952 51:November 5, 1894 40: 30: 19: 18: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5291: 5289: 5288: 5287: 5123: 5122: 5121: 5116: 5099:Christina Romer 4997:Daniel McFadden 4961: 4950:D. Gale Johnson 4944:Robert W. Fogel 4932:Anne O. Krueger 4926:Victor R. Fuchs 4908:William Vickrey 4872:Alice M. Rivlin 4854:W. Arthur Lewis 4830:Robert M. Solow 4794: 4789:R. Aaron Gordon 4741:Milton Friedman 4711:Edward S. Mason 4693:Arthur F. Burns 4651:Harold A. Innis 4633: 4622:Howard S. Ellis 4598:I. Leo Sharfman 4592:Joseph S. Davis 4586:Albert B. Wolfe 4580:Edwin G. Nourse 4574:Sumner Slichter 4532:Harry A. Millis 4490:Thomas S. Adams 4472: 4449:Henry R. Seager 4419:John R. Commons 4389:Frank A. Fetter 4383:Henry W. Farnam 4377:Edmund J. James 4365:Simon N. Patten 4335: 4288: 4283: 4253: 4248: 4230: 4019: 3898: 3889: 3736: 3734: 3727: 3709: 3704: 3673: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3639: 3630: 3622: 3620:Elwood S. Moore 3612: 3603: 3598: 3593: 3473: 3446: 3428: 3423: 3154: 3149: 3148: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3126: 3121: 3117: 3108: 3104: 3095: 3091: 3086: 3082: 3077: 3073: 3068: 3064: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3043: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3025: 3021: 3012: 3010: 3002: 3001: 2997: 2992: 2988: 2983: 2979: 2974: 2970: 2965: 2961: 2948: 2947: 2943: 2938: 2934: 2930:Watson, p. 223. 2929: 2925: 2920: 2916: 2907: 2903: 2894: 2890: 2886:Watson, p. 201. 2885: 2881: 2872: 2868: 2863: 2859: 2854: 2850: 2837: 2833: 2828: 2824: 2815: 2811: 2802: 2798: 2789: 2785: 2772: 2768: 2763: 2759: 2754: 2750: 2746:Watson, p. 313. 2745: 2741: 2736: 2732: 2728:Watson, p. 248. 2727: 2723: 2706: 2702: 2698:Berger, p. 100. 2697: 2693: 2688: 2684: 2679: 2675: 2670: 2666: 2661: 2657: 2634: 2612: 2608: 2603: 2599: 2590: 2586: 2577: 2573: 2569:Watson, p. 124. 2568: 2564: 2555: 2551: 2546: 2542: 2537: 2533: 2520: 2513: 2497: 2490: 2485: 2481: 2472: 2468: 2463: 2459: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2433: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2383:Watson, p. 103. 2382: 2373: 2369:Watson, p. 119. 2368: 2364: 2355: 2351: 2341: 2337: 2328: 2324: 2320:Watson, p. 111. 2319: 2315: 2310: 2306: 2299: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2268: 2263: 2259: 2250: 2248: 2240: 2239: 2235: 2230: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2212: 2208: 2202: 2198: 2193: 2189: 2184: 2180: 2171: 2167: 2162: 2158: 2153: 2149: 2144: 2140: 2127: 2123: 2118: 2114: 2101: 2097: 2084: 2080: 2071: 2067: 2060: 2044: 2040: 2033: 2017: 2013: 2000: 1996: 1986: 1984: 1976: 1975: 1971: 1958: 1951: 1942: 1938: 1925: 1921: 1912: 1905: 1895: 1893: 1879: 1875: 1851: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1822: 1818: 1811: 1797: 1793: 1756: 1752: 1747: 1740: 1735: 1682: 1677: 1675: 1668: 1663: 1661: 1654: 1647: 1640: 1635: 1633: 1630: 1493: 1436: 1401:prostate cancer 1279: 1246:Frank Underhill 1212:The era of the 1191: 1118: 1113: 1094:A Plea for Time 1062:in the time of 1021: 1015: 986: 980: 933: 927: 872: 870:"Dirt" research 859: 850:National Policy 822: 810:Anne Innis Dagg 708: 703: 683:artillery shell 668:First World War 648: 622: 596: 530: 525: 392: 379: 323: 302: 261: 220: 199: 163: 131: 127:Anne Innis Dagg 102: 99: 1921) 94: 90: 77: 71: 67: 58: 52: 43: 31: 26: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 5296: 5286: 5285: 5280: 5275: 5270: 5265: 5260: 5255: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5220: 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5165: 5160: 5155: 5150: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5118: 5117: 5115: 5114: 5108: 5102: 5096: 5090: 5084: 5078: 5072: 5066: 5060: 5057:Richard Thaler 5054: 5048: 5045:Claudia Goldin 5042: 5036: 5030: 5024: 5018: 5012: 5006: 5003:George Akerlof 5000: 4994: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4969: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4960: 4959: 4953: 4947: 4941: 4935: 4929: 4923: 4917: 4911: 4905: 4899: 4893: 4887: 4881: 4878:Gary S. Becker 4875: 4869: 4863: 4857: 4851: 4848:Gardner Ackley 4845: 4839: 4833: 4827: 4821: 4818:Jacob Marschak 4815: 4809: 4802: 4800: 4796: 4795: 4793: 4792: 4786: 4780: 4774: 4768: 4762: 4756: 4750: 4744: 4738: 4732: 4726: 4720: 4714: 4708: 4702: 4696: 4690: 4684: 4678: 4675:Edwin E. Witte 4672: 4666: 4660: 4654: 4648: 4641: 4639: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4625: 4619: 4613: 4607: 4601: 4595: 4589: 4583: 4577: 4571: 4565: 4559: 4553: 4547: 4541: 4535: 4529: 4523: 4517: 4511: 4505: 4499: 4496:Fred M. Taylor 4493: 4487: 4480: 4478: 4474: 4473: 4471: 4470: 4467:Allyn A. Young 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4416: 4410: 4404: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4371:Davis R. Dewey 4368: 4362: 4356: 4350: 4343: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4330:Richard T. Ely 4327: 4321: 4318:Henry C. Adams 4315: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4294: 4290: 4289: 4282: 4281: 4274: 4267: 4259: 4250: 4249: 4247: 4246: 4235: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4173: 4168: 4163: 4158: 4153: 4148: 4143: 4138: 4133: 4128: 4123: 4118: 4113: 4108: 4103: 4098: 4093: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4073: 4068: 4063: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4027: 4025: 4021: 4020: 4018: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3990:Organizational 3987: 3982: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3947: 3942: 3940:Cross-cultural 3937: 3932: 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3906: 3904: 3900: 3899: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3887: 3882: 3877: 3872: 3871: 3870: 3860: 3855: 3850: 3845: 3840: 3835: 3830: 3825: 3820: 3815: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3788:Intrapersonal 3785: 3780: 3775: 3770: 3765: 3760: 3755: 3750: 3745: 3739: 3737: 3732: 3729: 3728: 3726: 3725: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3710: 3703: 3702: 3695: 3688: 3680: 3669: 3668: 3663: 3660: 3650: 3645: 3641: 3640: 3635: 3632: 3623: 3618: 3614: 3613: 3608: 3605: 3594: 3589: 3585: 3584: 3578: 3577: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3517: 3507: 3490: 3489: 3483: 3482: 3479: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3466: 3458: 3454: 3453: 3443: 3435: 3434: 3427: 3426:External links 3424: 3422: 3421: 3403: 3389: 3371: 3353: 3339: 3325: 3311: 3304: 3290: 3276: 3262: 3248: 3230: 3216: 3209: 3195: 3181: 3163: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3147: 3146: 3137: 3124: 3115: 3102: 3089: 3080: 3071: 3062: 3037: 3028: 3019: 2995: 2986: 2977: 2968: 2959: 2941: 2932: 2923: 2914: 2901: 2888: 2879: 2866: 2857: 2848: 2831: 2822: 2809: 2796: 2792:Globe and Mail 2783: 2766: 2757: 2748: 2739: 2730: 2721: 2700: 2691: 2682: 2673: 2664: 2655: 2632: 2606: 2597: 2584: 2571: 2562: 2549: 2540: 2531: 2529:, pp. 383–402. 2511: 2488: 2479: 2466: 2457: 2440: 2438:Heyer pp. 6–7. 2431: 2418:(4): 433–447. 2398: 2385: 2371: 2362: 2349: 2335: 2322: 2313: 2304: 2297: 2275: 2266: 2257: 2233: 2231:Watson, p. 70. 2224: 2215: 2206: 2196: 2187: 2178: 2165: 2156: 2147: 2138: 2128:Babe, Robert. 2121: 2112: 2095: 2078: 2065: 2058: 2038: 2031: 2011: 1994: 1969: 1949: 1936: 1919: 1903: 1873: 1845: 1816: 1809: 1791: 1750: 1737: 1736: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1688: 1687: 1684:History portal 1673: 1659: 1645: 1629: 1626: 1625: 1624: 1613: 1602: 1591: 1578: 1565: 1556: 1549: 1539: 1529: 1520: 1507: 1492: 1491:Selected works 1489: 1435: 1432: 1428:James W. 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Carey 337: 331: 329: 325: 324: 322: 321: 319:staples thesis 316: 310: 308: 304: 303: 301: 300: 292: 284: 275: 273: 269: 268: 259:Albert Faucher 256: 252: 251: 246: 242: 241: 236: 232: 231: 229:Toronto School 226: 222: 221: 219: 218: 213: 207: 205: 204:Sub-discipline 201: 200: 198: 197: 192: 186: 184: 180: 179: 175: 174: 169: 165: 164: 162: 161: 156: 150: 148: 142: 141: 137: 136: 133: 132: 130: 129: 124: 121: 116: 110: 108: 104: 103: 92: 86: 85: 83: 79: 78: 72: 70:(aged 58) 64: 60: 59: 53: 49: 45: 44: 41: 33: 32: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5295: 5284: 5281: 5279: 5276: 5274: 5271: 5269: 5266: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5171: 5169: 5166: 5164: 5161: 5159: 5156: 5154: 5151: 5149: 5146: 5144: 5141: 5139: 5136: 5134: 5131: 5130: 5128: 5112: 5109: 5106: 5103: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5091: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5069:Alvin E. Roth 5067: 5064: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5052: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5028: 5025: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5015:Avinash Dixit 5013: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4989: 4986: 4985:Peter Diamond 4983: 4980: 4977: 4974: 4973:Sherwin Rosen 4971: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4957: 4954: 4951: 4948: 4945: 4942: 4939: 4936: 4933: 4930: 4927: 4924: 4921: 4918: 4915: 4914:Zvi Griliches 4912: 4909: 4906: 4903: 4900: 4897: 4896:Gérard Debreu 4894: 4891: 4888: 4885: 4884:Robert Eisner 4882: 4879: 4876: 4873: 4870: 4867: 4864: 4861: 4858: 4855: 4852: 4849: 4846: 4843: 4840: 4837: 4834: 4831: 4828: 4825: 4822: 4819: 4816: 4813: 4810: 4807: 4804: 4803: 4801: 4797: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4778: 4775: 4772: 4769: 4766: 4763: 4760: 4757: 4754: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4739: 4736: 4735:Fritz Machlup 4733: 4730: 4727: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4700: 4697: 4694: 4691: 4688: 4685: 4682: 4679: 4676: 4673: 4670: 4669:John D. Black 4667: 4664: 4663:Simon Kuznets 4661: 4658: 4655: 4652: 4649: 4646: 4643: 4642: 4640: 4636: 4629: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4599: 4596: 4593: 4590: 4587: 4584: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4560: 4557: 4554: 4551: 4548: 4545: 4542: 4539: 4538:John M. Clark 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4521: 4518: 4515: 4512: 4509: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4468: 4465: 4462: 4459: 4456: 4455:Carl C. Plehn 4453: 4450: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4438: 4435: 4432: 4429: 4426: 4425:Irving Fisher 4423: 4420: 4417: 4414: 4411: 4408: 4405: 4402: 4399: 4396: 4393: 4390: 4387: 4384: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4369: 4366: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4354: 4353:F. W. Taussig 4351: 4348: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4338: 4331: 4328: 4325: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4312:John B. 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Gay 4401:John H. Gray 4395:David Kinley 4115: 3763:Conversation 3748:Broadcasting 3672: 3652: 3625: 3596: 3573:held at the 3528:Harold Innis 3520:Innis Family 3500:Open Library 3406: 3392: 3374: 3356: 3342: 3328: 3314: 3307: 3294:Harold Innis 3293: 3279: 3265: 3251: 3233: 3219: 3215:23.3 (1998). 3212: 3198: 3184: 3166: 3159: 3140: 3132: 3127: 3118: 3110: 3105: 3097: 3092: 3083: 3074: 3065: 3053:. Retrieved 3049: 3040: 3031: 3022: 3011:. 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Toronto 1786:1499-6642 1469:dialectic 1322:in 1944. 1087:activity. 1033:Symposium 899:Mackenzie 636:Vermilion 614:(then in 584:Woodstock 423:political 335:Ian Angus 4244:Category 4196:Richards 4121:Jakobson 4101:Habermas 4056:Castells 4046:Benjamin 4024:Scholars 3516:(Canada) 3442:Location 3323:70306951 3055:23 April 2781:, p. 87. 2136:, p. 51. 1987:23 April 1967:, p. 15. 1884:(2013). 1867:1974/820 1856:(2007). 1827:(2017). 1628:See also 1348:Cold War 1310:and the 1285:and its 1200:was the 779:(1965), 763:(1933). 626:Wikidata 567:agnostic 494:Cold War 107:Children 57:, Canada 4216:Tankard 4211:Shannon 4206:Schramm 4191:Quebral 4186:Postman 4176:Packard 4156:McLuhan 4151:Marcuse 4146:Luhmann 4141:Lippman 4136:Kincaid 4131:Johnson 4096:Goffman 4091:Gerbner 4081:Flusser 4061:Chomsky 4041:Bateson 4036:Barthes 4005:Science 3935:Climate 3885:Writing 3853:Reading 3803:Meaning 3723:Outline 3718:History 3246:6605562 2873:Innis, 1722:Orality 1261:Marxist 1230:Alberta 1226:Calgary 640:Alberta 616:Toronto 588:Ontario 562:Baptist 537:school. 492:As the 419:culture 401:at the 101: 93: 74:Toronto 5113:(2024) 5107:(2023) 5101:(2022) 5095:(2021) 5089:(2020) 5083:(2019) 5077:(2018) 5071:(2017) 5065:(2016) 5059:(2015) 5053:(2014) 5047:(2013) 5041:(2012) 5035:(2011) 5029:(2010) 5023:(2009) 5017:(2008) 5011:(2007) 5005:(2006) 4999:(2005) 4993:(2004) 4987:(2003) 4981:(2002) 4975:(2001) 4958:(2000) 4952:(1999) 4946:(1998) 4940:(1997) 4934:(1996) 4928:(1995) 4922:(1994) 4916:(1993) 4910:(1992) 4904:(1991) 4898:(1990) 4892:(1989) 4886:(1988) 4880:(1987) 4874:(1986) 4868:(1985) 4862:(1984) 4856:(1983) 4850:(1982) 4844:(1981) 4838:(1980) 4832:(1979) 4826:(1978) 4820:(1978) 4814:(1977) 4808:(1976) 4791:(1975) 4785:(1974) 4779:(1973) 4773:(1972) 4767:(1971) 4761:(1970) 4755:(1969) 4749:(1968) 4743:(1967) 4737:(1966) 4731:(1965) 4725:(1964) 4719:(1963) 4713:(1962) 4707:(1961) 4701:(1960) 4695:(1959) 4689:(1958) 4683:(1957) 4677:(1956) 4671:(1955) 4665:(1954) 4659:(1953) 4653:(1952) 4647:(1951) 4630:(1950) 4624:(1949) 4618:(1948) 4612:(1947) 4606:(1946) 4600:(1945) 4594:(1944) 4588:(1943) 4582:(1942) 4576:(1941) 4570:(1940) 4564:(1939) 4558:(1938) 4552:(1937) 4546:(1936) 4540:(1935) 4534:(1934) 4528:(1933) 4522:(1932) 4516:(1931) 4510:(1930) 4504:(1929) 4498:(1928) 4492:(1927) 4486:(1926) 4469:(1925) 4463:(1924) 4457:(1923) 4451:(1922) 4445:(1921) 4439:(1920) 4433:(1919) 4427:(1918) 4421:(1917) 4415:(1916) 4409:(1915) 4403:(1914) 4397:(1913) 4391:(1912) 4385:(1911) 4379:(1910) 4373:(1909) 4367:(1908) 4361:(1906) 4355:(1904) 4349:(1902) 4332:(1900) 4326:(1898) 4320:(1896) 4314:(1894) 4308:(1893) 4302:(1886) 4221:Tannen 4201:Rogers 4181:Peirce 4166:Morgan 4111:Huxley 4086:Gasset 4076:Fisher 4031:Adorno 4015:Visual 3965:Health 3960:Global 3930:Crisis 3863:Symbol 3858:Speech 3526:, and 3470:Source 3417: 3399: 3385: 3367: 3349: 3335: 3321: 3300: 3286: 3272: 3258: 3244: 3226: 3205: 3191: 3177: 2875:Essays 2648: 2640: 2630: 2295: 2056: 2029: 1807: 1784: 1615:1980. 1604:1956. 1593:1952. 1580:1952. 1567:1951. 1558:1950. 1551:1948. 1541:1946. 1531:1940. 1522:1930. 1509:1930. 1496:1923. 1383:Oxford 1306:, the 1068:Greece 1005:, and 864:potash 664:France 555:Herald 498:Canada 445:, and 435:lumber 409:, and 299:(1951) 291:(1950) 283:(1930) 82:Spouse 4126:Janis 4116:Innis 4071:Ellul 4066:Craig 4051:Burke 3808:Media 3659:1952 2646:S2CID 2638:JSTOR 1733:Notes 1467:the " 1240:with 1064:Plato 629:] 439:wheat 266:] 95:( 91: 4161:Mead 4000:Risk 3975:Mass 3868:list 3415:ISBN 3397:ISBN 3383:ISBN 3365:ISBN 3347:OCLC 3333:ISBN 3319:OCLC 3298:ISBN 3284:ISBN 3270:ISBN 3256:ISBN 3242:OCLC 3224:ISBN 3203:ISBN 3189:ISBN 3175:ISBN 3057:2014 2628:ISBN 2293:ISBN 2204:go." 2054:ISBN 2027:ISBN 1989:2015 1898:2019 1840:2019 1805:ISBN 1782:ISSN 1373:and 1072:Rome 1045:clay 761:Anne 740:and 477:and 447:coal 431:fish 394:FRSC 63:Died 48:Born 28:FRSC 4171:Ong 3512:at 3498:at 2620:doi 2420:doi 1862:hdl 1772:doi 1318:'s 1070:to 1047:or 990:cod 893:to 885:to 549:'s 545:in 427:fur 5129:: 3522:, 3413:. 3381:. 3363:. 3240:. 3048:. 3006:. 2644:. 2636:. 2626:. 2514:^ 2491:^ 2416:28 2414:. 2410:. 2374:^ 2244:. 2132:, 2106:. 1980:. 1952:^ 1906:^ 1888:. 1831:. 1780:. 1768:29 1766:. 1762:. 1741:^ 1302:. 1228:, 1074:. 1009:. 918:. 670:. 638:, 586:, 509:. 481:. 441:, 437:, 433:, 429:, 421:, 264:fr 97:m. 4278:e 4271:t 4264:v 3699:e 3692:t 3685:v 3059:. 3016:. 2652:. 2622:: 2428:. 2422:: 2301:. 2254:. 2062:. 2035:. 1991:. 1900:. 1870:. 1864:: 1842:. 1813:. 1788:. 1774:: 1623:. 1612:. 1601:. 1590:. 1577:. 1519:. 1506:.

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