Toll road - Knowledge

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intermediate entries or exits may have only one toll plaza at one end, with motorists travelling in either direction paying a flat fee either when they enter or when they exit the toll road. In a variant of the closed toll system, mainline barriers are present at the two endpoints of the toll road, and each interchange has a ramp toll that is paid upon exit or entry. In this case, a motorist pays a flat fee at the ramp toll and another flat fee at the end of the toll road; no ticket is necessary. In addition, with most systems, motorists may pay tolls only with cash or change; debit and credit cards are not accepted. However, some toll roads may have travel plazas with ATMs so motorists can stop and withdraw cash for the tolls.

1491: 1515: 793: 401: 163: 329: 1448: 1132:, Canada, has no toll booths, and instead reads a transponder mounted on the windshields of each vehicle using the road (the rear licence plates of vehicles lacking a transponder are photographed when they enter and exit the highway). This made the highway the first all-automated toll highway in the world. A bill is mailed monthly for usage of the 407. Lower charges are levied on frequent 407 users who carry electronic transponders in their vehicles. The approach has not been without controversy: In 2003 the 407 ETR settled a class action with a refund to users. 533: 1001: 1417: 1471: 175: 585: 502: 676: 981: 187: 779: 549:, many areas of the U.S. saw large road building projects in major urban areas. Electronic toll collection, first introduced in the 1980s, reduces operating costs by removing toll collectors from roads. Tolled express lanes, by which certain lanes of a freeway are designated "toll only", increases revenue by allowing a free-to-use highway to collect revenue by allowing drivers to bypass traffic jams by paying a toll. 880:

the detection lanes located at the entrances and exits from the motorways subject to toll payment must only proceed at a maximum speed of 30 kilometres per hour (20 mph) without the need to stop. The amount is directly proportional to the distance travelled by the vehicle, the coefficient of its class and a variable coefficient from motorway to motorway, called the kilometre rate.

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Motorway and other infrastructure tolling: The term tolling is used for charging a well-defined special and comparatively costly infrastructure, like a bridge, a tunnel, a mountain pass, a motorway concession, or the whole motorway network of a country. Classically a toll is due when a vehicle passes

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The closed motorway system is applied to most Italian motorways. It requires the driver of the vehicle to collect a special ticket at the entrance to the motorway and pay the amount due upon exit. If equipped with an electronic toll system the two procedures are completely automatic and the driver on

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From a technical point of view, however, the mixed barrier/free-flow system is active where, at the entrance and exit from the motorways, there are lanes dedicated to the collection of a ticket (on entry) and the delivery of the ticket with simultaneous payment (on exit) and other lanes where, during

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The trusts were ultimately responsible for the maintenance and improvement of most of the main roads in England and Wales, which were used to distribute agricultural and industrial goods economically. The tolls were a source of revenue for road building and maintenance, paid for by road users and not

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In the United States, as states looked for ways to construct new freeways without federal funding again, to raise revenue for continued road maintenance, and to control congestion, new toll road construction saw significant increases during the first two decades of the 21st century. Spurred on by two

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Road tolls were levied traditionally for a specific access (e.g. city) or for a specific infrastructure (e.g. roads, bridges). These concepts were widely used until the last century. However, the evolution in technology made it possible to implement road tolling policies based on different concepts.

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Criticisms of toll roads include the time taken to stop and pay the toll, and the cost of the toll booth operators—up to about one-third of revenue in some cases. Automated toll-paying systems help minimise both of these. Others object to paying "twice" for the same road, namely in fuel taxes and in

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is a multilane motorway running from the South to the North. The road connects the southwest of the city, including the Sea Port area, with the Ring Road, Vasilievsky Island, Kurortny district and the Scandinavia motorway. The WHSD is divided into three sections: Southern, Central and Northern. The

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is using a system that has no toll booths. Drivers without a TollTag have their license plate photographed automatically and the registered owner will receive a monthly bill, at a higher rate than those vehicles with TollTags. A similar variation of automatic collection is the Toll Roads in Orange

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Unlike the closed motorway system, in the open system, the road user does not pay based on the distance travelled. Motorway barriers are arranged along the route (however not at every junction), at which the user pays a fixed sum, depending only on the class of the vehicle. The user can therefore

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There are 16 toll plazas on the WHSD. Paying toll by transponder is mostly recommended for frequent drivers. The Flow+ toll collection system was implemented on the WHSD. The system was designed for automatic calculation of the driving distance of a vehicle equipped with a transponder. The system

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when entering the highway. In some cases, the ticket displays the toll to be paid on exit. Upon exit, the driver must pay the amount listed for the given exit. Should the ticket be lost, a driver must typically pay the maximum amount possible for travel on that highway. Short toll roads with no

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in North Carolina were the first toll roads built without toll booths, with drivers charged via ETC or by optical license plate recognition and are billed by mail. In addition, many older toll roads are also being upgraded to an all-electronic tolling system, abandoning the hybrid systems they

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It was followed by Greece, which made users pay for the network of motorways around and between its cities in 1927. Later in the 1950s and 1960s, France, Spain, and Portugal started to build motorways largely with the aid of concessions, allowing rapid development of this infrastructure without

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vehicles stop to pay a toll.) While this may save money from the lack of need to construct toll booths at every exit, it can cause traffic congestion while traffic queues at the mainline toll plazas (toll barriers). It is also possible for motorists to enter an 'open toll road' after one toll

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in 1958. Other toll roads were also established around this time. With the establishment of the Interstate Highway System in the late 1950s, toll road construction in the U.S. slowed down considerably, as the federal government now provided the bulk of funding to construct new freeways, and

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and was inaugurated in 1924. Piero Puricelli, a civil engineer and entrepreneur, received the first authorization to build a public-utility fast road in 1921, and completed the construction (one lane in each direction) between 1924 and 1926. Piero Puricelli decided to cover the expenses by

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Time-based charges and access fees: In a time-based charging regime, a road user has to pay for a given period of time in which they may use the associated infrastructure. For the practically identical access fees, the user pays for the access to a restricted zone for a period or several

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mounted in or on a customer's vehicle to deduct toll fares from a pre-paid account as the vehicle passes through the toll barrier. This reduces manpower at toll booths and increases traffic flow and fuel efficiency by reducing the need for complete stops to pay tolls at these locations.

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Many modern European roads were originally constructed as toll roads in order to recoup the costs of construction and maintenance, and to generate revenue from passing travelers. In 14th-century England, some of the most heavily used roads were repaired with money raised from tolls by

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are exclusively free-flow. On these motorways, those who do not have the electronic toll device on board must proceed with the payment by subsequently communicating the data to the motorway manager (by telephone, online or by going to the offices dedicated to payment).

106:, toll stations, toll bars, toll barriers, or toll gates. Some toll collection points are automatic, and the user deposits money in a machine which opens the gate once the correct toll has been paid. To cut costs and minimise time delay, many tolls are collected with 2059:

Oehry, Bernhard (2004): Tolling with Satellites – a System Concept for Everybody?" in: Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität

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manage their toll roads in this manner. While most of the toll roads in California, Delaware, Florida, Texas, and Virginia are operating under the BOT arrangement, a few of the older toll roads in these states are still operated by public authorities.

305:, toll booths were also established with the function of collecting yearly taxes based on the goods carried by the people of Dahomey and their occupation. In some cases, officials imposed fines for public nuisance before allowing people to pass. 2496:

The International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association (IBTTA) is the worldwide alliance of toll operators and associated industries that provides a forum for sharing knowledge and ideas to promote and enhance toll-financed transportation

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If toll roads are owned or managed by private for profit entities, the citizens may lose money overall compared to conventional public funding because the private owners or operators of the toll system will naturally seek to profit from the

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County, CA, US, wherein all entry or collection points are equipped with high-speed cameras which read license plates and users will have 7 calendar days to pay online using their plate number or else set up an account for automatic debits.

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Low income users unable to pay to use toll facilities, however, will not gain most of the benefits accessible to those with the ability to pay. ... The study concludes that ... toll roads are a regressive form of funding road systems

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or enhancement of infrastructure, or are applied as a general fund by local governments, not being earmarked for transport facilities. This is sometimes limited or prohibited by central government legislation. Also,

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Given the multiplicity of operators, the toll is only requested when exiting the motorway and not when the motorway operator changes. This system was made possible following article 14 of law 531 of 12 August 1982.

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By designing a toll gate specifically for electronic collection, it is possible to carry out open-road tolling, where the customer does not need to slow at all when passing through the toll gate. The U.S. state of

844:. The collection of motorway tolls, from a tariff point of view, is managed mainly in two ways: either through the "closed motorway system" (km travelled) or through the "open motorway system" (flat-rate toll). 1371:

The managing entities, whether public or private, may not correctly account for the overall social costs, particularly to the poor, when setting pricing and thus may hurt the neediest segments of society.

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As the Interstate Highway System approached completion during the 1980s, states began constructing toll roads again to provide new freeways which were not part of the original interstate system funding.

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present in the vehicles records the data and debits the toll, generally into the bank account previously communicated by the customer, to the manager of his device. In Italy, this occurs through the

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barrier and exit before the next one, thus travelling on the toll road toll-free. Most open toll roads have ramp tolls or partial access junctions to prevent this practice, known in the U.S. as "

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were established in England and Wales from about 1706 in response to the need for better roads than the few and poorly-maintained tracks then available. Turnpike trusts were set up by individual

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The different charging concepts are designed to suit different requirements regarding purpose of the charge, charging policy, the network to the charge, tariff class differentiation, et cetera:

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grants. Widespread toll roads sometimes restricted traffic so much, by their high tolls, that they interfered with trade and cheap transportation needed to alleviate local famines or shortages.

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does not require constructing toll plazas at each entrance to or exit from the highway. Transponders mounted on vehicles are read by signal receivers installed at the entrance and exit ramps.

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Where the tolled roads are less congested than the parallel "free" roads, the traffic diversion resulting from the tolls increases congestion on the road system and reduces its usefulness.

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from general taxation. The turnpike trusts were gradually abolished from the 1870s. Most trusts improved existing roads, but some new roads, usually only short stretches, were also built.

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In the eastern United States of the 18th and 19th century, hundreds of private turnpikes were created to facilitate travel between towns and cities, typically outside built-up areas.

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Jordi, Philipp (2008): "Institutional Aspects of Directive 2004/52/EC on the Interoperability of Electronic Road Toll Systems in the Community." Europainstitut der Universität Basel.

628:. At their peak, in the 1830s, over 1,000 trusts administered around 30,000 miles (48,000 km) of turnpike road in England and Wales, taking tolls at almost 8,000 toll-gates. 325:

In the 20th century, road tolls were introduced in Europe to finance the construction of motorway networks and specific transport infrastructure such as bridges and tunnels.

1904: 2269: 1114:). The Amtech RFID technology used on the Dallas North Tollway was originally developed at Sandia Labs for use in tagging and tracking livestock. In the same year, the 313:

Industrialisation in Europe needed major improvements to the transport infrastructure which included many new or substantially improved roads, financed from tolls. The

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later removed their tolls when the initial bonds were paid off. Many states, however, have maintained the tolling of these roads as a consistent source of revenue.

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Liu, Louie Nan; McDonald, John F. (1 November 1998). "Efficient Congestion Tolls in the Presence of Unpriced Congestion: A Peak and Off-Peak Simulation Model".

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was the first ever to use an automated toll collection machine. A plaque commemorating the event includes the first quarter collected at its toll booths.

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system, compatible with many state systems, is the largest ETC system in the U.S., and is used for both fully tolled highways and tolled express lanes.

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of interconnected toll roads began in 1983, and many states followed over the last two decades of the 20th century adding new toll roads, including the

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In 2018 Rhode Island became one of the first states to set up gantries to exclusively toll only tractor trailer trucks. Gantry shown on I-95 North.

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On an open toll system, all vehicles stop at various locations along the highway to pay a toll. (This is different from "open road tolling", where

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are also used by public authorities to generate funds to repay the cost of building the structures. Some tolls are set aside to pay for future

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Distance or area charging: In a distance or area charging system concept, vehicles are charged per total distance driven in a defined area.

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Traditionally, tolls were paid by hand at a toll gate. Although payments may still be made in cash, it is more common now to pay using an

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regulations required that such Interstate highways be free from tolls. Many older toll roads were added to the Interstate System under a

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The toll is calculated by the distance travelled on the toll road or the specific exit chosen. In the United States, for instance, the

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Bernstein, William J.; "The Birth of Plenty: How the Prosperity of the Modern World was Created"; p. 245-6; McGraw-Hill (2010);

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travel along sections of the motorway without paying any toll as the barriers may not be present on the section travelled.

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in Britain was built to provide a robust transport link between Britain and Ireland and had a toll house every few miles.

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The Pennsylvania Turnpike opened as the first long-distance, controlled-access toll road in the United States in 1940

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in the U.S. is the most heavily traveled toll road in the world, carrying hundreds of thousands of automobiles daily.

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In France, some toll roads are operated by private or public companies, with specific taxes collected by the state.

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that allowed tolls to continue to be collected on toll roads that predated the system. Some of these such as the

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Gilliet, Henri (1990). "Toll roads-the French experience." Transrouts International, Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines.

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Collection costs can reduce revenue by up to a third, and revenue theft is considered to be comparatively easy.

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Yin, Yafeng; Lawphongpanich, Siriphong (1 July 2006). "Internalizing emission externality on road networks".

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Toll roads have existed for at least the last 2,700 years, as tolls had to be paid by travellers using the

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The more traditional means of managing toll roads in the United States is through semi-autonomous

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a tolling station, be it a manual barrier-controlled toll plaza or a free-flow multi-lane station.

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The first all-electronic toll road in the northeastern United States, the InterCounty Connector (

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and the large federal grants supplied to states to build it, many states constructed their first

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refer to tolls in Arabia and other parts of Asia. In India, before the fourth century BC, the

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exclusively. The amount of the toll usually varies by vehicle type, weight, or number of

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massive state debts. Since then, road tolls have been introduced in the majority of the

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paid for rights of usage in everyday life. Some major European "highways", such as the

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Most roads were not freely open to travel on in Europe during the Middle Ages, and the

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active transponder RFID system was introduced across Italy. Several US states now use

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in Birmingham. A few notable bridges and tunnels continue as toll roads including the

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associated with both electronic tolls and some forms of "classical" toll collection.

569:, one of the oldest American toll roads, which went all-electronic in 2016, and the 3665: 3640: 3427: 3343: 3338: 3253: 3056: 3011: 2853: 2659: 2654: 2462: 2421: 1541: 1296: 1272: 940: 574: 573:, America's oldest toll freeway, which went all-electronic in 2020, along with the 510: 77: 1389:, that is costs automobile traffic imposes on society that are not borne by users. 3902: 3862: 3773: 3763: 3733: 3723: 3708: 3670: 3626: 3452: 3442: 3373: 2989: 2692: 2488: 2368: 2323: 2298: 1707: 1577: 1556: 1481: 1431: 1393: 1062: 420:

backed by toll revenues. The first major fully grade separated toll road was the

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Some cities in Canada had toll roads in the 19th century. Roads radiating from

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A number of additional criticisms are also directed at toll roads in general:

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On Italian motorways, the toll applies to almost all motorways not managed by

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Robertson, Christopher Charles; Prozzi, Jolanda; Walton, C. Michael (2008).

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in 2003, effectively making all roads within the centre of the city tolled.

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notes the use of tolls. Germanic tribes charged tolls to travellers across

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Nakamura and Kockelman (2002) show that tolls are by nature regressive ...

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Some toll roads charge a toll in only one direction. Examples include the

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were usually operated as toll roads. One of the first US motor roads, the

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from London but was exceptional in creating a largely new route beyond

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London, in an effort to reduce traffic within the city, instituted the

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Toll roads have been criticised as being inefficient in various ways:

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are also considering the BOT methodology for future highway projects.

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Toll plaza at the La Paz-El Alto expressway, dividing both city limits

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schemes have been implemented in a limited number of urban areas as a

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Entrance fees collection in a local community road checkpoint near

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Dual carriageway / Divided highway / Expressway

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Who Uses Toll Roads?: An Analysis of Central Texas Turnpike Users

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The first toll road in St. Petersburg appeared in the 2000s. The

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in 1940. This was followed up by other toll roads, such as the

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equipment which automatically communicates with a toll payer's

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already building and operating toll roads under this scheme.

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entire stretch of the WHSD was opened for traffic in 2016.

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reserved for fast traffic and for motor vehicles only. The

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Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment

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adopted during the late 20th century. These include the

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Roadway for which a fee (or toll) is assessed for passage

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Peters, Jonathan R.; Kramer, Jonathan K. (Summer 2003).

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Throughout most of the East Coast of the United States,

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In the United States, prior to the introduction of the

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Modernizing Infrastructure in Transformation Economies

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Some toll roads are managed under such systems as the

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After significant road construction undertaken by the

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International Bridge, Tunnel and Turnpike Association

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Overhead cameras and reader attached to a gantry on

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to travelers in exchange for paying the royal toll.

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Category:Pre-freeway turnpikes in the United States

600: 2011: 2009: 1676: 1500:lanes at the West 163rd Street toll plaza, on the 715: 354:Italy was the first country in the world to build 72:typically implemented to help recoup the costs of 2411: 166:A table of tolls in pre-decimal currency for the 4005: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1484:, Philippines, before the integration with NLEX. 656:. In the modern day, one major toll road is the 2367:von Hirschhausen, Christian (January 1, 2002). 2119: 2006: 1945: 1326: 54:, is a public or private road (almost always a 2328:. South-Western Cengage Learning. p. 17. 1122:to facilitate use of payment via smartphones. 1053:With a closed toll system, vehicles collect a 1019:system. In some places, payment is made using 959:"Tollbar" redirects here. For other uses, see 118:to charge drivers by debiting their accounts. 2601: 2528: 1919: 1722: 1696: 1694: 712:) but the toll gates disappeared after 1895. 2352:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2267: 2150: 2039:"PER VIAGGIARE IN ITALIA TELEPASS E VIACARD" 1871:"A 100-Year-Old Dream: A Road Just for Cars" 951:is large or the toll differences are small. 68:) is assessed for passage. It is a form of 2452: 2222:. Ashgate Publishing Company. p. 122. 1207: 83:Toll roads have existed in some form since 2608: 2594: 2535: 2521: 1795: 1700: 1691: 1682: 1400:can be moved to other times of the day or 833:which is operated by the government-owned 98:Tolls are often collected at toll plazas, 2322:Kurtz, David L.; Boone, Louis E. (2008). 2242: 2183:"Drivers roll on state's first toll road" 945:Port Authority of New York and New Jersey 219:, who reigned in the seventh century BC. 1685:Dahomey: An Ancient West African Kingdom 999: 979: 947:. This technique is practical where the 791: 777: 674: 583: 531: 500: 399: 327: 185: 173: 161: 29: 1907:from the original on September 22, 2009 1824:from the original on September 30, 2007 1102:system in the United States was on the 744: 683: 292: 14: 4006: 1868: 1801: 761: 660:, relieving traffic congestion on the 483:tollway system around Orlando, Florida 3704:Median / Central reservation 2589: 2516: 1881:from the original on December 9, 2008 1030:(with mainline barrier toll plazas); 1023:which are affixed to the windscreen. 954: 939:and crossings between New Jersey and 852:transit without the need to stop, an 547:high-occupancy and express lane tolls 2307:from the original on March 1, 2018. 2217: 2211: 2122:"First phase of ICC to open Feb. 22" 2120:Michael Dresser (February 7, 2011). 1701:Lenarduzzi, Thea (30 January 2016). 1569:, the practice of avoiding turnpikes 1085:currently implement closed systems. 2507:Turnpike Roads in England and Wales 2387:from the original on March 1, 2018. 2342:from the original on March 1, 2018. 2113: 1596: 1396:trips that do not have to occur at 1026:Three systems of toll roads exist: 887: 24: 3622:Risk compensation (road transport) 2615: 2163:from the original on June 26, 2015 751:Western High-Speed Diameter (WHSD) 116:automatic number-plate recognition 25: 4040: 2477: 2151:Kevin Rector (November 5, 2014). 1973:In Italy the devices allowed are 1869:Patton, Phil (October 12, 2008). 1095:The first major deployment of an 3988:Glossary of road transport terms 1683:Herskovits, Melville J. (1967). 1513: 1489: 1469: 1446: 1415: 1376:Arguments in favor of toll roads 1179:. The systems use a small radio 601:Toll roads in the United Kingdom 289:in the 14th and 15th centuries. 202: 144:transportation demand management 2446: 2432: 2405: 2391: 2360: 2315: 2290: 2261: 2236: 2201: 2175: 2144: 2089: 2063: 2053: 2031: 1967: 1893: 1862: 1836: 1810: 1783: 716:Toll roads in the United States 496: 320: 308: 2542: 2399:"Toll Roads and Externalities" 1999:and other devices pursuant to 1774: 1748: 1660: 1635: 1626: 1608:Federal Highway Administration 338:("Lakes Motorway"), the first 240: 13: 1: 3970:Pavement performance modeling 3960:International roughness index 2489:Toll Tickets Official Website 2373:. Edward Elgar. p. 155. 1589: 1478:Subic–Clark–Tarlac Expressway 1034:(with entry/exit tolls); and 984:Balintawak toll plaza of the 937:Delaware River Port Authority 595: 58:since the 1940s) for which a 3965:Present serviceability index 3759:Sidewalk / Pavement 3304:Diamond grinding of pavement 1929:(in Italian). Archived from 1387:externalities of automobiles 1327:Arguments against toll roads 1088:The Union Toll Plaza on the 471:Richmond–Petersburg Turnpike 215:highway under the regime of 7: 3937:Underpass / Tunnel 3932:Overpass / Flyover 3686:High-occupancy vehicle lane 3576:Driving under the influence 2650:Freeway / Motorway 2503:from contractor perspective 1525: 1463:Monroe Township, New Jersey 1461:) Toll Gate for Exit 8A in 607:Toll roads in Great Britain 588:19th-century toll booth in 125:In addition to toll roads, 10: 4045: 2864:Highway systems by country 2455:Journal of Urban Economics 1408: 1139:(operated under the brand 1100:electronic toll collection 1017:electronic toll collection 976:Electronic toll collection 965: 958: 891: 771: 765: 719: 610: 604: 545:system, and the advent of 543:electronic toll collection 519:electronic toll collection 244: 157: 108:electronic toll collection 3983: 3975:Granular base equivalency 3945: 3916: 3822: 3794:Traffic signal preemption 3639: 3599: 3561: 3403: 3392: 3244: 3202:Right-in/right-out (RIRO) 3131: 3108:Single-point urban (SPUI) 3048: 3039: 2967: 2872: 2786: 2668: 2635: 2626: 2550: 2426:10.1016/j.trd.2006.05.003 2220:Roads in a market economy 1360:Toll roads are a form of 1348:There are concerns about 735:Long Island Motor Parkway 692:required users to pay at 410:Interstate Highway System 3955:Pavement condition index 3681:High-occupancy toll lane 3676:Contraflow lane reversal 3651:Barrier transfer machine 2575:High-occupancy toll lane 2277:Transportation Quarterly 2243:Chronicle (2013-04-07). 1552:High-occupancy toll lane 1208:Financing and management 1120:mobile tolling platforms 961:Tollbar (disambiguation) 949:detour to avoid the toll 648:, and especially beyond 527:London congestion charge 2809:Express-collector setup 1804:Turnpikes and Toll Bars 1647:Encyclopædia Britannica 1537:Geography of toll roads 1350:government surveillance 858:Autostrade per l'Italia 796:Toll station along the 491:Georgia State Route 400 479:Houston's outer beltway 376:, and now parts of the 342:built in the world, in 285:Tolls were used in the 140:road congestion pricing 3993:Road types by features 3888:Raised pavement marker 3855:Constant-slope barrier 3779:Traffic directionality 3769:Street running railway 3192:Protected intersection 2467:10.1006/juec.1997.2073 2245:"Eliminate toll roads" 2218:Roth, Gabriel (1998). 2017:"Dove sono i pedaggi?" 1792:, 1840, Vol 280 xxvii. 1604:"Road Pricing Defined" 1214:Build-Operate-Transfer 1079:New York State Thruway 1012: 997: 986:North Luzon Expressway 854:electronic toll system 837:. Both are toll free. 800: 789: 680: 592: 567:Massachusetts Turnpike 537: 522: 450:Massachusetts Turnpike 446:New York State Thruway 442:West Virginia Turnpike 405: 351: 199: 183: 171: 170:, London SE21 tollgate 146:tool to try to reduce 39: 3850:Concrete step barrier 3187:Offset T-intersection 2325:Contemporary Business 1402:be avoided altogether 1003: 983: 921:Sydney Harbour Tunnel 917:Sydney Harbour Bridge 795: 781: 678: 611:Further information: 587: 571:Pennsylvania Turnpike 535: 504: 422:Pennsylvania Turnpike 403: 331: 189: 177: 168:College Road, Dulwich 165: 33: 3893:Road surface marking 3591:Single-vehicle crash 3314:Full depth recycling 3212:Seagull intersection 2132:on February 10, 2011 1790:Parliamentary Papers 1104:Dallas North Tollway 1090:Garden State Parkway 860:interchange system. 745:Toll roads in Russia 739:Cornelius Vanderbilt 684:Toll roads in Canada 505:Collecting tolls on 467:Connecticut Turnpike 438:Garden State Parkway 389:introducing a toll. 361:Autostrada dei Laghi 335:Autostrada dei Laghi 293:17th-century Dahomey 247:Road toll (historic) 4019:Road infrastructure 3719:Pedestrian crossing 3282:Reinforced concrete 3118:Three-level diamond 2829:Two-lane expressway 2814:Farm-to-market road 2555:Barrier toll system 2442:. 16 November 2015. 2109:on January 1, 2010. 2071:"Union Watersphere" 1802:Searle, M. (1930). 1580:– England and Wales 1547:Barrier toll system 1476:Tipo toll plaza in 1455:New Jersey Turnpike 1453:E-ZPass lanes at a 1362:regressive taxation 1202:Triangle Expressway 1128:in the province of 1071:New Jersey Turnpike 925:Eastern Distributor 768:Autostrade of Italy 762:Toll roads in Italy 562:Triangle Expressway 434:New Jersey Turnpike 36:New Jersey Turnpike 3749:Runaway truck ramp 3571:Driver's education 3359:Rubberized asphalt 3294:Crocodile cracking 3217:Split intersection 2985:Hierarchy of roads 2946:Single carriageway 2189:. January 31, 2012 2077:on August 29, 2013 1875:The New York Times 1532:List of toll roads 1273:public authorities 1198:Maryland Route 200 1083:Florida's Turnpike 1013: 998: 955:Collection methods 831:Reggio di Calabria 803:In Italy the only 801: 790: 696:along the street ( 681: 622:Acts of Parliament 593: 590:Brooklyn, New York 558:Maryland Route 200 538: 523: 463:grandfather clause 430:Blue Star Turnpike 406: 352: 200: 184: 172: 148:traffic congestion 46:, also known as a 40: 4001: 4000: 3809:Wide outside lane 3635: 3634: 3612:Automotive safety 3493:Road slipperiness 3240: 3239: 3088:Diverging diamond 3035: 3034: 2951:Single-track road 2893:Bicycle boulevard 2583: 2582: 2565:Open road tolling 2401:. 18 August 2004. 2229:978-0-291-39814-7 1901:"BBS.keyhole.com" 1756:"1924 Mile Posts" 1506:Markham, Illinois 1502:Tri-State Tollway 1498:open road tolling 1337:open road tolling 1075:Indiana Toll Road 666:Dartford Crossing 579:COVID-19 pandemic 541:innovations, the 458:Indiana Toll Road 452:in 1957, and the 384:, was devised by 332:Toll gate of the 287:Holy Roman Empire 74:road construction 16:(Redirected from 4036: 3845:Cat's eye (road) 3666:Complete streets 3438:Dead Man's Curve 3401: 3400: 3339:Pavement milling 3254:Asphalt concrete 3197:Quadrant roadway 3138: 3060: 3046: 3045: 3012:Street hierarchy 2660:Elevated highway 2633: 2632: 2610: 2603: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2514: 2513: 2471: 2470: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2436: 2430: 2429: 2409: 2403: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2388: 2364: 2358: 2357: 2351: 2343: 2319: 2313: 2312: 2294: 2288: 2287: 2274: 2265: 2259: 2258: 2256: 2255: 2249:Chronicle Online 2240: 2234: 2233: 2215: 2209: 2205: 2199: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2148: 2142: 2141: 2139: 2137: 2128:. Archived from 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2102:. Archived from 2101: 2093: 2087: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2067: 2061: 2057: 2051: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2035: 2029: 2028: 2026: 2024: 2013: 2004: 1998: 1987: 1971: 1965: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1949: 1943: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1923: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1897: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1866: 1860: 1859: 1857: 1855: 1846:. Archived from 1840: 1834: 1833: 1831: 1829: 1814: 1808: 1807: 1799: 1793: 1787: 1781: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1762:on 12 March 2008 1758:. Archived from 1752: 1746: 1745: 1743: 1741: 1731: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1698: 1689: 1688: 1680: 1674: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1655: 1653: 1639: 1633: 1630: 1624: 1623: 1621: 1619: 1610:. Archived from 1600: 1542:Automobile costs 1517: 1493: 1473: 1450: 1424:the Soreang toll 1422:The entrance to 1419: 1169:Washington state 888:Charging methods 575:Illinois Tollway 536:Tolls in the UAE 511:Orlando, Florida 255:was one of many 21: 4044: 4043: 4039: 4038: 4037: 4035: 4034: 4033: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3997: 3979: 3947: 3941: 3912: 3903:Traffic barrier 3863:F-Shape barrier 3818: 3774:Traffic calming 3734:Reversible lane 3724:Pedestrian zone 3709:Motorcycle lane 3671:Contraflow lane 3643:time allocation 3642: 3631: 3627:Underride guard 3595: 3557: 3443:Expansion joint 3405: 3395: 3388: 3374:Stamped asphalt 3236: 3167:Continuous flow 3140: 3136: 3135: 3127: 3061: 3057:grade-separated 3054: 3053: 3031: 2990:Private highway 2963: 2868: 2782: 2664: 2622: 2614: 2584: 2579: 2546: 2541: 2501:Toll Roads News 2480: 2475: 2474: 2451: 2447: 2438: 2437: 2433: 2410: 2406: 2397: 2396: 2392: 2381: 2365: 2361: 2345: 2344: 2336: 2320: 2316: 2295: 2291: 2272: 2266: 2262: 2253: 2251: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2216: 2212: 2206: 2202: 2192: 2190: 2181: 2180: 2176: 2166: 2164: 2149: 2145: 2135: 2133: 2118: 2114: 2106: 2099: 2095: 2094: 2090: 2080: 2078: 2069: 2068: 2064: 2058: 2054: 2044: 2042: 2037: 2036: 2032: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2014: 2007: 1992: 1981: 1972: 1968: 1958: 1956: 1951: 1950: 1946: 1936: 1934: 1933:on 6 April 2010 1925: 1924: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1899: 1898: 1894: 1884: 1882: 1867: 1863: 1853: 1851: 1850:on May 19, 2014 1844:"Lostrivers.ca" 1842: 1841: 1837: 1827: 1825: 1816: 1815: 1811: 1800: 1796: 1788: 1784: 1779: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1754: 1753: 1749: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1708:The Independent 1699: 1692: 1681: 1677: 1665: 1661: 1651: 1649: 1641: 1640: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1617: 1615: 1614:on July 2, 2012 1602: 1601: 1597: 1592: 1578:Turnpike trusts 1557:Private highway 1528: 1521: 1518: 1509: 1508:, United States 1494: 1485: 1482:Hermosa, Bataan 1474: 1465: 1451: 1442: 1420: 1411: 1394:dynamic pricing 1378: 1329: 1210: 1063:Kansas Turnpike 978: 964: 957: 896: 890: 776: 770: 764: 747: 724: 718: 686: 618:Turnpike trusts 615: 609: 603: 598: 517:(on right) and 499: 397:member states. 386:Piero Puricelli 323: 311: 295: 249: 243: 235:mountain passes 205: 160: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4042: 4032: 4031: 4026: 4024:Types of roads 4021: 4016: 3999: 3998: 3996: 3995: 3990: 3984: 3981: 3980: 3978: 3977: 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3951: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3939: 3934: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3918: 3914: 3913: 3911: 3910: 3905: 3900: 3895: 3890: 3885: 3880: 3875: 3873:Jersey barrier 3870: 3865: 3860: 3857: 3852: 3847: 3842: 3837: 3832: 3826: 3824: 3820: 3819: 3817: 3816: 3811: 3806: 3804:Unused highway 3801: 3796: 3791: 3786: 3784:Traffic island 3781: 3776: 3771: 3766: 3761: 3756: 3751: 3746: 3741: 3736: 3731: 3726: 3721: 3716: 3711: 3706: 3701: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3683: 3678: 3673: 3668: 3663: 3658: 3653: 3647: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3624: 3619: 3614: 3609: 3603: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3594: 3593: 3588: 3583: 3581:Drowsy driving 3578: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3559: 3558: 3556: 3555: 3550: 3545: 3540: 3535: 3530: 3525: 3520: 3515: 3510: 3505: 3500: 3495: 3490: 3485: 3480: 3475: 3470: 3465: 3463:Level crossing 3460: 3455: 3450: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3430: 3425: 3420: 3415: 3409: 3407: 3398: 3390: 3389: 3387: 3386: 3381: 3376: 3371: 3366: 3361: 3356: 3351: 3346: 3341: 3336: 3331: 3326: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3306: 3301: 3296: 3291: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3274: 3269: 3264: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3248: 3242: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3235: 3234: 3229: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3199: 3194: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3164: 3162:Channelization 3159: 3154: 3149: 3147:3-way junction 3143: 3141: 3132: 3129: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3090: 3085: 3080: 3075: 3070: 3064: 3062: 3049: 3043: 3041:Road junctions 3037: 3036: 3033: 3032: 3030: 3029: 3024: 3019: 3014: 3009: 3008: 3007: 3005:business route 3002: 2992: 2987: 2982: 2977: 2971: 2969: 2965: 2964: 2962: 2961: 2956: 2953: 2948: 2943: 2938: 2935: 2933:Primitive road 2930: 2925: 2920: 2915: 2910: 2905: 2900: 2895: 2890: 2885: 2880: 2876: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2816: 2811: 2806: 2804:County highway 2801: 2799:Collector road 2796: 2790: 2788: 2784: 2783: 2781: 2780: 2775: 2773:United Kingdom 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2708:Czech Republic 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2674: 2672: 2666: 2665: 2663: 2662: 2657: 2652: 2647: 2641: 2639: 2637:Limited-access 2630: 2624: 2623: 2613: 2612: 2605: 2598: 2590: 2581: 2580: 2578: 2577: 2572: 2567: 2562: 2557: 2551: 2548: 2547: 2540: 2539: 2532: 2525: 2517: 2511: 2510: 2504: 2498: 2491: 2486: 2479: 2478:External links 2476: 2473: 2472: 2461:(3): 352–366. 2445: 2431: 2420:(4): 292–301. 2404: 2390: 2379: 2359: 2335:978-0324653847 2334: 2314: 2289: 2260: 2235: 2228: 2210: 2200: 2174: 2143: 2112: 2088: 2062: 2052: 2030: 2005: 1966: 1944: 1918: 1892: 1861: 1835: 1809: 1794: 1782: 1773: 1747: 1721: 1690: 1675: 1672:978-0071747042 1659: 1634: 1625: 1594: 1593: 1591: 1588: 1587: 1586: 1581: 1575: 1570: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1539: 1534: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1522: 1519: 1512: 1510: 1495: 1488: 1486: 1475: 1468: 1466: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1421: 1414: 1410: 1407: 1406: 1405: 1390: 1377: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1369: 1365: 1354: 1353: 1346: 1343: 1340: 1328: 1325: 1301:North Carolina 1209: 1206: 1073:, most of the 956: 953: 913: 912: 909: 905: 892:Main article: 889: 886: 873:Autostrada A60 869:Autostrada A59 865:Autostrada A36 807:roads are the 787:Autostrada A57 774:Roads in Italy 766:Main article: 763: 760: 746: 743: 717: 714: 706:Davenport Road 685: 682: 670:Mersey Gateway 642:Watling Street 640:road followed 634:Thomas Telford 613:Turnpike trust 605:Main article: 602: 599: 597: 594: 498: 495: 454:Chicago Skyway 428:in 1947, the 426:Maine Turnpike 322: 319: 310: 307: 294: 291: 245:Main article: 242: 239: 204: 201: 159: 156: 89:motor vehicles 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4041: 4030: 4027: 4025: 4022: 4020: 4017: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4009: 3994: 3991: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3982: 3976: 3973: 3971: 3968: 3966: 3963: 3961: 3958: 3956: 3953: 3952: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3935: 3933: 3930: 3928: 3925: 3922: 3921: 3919: 3915: 3909: 3906: 3904: 3901: 3899: 3896: 3894: 3891: 3889: 3886: 3884: 3883:Noise barrier 3881: 3879: 3876: 3874: 3871: 3869: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3858: 3856: 3853: 3851: 3848: 3846: 3843: 3841: 3840:Cable barrier 3838: 3836: 3833: 3831: 3828: 3827: 3825: 3821: 3815: 3812: 3810: 3807: 3805: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3795: 3792: 3790: 3789:Traffic lanes 3787: 3785: 3782: 3780: 3777: 3775: 3772: 3770: 3767: 3765: 3762: 3760: 3757: 3755: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3745: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3735: 3732: 3730: 3729:Refuge island 3727: 3725: 3722: 3720: 3717: 3715: 3712: 3710: 3707: 3705: 3702: 3700: 3697: 3695: 3694:Living street 3692: 3689: 3687: 3684: 3682: 3679: 3677: 3674: 3672: 3669: 3667: 3664: 3662: 3661:Climbing lane 3659: 3657: 3654: 3652: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3638: 3628: 3625: 3623: 3620: 3618: 3615: 3613: 3610: 3608: 3605: 3604: 3602: 3598: 3592: 3589: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3568: 3566: 3564: 3563:Human factors 3560: 3554: 3551: 3549: 3546: 3544: 3541: 3539: 3536: 3534: 3531: 3529: 3528:Traffic light 3526: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3516: 3514: 3511: 3509: 3506: 3504: 3501: 3499: 3496: 3494: 3491: 3489: 3486: 3484: 3481: 3479: 3478:Oversize load 3476: 3474: 3471: 3469: 3468:Manhole cover 3466: 3464: 3461: 3459: 3456: 3454: 3451: 3449: 3446: 3444: 3441: 3439: 3436: 3434: 3431: 3429: 3426: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3414: 3411: 3410: 3408: 3402: 3399: 3397: 3391: 3385: 3382: 3380: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3367: 3365: 3362: 3360: 3357: 3355: 3352: 3350: 3347: 3345: 3342: 3340: 3337: 3335: 3332: 3330: 3327: 3325: 3322: 3320: 3317: 3315: 3312: 3310: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3300: 3299:Crushed stone 3297: 3295: 3292: 3290: 3287: 3283: 3280: 3279: 3278: 3275: 3273: 3270: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3260: 3257: 3255: 3252: 3251: 3249: 3247: 3243: 3233: 3230: 3228: 3225: 3223: 3220: 3218: 3215: 3213: 3210: 3208: 3205: 3203: 3200: 3198: 3195: 3193: 3190: 3188: 3185: 3183: 3182:Michigan left 3180: 3178: 3175: 3173: 3170: 3168: 3165: 3163: 3160: 3158: 3155: 3153: 3150: 3148: 3145: 3144: 3142: 3139: 3134:Intersections 3130: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3094: 3091: 3089: 3086: 3084: 3083:Directional T 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3065: 3063: 3058: 3052: 3047: 3044: 3042: 3038: 3028: 3025: 3023: 3020: 3018: 3015: 3013: 3010: 3006: 3003: 3001: 3000:special route 2998: 2997: 2996: 2993: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2960: 2957: 2954: 2952: 2949: 2947: 2944: 2942: 2939: 2936: 2934: 2931: 2929: 2926: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2918:Frontage road 2916: 2914: 2911: 2909: 2906: 2904: 2901: 2899: 2896: 2894: 2891: 2889: 2886: 2884: 2881: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2871: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2825: 2822: 2820: 2817: 2815: 2812: 2810: 2807: 2805: 2802: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2794:Arterial road 2792: 2791: 2789: 2785: 2779: 2778:United States 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2675: 2673: 2671: 2667: 2661: 2658: 2656: 2653: 2651: 2648: 2646: 2643: 2642: 2640: 2638: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2628:Types of road 2625: 2621: 2618: 2611: 2606: 2604: 2599: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2588: 2576: 2573: 2571: 2568: 2566: 2563: 2561: 2560:Ticket system 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2549: 2545: 2538: 2533: 2531: 2526: 2524: 2519: 2518: 2515: 2508: 2505: 2502: 2499: 2495: 2492: 2490: 2487: 2485: 2484:Turnpike Info 2482: 2481: 2468: 2464: 2460: 2456: 2449: 2441: 2435: 2427: 2423: 2419: 2415: 2408: 2400: 2394: 2386: 2382: 2380:9781781959787 2376: 2372: 2371: 2363: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2327: 2326: 2318: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2301: 2293: 2286: 2282: 2278: 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to Go 1161:California 1048:shunpiking 972:Toll house 966:See also: 933:New Jersey 810:autostrade 785:along the 783:Toll plaza 772:See also: 720:See also: 694:toll gates 650:Llangollen 646:Shrewsbury 596:By country 521:(on left). 272:protection 270:, offered 3739:Road diet 3641:Space and 3586:Road rage 3473:Oil spill 3433:Crosswind 3423:Black ice 3418:Avalanche 3344:Permeable 3177:Jughandle 3172:Hook turn 3078:Free-flow 3022:Toll road 2941:Side road 2898:Boulevard 2854:Super two 2849:Ring road 2824:Link road 2723:Hong Kong 2678:Australia 2620:hierarchy 2497:services. 2348:cite book 1885:March 27, 1440:Indonesia 1436:West Java 1398:rush hour 1266:Tennessee 1036:open road 968:Tollbooth 815:motorways 515:tollbooth 370:Lake Como 356:motorways 350:, in 1924 264:Via Regia 223:Aristotle 85:antiquity 44:toll road 3927:Causeway 3764:Shoulder 3600:Vehicles 3548:Whiteout 3508:Rockfall 3503:Roadkill 3428:Bleeding 3404:Road and 3364:Sealcoat 3289:Corduroy 3277:Concrete 3267:Chipseal 3246:Surfaces 3098:Raindrop 2913:Driveway 2908:Dead end 2888:Backroad 2839:2+2 road 2834:2+1 road 2758:Portugal 2748:Pakistan 2570:Vignette 2385:Archived 2340:Archived 2305:Archived 2193:April 7, 2187:WRAL.com 2167:June 19, 2161:Archived 1979:MooneyGo 1975:Telepass 1905:Archived 1879:Archived 1822:Archived 1526:See also 1430:area of 1392:Through 1309:Oklahoma 1297:New York 1281:Maryland 1250:Virginia 1234:Illinois 1226:Delaware 1177:Colorado 1145:Illinois 1116:Telepass 990:Caloocan 941:New York 825:between 672:bridge. 638:Holyhead 560:and the 469:and the 414:freeways 340:motorway 114:or uses 48:turnpike 3830:Bollard 3814:Woonerf 3543:Washout 3483:Pothole 3396:factors 3384:Texture 3354:Plastic 3334:Macadam 3123:Trumpet 3073:Diamond 2844:Parkway 2819:Highway 2733:Ireland 2713:Germany 2703:Croatia 2683:Belgium 1959:5 March 1937:5 March 1766:3 April 1618:May 23, 1584:Freeway 1432:Bandung 1428:Soreang 1409:Gallery 1238:Indiana 1230:Florida 1157:FasTrak 1153:Florida 1149:SunPass 1137:E-ZPass 1130:Ontario 1112:TollTag 1010:Ontario 827:Salerno 690:Toronto 658:M6 Toll 626:Britain 554:E-ZPass 315:A5 road 303:Dahomey 213:Babylon 196:Myanmar 180:Romania 158:History 122:tolls. 56:freeway 52:tollway 18:Tollway 3923:Bridge 3607:Airbag 3379:Tarmac 3324:Gravel 3152:Bowtie 3093:Parclo 3017:Stroad 2980:Detour 2955:Street 2883:Avenue 2768:Taiwan 2753:Poland 2718:Greece 2693:Canada 2688:Brazil 2377: 2332: 2283:: 26. 2226: 2060:Basel. 1740:10 May 1714:12 May 1670: 1643:"Toll" 1368:roads. 1315:, and 1277:Kansas 1264:, and 1248:, and 1171:, and 1141:I-Pass 1108:Amtech 1081:, and 1055:ticket 1032:closed 974:, and 923:, and 507:SR 417 489:, and 280:pavage 257:feudal 182:, 1877 3349:Plank 3263:Brick 3113:Stack 2879:Alley 2763:Spain 2743:Nepal 2738:Italy 2728:India 2698:China 2273:(PDF) 2107:(PDF) 2100:(PDF) 1997:] 1986:] 1504:near 1246:Texas 1190:Texas 1110:(see 904:days. 509:near 487:E-470 418:bonds 366:Milan 348:Italy 344:Milan 227:Pliny 192:Bagan 93:axles 3859:Curb 3690:Lane 3453:Ford 3369:Sett 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