Gulf of Tonkin incident

3314: 3705: 3864:. These logs were not available before Johnson's resolution was presented to Congress. After urging Congress that they should be wary of Johnson's coming attempt to convince Congress of his resolution, Morse failed to gain enough cooperation and support from his colleagues to mount any sort of movement to stop it. Immediately after the resolution was read and presented to Congress, Morse began to fight it. He contended in speeches to Congress that the actions taken by the United States were actions outside the constitution and were "acts of war rather than acts of defense." Morse's efforts were not immediately met with support, largely because he revealed no sources and was working with very limited information. It was not until after the United States became more involved in the war that his claim began to gain support throughout the United States government. 3391: 3983: 3720:, to "show the flag" after the first incident. This time their orders indicated that the ships were to close to no less than 11 miles (18 km) from the coast of North Vietnam. During an evening of rough weather and heavy seas, the destroyers received radar, sonar, and radio signals that they believed signaled another attack by the North Vietnamese navy. For some two hours (from about 21:40 to about 23:35, local time) the ships fired on radar targets and maneuvered vigorously amid electronic and visual reports of enemies. Despite the Navy's claim that two attacking torpedo boats had been sunk, there was no wreckage, bodies of dead North Vietnamese sailors, or other physical evidence present at the scene of the alleged engagement. 3645: 3904: 4068: 3501: 164: 3832:"). That same day he used the "hot line" to Moscow, and assured the Soviets he had no intent in opening a broader war in Vietnam. Early on August 5, Johnson publicly ordered retaliatory measures stating, "The determination of all Americans to carry out our full commitment to the people and to the government of South Vietnam will be redoubled by this outrage." One hour and forty minutes after his speech, aircraft launched from U.S. carriers reached North Vietnamese targets. On August 5, at 10:40, these planes bombed four torpedo boat bases and an oil-storage facility in 3509: 3937:, CIA analyst from 1963 to 1990, the CIA, "not to mention President Lyndon Johnson, Defense Secretary Robert McNamara and National Security Adviser McGeorge Bundy all knew full well that the evidence of any armed attack on the evening of Aug. 4, 1964, the so-called 'second' Tonkin Gulf incident, was highly dubious. ... During the summer of 1964, President Johnson and the Joint Chiefs of Staff were eager to widen the war in Vietnam. They stepped up sabotage and hit-and-run attacks on the coast of North Vietnam." 151: 4001: 7384: 3797: 7017: 7007: 3262:, who were legally campaigning for the promised elections between 1955 and 1957, were suppressed by the government. In March 1956, the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. A communist-led uprising began against Diem's government in April 1957. The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a "people's war" on the South at a session in January 1959, and on July 28, North Vietnamese forces 7379: 4141: 3466: 48: 3387:(intelligence gathering) program, conducted by destroyer patrols in the western Pacific, with the cover name DESOTO. The first missions in the Tonkin Gulf began in February 1964. While intelligence collected by DESOTO missions could be used by OPLAN-34A planners and commanders, they were separate programs not known to coordinate mission planning except to warn DESOTO patrols to stay clear of 34A operational areas. 3941:, carrying electronic spying gear, was to collect signals intelligence from the North Vietnamese coast, and the coastal attacks were seen as a helpful way to get the North Vietnamese to turn on their coastal radars. For this purpose, it was authorized to approach the coast as close as 13 kilometers (8 mi) and the offshore islands as close as four; the latter had already been subjected to shelling from the sea. 7027: 3845: 3218: 3761:

present a confusing picture although certain that the original ambush was bona fide." It is likely that McNamara did not inform either the president or Admiral U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. about Herrick's misgivings or Herrick's recommendation for further investigation. At 18:00 Washington time (05:00 in the Gulf of Tonkin), Herrick cabled yet again, this time stating, "the first boat to close the

4214:, where intelligence analysts mistakenly believed the destroyers would soon be attacked. This would have been communicated back to the NSA along with evidence supporting such a conclusion, but in fact the evidence did not do that. Hanyok attributed this to the deference that the NSA would have likely given to the analysts who were closer to the event. As the evening progressed, further 3246:

a general election by July 1956 to create a unified Vietnamese state. The accords allowed free movement of the population between the north and south for three hundred days. They also forbade the political interference of other countries in the area, the creation of new governments without the stipulated elections, and foreign military presence. By 1961, South Vietnamese President

4129:, meeting with former Secretary McNamara, denied that Vietnamese gunboats had attacked American destroyers on August 4, while admitting to the attack on August 2. A taped conversation of a meeting several weeks after passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was released in 2001, revealing that McNamara expressed doubts to Johnson that the attack had even occurred. 4152:. In the foreword, he notes "Among the many books written on the Vietnamese war, half a dozen note a 1967 letter to the editor of a Connecticut newspaper which was instrumental in pressuring the Johnson administration to tell the truth about how the war started. The letter was mine." The story discusses Lt. White reading Admiral Stockdale's 4028:), titled the Southeast Asia Resolution, which granted Johnson the authority to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without the benefit of a declaration of war. The resolution gave Johnson approval "to take all necessary steps, including the use of armed force, to assist any member or protocol state of the 3996:

By early afternoon of August 4, Washington time, Herrick had reported to the Commander in Chief Pacific in Honolulu that "freak weather effects" on the ship's radar had made such an attack questionable. In fact, Herrick stated in a message sent at 1:27 pm Washington time that no North Vietnamese

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signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference. The accords, which were signed by other participants including the Viet Minh, mandated a temporary ceasefire line, which separated southern and northern Vietnam to be governed by the State of Vietnam and the Viet Minh respectively. The accords called for

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On November 30, 2005, the NSA released a first installment of previously classified information regarding the Gulf of Tonkin incident, including a moderately sanitized version of Hanyok's article. The Hanyok article states that intelligence information was presented to the Johnson administration "in

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s sonar reports were faulty and the Johnson administration knew it prior to going to Congress to request support for the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. White's book explains the difference between lies of commission and lies of omission. Johnson was guilty of willful lies of omission. White was featured

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wrote that he was asked in early August 1964 to determine if the radar operator's report showed a real torpedo boat attack or an imagined one. He asked for further details on time, weather and surface conditions. No further details were forthcoming. In the end he concluded that there were no torpedo

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McNamara later testified that he had read the message after his return to the Pentagon that afternoon. But he did not immediately call Johnson to tell him that the whole premise of his decision at lunch to approve McNamara's recommendation for retaliatory air strikes against North Vietnam was highly

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He emphasized commitment to both the American people, and the South Vietnamese government. He also reminded Americans that there was no desire for war. "A close scrutiny of Johnson's public statements ... reveals no mention of preparations for overt warfare and no indication of the nature and extent

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traveled on a mission in South Vietnam. They were recruited for the job by the Norwegian intelligence officer Alf Martens Meyer. Martens Meyer, who was head of department at the military intelligence staff, operated on behalf of U.S. intelligence. The three skippers did not know who Meyer really was

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such a manner as to preclude responsible decision makers in the Johnson administration from having the complete and objective narrative of events." Instead, "only information that supported the claim that the communists had attacked the two destroyers was given to Johnson administration officials."

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stated she had evaded a torpedo attack and opened fire with its five-inch (127 mm) guns, forcing the torpedo boats away. Two of the torpedo boats had come as close as 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) and released one torpedo each, but neither one was effective, coming no closer than

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McNamara: "It was just confusion, and events afterward showed that our judgment that we'd been attacked that day was wrong. It didn't happen. And the judgment that we'd been attacked on August 2nd was right. We had been, although that was disputed at the time. So we were right once and wrong once.

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time), Herrick sent a cable in which he acknowledged that the second attack may not have happened and that there may actually have been no Vietnamese craft in the area: "Review of action makes many reported contacts and torpedoes fired appear doubtful. Freak weather effects on radar and overeager

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In July 1964, "the situation along North Vietnam's territorial waters had reached a near boil", because of South Vietnamese commando raids and airborne operations that inserted intelligence teams into North Vietnam, as well as North Vietnam's military response to these operations. On the night of

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re-examined Herrick's ship's log and determined that the first torpedo report from August 4, which Herrick had maintained had occurred—the "apparent ambush"—was in fact unfounded. Although information obtained well after the fact supported Captain Herrick's statements about the inaccuracy of the

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had called for the U.S. to "drive the communists out of South Vietnam", even if that meant attacking both North Vietnam and communist China. Even so, the Johnson administration in the second half of 1964 focused on convincing the American public that there was no chance of war between the United

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One hour later, Herrick sent another cable, stating, "Entire action leaves many doubts except for apparent ambush at beginning. Suggest thorough reconnaissance in daylight by aircraft." In response to requests for confirmation, at around 16:00 Washington time, Herrick cabled, "Details of action

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And ultimately it was concluded that almost certainly the attack had occurred. But even at the time there was some recognition of a margin of error, so we thought it highly probable but not entirely certain. And because it was highly probable—and because even if it hadn't occurred, there was

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to stage daylight runs into North Vietnamese waters, testing the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) limit and North Vietnamese resolve. These runs into North Vietnamese territorial waters coincided with South Vietnamese coastal raids and were interpreted as coordinated operations by the

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islands, the MACV-SOG had launched a covert long-term agent team into North Vietnam, which was promptly captured. On August 1 and 2, flights of CIA-sponsored Laotian fighter-bombers (piloted by Thai mercenaries) attacked border outposts well within southwestern North Vietnam. According to Edwin

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to stay 8 nautical miles (15 km; 9.2 mi) off the North Vietnamese coast put the ship in international waters, as North Vietnam claimed only a 5 nautical miles (9.3 km; 5.8 mi) limit as its territory (or off of its off-shore islands). In addition, many nations had previously

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had engaged the North Vietnamese Navy on August 2, but that the incident of August 4 was based on bad naval intelligence and misrepresentations of North Vietnamese communications. The official US government claim is that it was based mostly on erroneously interpreted communications intercepts.

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In the face of growing uncertainties over the course of the day regarding whether the attack had occurred, the Johnson administration ended up basing its conclusion mostly on communications intercepts erroneously assessed to be North Vietnamese preparations to carry out an attack and a North

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in 1936. Moreover it officially claimed a 12 nmi limit, which is practically identical to the old 20 km French claim, after the incidents of August, in September 1964. The North Vietnamese stance is that they always considered a 12 nautical mile limit, consistent with the positions

5722: 3632:, when confronted, was approaching Hòn Mê Island, three to four nautical miles (nmi) (6 to 7 km) inside the 12 nautical miles (22 km; 14 mi) limit claimed by North Vietnam. This territorial limit was unrecognized by the United States. After the skirmish, Johnson ordered 3380:(ICC), which had been established in 1954 to oversee the terms of the Geneva Accords, but the U.S. denied any involvement. Four years later, Secretary McNamara admitted to Congress that the U.S. ships had in fact been cooperating in the South Vietnamese attacks against North Vietnam. 3456:

was under orders not to approach closer than eight miles (13 km) from North Vietnam's coast and four miles (6 km) from Hon Nieu island. When a MACV-SOG commando raid was being carried out against Hon Nieu, the ship was 120 miles (190 km) away from the attacked area.

4058:. He asserts "I maintain that President Johnson, Secretary McNamara and the Joint Chiefs of Staff gave false information to Congress in their report about US destroyers being attacked in the Gulf of Tonkin." White continued his whistleblowing activities in the 1968 documentary 4218:(SIGINT) did not support any such ambush, but the NSA personnel were apparently so convinced of an attack that they ignored the 90% of SIGINT that did not support that conclusion, and that was also excluded from any reports they produced for the consumption by the president. 3872:

The U.S. government was still seeking evidence on the night of August 4 when Johnson gave his address to the American public on the incident; messages recorded that day indicate that neither Johnson nor McNamara was certain of an attack. Various news sources, including

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told a British journalist after the war that "at that time ... many people ... were looking for any excuse to initiate bombing". George Ball stated that the mission of the destroyer warship involved in the Gulf of Tonkin incident "was primarily for provocation."

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John McNaughton suggested in September 1964 that the U.S. prepare to take actions to provoke a North Vietnamese military reaction, including plans to use DESOTO patrols North. William Bundy's paper dated September 8, 1964, suggested more DESOTO patrols as well.

4122:. Stockdale said his superiors ordered him to keep quiet about this. After he was captured, this knowledge became a heavy burden. He later said he was concerned that his captors would eventually force him to reveal what he knew about the second incident. 3412:

Moïse, the Hanoi government (which, unlike the U.S. government, had to give permission at the highest levels for the conduct of such missions) probably assumed that they were all a coordinated effort to escalate military actions against North Vietnam.

4114:: " had the best seat in the house to watch that event, and our destroyers were just shooting at phantom targets—there were no PT boats there ... There was nothing there but black water and American fire power." Stockdale at one point recounts seeing 4636:

Both sides agree that North Vietnam attacked a U.S. Navy ship in the gulf on Aug. 2 as it cruised close to shore. But it was an alleged second attack two days later that led to the first U.S. bombing raid on the North and propelled America deep into

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and the two destroyers continued the DESOTO mission. On the evening of August 4, the ships opened fire on radar returns that had been preceded by communications intercepts, which US forces claimed meant an attack was imminent. The commander of the

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Ultimately, President Johnson authorized bombing in response to what he thought had been the second attack ? It hadn't occurred, but that's irrelevant to the point I'm making here. He authorized the attack on the assumption it had occurred…"

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Vietnamese after action report. Later analysis showed those communications to have concerned the recovery of torpedo boats damaged in the August 2 attack and North Vietnamese observations of (but not participation in) the August 4 U.S. actions.

4020:, that the U.S. Navy had supported South Vietnamese military operations in the Gulf. He thus characterized the attack as "unprovoked" since the ship had been in international waters. As a result of his testimony, on August 7, Congress passed a 3478:

July 30, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked a North Vietnamese radar station on Hòn Mê island. According to Hanyok, "it would be attacks on these islands, especially Hòn Mê, by South Vietnamese commandos, along with the proximity of the

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territorial waters, which triggered a response from North Vietnamese forces. The United States government falsely claimed that a second incident occurred on August 4, 1964, between North Vietnamese and United States ships in the waters of the

3137:, reported that the ships were being attacked by North Vietnamese boats when, in fact, there were no North Vietnamese boats in the area. While Herrick soon reported doubts regarding the task force's initial perceptions of the attack, the 5864: 3911:

The use of the set of incidents as a pretext for escalation of U.S. involvement followed the issuance of public threats against North Vietnam, as well as calls from American politicians in favor of escalating the war. On May 4, 1964,

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in November 1963, he had begun a limited withdrawal of 1,000 U.S. forces before the end of 1963. Johnson's views were likewise complex, but he had supported military escalation as a means of challenging what was perceived to be the

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Sharp's claims, however, included some factually incorrect statements. North Vietnam did not adhere to an 8-kilometer (5 mi) limit for its territorial waters; instead it adhered to a 20-kilometer (12 mi) limit claimed by

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as the aggressor and which put the United States into a more acceptable defensive posture." Johnson also referred to the attacks as having taken place "on the high seas", suggesting that they had occurred in international waters.

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article. According to intelligence officials, the view of government historians that Hanyok's report should become public was rebuffed by policy makers concerned that comparisons might be made to intelligence used to justify the

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to ask what happened on August 4, 1964. "Absolutely nothing", Giáp replied. Giáp confirmed that the attack had been imaginary. In 2005, an internal National Security Agency historical study was declassified; it concluded that

3958:"was to act as a seagoing provocateur—to poke its sharp gray bow and the American flag as close to the belly of North Vietnam as possible, in effect shoving its five-inch cannons up the nose of the communist navy. ... The 3825:

of covert land and air measures that already were operational." Johnson's statements were short to "minimize the U.S. role in the conflict; a clear inconsistency existed between Johnson's actions and his public discourse."

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mission was made even more provocative by being timed to coincide with commando raids, creating the impression that the Maddox was directing those missions ..." Thus, the North Vietnamese had every reason to believe that

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North Vietnam's General Giáp suggested that the DESOTO patrol had been sent into the gulf to provoke North Vietnam into giving the U.S. an excuse for escalation of the war. Various government officials and men aboard

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later torpedo reports as well as the 1981 Herrick and Scheer conclusion about the inaccuracy of the first, indicating that there was no North Vietnamese attack that night, at the time U.S. authorities and all of the

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reported: "Through the darkness, from the West and south ... intruders boldly sped ... at least six of them ... they opened fire on the destroyers with automatic weapons, this time from as close as 2,000 yards."

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radioed she was under attack from the three boats, closing to within 10 nautical miles (19 km; 12 mi), while located 28 nautical miles (52 km; 32 mi) away from the North Vietnamese coast in

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stated that there was "no doubt in Sharp's mind that the U.S. would now have to answer this attack", and that there was no debate or confusion within the administration regarding the incident.

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While doubts regarding the perceived second attack have been expressed since 1964, it was not until years later that it was shown conclusively never to have happened. In the 2003 documentary

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Shortly before midnight, on August 4, Johnson interrupted national television to make an announcement in which he described an attack by North Vietnamese vessels on two U.S. Navy warships,

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strong feeling we should have responded to the first attack, which we were positive had occurred—President Johnson decided to respond to the second . I think it is now clear did not occur

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had originally supported the policy of sending military advisers to Diem, he had begun to alter his thinking by September 1963, because of what he perceived to be the ineptitude of the

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along the coast by radar and were thus aware that the destroyer had not actually attacked North Vietnam and that Hanoi (or the local commander) had ordered its craft to engage

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fired three rounds to warn off the communist boats. This initial action was never reported by the Johnson administration, which insisted that the Vietnamese boats fired first.

6237: 4190:, an historian for the NSA, concluded that the NSA distorted intelligence reports passed to policy makers regarding the August 4 incident. The NSA historian said agency staff 4401: 3016: 3006: 3001: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2981: 2976: 2971: 2966: 4237:, but we were told only to give facts with no elaboration on the nature of the evidence. Everyone knew how volatile LBJ was. He did not like to deal with uncertainties." 3103:

and the North Vietnamese boats attacked with torpedoes and machine gun fire. In the ensuing engagement, one U.S. aircraft (which had been launched from aircraft carrier

3310:. After Kennedy's assassination, Johnson ordered in more U.S. forces to support the Saigon government, beginning a protracted United States presence in Southeast Asia. 7446: 6912: 6207: 3110:) was damaged, three North Vietnamese torpedo boats were damaged, and four North Vietnamese sailors were killed, with six more wounded. There were no U.S. casualties. 2391: 5256: 3665: 5943: 4009:

questionable. Johnson had fended off proposals from McNamara and other advisers for a policy of bombing North Vietnam on four occasions since becoming president.

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Fredrik Logevall, "Choosing War: The Lost Chance for Peace and the Escalation of War in Vietnam" (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), p. 200

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the evidence to make it appear that an attack had occurred. Hanyok's conclusions were initially published in the Winter 2000/Spring 2001 Edition of

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Others, such as Admiral Sharp, maintained that U.S. actions did not provoke the August 2 incident. He claimed that the North Vietnamese had tracked

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As much as anything else, it was an awareness that Johnson would brook no uncertainty that could undermine his position. Faced with this attitude,

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Although the boats were crewed by South Vietnamese naval personnel, approval for each mission conducted under the plan came directly from Admiral

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had been involved in providing intelligence support for South Vietnamese attacks at Hòn Mê and Hòn Ngư, Johnson denied, in his testimony before

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Ball, Moya Ann (1991). "Revisiting the Gulf of Tonkin Crisis: An Analysis of the Private Communication of President Johnson and his Advisers".

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campaign to develop heavy industry and defense industry in China's interior where it would be more protected in the event of foreign invasion.

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boats on the night in question, and that the White House was interested only in confirmation of an attack, not that there was no such attack.

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began patrols of the North Vietnamese coast to collect intelligence, coming within a few miles of Hòn Mê island. A U.S. aircraft carrier, the

6629: 5430: 3404: 3067:, an agency of the US Defense Department, had deliberately skewed intelligence to create the impression that an attack had been carried out. 1585: 519: 132: 6924: 6218: 6213: 6175: 5817: 5230: 3274:) under the direction of North Vietnam, had intensified by 1961. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated the south from 1961 to 1963. 5756: 6050: 5703: 6067: 4947: 3672:

had been tracked since July 31 and that she had attacked fishing boats on August 2 forcing the North Vietnamese Navy to "fight back".

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leadership that the United States would eventually invade China. This triggered greater support among leadership for Mao Zedong's

3270:, in support of insurgents in the south. The rebellion, headed by the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, or 6848: 3860:. Morse supposedly received a call from an informant who has remained anonymous urging Morse to investigate official logbooks of 6597: 7431: 5461: 4811: 6227: 4887: 3982: 6362: 6158: 5680: 5526: 4757: 4732: 4691: 4246: 4241:

Hanyok included his study of Tonkin Gulf as one chapter in an overall history of NSA involvement and American SIGINT, in the

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relied on the wrongly interpreted National Security Agency communications intercepts to conclude that the attack was real.

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torpedo reports are doubtful in that it is suspected that sonarman was hearing the ship's own propeller beat" [

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s crew stated that they were convinced that an attack had taken place. As a result, planes from the aircraft carriers

2411: 7471: 7406: 6553: 6139: 6039: 6018: 5782: 5608: 5414: 4987:, "Evolution of the War. Military Pressures Against NVN." July–October 1964, National Archives Identifier no. 5890500 4784: 4479: 4250: 3954:, who spent three years in the United States Navy as an intelligence analyst, writes that the primary purpose of the 3263: 2544: 2396: 372: 3903: 7461: 6907: 6548: 6513: 6427: 4977: 3377: 2796: 1570: 1525: 379: 324: 6232: 4855:

Lawrence, A. T. (2009). Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland.

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patrol boats had actually been sighted. Herrick proposed a "complete evaluation before any further action taken."

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version of the overall history was released in January 2008 by the National Security Agency and published by the

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had fired her initial warning shots, attacked the retiring P-4s, claiming one was sunk and one heavily damaged.

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was one of the U.S. pilots flying overhead during the second alleged attack. Stockdale writes in his 1984 book

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The Gulf of Tonkin Incident occurred during the first year of the Johnson administration. While U.S. President

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aggression. The resolution served as Johnson's legal justification for deploying U.S. conventional forces to

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in the mid 1980s, then contacting Stockdale who connected White with Joseph Schaperjahn, chief sonarman on

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attempted to hold a fundraiser to raise awareness about possible faulty records of the incident involving

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were sent to hit North Vietnamese torpedo boat bases and fuel facilities during Operation Pierce Arrow.

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The Gulf of Tonkin Incident, 40 Years Later; Flawed Intelligence and the Decision for War in Vietnam

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Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group, Documentation Study (July 1970)

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Within thirty minutes of the August 4 incident, Johnson had decided on retaliatory attacks (dubbed "

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had earlier conducted an intelligence-gathering mission in similar circumstances without incident.

3336:(CIA) in 1961. In 1964, the program was transferred to the Defense Department and conducted by the 3064: 2903: 2703: 2537: 2340: 2303: 2251: 2244: 2103: 2090: 2076: 2069: 2055: 1994: 1959: 1943: 1924: 1917: 1870: 1807: 1544: 1452: 1386: 1179: 1093: 996: 958: 2511: 7476: 7341: 7318: 6843: 6702: 6532: 5884:"Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2–4 August 1964" 4442: 4262: 4036: 3491: 3439: 3104: 3042:) was an international confrontation that led to the United States engaging more directly in the 2933: 2823: 2781: 2723: 2354: 2277: 2230: 2188: 2179: 2167: 2029: 2008: 1951: 1828: 1712: 1375: 1304: 1270: 1223: 1059: 1046: 753: 579: 482: 199: 2360: 7215: 6874: 6826: 6538: 6183: 6098: 5234: 4495: 4060: 4017: 3926: 3829: 3529: 3306:

was to be applied to prevent the fall of Southeast Asia to communism under the precepts of the

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On July 29, 1964, the night before it launched actions against North Vietnamese facilities on

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Robert J. Hanyok: His United States National Security Council study on Tonkin Gulf Deception

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The Gulf of Tonkin Incident also had impacts in China, where it increased perceptions among

3528:, which had a top speed of 28 knots, resumed her routine patrol, and three North Vietnamese 3250:

faced significant discontent among some quarters of the southern population, including some

7278: 7088: 7010: 6348: 5113:"Electronic Briefing Book No. 132 - Essay: 40th Anniversary of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 4951: 4724: 4215: 3557: 3081: 2816: 2790: 2765: 2678: 2599: 2577: 2491: 2476: 2406: 2264: 2237: 2202: 2041: 2022: 1661: 1557: 1475: 1347: 1298: 1264: 1193: 1172: 1158: 944: 801: 746: 5848:

The Gulf of Tonkin Events—Fifty Years Later: A Footnote to the History of the Vietnam War

5469: 5112: 4051:

Johnson commented privately: "For all I know, our navy was shooting at whales out there."

8: 7327: 7311: 7246: 6932: 6881: 6801: 6711: 6524: 6480: 5320: 4211: 4150:

The Gulf of Tonkin Events—Fifty Years Later: A Footnote to the History of the Vietnam War

3574: 3428: 3394: 3353:

when they agreed to a job that involved them in sabotage missions against North Vietnam.

3238: 3074: 3035: 2940: 2657: 2634: 2585: 2481: 2443: 2366: 2139: 1910: 1877: 1634: 1495: 1417: 1394: 1381: 1216: 1121: 930: 809: 788: 760: 733: 615: 457: 445: 440: 53: 6313: 6301: 6289: 2684: 470: 7098: 6750: 6675: 6661: 5911: 5614: 5324: 5212: 4590: 4463: 4457: 4182: 3520:, and several intercepted communications indicated that they were preparing to attack. 3155: 3051: 2915: 2809: 2802: 2557: 2486: 2401: 2291: 2270: 2216: 1937: 1898: 1794: 1742: 1698: 1626: 1564: 1549: 1538: 1482: 1438: 1284: 1251: 1230: 1202: 1186: 1081: 1033: 893: 879: 868: 842: 815: 720: 713: 659: 652: 601: 572: 560: 530: 476: 465: 428: 5775:

In Love and War: The Story of a Family's Ordeal and Sacrifice During the Vietnam Years

4520: 3285:

government and its inability and unwillingness to make needed reforms (which led to a

3114:

was "unscathed except for a single bullet hole from a Vietnamese machine gun round".

7267: 7121: 6755: 6665: 6648: 6475: 6154: 6135: 6075: 6035: 6029: 6014: 5778: 5686: 5676: 5604: 5556: 5410: 5216: 5084: 5050: 4856: 4780: 4753: 4728: 4687: 4475: 4284: 3681: 3508: 3267: 3184: 2952: 2709: 2570: 2501: 2126: 2035: 1883: 1843: 1655: 1648: 1600: 1410: 1361: 1237: 1151: 1100: 1019: 977: 951: 861: 795: 781: 739: 727: 640: 543: 537: 423: 4808:"Transcript of Broadcast With Walter Cronkite Inaugurating a CBS Television Program" 3696:

regarding the law of the sea of both the Soviet Union and China, their main allies.

3544:

changed course from northeasterly to southeasterly and increased speed to 25 knots.

7205: 7160: 6765: 6697: 6518: 6508: 6490: 5618: 5295: 5204: 5015:. February 19, 1981. WGBH Media Library & Archives. Retrieved November 9, 2010. 4631: 4568: 4467: 4276: 4210:

Reviewing the NSA's archives, Hanyok concluded that the August 4 incident began at

4133: 4021: 3724: 3692: 3325: 3282: 3259: 3242: 3229:

was intended to settle outstanding issues following the end of hostilities between

3158:, admitted that there was no attack on August 4. In 1995, McNamara met with former 2697: 2451: 2435: 2416: 2385: 2372: 1777: 1762: 1691: 1618: 1531: 1509: 1431: 1400: 1368: 1310: 1052: 1012: 921: 914: 692: 622: 548: 507: 417: 409: 252: 5818:"Engineering in the CIA: ELINT, Stealth and the Beginnings of Information Warfare" 5530: 5404: 5083:. ASEAN Economic Research Unit, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 47. 3712:

On August 4, another DESOTO patrol off the North Vietnamese coast was launched by

3349: 6981: 6886: 6805: 6592: 6322: 6308: 6296: 6129: 6008: 5920: 5890: 5601:

The Foreign Policy of Lyndon B. Johnson: The United States and the World, 1963–69

4984: 4774: 4627: 4620: 4564: 4557: 4233:

was quoted as saying "... we knew it was bum dope that we were getting from

4107: 3946: 3880: 3874: 3752: 3609: 3420: 3278: 3255: 3134: 2744: 2316: 1837: 1685: 1467: 1445: 1354: 1324: 1244: 1127: 1114: 1107: 1076: 835: 686: 608: 204: 184: 5931: 5208: 3613:

has been revised in light of a 2001 internal NSA historical study, which states:

7334: 7301: 6760: 6734: 6684: 6315:

Tonkin Gulf: Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Code Words Used in Original Documents

5577: 5353: 4242: 3801: 3598: 3188: 3146: 3118: 3060: 2839: 2737: 2690: 2664: 2564: 1967: 1849: 900: 673: 554: 194: 87: 6219:

Tonkin Gulf Intelligence "Skewed" According to Official History and Intercepts

5967: 5690: 5299: 5286:

Cherwitz, Richard A. (1980). "Masking Inconsistency: The Tonkin Gulf Crisis".

59:

during August 2 encounter, showing three North Vietnamese motor torpedo boats.

7400: 7149: 6657: 6528: 6412: 6394: 6335:, FOREIGN RELATIONS OF THE UNITED STATES, 1964–1968, VOLUME I, VIETNAM, 1964. 6079: 5868: 5012: 4082: 4054:

In 1967, former naval officer John White wrote a letter to the editor of the

3951: 3913: 3329: 3307: 3247: 3212: 3196: 3085: 3055: 3047: 2845: 2831: 1756: 1518: 983: 828: 433: 169: 156: 108: 95: 22: 6214:

US Navy Historical Site showing charts and photos of the incident (archived)

3728:

sonarmen may have accounted for many reports. No actual visual sightings by

7236: 6775: 6260:

Signals Intelligence (SIGINT) Reports (R) and Translations (T) Mar–Oct 1964

5906: 5709: 5435: 3934: 3569:

evaded them. Another P-4 received a direct hit from a five-inch shell from

3424: 3295: 3100: 272: 6111:. Center for Cryptologic History, National Security Agency. Archived from 5431:"Deceit and dishonesty: Ben Bradlee's 1987 James Cameron memorial lecture" 4471: 3589:

suffered only minor damage from a single 14.5 mm bullet from a P-4's

3486:

did not participate in the commando attacks. In this context, on July 31,

7170: 6371: 5826: 4191: 4148:

In 2014, as the incident's 50th anniversary approached, John White wrote

4000: 3853: 3817: 3551:

fired three warning shots. The North Vietnamese boats then attacked, and

3369: 3303: 3043: 354: 263: 39: 5968:"Spartans in Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945-1975" 5847: 3796: 3641:

North, which officially acknowledged the engagements of August 2, 1964.

3504:

P-4 torpedo boat, similar to those used by the North Vietnamese military

7226: 6108:

Spartans In Darkness: American SIGINT and the Indochina War, 1945–1975

5768: 5766: 5764: 5180:

Perils of Dominance: Imbalance of Power and the Road to War in Vietnam

4996:

OAH Magazine of History, fall 1992. The Gulf of Tonkin by Erich Martel

4430: 4140: 7350: 6406: 5369:

The World Today, Vol. 26, No. 5 (May 1970), pp. 209–217, Adam Roberts

4230: 4073: 3271: 3234: 3209:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam – Studies and Observations Group

3192: 3071: 1140: 246: 3891:, published articles throughout August on the Tonkin Gulf incident. 16:

1964 naval confrontation between North Vietnam and the United States

7127: 6208:

The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution and the Escalation of the Vietnam War

5761: 4586:"Vietnam War Intelligence 'Deliberately Skewed,' Secret Study Says" 4204: 3887: 3680:

carried out similar missions all over the world, and the destroyer

3443: 3365: 3338:

Military Assistance Command, Vietnam Studies and Observations Group

3299: 3251: 2002: 6210:– EDSITEment lesson from the National Endowment for the Humanities 7191: 6280:

Transcript of Telephone Conversations, Gulf of Tonkin Transcripts

3852:

While Johnson's final resolution was being drafted, U.S. Senator

3332:, in conjunction with the DESOTO operations, had begun under the 47: 5633:"United States Congress resolution, Pub.L. 88–408, 78 Stat. 384" 5574:"Robert McNamara deceived LBJ on Gulf of Tonkin, documents show" 3732:. Suggest complete evaluation before any further action taken." 3465: 7181: 5406:

The Politics of Lying: government deception, secrecy, and power

3345: 3230: 346: 6340: 4779:. Volume 14 of Vietnam Experience. Boston Publishing Company. 4132:

In the fall of 1999, retired Senior CIA Engineering Executive

3925:

have suggested similar theories. U.S. Undersecretary of State

3844: 3593:

into her superstructure. Retiring to South Vietnamese waters,

3340:(MACV-SOG). For the maritime portion of the covert operation, 3217: 7071: 3373: 3191:

country whose government was considered to be jeopardized by

2890: 7442:

Naval battles of the Vietnam War involving the United States

6007:

Doyle, Edward; Lipsman, Samuel & Weiss, Stephen (1981).

4928:

Polmar, Norman "The U. S. Navy Electronic Warfare (Part 1)"

4456:

Paul, Erik Charles (2012). "The Construction of East Asia".

3376:, the capital of North Vietnam, lodged a complaint with the 3199:

and the commencement of open warfare against North Vietnam.

5705:

Congress Approves Gulf of Tonkin Resolution; August 7, 1964

5599:

Colman, Johnathan (2010). "Vietnam: Going to War, 1963-5".

3833: 6333:

U.S. Reaction To Events in the Gulf of Tonkin, August 1–10

6068:"New Tapes Indicate Johnson Doubted Attack in Tonkin Gulf" 5799:"New Tapes Indicate Johnson Doubted Attack in Tonkin Gulf" 3791: 3348:

and sent to South Vietnam. In 1963, three young Norwegian

3046:. It consisted of a confrontation on August 2, 1964, when 6302:

Formerly Classified Documents Subsequent to 4 August 1964

6223:

National Security Archive at George Washington University

6203:

National Security Archive at George Washington University

3775: 3516:

By August 1, North Vietnamese patrol boats were tracking

5456: 5454: 5046:

The Socialist Republic of Vietnam and the Law of the Sea

4973: 4971: 4969: 6176:"August 4, 1964: Report on the Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 5669:

Mao's Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China

5223: 4888:"Vi som støtter Amerika – Norges rolle i Vietnamkrigen" 6153:(revised ed.). Annapolis: Naval Institute Press. 4046: 3482:, that would set off the confrontation", although the 6265:

Related Command and Technical Messages, 2–26 Aug 1964

5723:"John White's Letter to the New Haven Register, 1967" 5451: 5360:

m (University of North Carolina Press, 1996), p. 210.

4966: 3986:

Johnson as he signs the resolution on August 10, 1964

3438:

had begun her mission in the Gulf of Tonkin. Captain

3289:

which resulted in the death of Diem). Shortly before

6031:

Secrets: A Memoir of Vietnam and the Pentagon Papers

4721:

Where the Domino Fell: America and Vietnam 1945–1995

4459:

Neoliberal Australia and US imperialism in East Asia

4402:"Skunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish" 6134:. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. 5182:(University of California Press: 2005), pp. 194–95. 4207:(Operation Iraqi Freedom) which commenced in 2003. 3473:, July 31 – August 2, 1964 (date of first incident) 5986:"Report reveals Vietnam War hoaxes, faked attacks" 5772: 4032:requesting assistance in defense of its freedom." 7447:Battles and operations of the Vietnam War in 1964 6151:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 6131:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 6006: 5358:Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War 4942: 4940: 4938: 4835:"National Security Action Memorandum 263 - Intro" 4706: 4621:McNamara asks Giap: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? 4558:McNamara asks Giáp: What happened in Tonkin Gulf? 4225:With regard to why this happened, Hanyok writes: 3442:was in command of local American forces from his 7398: 6290:Formerly Classified Documents from 2 August 1964 4160:. Schaperjahn confirmed White's assertions that 3573:; its torpedo malfunctioned at launch. Four USN 6238:"Aboard the Maddox" LIFE Magazine Aug. 14, 1964 5143: 5141: 5049:. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 46–47. 5038: 5036: 5034: 3427:the night of August 4, receiving messages from 3175:The outcome of the incident was the passage by 7482:Lyndon B. Johnson administration controversies 5925: 4935: 4302: 4300: 4125:In 1995, retired Vietnamese Defense Minister, 3540:. As the ships approached from the southwest, 7057: 6356: 5162: 5160: 5158: 5156: 4766: 3769:which was heard but not seen. All subsequent 3532:with a top speed of 50 knots began to follow 332: 6228:Ronnie E. Ford "New Light on Gulf of Tonkin" 5555:, Anchor, Reprint edition (April 30, 2002), 5138: 5031: 5028:(San Rafael, CA: Presidio Press, 1978) p. 42 4718: 4654:"CNN Cold War – Interviews: Robert McNamara" 4583: 4548:Starry. Department of the Army. 1978. p. 248 6892:Normalization of US–Vietnam relations 5233:. August 4, 1964. p. 1. Archived from 5026:Strategy for Defeat – Vietnam in Retrospect 4922: 4431:"The Legacy of the Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 4297: 7064: 7050: 6363: 6349: 6276:OSD & Joint Staff FOIA Service Center 5603:. Edinburgh University Press. p. 25. 5383: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5153: 3867: 3786: 339: 325: 46: 7072:Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1964 6233:Original Document: Tonkin Gulf Resolution 5773:Stockdale, Jim; Stockdale, Sybil (1984). 5316:Remarks on Vietnam at Syracuse University 5080:Law of the Sea Zones in the Pacific Ocean 4930:United States Naval Institute Proceedings 3839: 6048: 6027: 5666: 5524: 5499: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5333:Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum 5285: 5279: 5166: 5147: 5077:Buchholz, Hanns Jürgen (December 1987). 5076: 4772: 4747: 4741: 4719:Olson, James S.; Roberts, Randy (2008). 4428: 4139: 4081:In 1981, Captain Herrick and journalist 4066: 4030:Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty 3999: 3981: 3902: 3843: 3795: 3703: 3699: 3643: 3617:At 1500G, Captain Herrick (commander of 3507: 3499: 3464: 3389: 3312: 3216: 6913:Opposition to United States involvement 6051:"LBJ tape 'confirms Vietnam war error'" 5753:Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA 5423: 5387: 5372: 5312: 5190: 5188: 5126:from the original on September 25, 2009 5042: 4832: 4395: 4393: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4385: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 3792:Johnson's speech to the American people 3524:retreated, but the next day, August 2, 3254:who were opposed to the rule of Diem's 7399: 6065: 5815: 5662: 5660: 5598: 5392:. Chicago: Rand McNally & Company. 5110: 5104: 4812:University of California-Santa Barbara 4677: 4675: 4399: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4363: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 3675:Sharp also noted that orders given to 7437:United States Navy in the Vietnam War 7045: 6344: 6148: 6127: 6066:Sanger, David E. (November 6, 2001). 6049:Fletcher, Martin (November 7, 2001). 6013:. Boston: Boston Publishing Company. 5879: 5877: 5503: 5484: 5313:Johnson, Lyndon B. (August 5, 1964). 4916: 4712: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4615: 4613: 4579: 4577: 4507: 4342: 4330: 4318: 4306: 2910:Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River 320: 7026: 5402: 5396: 5194: 5185: 5006:"Interview with Phung The Tai, 1981" 4455: 3648:A North Vietnamese P-4 engaging USS 3241:. Neither the United States nor the 3088:operations, was approached by three 6630:U.S. escalation / "Americanization" 5657: 4885: 4684:The Vietnam War from the Other Side 4681: 4672: 4348: 4047:Later statements about the incident 3765:probably launched a torpedo at the 3469:Chart showing the track of the USS 3385:electronic warfare support measures 3372:. After the coastal attacks began, 3368:, who received his orders from the 13: 6559:1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt 5874: 5571: 5257:"Text of Lyndon Johnson's speech, 4978:Pentagon Papers, Part IV. C. 2. b. 4833:Burnham, Greg (January 29, 2014). 4750:Vietnam an epic tragedy, 1945–1975 4641: 4610: 4598:from the original on June 27, 2017 4574: 4521:"Film: The Fog of War: Transcript" 4416:Naval History and Heritage Command 3664:anyway. North Vietnamese general 3565:about 100 yards (91 m) after 3152:United States Secretary of Defense 302:2 torpedo boats moderately damaged 14: 7493: 6554:North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 6168: 5468:. August 14, 1964. Archived from 4584:Shane, Scott (December 2, 2005). 4435:Nanzan Review of American Studies 4251:Federation of American Scientists 7467:International maritime incidents 7382: 7377: 7025: 7016: 7015: 7006: 7005: 6908:Draft evasion in the Vietnam War 5729:. August 1, 2014. Archived from 4776:Rain of Fire: Air War, 1969–1973 3383:In 1962, the U.S. Navy began an 3378:International Control Commission 3344:had been purchased quietly from 3328:against North Vietnam, known as 3258:supporters. Viet Minh political 3050:forces were carrying out covert 162: 149: 133:escalation of the War in Vietnam 6544:Vietnamese migration of 1954–55 6370: 6180:Miller Center of Public Affairs 5978: 5960: 5936: 5900: 5852: 5841: 5816:Poteat, S. Eugene (Fall 1999). 5809: 5791: 5777:(1st ed.). Harpercollins. 5745: 5715: 5697: 5625: 5592: 5565: 5545: 5518: 5509: 5363: 5347: 5306: 5249: 5172: 5111:Prados, John (August 4, 2004). 5070: 5018: 4999: 4990: 4910: 4898: 4879: 4866: 4849: 4826: 4800: 4707:Doyle, Lipsman & Weiss 1981 4700: 4551: 4542: 4513: 3977: 3970:was involved in these actions. 3460: 3324:A highly classified program of 3183:, which granted U.S. President 3095:of the 135th Torpedo Squadron. 299:1 torpedo boat severely damaged 6793:United States prisoners of war 4501: 4488: 4449: 4422: 4336: 4324: 4312: 3607:The original account from the 3298:'s expansionist policies. The 1: 7432:Maritime incidents in Vietnam 6976:Henry Kissinger’s involvement 6000: 5755:(New York: Doubleday, 2007), 5671:. Cambridge, United Kingdom: 5117:National Security Archive at 5043:Farrell, Epsey Cooke (1998). 4175: 3547:As the torpedo boats neared, 3497:, was also stationed nearby. 3202: 3117:On August 3, 1964, destroyer 1526:New Year's Day battle of 1968 5667:Meyskens, Covell F. (2020). 5119:George Washington University 4723:(5th ed.). Malden, MA: 4198:about five years before the 4168:in the August 2014 issue of 3597:was joined by the destroyer 3266:to maintain and upgrade the 3187:the authority to assist any 1591:Joint General Staff Compound 1581:Cholon and Phu Tho Racetrack 923:Thayer, Irving and Thayer II 287:1 destroyer slightly damaged 7: 6584:Independence Palace bombing 5409:. New York: Vintage Books. 5390:Truth is the First Casualty 5388:Goulden, Joseph C. (1969). 5209:10.1177/0957926591002003002 4410:. 19/20 (4/1). Fort Meade: 4256: 3723:At 01:27 local time (13:27 3415: 3334:Central Intelligence Agency 1519:Tet Offensive and aftermath 290:1 aircraft slightly damaged 10: 7498: 7427:Maritime incidents in 1964 6966:Canada and the Vietnam War 6635:1965 South Vietnamese coup 6443:People's Republic of China 6423:International participants 6321:November 24, 2013, at the 6307:November 24, 2013, at the 6295:November 23, 2013, at the 6105:Hanyok, Robert J. (2002). 6096:Mounted Combat in Vietnam. 6094:Starry, Donn A., General. 5673:Cambridge University Press 5024:Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp, 4905:MACSOG Documentation Study 4429:Fujimoto, Hiroshi (2014). 4400:Hanyok, Robert J. (2001). 3989: 3917:States and North Vietnam. 3342:a set of fast patrol boats 3206: 2960:Lists of allied operations 20: 7417:1964 in the United States 7372: 7258: 7077: 7001: 6971:CIA activities in Vietnam 6953: 6900: 6857: 6819: 6743: 6567: 6501: 6468: 6387: 6378: 6101:, Washington, D.C. (1978) 6028:Ellsberg, Daniel (2002). 5889:October 11, 2013, at the 5859:the August 2014 issue of 5300:10.1080/01463378009369364 5231:"Gulf of Tonkin Incident" 4886:NRK (December 10, 2000). 3992:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 3227:Geneva Conference in 1954 3181:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 2392:Cambodia and Mekong Delta 362: 278: 231: 175: 142: 129:Gulf of Tonkin Resolution 63: 45: 37: 32: 7472:National Security Agency 7407:1964 in military history 6993:Women in the Vietnam War 6925:United States news media 6870:Indochina refugee crisis 6865:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 6640:Bombing of North Vietnam 6579:Strategic Hamlet Program 6149:Moïse, Edwin E. (2019). 6128:Moïse, Edwin E. (1996). 5919:August 24, 2013, at the 4837:. assassinationofjfk.net 4682:Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). 4412:National Security Agency 4290: 4041:Third Front Construction 3291:Kennedy was assassinated 3065:National Security Agency 1975:DMZ Campaign (1969–1971) 1968:Vietnamization 1969–1971 1210:Malheur I and Malheur II 71:August 2, 1964 21:Not to be confused with 7462:History of cryptography 7342:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 7319:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 6612:Gulf of Tonkin incident 6533:Battle of Dien Bien Phu 6270:Oral History Interviews 5897:, Vols. 19/20, Nos. 4–1 5462:"Action in Tonkin Gulf" 5288:Communication Quarterly 5259:Gulf of Tonkin Incident 5197:Discourse & Society 4983:August 9, 2013, at the 4872:Joint Chiefs of Staff, 4773:Morrocco, John (1985). 4630:". (November 9, 1995). 4443:Connecting Repositories 4263:Niger uranium forgeries 4056:New Haven (CT) Register 4037:Chinese Communist Party 3868:Distortion of the event 3787:United States' response 3440:George Stephen Morrison 3330:Operation Plan 34-Alpha 3070:On August 2, 1964, the 3032:Gulf of Tonkin incident 488:Dương Liễu – Nhông Pass 33:Gulf of Tonkin incident 7021:Battles and operations 6961:Awards and decorations 6875:Vietnamese boat people 6844:Impact of Agent Orange 6832:Body count controversy 6539:1954 Geneva Conference 6255:Chronologies of Events 6244:Declassified documents 6184:University of Virginia 6099:Department of the Army 5909:. (October 31, 2005). 4876:, Annex F, Appendix x. 4748:Hastings, Max (2018). 4563:March 6, 2015, at the 4510:, pp. 94–96, 105. 4496:Department of the Army 4441:: 113–121 – via 4345:, pp. 95–96, 105. 4239: 4145: 4078: 4061:In the Year of the Pig 4005: 4004:Tonkin Gulf Resolution 3987: 3908: 3849: 3848:US Senator Wayne Morse 3840:Reaction from Congress 3830:Operation Pierce Arrow 3805: 3748: 3709: 3653: 3627: 3513: 3505: 3474: 3400: 3321: 3222: 3139:Johnson administration 3039: 1596:Bien Hoa and Long Binh 176:Commanders and leaders 6730:1975 spring offensive 6689:ARVN campaign in Laos 6685:Vietnamization policy 5932:Hanyok article p. 177 5895:Cryptologic Quarterly 5323:Graduation Ceremony. 4656:. CNN. Archived from 4472:10.1057/9781137272782 4407:Cryptologic Quarterly 4227: 4196:Cryptologic Quarterly 4143: 4118:pointing her guns at 4071:Map in the U.S. Navy 4070: 4003: 3985: 3906: 3847: 3799: 3735: 3707: 3700:Second alleged attack 3647: 3615: 3591:KPV heavy machine gun 3581:and 15 minutes after 3511: 3503: 3468: 3423:, who was on duty in 3393: 3316: 3221:The Geneva Conference 3220: 3160:North Vietnamese Army 3090:North Vietnamese Navy 3080:, while performing a 2797:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 2133:Montgomery Rendezvous 2016:Massachusetts Striker 1586:Tan Son Nhut Air Base 520:American intervention 279:Casualties and losses 190:U. S. Grant Sharp Jr. 7457:Signals intelligence 6849:Environmental impact 6721:Battle of Phước Long 6486:Cold War (1962–1979) 6329:US State Department 6250:NSA Topic Collection 6061:on December 1, 2001. 6034:. New York: Viking. 5956:on January 31, 2016. 5861:Connecticut Magazine 5727:Connecticut Magazine 5527:"Consortiumnews.com" 5403:Wise, David (1973). 5267:on November 21, 2011 5237:on December 23, 2009 4907:, Appendix C, p. 14. 4863:, Appendix A, p.218. 4725:Blackwell Publishing 4466:. pp. 114–145. 4216:signals intelligence 4170:Connecticut Magazine 3558:international waters 3358:U.S. Grant Sharp Jr. 3135:Captain John Herrick 3082:signals intelligence 3054:operations close to 972:Tan Son Nhut airbase 350:Military engagements 6929:In popular culture 6882:Sino-Vietnamese War 6712:Paris Peace Accords 6525:First Indochina War 6514:Japanese occupation 6481:Cambodian Civil War 5867:August 6, 2014, at 5805:. November 6, 2001. 5733:on November 4, 2016 5619:10.3366/j.ctt1r252n 5321:Syracuse University 4814:. September 2, 1963 4686:. RoutledgeCurzon. 4414:: 1–55 – via 4268:Sinking of the RMS 4212:Phu Bai Combat Base 4192:deliberately skewed 4106:Squadron Commander 3751:–Defense Secretary 3668:later claimed that 3577:jets launched from 3287:U.S.-supported coup 3239:First Indochina War 3040:Sự kiện Vịnh Bắc Bộ 2444:Paris Peace Accords 2224:Pennsylvania Square 1878:Phase III Offensive 1773:Landing Zone Center 887:Baton Rouge Victory 105: / 7193:Charles A. Dunning 6703:Christmas bombings 6676:Cambodian campaign 6186:. October 20, 2016 6115:on January 2, 2016 6072:The New York Times 5912:The New York Times 5803:The New York Times 5551:Bamford, James in 5533:on August 15, 2014 5472:on January 5, 2013 5325:Syracuse, New York 4932:October 1979 p.138 4752:. Harper Collins. 4709:, pp. 145–148 4626:2015-03-06 at the 4591:The New York Times 4464:Palgrave Macmillan 4183:The New York Times 4146: 4079: 4006: 3988: 3909: 3850: 3806: 3710: 3654: 3514: 3506: 3475: 3401: 3322: 3237:at the end of the 3223: 3156:Robert S. McNamara 3084:patrol as part of 2558:Fall of Phnom Penh 2217:Cambodian campaign 200:George S. Morrison 109:19.700°N 106.767°E 7422:Conflicts in 1964 7394: 7393: 7039: 7038: 6756:Ho Chi Minh trail 6649:Buddhist Uprising 6607:Coup against Minh 6598:Coup against Diem 6521:(1949–1955) 6476:Laotian Civil War 6469:Related conflicts 6448:Republic of China 6160:978-1-68247-424-2 6010:Passing the Torch 5682:978-1-108-78478-8 5011:May 29, 2012, at 4919:, pp. 66–67. 4759:978-0-06-240567-8 4734:978-1-4051-8222-5 4693:978-0-7007-1615-9 4285:War Powers Clause 4180:In October 2005, 3530:P-4 torpedo boats 3449:Bon Homme Richard 3268:Ho Chi Minh trail 3185:Lyndon B. Johnson 3025: 3024: 2571:Mayaguez incident 2265:Firebase O'Reilly 2147:Campbell Streamer 1857:Pocahontas Forest 728:Buddhist Uprising 624:Masher/White Wing 315: 314: 138: 137: 52:Photo taken from 7489: 7452:Combat incidents 7386: 7381: 7365: 7355: 7345: 7322: 7306: 7296: 7273: 7251: 7248:Brainerd Victory 7241: 7231: 7221: 7210: 7196: 7186: 7176: 7165: 7155: 7144: 7133: 7116: 7093: 7066: 7059: 7052: 7043: 7042: 7029: 7028: 7019: 7018: 7009: 7008: 6766:Operation Popeye 6698:Easter Offensive 6519:State of Vietnam 6509:French Indochina 6491:Cold War in Asia 6399:Việt Minh / PAVN 6365: 6358: 6351: 6342: 6341: 6195: 6193: 6191: 6164: 6145: 6124: 6122: 6120: 6090: 6088: 6086: 6062: 6057:. Archived from 6045: 6024: 5994: 5993: 5992:on May 16, 2008. 5988:. Archived from 5982: 5976: 5975: 5964: 5958: 5957: 5955: 5949:. Archived from 5948: 5940: 5934: 5929: 5923: 5904: 5898: 5881: 5872: 5856: 5850: 5845: 5839: 5838: 5837:on May 29, 2006. 5836: 5830:. Archived from 5822: 5813: 5807: 5806: 5795: 5789: 5788: 5770: 5759: 5749: 5743: 5742: 5740: 5738: 5719: 5713: 5701: 5695: 5694: 5664: 5655: 5654: 5652: 5650: 5645:on March 6, 2016 5644: 5638:. Archived from 5637: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5596: 5590: 5589: 5587: 5585: 5576:. Archived from 5572:Porter, Gareth. 5569: 5563: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5529:. Archived from 5522: 5516: 5513: 5507: 5501: 5482: 5481: 5479: 5477: 5458: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5444: 5439:. April 29, 1987 5427: 5421: 5420: 5400: 5394: 5393: 5385: 5370: 5367: 5361: 5351: 5345: 5344: 5342: 5340: 5310: 5304: 5303: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5263:. Archived from 5253: 5247: 5246: 5244: 5242: 5227: 5221: 5220: 5192: 5183: 5176: 5170: 5164: 5151: 5150:, pp. 9–10. 5145: 5136: 5135: 5133: 5131: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5099: 5097: 5074: 5068: 5067: 5065: 5063: 5040: 5029: 5022: 5016: 5003: 4997: 4994: 4988: 4975: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4959: 4954:on March 2, 2007 4950:. 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Eugene Poteat 4092: 4022:joint resolution 3963: 3756: 3745: 3740: 3693:French Indochina 3652:, August 2, 1964 3243:State of Vietnam 3056:North Vietnamese 2832:Naval operations 2759:Proud Deep Alpha 2452:War of the flags 2436:The Vinh wiretap 2386:Easter Offensive 2121:Pipestone Canyon 2084:Washington Green 1789:Concordia Square 1729:Burlington Trail 1668:Truong Cong Dinh 357: 351: 341: 334: 327: 318: 317: 253:aircraft carrier 168: 166: 165: 155: 153: 152: 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 78: 76: 65: 64: 50: 30: 29: 7497: 7496: 7492: 7491: 7490: 7488: 7487: 7486: 7412:1964 in Vietnam 7397: 7396: 7395: 7390: 7368: 7358: 7348: 7325: 7309: 7299: 7276: 7265: 7259:Other incidents 7254: 7244: 7234: 7224: 7213: 7199: 7189: 7179: 7168: 7158: 7147: 7136: 7119: 7096: 7086: 7073: 7070: 7040: 7035: 6997: 6982:Pentagon Papers 6949: 6896: 6853: 6815: 6739: 6593:Buddhist crisis 6563: 6549:1955 referendum 6497: 6464: 6383: 6374: 6369: 6323:Wayback Machine 6309:Wayback Machine 6297:Wayback Machine 6189: 6187: 6174: 6171: 6161: 6142: 6118: 6116: 6104: 6084: 6082: 6042: 6021: 6003: 5998: 5997: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5966: 5965: 5961: 5953: 5946: 5942: 5941: 5937: 5930: 5926: 5921:Wayback Machine 5905: 5901: 5891:Wayback Machine 5882: 5875: 5857: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5834: 5820: 5814: 5810: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5785: 5771: 5762: 5750: 5746: 5736: 5734: 5721: 5720: 5716: 5702: 5698: 5683: 5665: 5658: 5648: 5646: 5642: 5635: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5611: 5597: 5593: 5583: 5581: 5580:on July 8, 2011 5570: 5566: 5553:Body of Secrets 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5523: 5519: 5514: 5510: 5502: 5485: 5475: 5473: 5460: 5459: 5452: 5442: 5440: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5417: 5401: 5397: 5386: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5352: 5348: 5338: 5336: 5311: 5307: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5255: 5254: 5250: 5240: 5238: 5229: 5228: 5224: 5203:(3): 281–296 . 5193: 5186: 5178:Gareth Porter, 5177: 5173: 5165: 5154: 5146: 5139: 5129: 5127: 5109: 5105: 5095: 5093: 5091: 5075: 5071: 5061: 5059: 5057: 5041: 5032: 5023: 5019: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4985:Wayback Machine 4976: 4967: 4957: 4955: 4946: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4923: 4915: 4911: 4903: 4899: 4884: 4880: 4871: 4867: 4854: 4850: 4840: 4838: 4831: 4827: 4817: 4815: 4806: 4805: 4801: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4771: 4767: 4760: 4746: 4742: 4735: 4717: 4713: 4705: 4701: 4694: 4680: 4673: 4663: 4661: 4652: 4651: 4642: 4628:Wayback Machine 4618: 4611: 4601: 4599: 4582: 4575: 4565:Wayback Machine 4556: 4552: 4547: 4543: 4529: 4527: 4519: 4518: 4514: 4506: 4502: 4493: 4489: 4482: 4462:. Basingstoke: 4454: 4450: 4427: 4423: 4398: 4349: 4341: 4337: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4298: 4293: 4275:Sinking of the 4259: 4245:. A moderately 4178: 4164: 4154:In Love and War 4108:James Stockdale 4090: 4049: 3994: 3980: 3961: 3947:Body of Secrets 3870: 3842: 3794: 3789: 3758: 3753:Robert McNamara 3750: 3743: 3738: 3708:A sonar console 3702: 3610:Pentagon Papers 3463: 3421:Daniel Ellsberg 3418: 3279:John F. Kennedy 3215: 3207:Main articles: 3205: 3189:Southeast Asian 3028: 3027: 3026: 3021: 2948:Paracel Islands 2643:Rolling Thunder 2311:Toan Thang 1/71 2285:Jefferson Glenn 2161:Nantucket Beach 1892:Champaign Grove 1822:Mameluke Thrust 1686:My Lai Massacre 1340:Wheeler/Wallowa 1128:The Hill Fights 855:John Paul Jones 849:Minh Thanh Road 647:Suoi Bong Trang 452:Quyet Thang 202 366:Guerrilla phase 358: 349: 347: 345: 311: 293: 268: 227: 209: 205:John J. Herrick 185:Robert McNamara 163: 161: 150: 148: 114:19.700; 106.767 113: 111: 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 90: 74: 72: 51: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7495: 7485: 7484: 7479: 7477:Gulf of Tonkin 7474: 7469: 7464: 7459: 7454: 7449: 7444: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7419: 7414: 7409: 7392: 7391: 7373: 7370: 7369: 7367: 7366: 7359:Unknown date: 7356: 7346: 7323: 7307: 7297: 7274: 7262: 7260: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7252: 7242: 7232: 7222: 7211: 7197: 7187: 7177: 7166: 7156: 7145: 7134: 7117: 7094: 7083: 7081: 7075: 7074: 7069: 7068: 7061: 7054: 7046: 7037: 7036: 7034: 7033: 7023: 7013: 7002: 6999: 6998: 6996: 6995: 6990: 6985: 6978: 6973: 6968: 6963: 6957: 6955: 6951: 6950: 6948: 6947: 6946: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6927: 6922: 6921: 6920: 6910: 6904: 6902: 6898: 6897: 6895: 6894: 6889: 6884: 6879: 6878: 6877: 6867: 6861: 6859: 6855: 6854: 6852: 6851: 6846: 6841: 6840: 6839: 6834: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6816: 6814: 6813: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6784: 6783: 6778: 6768: 6763: 6761:Sihanouk Trail 6758: 6753: 6751:Củ Chi tunnels 6747: 6745: 6741: 6740: 6738: 6737: 6735:Fall of Saigon 6732: 6723: 6714: 6705: 6700: 6691: 6678: 6669: 6651: 6642: 6637: 6632: 6623: 6618: 6609: 6600: 6595: 6586: 6581: 6571: 6569: 6565: 6564: 6562: 6561: 6556: 6551: 6546: 6541: 6536: 6522: 6516: 6511: 6505: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6495: 6494: 6493: 6483: 6478: 6472: 6470: 6466: 6465: 6463: 6462: 6461: 6460: 6455: 6450: 6445: 6440: 6435: 6430: 6420: 6410: 6391: 6389: 6385: 6384: 6379: 6376: 6375: 6368: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6345: 6339: 6338: 6337: 6336: 6327: 6326: 6325: 6311: 6299: 6284: 6283: 6282: 6274: 6273: 6272: 6267: 6262: 6257: 6246: 6245: 6241: 6240: 6235: 6230: 6225: 6216: 6211: 6205: 6196: 6170: 6169:External links 6167: 6166: 6165: 6159: 6146: 6140: 6125: 6102: 6092: 6063: 6046: 6040: 6025: 6019: 6002: 5999: 5996: 5995: 5977: 5959: 5935: 5924: 5899: 5873: 5851: 5840: 5808: 5790: 5783: 5760: 5744: 5714: 5696: 5681: 5656: 5624: 5609: 5591: 5564: 5561:978-0385499088 5544: 5525:Robert Parry. 5517: 5508: 5483: 5450: 5422: 5415: 5395: 5371: 5362: 5354:Edwin E. Moise 5346: 5305: 5278: 5248: 5222: 5184: 5171: 5152: 5137: 5103: 5089: 5069: 5055: 5030: 5017: 4998: 4989: 4965: 4934: 4921: 4909: 4897: 4878: 4865: 4861:978-0786445172 4848: 4825: 4799: 4785: 4765: 4758: 4740: 4733: 4711: 4699: 4692: 4671: 4640: 4609: 4573: 4550: 4541: 4512: 4500: 4498:. 1978. P. 248 4487: 4480: 4448: 4421: 4347: 4335: 4323: 4311: 4295: 4294: 4292: 4289: 4288: 4287: 4282: 4273: 4265: 4258: 4255: 4243:Indochina Wars 4186:reported that 4177: 4174: 4144:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4127:Võ Nguyên Giáp 4048: 4045: 3990:Main article: 3979: 3976: 3869: 3866: 3841: 3838: 3802:Lyndon Johnson 3793: 3790: 3788: 3785: 3734: 3701: 3698: 3462: 3459: 3417: 3414: 3326:covert actions 3317:Norwegian MTB 3204: 3201: 3164:Võ Nguyên Giáp 3147:The Fog of War 3061:Gulf of Tonkin 3023: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3004: 2999: 2994: 2989: 2984: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2956: 2955: 2950: 2945: 2938: 2931: 2924: 2919: 2912: 2907: 2904:Deckhouse Five 2900: 2893: 2888: 2881: 2874: 2867: 2862: 2855: 2853:Gulf of Tonkin 2850: 2828: 2827: 2820: 2813: 2806: 2799: 2794: 2787: 2778: 2771: 2762: 2755: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2668: 2665:Combat Skyspot 2661: 2654: 2647: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2617: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2589: 2578:Air operations 2574: 2573: 2568: 2565:Fall of Saigon 2561: 2554: 2547: 2542: 2535: 2520: 2519: 2514: 2509: 2504: 2499: 2494: 2489: 2484: 2479: 2474: 2469: 2464: 2459: 2454: 2439: 2438: 2433: 2432: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2404: 2399: 2394: 2376: 2375: 2370: 2363: 2358: 2351: 2350: 2349: 2341:Middlesex Peak 2337: 2330: 2321: 2320: 2319: 2307: 2304:Cuu Long 44-02 2300: 2295: 2288: 2281: 2274: 2267: 2262: 2255: 2252:Wolfe Mountain 2248: 2245:Pickens Forest 2241: 2234: 2227: 2220: 2213: 2212: 2211: 2199: 2192: 2185: 2176: 2171: 2164: 2157: 2150: 2143: 2136: 2129: 2124: 2117: 2110: 2109: 2108: 2105:Hamburger Hill 2094: 2091:Virginia Ridge 2087: 2080: 2077:Oklahoma Hills 2073: 2070:Montana Mauler 2066: 2059: 2056:Frederick Hill 2052: 2045: 2038: 2033: 2026: 2019: 2012: 2005: 2000: 1996:Toan Thang III 1991: 1984: 1977: 1964: 1963: 1960:Fayette Canyon 1956: 1949: 1945:Speedy Express 1940: 1935: 1928: 1925:Sheridan Sabre 1921: 1918:Henderson Hill 1914: 1907: 1902: 1895: 1888: 1887: 1886: 1874: 1871:Somerset Plain 1867: 1860: 1853: 1846: 1841: 1834: 1825: 1818: 1811: 1808:Jeb Stuart III 1804: 1803: 1802: 1800:Coral–Balmoral 1797: 1792: 1785: 1780: 1775: 1770: 1765: 1753: 1746: 1739: 1732: 1725: 1716: 1709: 1702: 1695: 1688: 1683: 1676: 1671: 1664: 1659: 1652: 1645: 1638: 1631: 1630: 1629: 1624: 1615: 1610: 1605: 1598: 1593: 1588: 1583: 1578: 1573: 1561: 1554: 1553: 1552: 1547: 1545:Ban Houei Sane 1535: 1528: 1515: 1514: 1507: 1500: 1493: 1486: 1479: 1472: 1463: 1456: 1453:Kien Giang 9-1 1449: 1442: 1435: 1428: 1421: 1414: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1372: 1365: 1358: 1351: 1344: 1335: 1328: 1321: 1314: 1307: 1302: 1295: 1288: 1281: 1274: 1267: 1262: 1255: 1248: 1241: 1234: 1227: 1220: 1213: 1206: 1199: 1198: 1197: 1190: 1183: 1176: 1169: 1162: 1155: 1137: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1111: 1104: 1097: 1094:Francis Marion 1090: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1056: 1049: 1044: 1037: 1030: 1023: 1016: 1009: 1000: 987: 986: 981: 974: 969: 962: 959:Paul Revere IV 955: 948: 941: 934: 927: 918: 911: 904: 897: 890: 882: 877: 872: 865: 858: 851: 846: 839: 832: 825: 818: 813: 806: 799: 792: 785: 778: 771: 764: 757: 750: 743: 736: 731: 724: 717: 710: 703: 696: 689: 684: 677: 670: 663: 656: 649: 644: 637: 636: 635: 619: 612: 605: 592: 591: 584: 577: 570: 565: 564: 563: 551: 546: 541: 534: 516: 515: 510: 505: 500: 495: 490: 485: 480: 473: 468: 463: 455: 448: 443: 438: 431: 426: 421: 414: 407: 400: 398:Palace Bombing 395: 388: 383: 376: 363: 360: 359: 344: 343: 336: 329: 321: 313: 312: 310: 309: 306: 303: 300: 296: 294: 292: 291: 288: 284: 281: 280: 276: 275: 269: 267: 266: 260: 255: 249: 243: 237: 234: 233: 229: 228: 226: 225: 222: 219: 216: 212: 210: 208: 207: 202: 197: 195:Roy L. Johnson 192: 187: 181: 178: 177: 173: 172: 159: 145: 144: 140: 139: 136: 135: 126: 122: 121: 88:Gulf of Tonkin 86: 84: 80: 79: 69: 61: 60: 43: 42: 35: 34: 28: 27: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7494: 7483: 7480: 7478: 7475: 7473: 7470: 7468: 7465: 7463: 7460: 7458: 7455: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7443: 7440: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7418: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7408: 7405: 7404: 7402: 7389: 7385: 7380: 7376: 7371: 7364: 7363: 7357: 7354: 7353: 7347: 7343: 7339: 7338: 7332: 7331: 7324: 7320: 7316: 7315: 7308: 7305: 7304: 7298: 7294: 7292: 7288: 7283: 7282: 7275: 7272: 7271: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7257: 7250: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7233: 7230: 7229: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7212: 7209: 7208: 7207:Dolly Madison 7203: 7198: 7195: 7194: 7188: 7185: 7184: 7178: 7175: 7174: 7167: 7164: 7163: 7157: 7154: 7153: 7146: 7143: 7142: 7141:Rajah Soliman 7135: 7132: 7131: 7125: 7124: 7118: 7114: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7102: 7095: 7092: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7067: 7062: 7060: 7055: 7053: 7048: 7047: 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5293: 5289: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5260: 5252: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5218: 5214: 5210: 5206: 5202: 5198: 5191: 5189: 5181: 5175: 5169:, p. 10. 5168: 5167:Ellsberg 2002 5163: 5161: 5159: 5157: 5149: 5148:Ellsberg 2002 5144: 5142: 5125: 5121: 5120: 5114: 5107: 5092: 5086: 5082: 5081: 5073: 5058: 5052: 5048: 5047: 5039: 5037: 5035: 5027: 5021: 5014: 5013:archive.today 5010: 5007: 5002: 4993: 4986: 4982: 4979: 4974: 4972: 4970: 4958:September 12, 4953: 4949: 4943: 4941: 4939: 4931: 4925: 4918: 4913: 4906: 4901: 4893: 4889: 4882: 4875: 4869: 4862: 4858: 4852: 4836: 4829: 4813: 4809: 4803: 4788: 4786:9780939526147 4782: 4778: 4777: 4769: 4761: 4755: 4751: 4744: 4736: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4715: 4708: 4703: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4678: 4676: 4659: 4655: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4638: 4633: 4629: 4625: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4597: 4593: 4592: 4587: 4580: 4578: 4570: 4566: 4562: 4559: 4554: 4545: 4538: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4509: 4504: 4497: 4491: 4483: 4481:9781137272775 4477: 4473: 4469: 4465: 4461: 4460: 4452: 4444: 4440: 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RES 1145 4023: 4019: 4015: 4010: 4002: 3998: 3993: 3984: 3975: 3971: 3969: 3964: 3957: 3953: 3952:James Bamford 3949: 3948: 3944:In his book, 3942: 3940: 3936: 3933:According to 3931: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3915: 3914:William Bundy 3907:William Bundy 3905: 3901: 3899: 3894: 3890: 3889: 3884: 3883: 3878: 3877: 3865: 3863: 3859: 3855: 3846: 3837: 3835: 3831: 3826: 3822: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3803: 3800:US President 3798: 3784: 3780: 3778: 3777: 3772: 3768: 3764: 3757: 3754: 3747: 3733: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3719: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3694: 3688: 3686: 3685: 3684:John R. Craig 3678: 3673: 3671: 3667: 3666:Phùng Thế Tài 3663: 3659: 3651: 3646: 3642: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3626: 3624: 3620: 3614: 3612: 3611: 3605: 3603: 3602: 3596: 3592: 3588: 3584: 3580: 3576: 3572: 3568: 3563: 3559: 3554: 3550: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3531: 3527: 3523: 3519: 3510: 3502: 3498: 3496: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3472: 3467: 3458: 3455: 3451: 3450: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3432: 3426: 3422: 3413: 3410: 3406: 3399: 3398: 3392: 3388: 3386: 3381: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3367: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3351: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3315: 3311: 3309: 3308:domino theory 3305: 3301: 3297: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3280: 3275: 3273: 3269: 3265: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248:Ngo Dinh Diem 3244: 3240: 3236: 3232: 3228: 3219: 3214: 3213:Operation 34A 3210: 3200: 3198: 3197:South Vietnam 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3177:U.S. Congress 3173: 3170: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3153: 3150:, the former 3149: 3148: 3142: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3127: 3123: 3122: 3115: 3113: 3109: 3108: 3102: 3101:warning shots 3098: 3094: 3093:torpedo boats 3091: 3087: 3083: 3079: 3078: 3073: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3048:United States 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3008: 3005: 3003: 3000: 2998: 2995: 2993: 2990: 2988: 2985: 2983: 2980: 2978: 2975: 2973: 2970: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2963: 2962: 2961: 2954: 2951: 2949: 2946: 2944: 2943: 2939: 2937: 2936: 2935:Custom Tailor 2932: 2930: 2929: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2913: 2911: 2908: 2906: 2905: 2901: 2899: 2898: 2894: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2879: 2875: 2873: 2872: 2868: 2866: 2863: 2861: 2860: 2856: 2854: 2851: 2848: 2847: 2842: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2835: 2834: 2833: 2826: 2825: 2824:Frequent Wind 2821: 2819: 2818: 2814: 2812: 2811: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2793: 2792: 2788: 2786: 2785: 2784: 2783:Linebacker II 2779: 2777: 2776: 2772: 2770: 2769: 2768: 2763: 2761: 2760: 2756: 2754: 2753: 2749: 2747: 2746: 2742: 2740: 2739: 2735: 2733: 2732: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2724:Commando Hunt 2721: 2719: 2718: 2714: 2712: 2711: 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Mountain 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1998: 1997: 1992: 1990: 1989: 1985: 1983: 1982: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1970: 1969: 1962: 1961: 1957: 1955: 1954: 1953:Taylor Common 1950: 1948: 1947: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1927: 1926: 1922: 1920: 1919: 1915: 1913: 1912: 1908: 1906: 1903: 1901: 1900: 1896: 1894: 1893: 1889: 1885: 1882: 1881: 1880: 1879: 1875: 1873: 1872: 1868: 1866: 1865: 1861: 1859: 1858: 1854: 1852: 1851: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1840: 1839: 1835: 1833: 1832: 1831: 1830:Toan Thang II 1826: 1824: 1823: 1819: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1810: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1798: 1796: 1793: 1791: 1790: 1786: 1784: 1781: 1779: 1776: 1774: 1771: 1769: 1766: 1764: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1758: 1757:May Offensive 1754: 1752: 1751: 1747: 1745: 1744: 1740: 1738: 1737: 1733: 1731: 1730: 1726: 1724: 1723: 1722: 1717: 1715: 1714: 1713:Cochise Green 1710: 1708: 1707: 1703: 1701: 1700: 1696: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1687: 1684: 1682: 1681: 1677: 1675: 1672: 1670: 1669: 1665: 1663: 1660: 1658: 1657: 1653: 1651: 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1280: 1279: 1275: 1273: 1272: 1271:Hong Kil Dong 1268: 1266: 1263: 1261: 1260: 1256: 1254: 1253: 1249: 1247: 1246: 1242: 1240: 1239: 1235: 1233: 1232: 1228: 1226: 1225: 1224:Barking Sands 1221: 1219: 1218: 1214: 1212: 1211: 1207: 1205: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1195: 1191: 1189: 1188: 1184: 1182: 1181: 1177: 1175: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1167: 1163: 1161: 1160: 1156: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1148: 1147: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1136: 1135: 1131: 1129: 1126: 1124: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1116: 1112: 1110: 1109: 1105: 1103: 1102: 1098: 1096: 1095: 1091: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1072:2nd Prek Klok 1070: 1068: 1067:1st Prek Klok 1064: 1063: 1062: 1061:Junction City 1057: 1055: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1047:Tra Binh Dong 1045: 1043: 1042: 1038: 1036: 1035: 1031: 1029: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1021: 1017: 1015: 1014: 1010: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1001: 999: 998: 994: 993: 992: 991: 985: 984:Firebase Bird 982: 980: 979: 975: 973: 970: 968: 967: 963: 961: 960: 956: 954: 953: 949: 947: 946: 942: 940: 939: 935: 933: 932: 928: 926: 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478: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 461: 456: 454: 453: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 436: 432: 430: 427: 425: 422: 420: 419: 415: 413: 412: 408: 406: 405: 401: 399: 396: 394: 393: 389: 387: 384: 382: 381: 377: 375: 374: 370: 369: 368: 367: 361: 356: 352: 342: 337: 335: 330: 328: 323: 322: 319: 307: 304: 301: 298: 297: 295: 289: 286: 285: 283: 282: 277: 274: 273:torpedo boats 270: 265: 261: 259: 256: 254: 250: 248: 244: 242: 239: 238: 236: 235: 230: 223: 220: 217: 214: 213: 211: 206: 203: 201: 198: 196: 193: 191: 188: 186: 183: 182: 180: 179: 174: 171: 170:North Vietnam 160: 158: 157:United States 147: 146: 141: 134: 130: 127: 124: 123: 118: 89: 85: 82: 81: 70: 67: 66: 62: 58: 57: 49: 44: 41: 36: 31: 24: 23:Tonkin Affair 19: 7361: 7351: 7336: 7329: 7313: 7302: 7290: 7286: 7280: 7269: 7247: 7237: 7227: 7217: 7206: 7201: 7192: 7182: 7172: 7161: 7151: 7140: 7129: 7122: 7110: 7106: 7100: 7089: 6980: 6954:Other topics 6776:Agent Orange 6725: 6716: 6707: 6693: 6680: 6671: 6653: 6644: 6625: 6611: 6602: 6588: 6574: 6388:Participants 6314: 6190:December 15, 6188:. 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