Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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South Vietnamese "morale and momentum" could be improved, the regime of General Khanh would collapse. Bundy recommended a programme of gradually increasing escalation to achieve "maximum results for minimal risks". Bundy argued for August, the United States should do nothing to "take onus off the Communist side for escalation". Starting in September, the memo advocated more DESOTO patrols, 34A raids, and for the United States to start bombing the part of the Ho Chi Minh Trail running through neutral Laos. In January 1965, Bundy stated the "next move upward" would begin with a strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. Taylor objected to Bundy's plan, stating if the U.S started bombing North Vietnam, it would trigger a North Vietnamese response that the South Vietnamese would not be able to handle on their own. Taylor, who had become increasingly disillusioned with South Vietnam as Khanh drove him to exasperation with his stupidity wrote: "We should not get involved militarily with North Vietnam and possibly with Red China if our base in South Vietnam is insecure and Khanh's army is tied down everywhere by the Vietcong insurgency". General Wheeler and the rest of Joint Chiefs of Staff rejected Taylor's advice and advocated an immediate strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. On 07 September 1964, Johnson called a meeting at the White House attended by McNamara, Rusk, Wheeler, the Bundy brothers and Taylor to discuss what to do. Taylor conceded that there "only the emergence of an exceptional leader could improve the situation and there is no George Washington in sight". The meeting concluded that the U.S. would react "as appropriate" against "any" attacks against American forces. A war game conducted by the Joint Chiefs of Staff in September 1963 code-named Sigma I found that the U.S. would have to commit half-million troops to have a chance of victory in Vietnam; its sequel code-named Sigma II in September 1964 reached the same conclusion and found that despite the claims of General LeMay that a strategical bombing campaign would not be decisive, instead stating that the war would only be won on the ground.

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Johnson made it difficult for him to go against the president, who cunningly exploited Fulbright's vulnerability, namely his desire to have greater influence over foreign policy. Johnson gave Fulbright the impression that he would be one of his unofficial advisers on foreign policy and that he was very interested in turning his ideas into policies, provided that he voted for the resolution, which was a test of their friendship. Johnson also hinted that he was thinking about sacking Rusk if he won the 1964 election and would consider nominating Fulbright to be the next Secretary of State. Fulbright had much contempt for whoever happened to be Secretary of State, always believing that he understood foreign policy better than any of them, and had a particular contempt for Rusk, so the offer to be Secretary of State was tempting for him. Fulbright also felt a strong rapport with his fellow Southerner Johnson, the first Southern president since Wilson. Finally, for Fulbright in 1964 it was inconceivable that Johnson would lie to him and he believed the resolution "was not going to be used for anything other than the Tonkin Gulf incident itself" as Johnson had told him. Johnson told Fulbright he wanted the resolution passed by the widest possible margin to show North Vietnam that Congress was united behind the administration. Despite all of Johnson's efforts, there was little danger of the resolution not being passed. A public opinion poll at the time showed that 85% of Americans felt that Congress should pass the resolution.

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recommended further troops to Vietnam and on 01 April 1965 Johnson agreed to send 2 more Marine battalions plus 28, 000 logistic troops. At the same time, Johnson approved Westmoreland's request for "offensive defense" by allowing the Marines to patrol the countryside instead of just guarding the air base, committing the U.S. to a ground war. Taylor wrote that Johnson having "crossed the Rubicon" with Rolling Thunder "was now off to Rome on the double". On 20 April 1965, Johnson approved a plan to send 40, 000 U.S Army troops to South Vietnam by June. In June, Westmoreland reported "The South Vietnamese armed forces cannot stand up to this pressure without substantial U.S. combat troops on the ground" and stated that he needed 180, 000 men immediately, a request that was granted in July. In a telephone call to McNamara that unknown to the latter was being recorded, Johnson said "We know ourselves that when we asked for this Tonkin Gulf resolution, we had no intention of committing this many ground troops", leading McNamara to say "right". Johnson concluded: "And we're doin' so now and we know it's goin' be bad, and the question: do we just want to do it out on a limb by ourselves?" On 28 July 1965, Johnson gave a TV speech saying: "I have asked the commanding general, General Westmoreland, what more he needs to meet this mounting aggression. He has told me. And we will meet his needs. We cannot be defeated by force of arms. We will stand in Vietnam".

852:, the chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. McNamara had the image of the "whiz kid", a man of almost superhuman intelligence and ability whose computer-generated graphs and spreadsheets showed the best way to "scientifically" solve any problem. McNamara, whose statements always seemed to be backed up by the Pentagon's computers had the ability to "dazzle" Congress and whatever he requested of Congress tended to be approved. Fulbright, through too much an individualist and an intellectual to fit into the Senate's "Club", was widely respected as the Senate's resident foreign policy expert and as a defender of Congress's prerogatives. If Fulbright backed the resolution, Johnson knew that he would probably carry over the doubters and waverers, of which there were several. Johnson knew that the conservative Republicans together with the conservative Southern Democrats would vote for the resolution, but he did not want to be dependent upon their support for his foreign policy as his domestic policies were anathema to them. From Johnson's viewpoint, having liberal Democrats and liberal Republicans vote for the resolution would free his hands to carry out the domestic reforms he wanted to have Congress pass after the election. 933:, who previously had doubts about Vietnam and whose long-standing friendship with Johnson had just been severely tested by the latter's support for the Civil Rights Act, supported the resolution, saying: "Our national honor is at stake. We cannot and will not shrink from defending it". On 06 August 1964, Fulbright gave a speech on the Senate floor calling for the resolution to be passed as he accused North Vietnam of "aggression" and praised Johnson for his "great restraint...in response to the provocation of a small power". He also declared his support for the Johnson administration's "noble" Vietnam policy, which he called a policy of seeking "...to establish viable, independent states in Indochina and elsewhere which will be free and secure from the combination of Communist China and Communist North Vietnam". Fulbright concluded that this policy could be accomplished via diplomatic means and echoing Johnson's thesis, argued that it was necessary to pass the resolution as a way to intimidate North Vietnam who would presumably change their policies towards South Vietnam once Congress passed the resolution. Fulbright called the resolution a mechanism "calculated to prevent the spread of war". 823:) on the bases of the North Vietnamese torpedo boats and announced, in a television address to the American public that same evening, that U.S. naval forces had been attacked. Johnson in his television address announced: "Repeated acts of violence against the armed forces of the United States must be met not only with alert defense, but with positive reply. That reply is being given as I speak tonight". Johnson requested approval of a resolution "expressing the unity and determination of the United States in supporting freedom and in protecting peace in southeast Asia", stating that the resolution should express support "for all necessary action to protect our Armed Forces", but repeated previous assurances that "the United States ... seeks no wider war". As the nation entered the final three months of political campaigning for the 1964 elections (in which Johnson was standing for election), the president contended that the resolution would help "hostile nations ... understand" that the United States was unified in its determination "to continue to protect its national interests". The media reaction to the raid was highly favorable with 443:

countryside was now under Vietcong "control or predominant influence". McNamara further reported that desertion rate in the ARVN was "high and increasing"; the Vietcong were "recruiting energetically"; the South Vietnamese people were overcome by "apathy and indifference"; and the "greatest weakness" was the "uncertain viability" of Khánh regime which might be overthrown by another coup at any moment. In response to McNamara's report, the National Security Council issued an "action memorandum" calling for increased military aid to South Vietnam and asserted that Vietnam was a "test case" of American global leadership, claiming that a Communist victory in South Vietnam would so damage American prestige that none of America's allies would believe in American promises if South Vietnam was "lost". By presenting the Vietnam war in these stark terms with the melodramatic claim that the United States would cease to be a world power if South Vietnam was "lost", the "action memorandum" virtually guaranteed American intervention.

396:, the CIA's Inspector General, visited South Vietnam and reported that he was "shocked by the number of our people and of the military, even those whose job is always to say that we are winning, who feel the tide is against us". The general consensus among American Vietnam experts by early 1964 was as one official wrote "unless there is a marked improvement in the effectiveness of the South Vietnamese government and armed forces" that South Vietnam had only "an even chance of withstanding the insurgency menace during the next few weeks or months". Publicly the Johnson administration still ruled out American intervention, but in private Johnson was inclined to listen to the advice of McNamara and Taylor who advised him that only American military intervention could save South Vietnam now as the feuding generals of the Revolutionary Command Council was simply too disunited, too corrupt and too incompetent to win the war. 480:, called resolution the "functional equivalent of a declaration of war". The U.S Air Force had already selected 94 sites in North Vietnam to be bombed while the U.S. Navy had moved a carrier task force into the Gulf of Tonkin with the orders to be prepared for "reprisal bombings" of North Vietnam. Initially, the plans called for the United States to respond to guerrilla attacks in South Vietnam with bombing raids over North Vietnam, and then Johnson would submit the resolution to Congress sometime in late June 1964. At the time, Congress was preoccupied with the Civil Rights Act, which was intended to outlaw segregation, a bill that Johnson had supported and was met with fierce resistance from Southern senators and congressmen who did everything within their power to "kill the bill". Johnson wanted the Civil Rights Act passed before submitting the resolution to Congress. On 15 June 1964, National Security Adviser 1061:, killing 5 American servicemen and destroying 6 B-57 bombers. Wheeler recommended an immediate bombing campaign against North Vietnam, but Johnson demurred, instead creating a "working group" to consider scenarios for American intervention. The conclusion of the "working group" chaired by William Bundy when presented in late November resorted to the bureaucratic device of the "Goldilocks's Principle" by presenting Johnson with two extreme options of either invading North Vietnam or abandoning South Vietnam; in between the two extremes was the third option of gradual escalation, which Bundy knew that Johnson would choose. On 01 December 1964, McNamara, Rusk and "Mac" Bundy presented Johnson again with the "Goldilock's Principle" by giving him three options, knowing he would choose the third as invading North Vietnam and abandoning South Vietnam were too extreme for him. Johnson agreed to their advice to launch 412:, pointed out a major constitutional problem with the plans to commit American forces to Vietnam, noting under the American constitution only Congress had the power to declare war. Johnson had made it clear that he was opposed to Khánh's plans to have South Vietnam invade North Vietnam out of the fear of causing a war with China, and he had even less enthusiasm for the United States invading North Vietnam. To have the U.S. declare war on North Vietnam would lead to immense domestic pressure to invade North Vietnam. Johnson remembered how in 1950 the approach of U.S. forces upon the Yalu led to Chinese intervention in the Korean War, and was fearful that invading North Vietnam would again lead to Chinese intervention. Moreover, unlike in 1950, by 1964 China had nuclear weapons. To resolve this problem, Rostow suggested to Johnson that Congress pass a resolution authorizing Johnson to use force in Vietnam. 472:

good". Russell warned Johnson against relying too much on McNamara, saying: "McNamara is the smartest fella any of us know. But he's got so much-he's opinionated as hell-and he's made up his mind". Johnson expressed his confidence in McNamara, saying he was the most intelligent man he knew and said he was trying to buy time until the elections were over in November before deciding what to do. However, he complained: "But those politicians got to raising hell, and Scripps-Howard writing these stories, and all the Senators, and Nixon, Rockefeller and Goldwater--let's move, let's go in the North". After discussing the failure of the bombing campaign against North Korea in the Korean war, both men agreed that North Vietnam would not be defeated by strategic bombing. Johnson concluded: "Well, they'd impeach a president that runs out, wouldn't they? Outside of Morse, everybody says you got to go in".

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disastrous defeat" with the alternative being either "salvage what little can be saved" by withdrawing or to commit American forces to war. By contrast, Taylor advised Johnson against committing American troops, stating that having the Americans "carry the ball" would only encourage South Vietnam's feuding generals to engage in even more in-fighting at the expense of the war effort, thus creating a vicious circle where the Americans would do all the fighting while the ARVN did nothing, leading to a situation where more and more Americans would be needed. After a Viet Cong attack on the American air base at Pleiku in February 1965, Johnson called a meeting at the White House attended by his national security team plus Mansfield and McCormack to announce that "I've had enough of this" and that he had decided on a bombing campaign. Only Mansfield and the Vice President

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intimidation. Nelson wanted to add an amendment forbidding Johnson from sending troops to fight in Vietnam unless Congress gave its approval first, saying he did not like the open-ended nature of the resolution. Fulbright dissuaded him, saying he had the president's word that "the last thing we want to do is become involved in a land war in Asia". Fulbright argued to Nelson the resolution was "harmless" while saying that the real purpose of the resolution was "to pull the rug out from under Goldwater", going on to ask Nelson who did he prefer to win the election, Johnson or Goldwater? From the viewpoint of Nelson, a liberal Democrat known for his support of environmentalism, Johnson was a far more preferable president than Goldwater, the leader of the right-wing of the Republican Party.

568: 419:, assistant secretary for Asia, who advised Johnson in a memo on 01 March 1964 that the U.S Navy should blockade Haiphong and start bombing North Vietnam's railroads, factories, road and training camps. Bundy stated that the plans for stepped-up U.S involvement would "normally require" a declaration of war from Congress. Bundy advised against the "blunt instrument" of a declaration of war as at present Johnson still had only "selective goals" in Vietnam, but stated that it would be "unsatisfactory" to have Congress not endorse the planned increased involvement in Vietnam for constitutional reasons. Bundy argued that the "best answer" to this problem was an event from Johnson's own career as a Senator when, in January 1955, he voted for the 856:

Fulbright became skeptical about whatever the alleged attack had really taken place. Furthermore, Johnson insisted the resolution, which was a "functional equivalent to a declaration of war" was not intended to be used for going to war in Vietnam. In the 1964 election, the Republicans had nominated Goldwater as their candidate, who ran on a platform accusing Johnson of being "soft on Communism" and by contrast promised a "total victory" over Communism. Johnson argued to Fulbright that the resolution was an election year stunt that would prove to the voters that he was really "tough on Communism" and thus dent the appeal of Goldwater by denying him of his main avenue of attack. Besides for the

38: 665:, ordered his staff to "pull together" the resolution Bundy had written in May–June, just in case Johnson decided to submit it to Congress. On 03 August 1964, the South Vietnamese in their Swift boats raided Cape Vinhson and Cua Ron. The cruise of the American destroyers was not directly connected to the raid, but Herrick knew from reading the summaries of decrypted North Vietnamese radio messages that the North Vietnamese believed that it was. Herrick received orders to "show the gauntlet" and prove to the North Vietnamese that the Americans would sail off North Vietnam in waters that the Americans insisted were international waters. 451:, an aide to Bundy advised him that Morse was correct that the administration was "on pretty thin ice" when it came to advocating escalation on the basis of international law. As it was felt that Morse was strong on the legalistic arguments, Moore recommended that the administration "shift gears rapidly into a general (practical and political) rationale" and ignore Morse as much as possible. Bundy believed the resolution would give Johnson "the full support of the school of thought headed by Senator Mansfield and Senator Aiken and leave ourselves with die-hard opposition only from Senator Morse and his very few cohorts." 783:

another DeSoto patrol off North Vietnam, but Undersecretary of State George Ball made an impassioned speech, saying: "Mr. President, I urge you not to make that decision. Suppose one of the destroyers is sunk with several hundred men aboard. Inevitably, there'll be a Congressional investigation. What would your defense be?...Just think what Congress and the world press would do with that! They would say that Johnson had thrown away lives just to have an excuse to bomb the North. Mr. President you couldn't live with that." In response, Johnson told McNamara: "We won't go ahead with it, Bob. Let's put it on the shelf".

1050:. Seaborn told Đồng that based on his recent meetings with Johnson that he was seriously using the powers he just gained from the Gulf of Tonkin resolution to go to war, but also stated that Johnson was willing to offer "economic and other benefits" if only North Vietnam ceased trying to overthrow the government of South Vietnam. Seaborn further stated that Johnson had told him that North Vietnam would "suffer the consequences" if it continued on its "present course". Đồng rejected the offer, saying he would rather see the war engulf "the whole of Southeast Asia" than to abandon the vision of one Communist Vietnam. 463:, as too arrogant, saying "He's thinks he's dealing with barbarian tribes out there. And he's the emperor and he's just going to tell them what to do. There's no doubt in my mind that he had ol'Diem killed out there". Johnson called the coup that saw the Ngo brothers killed "a tragic mistake", which he blamed on Lodge. Russell suggested making Lodge into the "fall guy" for the failures of South Vietnam and urged Johnson to send an expert who was "not scared to death of McNamara" to go to South Vietnam to recommend a withdrawal, saying preferably the expert should be a war hero from World War Two, suggesting 533:

SAMs (surface-to-air missiles). All through the spring and summer of 1964, Soviet workers were building and installing radar stations together with SAM batteries all over North Vietnam while training the North Vietnamese in their use. As the U.S. Air Force and Navy were developing their plans at the same time to bomb North Vietnam, both the admirals and Air Force generals insisted that they needed more information about the radar network the Soviets were installing, most notably the frequencies the radar used in order to develop jamming mechanisms. As a result, the U.S. Navy began to increase

1085:, who was strongly opposed to the United States fighting a war in Asia which would distract American attention from Europe, wrote to Johnson proposing a summit in Washington, where he intended to press Johnson to not use his powers under the resolution to fight war in Vietnam. Johnson phoned Wilson to say the proposed summit was superfluous, maintaining he could not see "what was to be gained by flapping around the Atlantic with our coattails out", and instead urged Wilson to send British troops to fight in Vietnam. On 22 February 1965, the commander of the U.S. forces in Vietnam, General 1101:

too deep now", he was able to extend the debate for two weeks. Morse who was described as a "skilled parliamentarian" was able to use various procedural methods to keep the debate going despite Mansfield's efforts, and several senators spoke in favor of the motion. Russell complained about the "very great grant of power" that the resolution had granted Johnson. Ultimately, most senators followed Johnson's argument that America was at war and it was the patriotic duty of Congress to support the president, no matter what, and only five senators voted for Morse's motion.

1435:, which took office in January 1969, initially opposed repeal, warning of "consequences for Southeast Asia go beyond the war in Vietnam". In 1970 the administration began to shift its stance. It asserted that its conduct of operations in Southeast Asia was based not on the resolution but was a constitutional exercise of the president's authority, as commander in chief of U.S. military forces, to take necessary steps to protect American troops as they were gradually withdrawn (the U.S. had begun withdrawing its forces from Vietnam in 1969 under a policy known as " 385:

Intelligence Agency (CIA) had been training squads of South Vietnamese volunteers and infiltrating them into North Vietnam with the aim of starting an anti-Communist guerrilla war with a lack of success. For an example, of the 80 teams that were infiltrated into North Vietnam in 1963, all were captured, causing one CIA agent to later say: "I didn't mind butchering the enemy, but we were butchering our own allies". In January 1964, Johnson gave his approval for a plan to step up the pace and intensity of the covert war against North Vietnam, which was code-named

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experts believed that China would not enter the war, but commented the experts had said the same thing in 1950. Johnson noted that according to most polls 63% of Americans did not know or care about Vietnam; those who did were making an issue of the 35 American advisers killed fighting in Vietnam so far in 1964. Russell noted that more Americans were killed in car accidents in Atlanta than had been killed in Vietnam but warned that public opinion could change if more Americans were killed. Russell dismissed the American ambassador to South Vietnam,

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and the stakes are very high indeed". Johnson added: "I have never felt that this war will be won from the air, and it seems to me that what is much needed and would be more effective is a larger and stronger use of Rangers and Special Forces and Marines, or other appropriate military strength on the ground and on scene..I know that it might involve the acceptance of larger Americans sacrifices but I myself am ready to substantially increase the Americans in Vietnam if it is necessary to provide this kind of fighting force against the Vietcong".

773:, were summoned to the State Department to be told that the United States would be launching a major bombing raid on North Vietnam very soon. A press release from the Defense Department accused North Vietnam of a "second deliberate attack" on American warships in international waters. At a meeting of the National Security Council, Rusk pressed for a bombing raid, saying the second alleged attack was more serious of the two incidents and that it indicated that North Vietnam wanted war with the United States. The CIA director 435:, was known to be skeptical about using American forces to support South Vietnam. Mansfield, a devout Catholic who was only willing to support wars that met the Catholic definition of a "just war", had once been one of South Vietnam's warmest supporters on Capital Hill, but after visiting South Vietnam in late 1962 came back very disillusioned by what he had seen, stating the regime was just as tyrannical as the Viet Cong guerrillas fighting to overthrow it. In addition to Mansfield, Bundy predicted problems from Senator 1128: 439:, a stubborn and cantankerous character who was known for his strongly held view that only Congress had power to declare war, and who deeply disliked resolutions like the Formosa resolution as weakening the power of Congress. Bundy warned the president that his "doubtful friends" in Congress might delay the passage of the desired resolution which would give America's European allies opposed to a war in Southeast Asia the chance to impose "tremendous pressure" on the U.S. "to stop and negotiate". 790:(NSA) had broken North Vietnam's codes, and McNamara emphasized to Johnson that certain decrypts conveyed that North Vietnamese torpedo boats had been damaged by American destroyers, thus proving that the second incident happened. However, several intelligence analyses at the time accused McNamara of having either misinterpreted, either intentionally or by mistake, decrypts referring to the first incident of August 2 and presenting them as referring to the second alleged incident of August 4. 576: 5215: 5205: 840:, as authoritative on the subject. This says reprisals are never to be taken 'merely for revenge', but only as an unavoidable last resort 'to enforce the rules of civilized warfare'. And they should not exceed the degree of violence committed by the enemy". Stone argued that no damage had been done to either destroyer, but contrast the American bombing raid had destroyed a naval base and an oil storage facility in North Vietnam. 559:

Vietnamese had extended their claim to control of waters 12 miles off their coastline, a claim the United States had declined to recognize. On 30 July 1964, South Vietnamese commandos tried to attack the North Vietnamese radar station on the island of Hon Me, but were detected as they were coming in, leading the North Vietnamese to open fire, making any landing impossible. The radar on Hon Me was turned on, and the

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congressional leaders were supportive, through Mansfield still had doubts, saying he preferred the matter be referred to the United Nations. Rusk assured Mansfield that he would have liked to take the matter up at the UN, but the possibility of a Soviet veto at the UN left the president no choice. Johnson told Mansfield the UN was not an option and that: "I have told you what I want from you". Senator

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resolution was "like grandma's nightshirt-it covered everything". Despite his public claims of "aggression", Johnson in private believed that the second incident had not taken place, saying at a meeting in the Oval Office in his Texas twang: "Hell, those dumb stupid sailors were just shooting at flying fish". The president's two chosen instruments for passing the resolution were the Defense Secretary

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two, if you don't we will have to get busy". About the fact that Radio Hanoi had admitted to the first incident, but denied the second, Rusk used the radio broadcasts to argue for the malevolence and dishonesty of North Vietnam, saying: "They have not talked about what did happen, but what did not happen". After the meeting, Johnson summoned his National Security Adviser,

794:, the deputy director of the CIA later stated: "I felt from the start that the second incident had been questionable, but I simply wasn't sure. However, after a number of days collating and examining the reports relating to the second incident, I concluded that they were either unsound or that they dealt with the first incident". Cline was told to keep his doubts to himself. 389:. Johnson had hopes that Operation 34A might at best lead to the overthrow of North Vietnam's Communist government and at worse might so weaken North Vietnam as to end the war in South Vietnam. As part of Operation 34A, starting on 01 February 1964, South Vietnamese commandos began to conduct maritime raids on coastal North Vietnam under American naval operational command. 645:

attack American warships. Though Johnson now had an "incident" at sea involving a North Vietnamese attack against American warships, he declined to use it as a reason to present a resolution to Congress. Johnson's fear was that the North Vietnamese could claim that the attempted raid on the radar station on Hon Me on July 30 gave them legitimate fears that the

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and then you can have your war". The instability of South Vietnamese politics suggested it was impossible for the ARVN (Army of the Republic of Vietnam-i.e. the South Vietnamese Army) to focus on the war. Johnson stated at a meeting in the Oval Office that he was fed up with "this coup shit", and shortly thereafter another coup took place in Saigon as General

251:(D-AK). Senator Gruening objected to "sending our American boys into combat in a war in which we have no business, which is not our war, into which we have been misguidedly drawn, which is steadily being escalated." The Johnson administration subsequently relied upon the resolution to begin its rapid escalation of U.S. military involvement in 757:

launch a retaliatory raid, but could not move "unless we are dammed sure what happened". Admiral Sharp in turn applied strong pressure on Herrick to rewrite his report to "confirm absolutely" that his patrol had been just attacked by North Vietnamese torpedo boats. Admiral Sharp in a telephone call at 2:08 pm to the Air Force general

496:, who served as Canada's representative on the International Control Commission, arrived in Hanoi carrying a secret message from Johnson that North Vietnam would suffer the "greatest devastation" from American bombing if it continued on its present course. Towards the end of June, Johnson asked Secretary of State 1065:

to bomb the Lao section of the Ho Chi Minh trail and for more 34A raids. On Christmas Eve 1964, the Viet Cong bombed the Brinks Hotel in Saigon, killing two Americans. Despite almost unanimous advice to bomb North Vietnam, Johnson refused, saying in a cable to Taylor "The final responsibility is mine

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cast the only nay votes. At the time, Senator Morse warned that "I believe this resolution to be a historic mistake." Morse also predicted that those who voted for the resolution "will live to regret it". Much to Johnson's satisfaction, Senator Goldwater voted for the resolution as appropriate, which

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and Operation 34A, leading to a blunt denial. In response to Morse's question, McNamara answered dismissively: "Our navy played absolutely no part in, was not associated with, was not aware of any South Vietnamese actions, if there were any...I say this flatly. This is a fact". The administration did

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Johnson was informed of the incident and -- in the first use of the "hotline" to Moscow installed after the Cuban Missile Crisis -- called Khrushchev in the Kremlin to say that the United States did not want war, but he hoped that the Soviets would use their influence to persuade North Vietnam to not

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off the coast of North Vietnam. The Navy's tactic was to have South Vietnamese commandos land to attack the North Vietnamese radar stations, forcing the operators to turn on the radars, which thereby allowed the Americans to learn what frequencies they used. The South Vietnamese commandos were landed

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to the Oval Office for a discussion about Vietnam that, unknown to the latter, he recorded. Russell predicted that American involvement in Vietnam would lead to a war with China, saying "it's the damned worst mess I ever saw" and South Vietnam was "not important a damned bit". Johnson stated that his

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than expected." About the Revolutionary Command Council as the South Vietnamese military junta called itself, McNamara was scathing, saying "there is no organized government in South Vietnam" as the junta was "indecisive and drifting" with the generals being "so preoccupied with essentially political

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On 05 August 1964, Fulbright arrived at the White House to meet Johnson, where the president asked his old friend to use all his influence to get the resolution passed. Johnson insisted quite vehemently to Fulbright that the alleged attack on the destroyers had taken place and it was only later that

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argued that there was no point in inquiring if the second incident had occurred or not, saying it was imperative that the United States must strike North Vietnam at once to show strength. Rusk told the congressional leaders: "We are trying to get across two points-one, leave your neighbor alone and,

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Johnson invited 18 senators and congressmen led by Mansfield to the White House to inform them he had ordered a bombing raid on North Vietnam and asked for their support for a resolution. Johnson began the meeting with a warning: "It is dangerous to have the leaders come here. The reporters see they

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Early on the morning of 04 August 1964, Johnson told several congressmen at a meeting that North Vietnam had just attacked an American patrol in the Gulf of Tonkin in international waters and promised retaliation. At the same time, Johnson also stated that he wanted Congress to vote for a resolution

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in 1963, Mao again mocked him for his moderation, and was again approvingly quoted by North Vietnamese newspapers. In a bid to recapture influence lost to China, the Soviet Union sold North Vietnam a radar system that was far more advanced than anything China could produce together with batteries of

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who favored having South Vietnam becoming neutral in the Cold War in order to provide Americans with an honorable way to disengage from Vietnam. Though not keen on fighting a war in Vietnam, Johnson told Taylor and the other chiefs of staff at a Christmas Eve party in 1963: "Just let me get elected,

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In February 1966, Morse introduced a motion to repeal the resolution, which he argued was unconstitutional and had been used in ways that Johnson had promised that it would not be. Through Morse's motion had no chance of passing with Senate Majority Leader Mansfield fatalistically saying "we are in

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Though Johnson now had the power to wage war in Vietnam, he proved reluctant to use it, instead hoping that Ambassador Taylor could somehow pressure the South Vietnamese to fight better. On 11 August 1964, William Bundy wrote a memo on the "next course of action", under which predicated that unless

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called Johnson to congratulate him. The call was recorded and Johnson spent much time denouncing Morse as mentally unstable and untrustworthy while he called Gruening an ingrate, saying "He's just no good. I've spent millions on him up in Alaska". Rostow was ebullient and stated: "The second attack

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denied leaking the meeting, saying "I did not tell a damn person". The atmosphere of the meeting with Johnson saying that the American warplanes were on their way to bomb North Vietnam made it difficult for those present to oppose the president, out of the fear of appearing unpatriotic. Most of the

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The equivocal nature of Captain Herrick's reports were a worrisome factor, and Johnson informed McNamara, the member of the cabinet that he trusted the most, to ensure that the naval report remove all of the ambiguous elements. In turn, McNamara phoned Admiral Sharp to say the president was keen to

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At the time, Morse was one of the few critics of Johnson's Vietnam policy. In a speech in April 1964, Morse called the war "McNamara's War", claiming: "Not one voice has yet answered my contention that the United States, under the leadership of Defense Secretary McNamara, is fighting an illegal and

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McNamara visited South Vietnam for four days starting on 08 March 1964, and upon his return to Washington was even more pessimistic than he been before in December 1963. McNamara reported to Johnson the situation had "unquestionably been growing worse" since his last visit in December as 40% of the

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Though the United States had long denounced the North Vietnamese government for trying to overthrow the South Vietnamese government, accusing Hanoi of "aggression", South Vietnam, with American support, had also been trying to overthrow the North Vietnamese government. Starting in 1961, the Central

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Though Johnson was planning as president to focus on domestic affairs such as civil rights for Afro-Americans together with social legislation to improve the lot of the poor, he was very afraid that to "lose" South Vietnam would cause him to be branded as "soft on Communism", the dreaded accusation

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in a report to Johnson called South Vietnam "pivotal" to the United States's "worldwide confrontation with Communism" and predicated that to allow South Vietnam to fall to the Viet Cong would be such a blow to American "durability, resolution and trustworthiness" that all of Asia might very well be

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that the situation was "very disturbing" as "current trends, unless reversed in the next two or three months, will lead to neutralization at best or more likely to a Communist-controlled state." McNamara further reported that the Viet Cong were winning the war as they controlled "larger percentages

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Fulbright who developed doubts by this point advised Johnson that a "massive ground and air war in Southeast Asia" would be a "disaster", but Johnson now had the legal power to wage war as he saw fit and disregarded his warning not send any more troops. The Joint Chiefs of Staff led by Wheeler now

864:

reason, arguing that such a resolution would intimidate North Vietnam into ceasing to try to overthrow the government of South Vietnam, and as such Congress passing a resolution would make American involvement in Vietnam less likely rather than more likely. Fulbright's longstanding friendship with

475:

By late May 1964, a rough draft of the resolution that was to become the Gulf of Tonkin resolution had been completed by Bundy which, if passed by Congress, would give Johnson the legal power to use force to defend any nation in Southeast Asia threatened by "Communist aggression or subversion". By

271:

In March 1956, the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. A communist-led uprising began against Diem's government in April 1957. The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January

690:

subsequently insisted that it had not launched a second attack. Though Herrick had reported an attack by North Vietnamese torpedo boats, he soon developed strong doubts about whatever an attack had actually occurred. Herrick reported to Admiral Sharp that the "torpedo boats" were almost certainly

471:

as possible candidates. Johnson was intrigued by Russell's suggestion, but then changed the subject by calling Mansfield a "Milquetoast with no spine", saying contemptuously of Manfield's plans for an international conference to settle the Vietnam war: "Conferences aint' going to do a damn bit of

887:

had been "carrying out a routine mission of the type we carry out all over the world at all times" and denied that it had been in any way involved in South Vietnamese patrol boat raids on the offshore islands of Hon Me and Hon Nieu on the nights of July 30 and July 31. In his testimony, McNamara

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of the U.S. Information Agency and the lone black man at the meeting said his agency would have to justify any bombing raid and to rebut charges that the United States had fabricated the incidents, leading McNamara to say that there was no doubt that both incidents had occurred. McNamara wanted

777:

in response stated that his agency believed that North Vietnam did not want war with America, saying that North Vietnam was acting "out of pride" and anger over the violation of its sovereignty with American warships sailing through its waters and South Vietnamese commandos attacking its shore.

563:

stationed off the coast picked up the radar frequency being used. North Vietnam made a formal protest about the raid to the International Control Commission consisting of delegations of diplomats from India, Canada and Poland that were supposed to enforce the Geneva Accords, accusing the United

367:

to achieve national prominence. The fear that a new McCarthy-type Republican politician would emerge and derail his domestic reforms was Johnson's primary reason for refusing to accept the possibility of South Vietnam being "lost". Johnson's determination to not "lose" South Vietnam extended to

558:

not to go any closer that 8 miles from the coast of North Vietnam and no more than 4 miles from any of the archipelagos off the coast. The French had claimed control of only 3 miles of the waters off the coastline of Indochina, a claim that North Vietnam had inherited. Subsequently, the North

500:

to provide a legal basis for the United States to fight in Vietnam, and he suggested the SEATO treaty would be sufficient. In June 1964, the American ambassador in Saigon, Henry Cabot Lodge, resigned in order to seek the Republican nomination for president. Johnson appointed Taylor as the new

843:

On 05 August 1964, Johnson submitted the resolution to Congress, which if passed would give him the legal power to "take all necessary measures" and "prevent further aggression" as well as allowing him to decide when "peace and security" in Southeast Asia were attained. Johnson commented the

1069:

As Johnson continued to procrastinate, he repeatedly received advice from McNamara, the Bundy brothers, Rusk, and Wheeler that now was the time to use his powers under the resolution. A memo co-written by "Mac" Bundy and McNamara in January 1965 stated "our present policy can lead only to a

960:

were very reluctant to vote for a resolution that would be a "blank cheque" for a war in southeast Asia, and at the meeting Fulbright called to discuss the issue, he argued that passing a resolution would make fighting a war less likely, claiming the whole purpose of the resolution was only

723:) mission. It also learned that the U.S. Naval Communication Center in the Philippine Islands, in reviewing the ships' messages, had questioned whether any second attack had actually occurred. In 2005, an internal National Security Agency historical study was declassified; it concluded that 816:, to tell him: "You know that resolution your brother's been talking about for the past few months? Well, now's the time to get it through Congress." When Bundy replied "Mr. President, that seems too fast for me", Johnson growled "I didn't ask you that question. I want you to do it." 541:

By July 1964, the rugged coastline of North Vietnam with its islands, bays, and estuaries was a war zone with South Vietnamese commandos constantly landing to raid while the North Vietnamese made vigorous efforts to stop the raids. In support of the raids, an American destroyer, the USS

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was raging with the Chinese Communists bombarding several islands in the Taiwan strait still held by the Kuomintang regime in Taiwan, and many believed the congressional resolution giving Eisenhower the legal power to go to war in defense of Taiwan had ended the crisis.

527:

for his "cowardice" for choosing a diplomatic compromise to settle the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 instead of a nuclear war against the United States as Mao preferred, North Vietnamese newspapers approvingly cited his remarks. Likewise, when Khrushchev signed the

749:, that he felt he was "being tested" by North Vietnam with both agreeing that how the president handled the crisis would affect the election. O'Donnell recalled that Johnson's main fear was the incident might allow his Republican opponent in the election, Senator 661:, with orders "to attack any force that attacks them". Both destroyers were ordered to sail 8 miles from North Vietnam in waters that Americans asserted were international waters, disregarding North Vietnam's claim to the 12-mile limit. The Secretary of State, 334:

lost to Communism. Taylor also argued that to see South Vietnam fall to the Viet Cong would so damage "our image" in Africa and Latin America that both of those regions might also be lost to Communism as well. Given these stakes with Taylor claiming the entire

695:

had mistaken the effects of the storm for torpedoes. Herrick's report concluded with the statement the "entire action leaves many doubts" as he noted that no sailor aboard his ship had seen a torpedo boat nor had heard any gunfire beyond the guns of the

827:

declaring in an editorial that those doubted if Johnson could handle pressure "were saying that they now had a commander-in-chief who was better under pressure than they had ever seen him". A rare dissenting voice was the veteran left-wing journalist

798:

are coming and they go back and report all over the Hill. Some of our boys are floating in the water. The facts we would like to present to you are to be held in the closest confidence and are to be kept in this room until announced". Congressman

924:

Despite McNamara's statement, Morse appeared before an almost empty Senate later on 06 August 1964 to say: "The place to settle the controversy is not on the battlefield but around the conference table". Morse was supported only by Senator

761:

stated he had no doubt that the second attack had occurred, and expressed his annoyance at Herrick for his doubts. Just forty minutes later, Herrick sent a message on the radio saying "Certain that the original ambush was bona fide".

338:

would be lost to Communism if South Vietnam went Communist, he argued for drastic measures, saying the United States should be taking "increasing bolder" measures with the United States to start bombing North Vietnam.The journalist

731:

It is not simply that there is a different story as to what happened; it is that no attack happened that night. ... In truth, Hanoi's navy was engaged in nothing that night but the salvage of two of the boats damaged on August 2.

649:

might have been moving in for a new attack. Johnson wanted an "incident" where it was unambiguous that the North Vietnamese were the aggressors by attacking American warships in waters that the American regarded as international.

1045:

engaged in secret "shuttle diplomacy" carrying messages back and forth from Hanoi to Washington in an attempt to stop the escalation of the war. On 13 August 1964, Seaborn arrived in Hanoi to meet the North Vietnamese Premier,

1089:, stated that he had no confidence in the ability of the ARVN to protect the American air base at Danang and asked for two Marine battalions to protect it, a request that Johnson approved. On 02 March 1965, Johnson ordered 1093:, the strategic bombing offensive against North Vietnam that had long been urged upon him. On 08 March 1965, two battalions of Marines landed at Danang to fulfill Westmoreland's request for troops to protect the air base. 447:

unwise war in Vietnam." Morse remained outspoken in his criticism of Johnson's Vietnam policy, accusing him of violating international law. On 13 May 1964, Bundy called a meeting to discuss how best to deal with Morse.

1454:. The War Powers Resolution, which is still in effect, sets forth certain requirements for the president to consult with Congress in regard to decisions that engage U.S. forces in hostilities or imminent hostilities. 609:

fired over 280 5-inch shells and the boats expended their 6 torpedoes (all misses) and some 14.5-mm machinegun fire. Breaking contact, the combatants commenced going their separate ways, when the three torpedo boats,

288:

in South Vietnam against the government and 1/3 of the population was soon living in areas of communist control. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated from North Vietnam into the south from 1961 to 1963.

329:

campaign against North Vietnam, saying "we are swatting flies when we should be going after the manure pile." Using less earthy language than LeMay, the chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, General

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who argued that the raid was illegal stating the League of Nations Covenant, the Kellog-Briand Pact and the United Nations Charter had banned reprisals in peacetime. Stone wrote in an editorial: "

519:

Soviet-North Vietnamese relations had become badly strained in the early 1960s as North Vietnam moved closer to China, the more militant and aggressive of the two warring Communist giants. When

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At the same time that Sharp was pressuring Herrick, Johnson had summoned McNamara to the White House to point out to him the best places to bomb in North Vietnam. The British ambassador,

431:

Unlike the 1955 resolution, which Johnson had supported as Senate Majority Leader and used all of his influence to get the other senators to vote for, the current Senate Majority Leader,

918: 1428:. It also learned that the U.S. Naval Communication Center in the Philippine Islands, in reviewing ships' messages, had questioned whether any second attack had actually occurred. 727:

had engaged the North Vietnamese Navy on August 2 but that there may not have been any North Vietnamese Naval vessels present during the engagement of August 4. The report stated:

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on August 2, 1964, when it reported being attacked by three North Vietnamese Navy torpedo boats from the 135th Torpedo Squadron, which were attempting to close their range on

1081:

on 07 February 1965, a bombing raid on a North Vietnamese Army base, which marked the beginning of a series of increasing intense bombing raids. The British Prime Minister

492:, arguing that Congress would be more likely to pass the resolution if it was in response to the latter rather than the former. On 18 June 1964, the Canadian diplomat 476:

the beginning of June 1964, the final draft of the resolution had been completed and all that remained to do was to submit it to Congress. The acting Attorney General,

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that Nixon signed in January 1971. Seeking to restore limits on presidential authority to engage U.S. forces without a formal declaration of war, Congress passed the

3965: 3524: 5289: 3780: 3690: 753:, a chance to gain in the polls. O'Donnell added that Johnson felt that he "must not allow them to accuse him of vacillating or being an indecisive leader". 4990: 3621: 3665: 5254: 4635: 3642: 4087: 1413: 892:

had been tipped off by a source inside the Pentagon about Operation 34A, and asked McNamara about there was any connection between the activities of the

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In response to McNamara's report, the Joint Chiefs of Staff recommended the United States intervene in the war, with the Air Force's commander, General

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with another member who favored the resolution—i.e., his opposition was not counted, but the vote in favor was one less than it would have been.) The

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fired approximately 220 3-inch & 5-inch shells at surface targets showing on the radar. In response to the reported attack, aircraft from the

423:

giving President Eisenhower the power to use military force "as he deems necessary" to protect Taiwan from a Chinese invasion. At the time, the

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told the president about the proposed resolution: "By the time you send it up, there won't be anything for us to do, but support you". Senator

484:

told the National Security Council that the president did not feel that Viet Cong attacks on the South Vietnamese government were a sufficient

4827: 3989: 3517: 1370: 5279: 5122: 3958: 3865: 3542: 392:

The new Khánh government proved to be just as ineffective as the previous Minh government had been in fighting the war. In February 1964,

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The passage of the resolution alarmed several American allies who preferred that the United States not fight in Vietnam such as Canada.

968:

authorizing the president "to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the

704:

claimed to have seen any North Vietnamese craft and none of the pilots of the Crusader aircraft stated they had seen any torpedo boats.

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ambassador with orders to make the South Vietnamese fight. Taylor's successor as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff was General

936:

At a crucial meeting of several senators, Fulbright was able to persuade them to support the resolution. Several Senators such as

359:

reason of the fear that if South Vietnam was "lost", it would generate a right-wing backlash similar to the one generated by the "

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was deployed to the Gulf of Tonkin with orders to collect electronic intelligence on the North Vietnamese radar system. Admiral

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in light, Norwegian-built patrol boats made of aluminium and armed with machine guns and cannons known as the Swift boats.

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mounting, a movement to repeal the resolution—which war critics decried as having given the Johnson administration a "

964:

After less than nine hours of committee consideration and floor debate, Congress voted, on 10 August 1964, on a joint

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radar blips due to the "freak weather effects" caused by the storm and that an "overeager" sonar operator aboard the

273: 1321: 5105: 4746: 4711: 4625: 4209: 4154: 4132: 4078: 3951: 1042: 1001: 981: 281: 1442:

Mounting public opinion against the war eventually led to the repeal of the resolution, which was attached to the

4614: 4477: 4358: 4050: 3981: 3614: 3607: 3600: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3533: 3403: 1213: 993: 529: 191: 112: 104: 347:" with the entire Third World potentially lost to Communism if South Vietnam became the first "domino" to fall. 4655: 4650: 4237: 4147: 3935: 3310: 3282: 3262: 3190: 1000:

conferred its approval by a vote of 88–2. Some members expressed misgivings about the measure, but in the end,

218: 1425: 1360: 778:

However, McCone accused North Vietnam of "upping the ante" and stated he supported the idea of bombing raids.

4978: 4516: 4176: 4140: 1402: 736:

In 1965, President Johnson commented privately: "For all I know, our Navy was shooting at whales out there."

5228: 5062: 4995: 4741: 4278: 4161: 1186: 678:

both reported to be under attack again, by North Vietnamese torpedo boats; during this alleged engagement,

4985: 4630: 4596: 4525: 3740: 1228: 65: 4918: 5269: 5163: 4968: 4832: 4578: 4453: 4299: 3997: 3475:"Lyndon B. Johnson: "Special Message to the Congress on U.S. Policy in Southeast Asia," August 5, 1964" 1299: 1047: 1021:

allowed the president to present himself as just as "tough on Communism" as his opponent.

686:

were launched, but the pilots reported no visual contact with any craft other than the two destroyers.

424: 420: 301: 178: 88: 3474: 48:

A joint resolution "To promote the maintenance of international peace and security in southeast Asia."

5168: 5135: 5034: 5007: 4837: 4553: 4216: 3825: 3811: 1252: 1090: 284:, North Vietnam's southern headquarters, gave an order for a full scale coordinated uprising by the 5264: 5190: 5067: 4776: 4683: 4640: 4414: 3880: 3840: 3787: 1152: 787: 770: 314: 5041: 4900: 4809: 4730: 4469: 4382: 3887: 3242:"Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964" 1029:

probably hadn't happened, but it was the chance to do what we should have been doing all along".

673: 627: 514: 211: 836:, the State Department's huge Talmud of international law, quotes an old War Department manual, 5072: 5024: 4736: 4246: 3241: 1112: 1078: 888:

accused North Vietnam of "aggression" and of an "unprovoked attack" on the destroyers. Senator

820: 808: 207: 3502: 378: 292:

Throughout 1963, the Kennedy administration was concerned that the South Vietnamese regime of

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who stated in a speech "all Vietnam is not worth the life of a single American boy". Senator

901:, had been part of a program of clandestine attacks on North Vietnamese installations called 657:

to continue to cruise off the coast of North Vietnam, to be joined by another destroyer, USS

547: 460: 3157: 37: 5284: 5208: 4546: 4430: 4223: 4041: 1488: 1086: 997: 849: 746: 229: 8: 5130: 5079: 4999: 4909: 4722: 4678: 4374: 3944: 3921: 3832: 3706: 1276: 945: 930: 623: 583: 477: 455: 405: 374: 4948: 4873: 4859: 4019: 3747: 3231: 3217: 799: 758: 605:

for effective torpedo fire (1,000 yards was maximum effective range for the torpedoes)

151: 141: 4953: 4863: 4846: 4673: 3333: 3306: 3278: 3258: 3221: 3186: 1579: 1547: 1520: 1492: 1284: 1058: 1025: 937: 638: 524: 393: 369: 330: 326: 309: 277: 221: 161: 3441: 897:

not, however, disclose that the island raids, although separate from the mission of

313:

of the population, greater amounts of territory and have destroyed or occupied more

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Within hours, President Johnson ordered the launching of retaliatory air strikes (

351:

that could end the career of any American politician at the time. Rather than the

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Finney, John (January 31, 1968). "Tonkin Inquiry by Fulbright to Call McNamara".

1541: 1291: 1071: 1057:

On 01 November 1964, Viet Cong guerrillas attacked the American air field at the

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Ceplair, Larry (Spring 2012). "The Foreign Policy of Senator Wayne L. Morse".

1024:

After the resolution was passed, the Speaker of the House of Representatives,

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By 1967, the rationale for what had become a costly U.S. involvement In the

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William Fulbright and the Vietnam War: The Dissent of a Political Realist

1406: 1398: 1221: 1206: 1167: 1137: 1005: 889: 575: 436: 335: 244: 4306: 3382: 1464:

Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 2002

829: 779: 520: 195: 116: 3411: 488:

as Johnson wanted a North Vietnamese attack on American forces as his

4604: 4230: 3387: 1041:, the Canadian diplomat who served as Canada's representative to the 905:. These operations were carried out by U.S.-trained South Vietnamese 662: 590: 497: 297: 285: 3173: 4421: 3432: 3248:, Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition, Vol. 19, No. 4 / Vol. 20, No. 1. 2518: 1826: 1314: 989: 906: 653:

Out of the hope of provoking such an incident, Johnson ordered the

355:

reason of the "domino theory", Johnson was more motivated by the

304:

on 02 November 1963. On 19 December 1963, the Defense Secretary

3532: 3356:"Gulf of Tonkin Measure Voted In Haste and Confusion in 1964". 1017: 1009: 4538: 2688: 1546:. Volume 14 of Vietnam Experience. Boston Publishing Company. 745:

of support. After the meeting, Johnson told one of his aides,

571:

President Johnson as he signs the resolution on 10 August 1964

4285: 687: 2749: 2747: 280:, in support of insurgents in the south. In September 1960, 2425: 368:

rejecting a peace plan put forward by the French president

4170:

National Wildlife Refuge System Administration Act of 1966

3472: 3062: 3060: 2957: 2955: 2707: 2705: 2703: 2597: 2595: 2593: 2502: 2500: 2498: 2496: 2494: 2481: 2479: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2345: 2343: 2341: 2339: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 1963: 1961: 1959: 1957: 1955: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1906: 1904: 454:

On 27 May 1964, Johnson invited his mentor, Senator

343:

wrote Taylor had offered up an "inflated" version of the "

4498: 4491: 3172:

Beito, David T.; Beito, Linda Royster (August 21, 2006).

3095: 3093: 3091: 3089: 3087: 3045: 3018: 2899: 2833: 2780: 2744: 2732: 2630: 2551: 2549: 2547: 2386: 2277: 2275: 2188: 2080: 1992: 1838: 1740: 1716: 1692: 668:

Two days later on a very stormy night on 04 August 1964,

199: 3174:"The Christian Conservative Who Opposed the Vietnam War" 3035: 3033: 2972: 2970: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2889: 2887: 2862: 2860: 2811: 2809: 2807: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2722: 2720: 2620: 2618: 2616: 2614: 2612: 2610: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2529: 2527: 2415: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2405: 2403: 2401: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2273: 2271: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2230: 2228: 2226: 2224: 2222: 2209: 2207: 2205: 2203: 2118: 2116: 2114: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2064: 2062: 2060: 2047: 2045: 2043: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1891: 1889: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1816: 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1795: 1793: 1791: 1682: 1680: 1678: 1676: 1661: 3404:"Excerpts from Senate Debate on Tonkin Gulf Resolution" 3057: 2952: 2700: 2666: 2664: 2651: 2649: 2647: 2645: 2590: 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2572: 2570: 2568: 2566: 2564: 2491: 2476: 2464: 2437: 2328: 2128: 2016: 1952: 1935: 1916: 1901: 1639: 1637: 1624: 1622: 1620: 1618: 1616: 1614: 1601: 1599: 1597: 1595: 860:

reason Johnson gave for the resolution, he also gave a

3485: 3084: 3072: 3366:"Gulf of Tonkin Resolution is Repealed Without Furor" 3292:

Kenworthy, E.W. (August 8, 1964). "Resolution Wins".

3030: 3006: 2994: 2982: 2967: 2935: 2923: 2911: 2884: 2872: 2857: 2845: 2821: 2804: 2792: 2759: 2717: 2676: 2607: 2524: 2398: 2374: 2355: 2252: 2219: 2200: 2111: 2092: 2057: 2040: 2028: 1973: 1886: 1869: 1850: 1805: 1788: 1776: 1764: 1752: 1728: 1704: 1673: 564:

States of being behind the raid.

550:, the commander of the Pacific fleet ordered Captain 2661: 2642: 2561: 2240: 1649: 1634: 1611: 1592: 1485:

Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995

296:

was losing the war to the North Vietnamese directed

4088:

Radiation Control for Health and Safety Act of 1968

3105: 2304: 2176: 2164: 2140: 992:, who was not present but opposed the measure, was 4351:National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities 3895:Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 3402: 3321: 2694: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2152: 2004: 972:requesting assistance in defense of its freedom" ( 637:rockets, but damaged all three torpedo boats with 179: 89: 4392:Public Works and Economic Development Act of 1965 3324:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 5241: 3966:U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development 3347:"Excerpts from McNamara's Testimony on Tonkin". 3129: 3117: 2316: 300:. Such concerns were intensified after Diem was 4141:Motor Vehicle Air Pollution Control Act of 1965 3434:"Excerpts from President's Message to Congress" 3152:Andradé, David; Conboy, Kenneth (August 1999). 2287: 875:testified before a joint session of the Senate 217:It is of historic significance because it gave 5290:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies 3773:Administrative Conference of the United States 626:jet fighter bombers from the aircraft carrier 508: 272:1959, and on July 28, North Vietnamese forces 243:It was opposed in the Senate only by Senators 4554: 3990:National Traffic and Motor Vehicle Safety Act 3518: 3425: 3154:"The Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident" 3151: 2636: 1378: 973: 302:overthrown and killed in a CIA-supported coup 210:passed on August 7, 1964, in response to the 3959:High-Speed Ground Transportation Act of 1965 3866:Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 1533: 1482: 633:. The Crusaders reported no hits with their 318:affairs" that they had no time for the war. 5255:United States foreign relations legislation 5090:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 4095:Revenue and Expenditure Control Act of 1968 3481:. University of California - Santa Barbara. 4561: 4547: 3636:Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination 3525: 3511: 3171: 1510: 1508: 1385: 1371: 4058:Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968 3902:Law Enforcement Assistance Administration 3463:Original Document: Tonkin Gulf Resolution 3378:"Freedom of Information Past and Present" 3291: 2682: 1074:opposed the plans to bomb North Vietnam. 1032: 976:). The unanimous affirmative vote in the 308:visited Saigon and reported to President 240:." This included involving armed forces. 3936:Urban Mass Transportation Administration 3496:) is being considered for deletion. See 3300: 3066: 2961: 2711: 2601: 2506: 2485: 2470: 2458: 2431: 2349: 2022: 1967: 1946: 1929: 1910: 1539: 1514: 1483:Olson, James S.; Roberts, Randy (2008). 970:Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty 574: 566: 238:Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty 27:1964 joint resolution by the US Congress 5111:Opposition to United States involvement 4005:Agricultural Fair Practices Act of 1967 3819:Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 3795:Equal Employment Opportunity Commission 3199: 1895: 1880: 1505: 266: 14: 5242: 4271:Elementary and Secondary Education Act 4184:National Wild and Scenic Rivers System 4035:Consumer Credit Protection Act of 1968 3974:Cigarette Labeling and Advertising Act 3858:White House Conference on Civil Rights 3330:The University of North Carolina Press 3272: 3239: 3228: 3180: 3111: 3099: 3078: 3051: 3039: 3024: 3012: 3000: 2988: 2976: 2946: 2929: 2917: 2905: 2893: 2878: 2866: 2851: 2839: 2827: 2815: 2798: 2786: 2774: 2753: 2738: 2726: 2670: 2655: 2624: 2584: 2555: 2419: 2392: 2380: 2368: 2310: 2281: 2234: 2213: 2194: 2158: 2122: 2105: 2086: 2074: 2051: 2034: 1998: 1986: 1863: 1844: 1832: 1820: 1799: 1782: 1770: 1758: 1746: 1734: 1722: 1710: 1698: 1686: 1667: 1655: 1643: 1628: 1605: 1426:mission off the North Vietnamese coast 4542: 4366:National Endowment for the Humanities 4293:Federal Family Education Loan Program 3929:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1964 3506: 3319: 2246: 2182: 2170: 2146: 2134: 408:, director of the State Department's 5224: 4447:National Register of Historic Places 4072:National Flood Insurance Act of 1968 3376: 3252: 2519:President's Message to Congress 1964 2322: 2010: 1476: 915:Military Assistance Command, Vietnam 4828:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 4485:Corporation for Public Broadcasting 4399:Economic Development Administration 3364: 3355: 3346: 3135: 3123: 2298: 1576:The Vietnam War from the Other Side 1573: 1401:was receiving close scrutiny. With 24: 4757:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 4461:State Historic Preservation Office 4439:National Historic Preservation Act 4408:Social Security Amendments of 1965 4321:Student loans in the United States 4028:Architectural Barriers Act of 1968 3473:Peters, Gerhard; Woolley, John T. 1567: 1517:Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975 1414:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 769:, and the West German ambassador, 709:Senate Foreign Relations Committee 184:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 177:or the Southeast Asia Resolution, 134:in the House as H.J.Res. 1145 94:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 25: 5301: 4752:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 4012:U.S. Department of Transportation 3500:to help reach a consensus. › 3456: 1175:Filibuster of the Armed Ship Bill 739: 363:" in 1949, which allowed Senator 5250:United States in the Vietnam War 5223: 5214: 5213: 5204: 5203: 5106:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 4210:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 4155:Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965 4133:Land and Water Conservation Fund 4079:National Flood Insurance Program 3952:Food and Agriculture Act of 1965 1543:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973 1431:The administration of President 1241:Repeal of Tonkin Gulf Resolution 1126: 1043:International Control Commission 700:. Likewise no sailor aboard the 224:authorization, without a formal 36: 5280:United States–Vietnam relations 4742:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 4568: 4478:Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 4359:National Endowment for the Arts 4051:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1968 3982:Fair Packaging and Labeling Act 3534:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 3493:Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson 3479:The American Presidency Project 3156:. Naval History. Archived from 622:were then attacked by four USN 530:Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 4991:United States prisoners of war 4238:Office of Economic Opportunity 4148:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1965 3214:10.5403/oregonhistq.113.1.0006 1322:House Concurrent Resolution 63 13: 1: 5174:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 3707:Dominican Republic occupation 3303:Our Vietnam The War 1954-1975 3145: 707:A later investigation by the 4279:Higher Education Act of 1965 4162:Clean Waters Restoration Act 1835:, p. 217-219 & 268. 1487:(5th ed.). Malden, MA: 919:Studies and Operations Group 276:to maintain and upgrade the 7: 5275:88th United States Congress 4782:Independence Palace bombing 3255:The American War in Vietnam 3202:Oregon Historical Quarterly 1457: 1361:Yemen War Powers Resolution 1240: 1214:McGovern–Hatfield Amendment 1117:to American involvement in 883:committees. He stated that 509:The Gulf of Tonkin Incident 399: 66:88th United States Congress 10: 5306: 5164:Canada and the Vietnam War 4833:1965 South Vietnamese coup 4641:People's Republic of China 4621:International participants 4454:National Historic Landmark 4300:Federal Work-Study Program 3998:Tax Adjustment Act of 1966 3673:Presidential Proclamations 1444:Foreign Military Sales Act 1145:House Federalists’ Address 512: 5260:1964 in the United States 5199: 5169:CIA activities in Vietnam 5151: 5098: 5055: 5017: 4941: 4765: 4699: 4666: 4585: 4576: 4510: 4217:Community Action Agencies 4194: 4112: 3913: 3826:Voting Rights Act of 1965 3812:Flood Control Act of 1965 3764: 3723:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 3689: 3680:Meritorious Service Medal 3541: 3185:. Ohio State University. 2637:Andradé & Conboy 1999 1409:"—began to gather steam. 1334:House Joint Resolution 68 1104: 1091:Operation Rolling Thunder 870:U.S. Secretary of Defense 255:and open warfare between 175:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 127: 122: 103: 84: 79: 71: 60: 56:Southeast Asia Resolution 52: 44: 35: 31:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 5191:Women in the Vietnam War 5123:United States news media 5068:Indochina refugee crisis 5063:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 4838:Bombing of North Vietnam 4777:Strategic Hamlet Program 4517:← Kennedy administration 3881:Civil Rights Act of 1968 3841:School Breakfast Program 3788:Civil Rights Act of 1964 3573:White House preservation 3498:templates for discussion 3320:Moise, Edwin E. (1996). 3305:. Simon & Schuster. 3273:Karnow, Stanley (1983). 3181:Berman, William (1988). 1574:Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). 1469: 1412:An investigation by the 978:House of Representatives 862:primat der aussenpolitik 788:National Security Agency 771:Karl Heinrich Knappstein 415:Rostow was supported by 353:primat der aussenpolitik 150:on August 7, 1964 ( 140:on August 7, 1964 ( 4810:Gulf of Tonkin incident 4731:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 4470:Bilingual Education Act 4383:Administration on Aging 4177:Air Quality Act of 1967 3888:Gun Control Act of 1968 3301:Langguth, A.J. (2000). 3176:. History News Network. 2695:Tonkin Gulf debate 1964 1540:Morrocco, John (1985). 1422:electronic intelligence 1229:Cooper–Church Amendment 911:special operations unit 909:under the control of a 858:primat der innenpolitik 717:electronic intelligence 515:Gulf of Tonkin incident 357:primat der innenpolitik 212:Gulf of Tonkin incident 5219:Battles and operations 5159:Awards and decorations 5073:Vietnamese boat people 5042:Impact of Agent Orange 5030:Body count controversy 4737:1954 Geneva Conference 4526:Nixon administration → 4247:Food Stamp Act of 1964 1515:Hastings, Max (2018). 1119:wars and interventions 1079:Operation Flaming Dart 1033:As a policy instrument 821:Operation Pierce Arrow 809:Bourke B. Hickenlooper 734: 579: 572: 208:United States Congress 18:Tonkin Gulf Resolution 4928:1975 spring offensive 4887:ARVN campaign in Laos 4883:Vietnamization policy 3873:Executive Order 11375 3804:Executive Order 11246 3622:Judicial appointments 3438:Mount Holyoke College 3257:. SEAP Publications. 3246:Cryptologic Quarterly 1448:War Powers Resolution 1403:opposition to the war 1340:2013 Syrian Civil War 1277:Hughes–Ryan Amendment 1265:War Powers Resolution 1253:Case–Church Amendment 1063:Operation Barrel Roll 980:was 416–0. (However, 838:Rules of Land Warfare 729: 597:in the waters of the 578: 570: 548:U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. 461:Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. 410:Policy Planning Staff 5047:Environmental impact 4919:Battle of Phước Long 4684:Cold War (1962–1979) 4431:Model Cities Program 4042:Truth in Lending Act 3351:. February 25, 1968. 3253:Hunt, David (1993). 1489:Blackwell Publishing 1153:Mexican–American War 1087:William Westmoreland 850:J. William Fulbright 814:McGeorge "Mac" Bundy 425:Taiwan Strait Crisis 381:on 30 January 1964. 267:Towards the incident 228:by Congress, to use 5127:In popular culture 5080:Sino-Vietnamese War 4910:Paris Peace Accords 4723:First Indochina War 4712:Japanese occupation 4679:Cambodian Civil War 4375:Older Americans Act 3945:Coinage Act of 1965 3922:Revenue Act of 1964 3833:Child Nutrition Act 3566:Second inauguration 3372:. January 14, 1971. 1578:. RoutledgeCurzon. 1247:1973 Southeast Asia 946:John Sherman Cooper 931:Richard Russell Jr. 868:On 06 August 1964, 593:, was conducting a 503:Earle "Bus" Wheeler 478:Nicholas Katzenbach 456:Richard Russell Jr. 406:Walt Whitman Rostow 123:Legislative history 32: 4901:Christmas bombings 4874:Cambodian campaign 4254:Food Stamp Program 4020:Wholesome Meat Act 3748:Outer Space Treaty 3552:First inauguration 3370:The New York Times 3358:The New York Times 3349:The New York Times 3294:The New York Times 3240:Hanyok, Robert J. 3232:The New York Times 3054:, p. 422-426. 3027:, p. 417-418. 2908:, p. 409-411. 2842:, p. 402-403. 2789:, p. 397-398. 2756:, p. 396-397. 2741:, p. 377-378. 2434:, p. 302-303. 2395:, p. 373-374. 2197:, p. 368-369. 2137:, pp. 50, 78. 2089:, p. 365-366. 2001:, p. 361-362. 1847:, p. 341-342. 1749:, p. 357-358. 1725:, p. 340-341. 1701:, p. 363-364. 1670:, p. 334-335. 1519:. Harper Collins. 1113:U.S. congressional 974:H.J. RES 1145 1964 903:Operation Plan 34A 873:Robert S. McNamara 834:Hackworth's Digest 825:The New York Times 800:Charles A. Halleck 759:David A. Burchinal 672:and the destroyer 580: 573: 421:Formosa Resolution 404:In February 1964, 377:overthrew General 232:military force in 226:declaration of war 164:on August 10, 1964 30: 5270:Resolutions (law) 5237: 5236: 4954:Ho Chi Minh trail 4847:Buddhist Uprising 4805:Coup against Minh 4796:Coup against Diem 4719:(1949–1955) 4674:Laotian Civil War 4667:Related conflicts 4646:Republic of China 4536: 4535: 3615:1969 SOTU Address 3608:1968 SOTU Address 3601:1967 SOTU Address 3594:1966 SOTU Address 3587:1965 SOTU Address 3580:1964 SOTU Address 3275:Vietnam A History 1585:978-0-7007-1615-9 1526:978-0-06-240567-8 1498:978-1-4051-8222-5 1395: 1394: 1059:Bien Hoa Air Base 1026:John W. McCormack 938:Allen J. Ellender 877:Foreign Relations 525:Nikita Khrushchev 394:Lyman Kirkpatrick 370:Charles de Gaulle 331:Maxwell D. Taylor 327:strategic bombing 315:strategic hamlets 310:Lyndon B. Johnson 278:Ho Chi Minh trail 222:Lyndon B. Johnson 171: 170: 162:Lyndon B. Johnson 148:Passed the Senate 106:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 5297: 5227: 5226: 5217: 5216: 5207: 5206: 4964:Operation Popeye 4896:Easter Offensive 4717:State of Vietnam 4707:French Indochina 4689:Cold War in Asia 4597:Việt Minh / PAVN 4563: 4556: 4549: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4520: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4463: 4456: 4449: 4441: 4434: 4424: 4417: 4410: 4401: 4394: 4385: 4378: 4368: 4361: 4353: 4344: 4337: 4330: 4323: 4316: 4309: 4302: 4295: 4288: 4281: 4274: 4266: 4263:AmeriCorps VISTA 4256: 4249: 4240: 4233: 4226: 4219: 4212: 4187: 4179: 4172: 4165: 4157: 4150: 4143: 4136: 4128: 4105: 4097: 4090: 4081: 4074: 4067: 4060: 4053: 4044: 4037: 4030: 4023: 4015: 4007: 4000: 3993: 3985: 3977: 3969: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3938: 3931: 3924: 3904: 3897: 3890: 3883: 3876: 3868: 3861: 3853: 3850:Uniform Time Act 3843: 3835: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3807: 3797: 3790: 3783: 3776: 3757: 3750: 3743: 3741:Glassboro Summit 3734: 3725: 3718: 3709: 3702: 3700:Johnson Doctrine 3682: 3675: 3668: 3666:Executive Orders 3661: 3659:Nixon transition 3654: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3610: 3603: 3596: 3589: 3582: 3575: 3568: 3561: 3554: 3527: 3520: 3513: 3504: 3503: 3482: 3468:Ourdocuments.gov 3452: 3450: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3429: 3427:s: H.J. RES 1145 3422: 3420: 3419: 3410:. Archived from 3399: 3397: 3395: 3390:. March 17, 2006 3373: 3361: 3360:. June 25, 1970. 3352: 3343: 3327: 3316: 3297: 3288: 3268: 3249: 3236: 3225: 3196: 3177: 3168: 3166: 3165: 3139: 3133: 3127: 3121: 3115: 3109: 3103: 3097: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3028: 3022: 3016: 3010: 3004: 2998: 2992: 2986: 2980: 2974: 2965: 2959: 2950: 2944: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2882: 2876: 2870: 2864: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2837: 2831: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2802: 2796: 2790: 2784: 2778: 2772: 2757: 2751: 2742: 2736: 2730: 2724: 2715: 2709: 2698: 2692: 2686: 2680: 2674: 2668: 2659: 2653: 2640: 2634: 2628: 2622: 2605: 2599: 2588: 2582: 2559: 2553: 2522: 2516: 2510: 2504: 2489: 2483: 2474: 2468: 2462: 2456: 2435: 2429: 2423: 2417: 2396: 2390: 2384: 2378: 2372: 2366: 2353: 2347: 2326: 2320: 2314: 2308: 2302: 2296: 2285: 2279: 2250: 2244: 2238: 2232: 2217: 2211: 2198: 2192: 2186: 2180: 2174: 2168: 2162: 2156: 2150: 2144: 2138: 2132: 2126: 2120: 2109: 2103: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2072: 2055: 2049: 2038: 2032: 2026: 2020: 2014: 2008: 2002: 1996: 1990: 1984: 1971: 1965: 1950: 1944: 1933: 1927: 1914: 1908: 1899: 1893: 1884: 1878: 1867: 1861: 1848: 1842: 1836: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1803: 1797: 1786: 1780: 1774: 1768: 1762: 1756: 1750: 1744: 1738: 1732: 1726: 1720: 1714: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1690: 1684: 1671: 1665: 1659: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1632: 1626: 1609: 1603: 1590: 1589: 1571: 1565: 1564: 1562: 1560: 1537: 1531: 1530: 1512: 1503: 1502: 1480: 1387: 1380: 1373: 1346:Syria Resolution 1307:Boland Amendment 1199:Ludlow Amendment 1160:Spot Resolutions 1131: 1130: 1109: 1108: 1077:Johnson ordered 1039:J. Blair Seaborn 494:J. Blair Seaborn 325:, calling for a 204:joint resolution 201: 185: 181: 138:Passed the House 107: 95: 91: 40: 33: 29: 21: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5299: 5298: 5296: 5295: 5294: 5265:1964 in Vietnam 5240: 5239: 5238: 5233: 5195: 5180:Pentagon Papers 5147: 5094: 5051: 5013: 4937: 4791:Buddhist crisis 4761: 4747:1955 referendum 4695: 4662: 4581: 4572: 4567: 4537: 4532: 4523: 4514: 4506: 4497: 4490: 4483: 4476: 4468: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4437: 4429: 4420: 4413: 4406: 4397: 4390: 4381: 4373: 4364: 4356: 4349: 4340: 4333: 4326: 4319: 4312: 4305: 4298: 4291: 4284: 4277: 4269: 4261: 4252: 4245: 4236: 4229: 4222: 4215: 4208: 4199: 4190: 4182: 4175: 4168: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4139: 4131: 4123: 4115: 4108: 4100: 4093: 4086: 4077: 4070: 4063: 4056: 4049: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4018: 4010: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3980: 3972: 3964: 3957: 3950: 3943: 3934: 3927: 3920: 3914:Economic policy 3909: 3900: 3893: 3886: 3879: 3871: 3864: 3856: 3848: 3838: 3831: 3824: 3817: 3810: 3802: 3793: 3786: 3781:Cannabis policy 3779: 3771: 3765:Domestic policy 3760: 3755:Operation CHAOS 3753: 3746: 3739: 3731:Credibility gap 3728: 3721: 3714: 3705: 3698: 3685: 3678: 3671: 3664: 3657: 3650: 3641: 3634: 3627: 3620: 3613: 3606: 3599: 3592: 3585: 3578: 3571: 3564: 3559:Let Us Continue 3557: 3550: 3537: 3531: 3501: 3459: 3447: 3445: 3417: 3415: 3393: 3391: 3340: 3313: 3285: 3265: 3193: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3143: 3142: 3134: 3130: 3122: 3118: 3110: 3106: 3098: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3038: 3031: 3023: 3019: 3011: 3007: 2999: 2995: 2987: 2983: 2975: 2968: 2960: 2953: 2945: 2936: 2928: 2924: 2916: 2912: 2904: 2900: 2892: 2885: 2877: 2873: 2865: 2858: 2850: 2846: 2838: 2834: 2826: 2822: 2814: 2805: 2797: 2793: 2785: 2781: 2773: 2760: 2752: 2745: 2737: 2733: 2725: 2718: 2710: 2701: 2693: 2689: 2681: 2677: 2669: 2662: 2654: 2643: 2635: 2631: 2623: 2608: 2600: 2591: 2583: 2562: 2554: 2525: 2517: 2513: 2505: 2492: 2484: 2477: 2469: 2465: 2457: 2438: 2430: 2426: 2418: 2399: 2391: 2387: 2379: 2375: 2367: 2356: 2348: 2329: 2321: 2317: 2309: 2305: 2297: 2288: 2280: 2253: 2245: 2241: 2233: 2220: 2212: 2201: 2193: 2189: 2181: 2177: 2169: 2165: 2157: 2153: 2145: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2121: 2112: 2104: 2093: 2085: 2081: 2073: 2058: 2050: 2041: 2033: 2029: 2021: 2017: 2009: 2005: 1997: 1993: 1985: 1974: 1966: 1953: 1945: 1936: 1928: 1917: 1909: 1902: 1894: 1887: 1879: 1870: 1862: 1851: 1843: 1839: 1831: 1827: 1819: 1806: 1798: 1789: 1781: 1777: 1769: 1765: 1757: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1733: 1729: 1721: 1717: 1709: 1705: 1697: 1693: 1685: 1674: 1666: 1662: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1635: 1627: 1612: 1604: 1593: 1586: 1572: 1568: 1558: 1556: 1554: 1538: 1534: 1527: 1513: 1506: 1499: 1481: 1477: 1472: 1460: 1420:had been on an 1391: 1328:2011 Libyan War 1292:Clark Amendment 1187:Neutrality Acts 1125: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1072:Hubert Humphrey 1035: 1014:Ernest Gruening 954:George McGovern 950:Daniel Brewster 927:Ernest Gruening 846:Robert McNamara 751:Barry Goldwater 747:Kenny O'Donnell 742: 715:had been on an 552:John J. Herrick 517: 511: 402: 365:Joseph McCarthy 306:Robert McNamara 269: 249:Ernest Gruening 200:August 10, 1964 183: 167: 158:Signed into law 105: 93: 75:August 10, 1964 61:Enacted by 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5303: 5293: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5262: 5257: 5252: 5235: 5234: 5232: 5231: 5221: 5211: 5200: 5197: 5196: 5194: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5176: 5171: 5166: 5161: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5148: 5146: 5145: 5144: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5125: 5120: 5119: 5118: 5108: 5102: 5100: 5096: 5095: 5093: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5076: 5075: 5065: 5059: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5050: 5049: 5044: 5039: 5038: 5037: 5032: 5021: 5019: 5015: 5014: 5012: 5011: 4993: 4988: 4983: 4982: 4981: 4976: 4966: 4961: 4959:Sihanouk Trail 4956: 4951: 4949:Củ Chi tunnels 4945: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4936: 4935: 4933:Fall of Saigon 4930: 4921: 4912: 4903: 4898: 4889: 4876: 4867: 4849: 4840: 4835: 4830: 4821: 4816: 4807: 4798: 4793: 4784: 4779: 4769: 4767: 4763: 4762: 4760: 4759: 4754: 4749: 4744: 4739: 4734: 4720: 4714: 4709: 4703: 4701: 4697: 4696: 4694: 4693: 4692: 4691: 4681: 4676: 4670: 4668: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4660: 4659: 4658: 4653: 4648: 4643: 4638: 4633: 4628: 4618: 4608: 4589: 4587: 4583: 4582: 4577: 4574: 4573: 4566: 4565: 4558: 4551: 4543: 4534: 4533: 4531: 4530: 4521: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4503: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4474: 4466: 4465: 4464: 4457: 4450: 4435: 4427: 4426: 4425: 4418: 4404: 4403: 4402: 4388: 4387: 4386: 4371: 4370: 4369: 4362: 4347: 4346: 4345: 4338: 4331: 4324: 4317: 4310: 4303: 4296: 4289: 4275: 4267: 4259: 4258: 4257: 4243: 4242: 4241: 4234: 4227: 4220: 4205: 4203: 4201:War on Poverty 4192: 4191: 4189: 4188: 4180: 4173: 4166: 4158: 4151: 4144: 4137: 4129: 4125:Wilderness Act 4120: 4118: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4106: 4098: 4091: 4084: 4083: 4082: 4075: 4068: 4054: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4031: 4024: 4016: 4008: 4001: 3994: 3986: 3978: 3970: 3962: 3955: 3948: 3941: 3940: 3939: 3925: 3917: 3915: 3911: 3910: 3908: 3907: 3906: 3905: 3891: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3862: 3854: 3846: 3845: 3844: 3829: 3822: 3815: 3808: 3800: 3799: 3798: 3784: 3777: 3768: 3766: 3762: 3761: 3759: 3758: 3751: 3744: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3726: 3712: 3711: 3710: 3695: 3693: 3691:Foreign policy 3687: 3686: 3684: 3683: 3676: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3648: 3647: 3646: 3639: 3632: 3618: 3611: 3604: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3576: 3569: 3562: 3555: 3547: 3545: 3539: 3538: 3530: 3529: 3522: 3515: 3507: 3484: 3483: 3470: 3465: 3458: 3457:External links 3455: 3454: 3453: 3430: 3423: 3408:Vassar College 3400: 3374: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3338: 3317: 3311: 3298: 3289: 3283: 3270: 3263: 3250: 3237: 3226: 3197: 3191: 3178: 3169: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3140: 3128: 3116: 3104: 3102:, p. 491. 3083: 3081:, p. 426. 3071: 3069:, p. 374. 3056: 3044: 3042:, p. 420. 3029: 3017: 3015:, p. 417. 3005: 3003:, p. 418. 2993: 2991:, p. 412. 2981: 2979:, p. 415. 2966: 2964:, p. 342. 2951: 2949:, p. 413. 2934: 2932:, p. 410. 2922: 2920:, p. 411. 2910: 2898: 2896:, p. 409. 2883: 2881:, p. 408. 2871: 2869:, p. 406. 2856: 2854:, p. 404. 2844: 2832: 2830:, p. 402. 2820: 2818:, p. 399. 2803: 2801:, p. 398. 2791: 2779: 2777:, p. 397. 2758: 2743: 2731: 2729:, p. 377. 2716: 2714:, p. 307. 2699: 2687: 2683:Kenworthy 1964 2675: 2660: 2641: 2629: 2627:, p. 375. 2606: 2604:, p. 306. 2589: 2560: 2558:, p. 376. 2523: 2511: 2509:, p. 305. 2490: 2488:, p. 304. 2475: 2473:, p. 319. 2463: 2461:, p. 303. 2436: 2424: 2422:, p. 374. 2397: 2385: 2383:, p. 373. 2373: 2371:, p. 372. 2354: 2352:, p. 302. 2327: 2315: 2303: 2286: 2284:, p. 371. 2251: 2249:, p. 158. 2239: 2237:, p. 370. 2218: 2216:, p. 369. 2199: 2187: 2175: 2163: 2151: 2139: 2127: 2125:, p. 367. 2110: 2108:, p. 366. 2091: 2079: 2077:, p. 365. 2056: 2054:, p. 328. 2039: 2037:, p. 345. 2027: 2025:, p. 296. 2015: 2003: 1991: 1989:, p. 362. 1972: 1970:, p. 286. 1951: 1949:, p. 285. 1934: 1932:, p. 284. 1915: 1913:, p. 283. 1900: 1885: 1868: 1866:, p. 342. 1849: 1837: 1825: 1823:, p. 361. 1804: 1802:, p. 360. 1787: 1785:, p. 344. 1775: 1773:, p. 358. 1763: 1761:, p. 343. 1751: 1739: 1737:, p. 341. 1727: 1715: 1713:, p. 340. 1703: 1691: 1689:, p. 363. 1672: 1660: 1658:, p. 337. 1648: 1646:, p. 330. 1633: 1631:, p. 326. 1610: 1608:, p. 325. 1591: 1584: 1566: 1552: 1532: 1525: 1504: 1497: 1474: 1473: 1471: 1468: 1467: 1466: 1459: 1456: 1450:in 1973, over 1437:Vietnamization 1416:revealed that 1393: 1392: 1390: 1389: 1382: 1375: 1367: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1356: 1349: 1348: 1342: 1341: 1337: 1336: 1330: 1329: 1325: 1324: 1318: 1317: 1310: 1309: 1303: 1302: 1295: 1294: 1288: 1287: 1280: 1279: 1273: 1272: 1268: 1267: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1255: 1249: 1248: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1231: 1225: 1224: 1222:Southeast Asia 1217: 1216: 1210: 1209: 1202: 1201: 1195: 1194: 1190: 1189: 1183: 1182: 1178: 1177: 1171: 1170: 1163: 1162: 1156: 1155: 1148: 1147: 1141: 1140: 1133: 1132: 1122: 1121: 1118: 1106: 1103: 1034: 1031: 958:Gaylord Nelson 881:Armed Services 775:John A. McCone 741: 740:Congress votes 738: 711:revealed that 599:Gulf of Tonkin 535:DESOTO patrols 513:Main article: 510: 507: 482:McGeorge Bundy 469:Lucius D. Clay 449:Jonathan Moore 433:Mike Mansfield 401: 398: 379:Dương Văn Minh 341:Stanley Karnow 268: 265: 234:Southeast Asia 219:U.S. president 169: 168: 166: 165: 155: 145: 135: 128: 125: 124: 120: 119: 109: 101: 100: 86: 82: 81: 77: 76: 73: 69: 68: 62: 58: 57: 54: 50: 49: 46: 42: 41: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5302: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5266: 5263: 5261: 5258: 5256: 5253: 5251: 5248: 5247: 5245: 5230: 5222: 5220: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5198: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5181: 5177: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5167: 5165: 5162: 5160: 5157: 5156: 5154: 5150: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5128: 5126: 5124: 5121: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5112: 5109: 5107: 5104: 5103: 5101: 5097: 5091: 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5074: 5071: 5070: 5069: 5066: 5064: 5061: 5060: 5058: 5054: 5048: 5045: 5043: 5040: 5036: 5035:POW/MIA issue 5033: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5026: 5023: 5022: 5020: 5016: 5009: 5005: 5001: 4997: 4994: 4992: 4989: 4987: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4970: 4967: 4965: 4962: 4960: 4957: 4955: 4952: 4950: 4947: 4946: 4944: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4929: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4907: 4904: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4893: 4890: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4877: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4865: 4861: 4857: 4856:Tet Offensive 4853: 4850: 4848: 4844: 4841: 4839: 4836: 4834: 4831: 4829: 4825: 4822: 4820: 4819:December coup 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4794: 4792: 4788: 4785: 4783: 4780: 4778: 4774: 4771: 4770: 4768: 4764: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4750: 4748: 4745: 4743: 4740: 4738: 4735: 4732: 4728: 4724: 4721: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4708: 4705: 4704: 4702: 4698: 4690: 4687: 4686: 4685: 4682: 4680: 4677: 4675: 4672: 4671: 4669: 4665: 4657: 4654: 4652: 4649: 4647: 4644: 4642: 4639: 4637: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4627: 4626:United States 4624: 4623: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4612: 4611:South Vietnam 4609: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4594: 4593:North Vietnam 4591: 4590: 4588: 4584: 4580: 4575: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4557: 4552: 4550: 4545: 4544: 4541: 4528: 4527: 4522: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4512: 4509: 4500: 4496: 4493: 4489: 4486: 4482: 4481: 4479: 4475: 4471: 4467: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4448: 4443: 4442: 4440: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4423: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4409: 4405: 4400: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4376: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4360: 4355: 4354: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4329: 4328:Teacher Corps 4325: 4322: 4318: 4315: 4314:Stafford Loan 4311: 4308: 4304: 4301: 4297: 4294: 4290: 4287: 4283: 4282: 4280: 4276: 4272: 4268: 4264: 4260: 4255: 4251: 4250: 4248: 4244: 4239: 4235: 4232: 4228: 4225: 4221: 4218: 4214: 4213: 4211: 4207: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4197: 4196:Great Society 4193: 4185: 4181: 4178: 4174: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4142: 4138: 4134: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4121: 4119: 4117: 4114:Environmental 4111: 4103: 4099: 4096: 4092: 4089: 4085: 4080: 4076: 4073: 4069: 4066: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4055: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4036: 4032: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4006: 4002: 3999: 3995: 3991: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3963: 3960: 3956: 3953: 3949: 3946: 3942: 3937: 3933: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3923: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3912: 3903: 3899: 3898: 3896: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3882: 3878: 3874: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3851: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3836: 3834: 3830: 3827: 3823: 3820: 3816: 3813: 3809: 3805: 3801: 3796: 3792: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3782: 3778: 3774: 3770: 3769: 3767: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3749: 3745: 3742: 3738: 3732: 3727: 3724: 3720: 3719: 3717: 3713: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3701: 3697: 3696: 3694: 3692: 3688: 3681: 3677: 3674: 3670: 3667: 3663: 3660: 3656: 3653: 3649: 3644: 3643:controversies 3640: 3637: 3633: 3630: 3629:Supreme Court 3626: 3625: 3623: 3619: 3616: 3612: 3609: 3605: 3602: 3598: 3595: 3591: 3588: 3584: 3581: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3567: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3553: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3540: 3535: 3528: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3514: 3509: 3508: 3505: 3499: 3495: 3494: 3489: 3480: 3476: 3471: 3469: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3444:on 2013-08-01 3443: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3414:on 2008-10-20 3413: 3409: 3405: 3401: 3389: 3385: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3350: 3345: 3341: 3339:0-8078-2300-7 3335: 3331: 3326: 3325: 3318: 3314: 3308: 3304: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3280: 3276: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3256: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3233: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3207: 3203: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3170: 3160:on 2007-02-02 3159: 3155: 3150: 3149: 3137: 3132: 3125: 3120: 3113: 3108: 3101: 3096: 3094: 3092: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3067:Langguth 2000 3063: 3061: 3053: 3048: 3041: 3036: 3034: 3026: 3021: 3014: 3009: 3002: 2997: 2990: 2985: 2978: 2973: 2971: 2963: 2962:Langguth 2000 2958: 2956: 2948: 2943: 2941: 2939: 2931: 2926: 2919: 2914: 2907: 2902: 2895: 2890: 2888: 2880: 2875: 2868: 2863: 2861: 2853: 2848: 2841: 2836: 2829: 2824: 2817: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2800: 2795: 2788: 2783: 2776: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2755: 2750: 2748: 2740: 2735: 2728: 2723: 2721: 2713: 2712:Langguth 2000 2708: 2706: 2704: 2696: 2691: 2684: 2679: 2673:, p. 27. 2672: 2667: 2665: 2658:, p. 26. 2657: 2652: 2650: 2648: 2646: 2638: 2633: 2626: 2621: 2619: 2617: 2615: 2613: 2611: 2603: 2602:Langguth 2000 2598: 2596: 2594: 2587:, p. 25. 2586: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2573: 2571: 2569: 2567: 2565: 2557: 2552: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2528: 2520: 2515: 2508: 2507:Langguth 2000 2503: 2501: 2499: 2497: 2495: 2487: 2486:Langguth 2000 2482: 2480: 2472: 2471:Langguth 2000 2467: 2460: 2459:Langguth 2000 2455: 2453: 2451: 2449: 2447: 2445: 2443: 2441: 2433: 2432:Langguth 2000 2428: 2421: 2416: 2414: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2394: 2389: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2351: 2350:Langguth 2000 2346: 2344: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2324: 2319: 2312: 2307: 2300: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2283: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 2270: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2236: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2215: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2204: 2196: 2191: 2185:, p. 82. 2184: 2179: 2173:, p. 78. 2172: 2167: 2160: 2155: 2149:, p. 71. 2148: 2143: 2136: 2131: 2124: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2107: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2088: 2083: 2076: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2053: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2036: 2031: 2024: 2023:Langguth 2000 2019: 2013:, p. 15. 2012: 2007: 2000: 1995: 1988: 1983: 1981: 1979: 1977: 1969: 1968:Langguth 2000 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1948: 1947:Langguth 2000 1943: 1941: 1939: 1931: 1930:Langguth 2000 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1912: 1911:Langguth 2000 1907: 1905: 1898:, p. 23. 1897: 1892: 1890: 1883:, p. 22. 1882: 1877: 1875: 1873: 1865: 1860: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1829: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1801: 1796: 1794: 1792: 1784: 1779: 1772: 1767: 1760: 1755: 1748: 1743: 1736: 1731: 1724: 1719: 1712: 1707: 1700: 1695: 1688: 1683: 1681: 1679: 1677: 1669: 1664: 1657: 1652: 1645: 1640: 1638: 1630: 1625: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1617: 1615: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1598: 1596: 1587: 1581: 1577: 1570: 1555: 1553:9780939526147 1549: 1545: 1544: 1536: 1528: 1522: 1518: 1511: 1509: 1500: 1494: 1490: 1486: 1479: 1475: 1465: 1462: 1461: 1455: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1440: 1438: 1434: 1433:Richard Nixon 1429: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1415: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1388: 1383: 1381: 1376: 1374: 1369: 1368: 1366: 1365: 1362: 1359: 1358: 1355: 1351: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1343: 1339: 1338: 1335: 1332: 1331: 1327: 1326: 1323: 1320: 1319: 1316: 1312: 1311: 1308: 1305: 1304: 1301: 1297: 1296: 1293: 1290: 1289: 1286: 1282: 1281: 1278: 1275: 1274: 1270: 1269: 1266: 1263: 1262: 1258: 1257: 1254: 1251: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1242: 1239: 1238: 1234: 1233: 1230: 1227: 1226: 1223: 1219: 1218: 1215: 1212: 1211: 1208: 1204: 1203: 1200: 1197: 1196: 1192: 1191: 1188: 1185: 1184: 1180: 1179: 1176: 1173: 1172: 1169: 1165: 1164: 1161: 1158: 1157: 1154: 1150: 1149: 1146: 1143: 1142: 1139: 1138:North America 1135: 1134: 1129: 1124: 1123: 1114: 1111: 1110: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1083:Harold Wilson 1080: 1075: 1073: 1067: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1051: 1049: 1048:Phạm Văn Đồng 1044: 1040: 1030: 1027: 1022: 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Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

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