1090:
1055:
of
Vladimir a hereditary possession of the Prince of Moscow in 1389, and by allowing it to take over Nižnij Novgorod in 1393. Similarly, he helped Lithuania establish a precedent for involving itself in the government and politics of the Golden Horde, and making and unmaking khans, several of them Tokhtamysh's sons, for decades to come. Neither of these alliances saved Tokhtamysh, whose authority was dealt severe setbacks by the two great invasions of Timur into the core territories of the Golden Horde in 1391 and 1395ā1396. These left Tokhtamysh competing with rival khans, ultimately driving him out definitively, and hounding him to his death in Sibir in 1406. Tokhtamysh's relative solidification of the khan's authority survived him only briefly, and largely due to the influence of his nemesis Edigu; but after 1411 it gave way to another long period of civil war that ended in the disintegration of the Golden Horde. Moreover, Timur's destruction of the Golden Horde's main urban centers, as well as the Italian colony of
984:. In the summer of 1399, Vytautas and Tokhtamysh set out against Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu with a large army. On the Vorskla River they encountered the forces of Tīmūr Qutluq, who opened negotiations, intending to delay the engagement until Edigu could arrive with reinforcements. In the process, Tīmūr Qutluq pretended to agree to submit to Vytautas and pay him annual tribute but requested a three-day delay to consider Vytautas' further demands. This was sufficient for Edigu to arrive with his reinforcements. Edigu could not resist the temptation to bandy words with the Lithuanian ruler himself, and arranged a meeting, separated by the course of the river. Further negotiations having proven pointless, the two forces engaged in the
846:(TÄ«mÅ«r Qutluq's maternal uncle). This is sometimes interpreted as Timur's investiture of TÄ«mÅ«r Qutluq as khan, but that seems unlikely: the three were supposed to recruit additional troop for the Timurid army. Only Kunche Oghlan remained faithful to his vow, and returned to Timur with his recruits, before deserting Tokhtamysh the next year. Meanwhile, TÄ«mÅ«r Qutluq and Egidu struck out on their own with a growing following and appear to have declared TÄ«mÅ«r Qutluq khan in the left (eastern) wing of the Golden Horde. One of Tokhtamysh's commanders, Beg PÅ«lÄd (possibly a grandson of Urus Khan), who had escaped from the Battle of Kondurcha, had declared himself khan at Sarai in the expectation that Tokhtamysh had perished.
1118:
1002:
901:
971:, although many of them abandoned him, making their way to the Balkans to enter the service of the Ottoman sultan Bayezit I. Tokhtamysh and Vytautas signed a treaty in which Tokhtamysh confirmed Vytautas as a rightful ruler of Ruthenian lands that were once part of the Golden Horde, and now belonged to Lithuania, and promised him the tribute of the Russian principalities, in exchange for military assistance to recover his throne. Possibly the treaty still stipulated that Vytautas would pay tribute from these the Ruthenian lands once the khan regained his throne. Vytautas was possibly planning to establish himself as overlord in the lands of the Golden Horde.
562:
437:, the traditional capital of the Golden Horde. Offended and wary of any opposition to his authority, Urus had Tuy KhwÄja executed. The young Tokhtamysh fled, then submitted to his father's murderer, and was forgiven on account of his youth. In 1373, while Urus was asserting himself at Sarai, Tokhtamysh gathered a group of Urus' opponents and attempted to make himself khan in Sighnaq. Urus immediately advanced against them, and Tokhtamysh fled, only to return, submit, and be forgiven again. When Urus took over Sarai in 1375, Tokhtamysh took the opportunity to flee again. He sought refuge at the court of
1102:
537:
58:
689:. Despite some tension, Moscow did not suffer any consequences. On the contrary, when Dmitrij left his son Vasilij the Grand Principality of Vladimir in his will in 1389, Tokhtamysh sanctioned it through his envoy, Shaykh Aįø„mad. SemĆ«n and Vasilij of Suzdal' expelled their uncle Boris from Nižnij Novgorod, but he tracked down Tokhtamysh on campaign and returned with a new investiture from the khan in 1390. Russian recruits subsequently served Tokhtamysh in Central Asia. In 1391 Tokhtamysh sent his commander Beg Tut to ravage
1078:
589:, and was not looking for a confrontation, as he would have had difficulty to muster a great army again. He duly acknowledged Tokhtamysh as the new khan and his suzerain, but although he sent rich gifts, Dmitrij withheld the payment of tribute. When Tokhtamysh's envoy, Äq KhwÄja, came to invite the Russian princes to the khan's court for the confirmation of their diplomas of investiture, he was faced with so much hostility by the population, that he turned back after reaching
1066:
854:, finally killed him. Another would-be challenger in the Crimea, Tokhtamysh's second cousin TÄsh TÄ«mÅ«r, temporarily recognized Tokhtamysh's rule but retained some autonomy. Tokhtamysh dealt similarly with Edigu, coming to terms with him in exchange for his submission, and leaving him with autonomous authority in the east, greatly weakening the position of TÄ«mÅ«r Qutluq. Tokhtamysh felt powerful enough to demand tribute from the Polish King
1051:. His sack of Moscow in 1382 undid the setback suffered by the Golden Horde in its domination over the Russian principalities at the Battle of Kulikovo two years earlier. Finally, the invasion of Azerbaijan followed in the path of the aspirations of earlier khans for the exploitation or conquest of that region. In 1385, Tokhtamysh was at the height of his power and his future, as well as that of the Golden Horde, looked bright.
462:. Here he discovered that Urus was advancing in his pursuit, and soon Urus' envoys arrived, demanding Tokhtamysh's extradition. Timur refused to do so and gathered his own forces to oppose Urus. Following a three-month standoff in the winter of 1376ā1377, Urus returned home, while Timur's forces succeeded in taking Otrar. Learning of Urus' death, Timur declared Tokhtamysh the new khan, and returned to his own capital,
831:, on 18 June 1391. The hard-fought battle ended in the rout of Tokhtamysh's forces and his flight from the battlefield; many of his soldiers, trapped between the enemy and the Volga, were captured or slaughtered. Timur and his victorious army celebrated for over a month by the banks of the Volga. Surprisingly, he did not attempt to consolidate his control over the area before heading for home.
942:
forces once again. They soon expelled or eliminated
Quyurchuq, taking over Sarai in 1396 or 1397, but mollified Timur by assuring him of their submission through an embassy in 1398. Meanwhile, Tokhtamysh had set about reasserting his authority in the southwestern portions of the Golden Horde, killing his cousin TÄsh TÄ«mÅ«r, who had declared himself khan in the Crimea, and fighting the
701:. Seeking cooperation against this and other threats, Tokhtamysh received Vasilij I of Moscow in his camp and invested him with the domain of Nižnij Novgorod despite the protests of its princes. Despite his sack of Moscow in 1382, Tokhtamysh had strengthened the power and wealth of its ruler in the end, helping set it on the path to annexing other Russian, and later Mongol polities.
921:
emirs. Tokhtamysh fled north to
Bolghar and later perhaps to Moldavia. Part of Timur's forces gave chase, catching up with some of the enemy by the Volga and driving them into it; Timur's local allies, led by the Jochid prince Quyurchuq, a son of Urus Khan, advanced on the opposite, left bank of the Volga, to take over the area. Timur probed north, as far as
482:. As before, Tokhtamysh had little luck fighting against a son of Urus, and he was easily defeated by Tīmūr Malik. Tokhtamysh fled to Timur's court once again. Hearing that Tīmūr Malik spends his time in drinking and pleasures and ignores affairs of importance, and that the exasperated people desire Tokhtamysh to rule them, Timur sent his forces to
800:
393:. They provide the following ancestry: TÅ«qtÄmÄ«sh, son of Tuy-KhwÄja, the son of Qutluq-KhwÄja, the son of Kuyunchak, the son of SÄrÄ«cha, the son of ÅŖrung-TÄ«mÅ«r, the son of TÅ«qÄ-TÄ«mÅ«r, the son of JÅ«jÄ«. According to MuŹæÄ«n-ad-DÄ«n Naį¹anzÄ« (previously known as the "Anonymous of Iskandar"), Tokhtamysh's mother was Kutan-Kunchek of the
549:(called Blue Horde in some Persian sources and White Horde in Turkic ones). This promised to restore the greatness of the Golden Horde after a long period of division and internecine conflict. Tokhtamysh proceeded to solidify his authority with wisdom and restraint. Already in early 1381, he restored peace with the
1014:. Edigu is said to have fought Tokhtamysh on sixteen separate occasions between 1400 and 1406; in the final instance, after a reverse at the hands of Tokhtamysh, Edigu spread a rumor about his own death to draw Tokhtamysh out into the open and have him killed in a hail of darts and spears, late in 1406, near
950:
in 1397. In late 1397 or early 1398, Tokhtamysh briefly triumphed over his rivals, taking over Sarai and the Volga towns, and sent out jubilant missives through his envoys all round. But his success was short-lived: Tokhtamysh was defeated in battle by Tīmūr Qutluq and fled first to the Crimea, where
941:
Tokhtamysh survived Timur's onslaught, but his position was far more tenuous than before. The ruined capital, Sarai, was in the hands of Timur's protƩgƩ Quyurchuq, while the area of
Astrakhan and the eastern portions of the Golden Horde were under the control of Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu, who had joined
937:
to Sarai, to GĆ¼listan, in the winter of 1395ā1396; the surviving inhabitants were enslaved and "driven like sheep." Timur set out for
Samarkand via Derbent in the spring of 1396, laden with plunder and accompanied by herds and captives, including merchants, artists, and craftsmen, leaving the Golden
768:
to
Samarqand with his main forces in February 1388. Learning of the enemy's movements, Tokhtamysh's forces retreated. Timur was now convinced that a serious contest with Tokhtamysh was inevitable. He overthrew the į¹¢Å«fÄ« Dynasty of Khwarazm for its collusion with Tokhtamysh and razed to the ground its
349:
Tokhtamysh rose to power during a tumultuous period in the Golden Horde, which was severely weakened after a long period of division and internecine conflict. From a fugitive, Tokhtamysh had become a powerful monarch, quickly solidifying his authority in both wings of the Golden Horde. Encouraged by
1054:
However, in entering into and exacerbating the conflict with his former protector Timur, Tokhtamysh set a course for the undoing of all his achievements and for his own destruction. Seeking allies, after he had weakened Moscow, he strengthened it with the concession of making the Grand
Principality
763:
Despite his defeat and a subsequent message seeking to defuse the hostility, Tokhtamysh continued to provoke his former protector. While Timur remained in Persia, in the winter of 1387ā1388, Tokhtamysh overran
Central Asia, where part of his forces besieged Sawran, while another crossed Khwarazm to
625:
on 23 August 1382. Three days later, the citizens were tricked into surrendering by
Vasilij and SemĆ«n of Nižnij Novgorod, and Tokhtamysh's troops stormed into the city, slaughtering, plundering and finally razing it for the insubordination of its ruler. Other cities taken by the Mongols during the
596:
Tokhtamysh prepared for war in 1382. Intending to catch his enemy by surprise, he began by ordering the arrest and robbing of
Russian merchants on the Volga and the confiscation of their boats. Crossing the river with his entire army, he attempted to advance secretly, but attracted much attention.
920:
took place on 15ā16 April 1395. Like the battle on the Kondurcha four year earlier, it was a hard-fought engagement between nearly equal forces. Although Timur, who fought like a common warrior, was nearly captured or killed, he once again emerged victorious, after a dissension among Tokhtamysh's
979:
Tīmūr Qutluq sent an envoy to demand Tokhtamysh's extradition from Lithuania, but received an ominous answer from Vytautas: "I will not give up Tsar Tokhtamysh, but wish to meet Tsar Temir-Kutlu in person." Vytautas and Tokhtamysh prepared their Lithuanian and Mongol forces for a joint campaign,
544:
From a fugitive, Tokhtamysh had become a powerful monarch, the first khan in over two decades to rule both halves (wings) of the Golden Horde. In the space of a little over a year, he had made himself master of the left (eastern) wing, the former Ulus of Orda (called White Horde in some Persian
1308:
For the color references to the right (west) and left (east) wings of the Ulus of Jochi (later dubbed "Golden Horde" in Russian sources), see for example May 2018: 282ā283; in the more relevant Turkic sources the White Horde is the right (west) wing and the Blue Horde is the left (east) wing,
760:. Timur showed remarkable leniency to the captured warriors of Tokhtamysh, feeding and clothing them and allowing them to return home. Whether this was a sign of respect toward a royal descendant of Chinggis Khan or an attempt to defuse an unnecessary conflict on an unwanted front is unclear.
755:
in 1386ā1387, when Tokhtamysh crossed the mountains in the spring of 1387 and headed straight for him. Despite being taken by surprise and being nearly defeated, Timur's commanders rallied and succeeded in repelling Tokhtamysh's attack with the help of timely reinforcements led by Timur's son
486:
and Otrar, which surrendered. Advancing on Sighnaq, they defeated the enemy at Qara-Tal, and captured and executed Tīmūr Malik, betrayed by his own emirs, in 1379. Tokhtamysh was now installed as khan in Sighnaq, and he spent the rest of the year establishing his authority and harnessing his
781:) concerned by Timur's power. Tokhtamysh attempted to take Sawran again in 1388, was driven off by Timur in the snowy January of 1389, but made another attack on Sawran later in the year. It also failed, but Tokhtamysh's forces pillaged the neighborhood and plundered the town of Yasī (now
666:
After the submission of the Russian princes and the resumption of their tribute, Tokhtamysh adopted more conciliatory policies toward them. Dmitrij of Moscow razed Rjazan' in vengeance for Oleg IvanoviÄ's collaboration with Tokhtamysh against Moscow, but suffered no punishment for it.
453:
in 1376, raiding into Urus Khan's territory. Urus' son Qutluq Buqa attacked and defeated Tokhtamysh, although he himself suffered a fatal wound. Tokhtamysh fled to Timur once more, and returned with an army to fight his enemies. However, he was defeated again, this time by Urus' son
1009:
Reduced to the position of an adventurer, Tokhtamysh made his way across the territory of the Golden Horde to its peripheral Siberian possessions. Here he succeeded in bringing parts of the area under his control in 1400, and by 1405 was attempting to ingratiate himself with his
811:, ignored Tokhtamysh's envoys seeking peace, and struck into the territories of the former Ulus of Orda. But for four months of traveling and hunting, Timur failed to catch up with Tokhtamysh, who had seemingly retreated northwards. Only after reaching the headwaters of the
671:
was invested as Grand Prince of Vladimir and visited Tokhtamysh's court with his son Aleksandr, but never succeeded in entering into possession of the Grand Principality, as Tokhtamysh soon forgave Dmitrij of Moscow. Dmitrij had submitted, surrendered his eldest son
1010:
protector-turned-enemy, Timur, who had just quarreled with Edigu. Timur's death in February 1405 made any rapprochement moot. Throughout this period, Tokhtamysh naturally attracted the hostility of Edigu and his new puppet khan,
988:
on 12 August 1399. Using a feigned retreat tactic, Tīmūr Qutluq and Edigu were able to envelop the forces of Vytautas and Tokhtamysh, inflicting a serious defeat on them. Tokhtamysh fled the battlefield and made his way east to
1089:
723:, apparently without provoking his former patron. Under pressure from his emirs to provide profitable campaigns for plunder and perhaps possessed by the traditional ambitions of his predecessors, Tokhtamysh crossed the
361:
with his former protector Timur, who invaded the Golden Horde and defeated Tokhtamysh twice. Crushing defeats for the Golden Horde undid all of Tokhtamysh's previous achievements and ultimately led to his destruction.
676:
as hostage, and promised to pay tribute, duly dispatched in 1383. When Dmitrij KonstantinoviÄ of Nižnij Novgorod died the same year, Tokhtamysh granted that principality to his brother Boris KonstantinoviÄ, but gave
849:
Tokhtamysh had survived and still commanded sufficient authority and manpower to strike back. Defeating and expelling Beg PÅ«lÄd from Sarai, Tokhtamysh chased him into the Crimea and, after besieging him in
1368:
Gaev 2002: 53; Sagdeeva 2005: 71; Jackson 2005: 369; Sabitov 2008: 286; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 182; PoÄekaev 2010: 155, 372; May 2018: 364; for the primary sources, see Vohidov 2006: 46 and Tizengauzen 2006: 436.
1751:
Identification with the khan of 1416ā1417 by Sabitov 2008: 55ā56, 288, and Reva 2016: 715; but the khan of 1416ā1417 is also plausibly identifiable as a son of MamkÄ«, son of Minkasar, and thus cousin of
1046:
When he reunified the Golden Horde in 1380ā1381, Tokhtamysh promised to revitalize and stabilize it after two decades of chronic civil war. He was the last khan of the Golden Horde who minted coins with
405:. This erroneous view has only gradually been abandoned, first for Tokhtamysh, and later for Urus. Although Urus and Tokhtamysh are often described as uncle and nephew, they were in fact fourth cousins.
1631:
Howorth 1880: 261ā262; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 175, 185; PoÄekaev 2010: 175ā176; Frost 2015: 86; the casualties included the princes Andrej of Polock and Dmitrij of Brjansk, as well as the Polish lord Spytek of
785:) before retreating to safety when Timur defeated Tokhtamysh's vanguard and crossed the Syr Darya in pursuit. Timur seized Sighnaq but then diverted his attention to Tokhtamysh's allies farther east.
609:
also submitted readily and sent his sons Vasilij and Semƫn to join Tokhtamysh's campaign as guides. Grand Prince Dmitrij of Moscow did not submit, but left a strong garrison in his capital under the
993:; Vytautas survived the battle, although some twenty princes, including two of his cousins fell in the fight. The defeat was disastrous, ending Vytautas' ambitious policy in the Pontic steppes.
553:
of the Crimea, ensuring himself a steady income. He similarly sought the cooperation of the emirs and tribal chieftains by confirming the privileges that had been conferred to them in the past.
1018:. Khan ShÄdÄ« Beg apparently claimed or was given credit for the death of Tokhtamysh, while others credited Edigu or Edigu's son NÅ«r ad-DÄ«n. Russian chroniclers recorded his death in 1406:
882:. Timur retaliated by invading Georgia. Although he seems to have had troubles with his own emirs in the summer of 1394, that autumn Tokhtamysh was able to raid across the Caucasus into
751:. Either to take advantage of Jalayirid weakness or to preempt the expansion of the Golden Horde into the area, Timur proceeded to conquer Azerbaijan in 1386. He was wintering in nearby
866:, had taken from the Golden Horde in the past. His demands were met. Tokhtamysh sought to create an anti-Timurid coalition once more, reaching out to the Mamluk sultan Barqūq, the
739:, by storm and ravaged the neighboring area for ten days, before retiring with his plunder, including some 200,000 slaves, among them thousands of Armenians from the districts of
908:
Timur now determined that a second campaign into the Golden Horde was necessary. After some diplomatic dissimulation on both sides, Timur set out with a great army towards
490:
In 1380, Tokhtamysh advanced westward, intent on taking over Sarai and the central and western portions of the Golden Horde. His military power intimidated his former host
2056:
1742:
generally agrees, but places Sayyid Aįø„mad correctly as the son of KarÄ«m Berdi and gives variant names for two of the daughters: Tizengauzen 2006: 435; Sabitov 2008: 55ā56.
1858:
The Crimean Khanate and PolandāLithuania: International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15thā18th Century). A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents
764:
besiege Bukhara. Timur's commanders prepared to defend Samarqand and other towns against the expected continued advance of Tokhtamysh, and Timur himself headed back from
1059:, dealt a severe and lasting blow to the trade-based economy of the polity, with various negative implications for its future prospects for prosperity and survival.
773:, in 1388. Increasingly aware that he was outmatched, Tokhtamysh sought to create an anti-Timurid coalition, reaching out to neighboring rulers (including the
807:
Timur determined to take the initiative and strike decisively into Tokhtamysh's core territories. Gathering a large army, he set out in February 1391 from
819:
and planning to defend the crossing. Timur advanced on the Ural and crossed it farther upstream, causing Tokhtamysh to retreat in the direction of the
715:
In 1383, taking advantage of Timur's preoccupation with affairs in Persia, Tokhtamysh restored the Golden Horde's authority over the semi-autonomous
1505:
Howorth 1880: 233ā236; Grousset 1970: 437ā438; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 183; PoÄekaev 2010: 165ā166 places Tokhtamysh's first invasion of Azerbaijan in 1386.
1133:
who had briefly ruled at Sarai in 1370ā1371; in 1386 he had her executed, apparently for participating in an obscure conspiracy. According to the
929:, he was happy to receive rich gifts from the Italian merchants before enslaving all Christians and destroying their facilities. Passing though
1809:
350:
his success, as well as the growth of his manpower and wealth, Tokhtamysh went on a military expedition to the Russian principalities, sacking
1101:
1856:
63:
354:
in 1382. He reasserted the TatarāMongol hegemony over its Russian vassals and brought about the recommencement of tribute payments.
2677:
2063:
1793:
1671:
1077:
681:
to Dmitrij's sons Semƫn and Vasilij. In 1386, Dmitrij of Moscow's son Vasilij, hostage at Tokhtamysh's court, escaped to
1029:
That same winter, tsar Shadi Beg killed Tokhtamysh in the Siberian lands near Tyumen, and he himself sat on the Horde.
2682:
2667:
2672:
1990:
1866:
1589:
1353:
1279:
111:
72:
2426:
1141:
526:
855:
686:
533:, but was eventually eliminated by Tokhtamysh's agents, who had followed in pursuit, in late 1380 or early 1381.
1579:
1117:
577:
principalities, although he did not necessarily seek a conflict from the start. Similarly, the Grand Prince of
1458:
Howorth 1880: 226ā228; Grousset 1970: 407, 436; Halperin 1987: 56; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 183; PoÄekaev 2010: 163ā164.
1065:
2662:
1332:. Inner Asia. // Ural and Altaic Series, vol. 96. Bloomington: Indiana University Publications, 1969. p. 181.
828:
916:, where it encountered the forces of Tokhtamysh. After Timur's troops destroyed Tokhtamysh's vanguard, the
573:
Encouraged by his success, as well as the growth of his manpower and wealth, Tokhtamysh next turned to the
2657:
985:
1001:
900:
561:
2539:
744:
458:. Wounded, Tokhtamysh escaped by swimming across the Syr Darya and once more went to Timur's court, at
827:, and even Russia. Determined to preempt this, Timur caught up with Tokhtamysh and forced him to give
545:
sources and Blue Horde in Turkic ones), and then also master of the right (western) wing, the Ulus of
529:
in the autumn of 1381, after Tokhtamysh had enticed away a number of Mamai's emirs. Mamai fled to the
441:(Tamerlane), where he arrived in 1376. Winning his favor and support, Tokhtamysh installed himself at
2615:
2366:
2014:
917:
513:, master of the westernmost portions of the Golden Horde. Weakened by his defeat at the hands of the
479:
320:
94:
17:
960:
895:
863:
794:
710:
358:
1852:
57:
1431:
Howorth 1880: 216, 226; Grousset 1970: 407, 436; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 182ā183; PoÄekaev 2010: 160ā161.
2534:
1757:
1125:
Among others, Tokhtamysh had married the widow of Mamai, probably identical with a daughter of
622:
339:
1523:
Howorth 1880: 239ā248; Grousset 1970: 438ā440; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 183ā184; PoÄekaev 2010: 170ā171.
2049:
1937:
Sbornik materialov otnosjaÅ”Äihsja k istorii Zolotoj Ordy. IzvleÄenija iz persidskih soÄinenii
1343:
1289:
981:
879:
536:
1872:
1786:
The Oxford History of Poland-Lithuania. The Making of the Polish-Lithuanian Union, 1385ā1569
2652:
2529:
1422:
Howorth 1880: 224; Grousset 1970: 406ā407, 435ā436; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 182; PoÄekaev 2010: 159.
1413:
Howorth 1880: 222ā223; Grousset 1970: 406, 435; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 182; PoÄekaev 2010: 157ā159.
1206:
1170:
635:
522:
414:
1613:
Howorth 1880: 258ā261; Jackson 2005: 218; PoÄekaev 2010: 174ā175; KoÅodziejczyk 2011: 6ā8.
1559:
Howorth 1880: 250ā251; Grousset 1970: 440ā441; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 184; PoÄekaev 2010: 172ā173.
1137:, Tokhtamysh had eight sons and five daughters, as well as six grandchildren, as follows.
8:
1568:
Howorth 1880: 251ā258; Grousset 1970: 441ā442; Jackson 2005: 216; PoÄekaev 2010: 173ā174.
1024:Š¢Š¾Šµ Š¶Šµ Š·ŠøŠ¼Ń ŃŠ°ŃŃ ŠŠµŠ½ŠøŠ±ŠµŠŗ ŃŠ±Šø Š¢Š°ŠŗŃŠ°Š¼ŃŃŠ° Š² Š”ŠøŠ±ŠøŃŃŠŗŠ¾Šø Š·ŠµŠ¼Š»Šø Š±Š»ŠøŠ· Š¢ŃŠ¼ŠµŠ½Šø, Š° ŃŠ°Š¼ ŃŠµŠ“Šµ Š½Š° ŠŃŠ“Šµ.
732:
483:
422:
150:
838:(son of Qutluq Tīmūr) and Kunche Oghlan (Tīmūr Qutluq's paternal uncle), as well as the
697:, buccaneers along the Volga; but the buccaneers launched a revenge raid on the area of
1803:
673:
668:
639:
586:
518:
1550:
Howorth 1880: 248ā249; Grousset 1970: 440; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 184; PoÄekaev 2010: 171ā172.
1514:
Howorth 1880: 236ā239; Grousset 1970: 438; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 183; PoÄekaev 2010; 166ā170.
1862:
1789:
1667:
1585:
1349:
943:
875:
598:
550:
261:
1130:
1048:
990:
782:
748:
627:
606:
269:
2398:
2004:
1650:
Howorth 1880: 262; Grousset 1970: 443; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 185; PoÄekaev 2010: 176ā177.
1395:
Howorth 1880: 221ā222; Grousset 1970: 406; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 182; PoÄekaev 2010: 156.
889:
835:
143:
2554:
1687:
1661:
1495:
The Turco-Mongol Invasions IV, Medieval Armenian History, Turkish History, Turkey
788:
590:
578:
280:
912:
in March 1395. After crossing the pass, Timur's army ravaged the area up to the
397:
tribe. Older scholarship followed the inaccurate testimony of Naį¹anzÄ« in making
2595:
2519:
2505:
2239:
1161:
Sayyid Aįø„mad, possibly Khan of the Golden Horde 1416ā1417 (he is distinct from
867:
582:
288:
265:
2189:
1449:
Howorth 1880: 226; Grousset 1970: 407; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 184; PoÄekaev 2010: 162.
1386:
E.g., Howorth 1880: 222, 225ā226; Grousset 1970: 406, 435; Bosworth 1996: 252.
2646:
2524:
1162:
933:, he proceeded to pillage and destroy the cities along the Volga, from (old)
913:
770:
446:
2580:
2544:
2509:
2072:
2021:
1781:
1284:
1237:
834:
At their request, Timur left behind two princes descended from Tuqa-Timur,
816:
716:
566:
434:
390:
365:
Tokhtamysh has often been called the last great ruler of the Golden Horde.
331:
316:
312:
48:
2446:
2318:
2244:
1309:
opposite to the practice still dominating English-language historiography.
815:
did Timur discover that Tokhtamysh was regrouping to the west, across the
334:. Spending most of his younger years fighting against his father's cousin
2471:
2145:
2119:
2100:
1329:
1193:
1187:
1155:
851:
690:
602:
249:
199:
2575:
2514:
2214:
2166:
2025:
1247:
823:, where he could expect the arrival of reinforcements from the Crimea,
757:
740:
694:
631:
601:
placed himself at the khan's disposal, pointing out the fords over the
491:
382:
502:, who both submitted to Tokhtamysh. Now khan at Sarai, he crossed the
2610:
2605:
2570:
2565:
2407:
2361:
2297:
2204:
2095:
2000:
1983:
1126:
1011:
934:
930:
871:
618:
610:
546:
507:
499:
475:
463:
455:
450:
426:
418:
402:
398:
394:
335:
139:
129:
1345:
Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589ā1605: Volumes I and II
2585:
2199:
2194:
2150:
2109:
1966:
956:
947:
859:
808:
752:
724:
720:
682:
651:
614:
327:
223:
1494:
661:
2600:
2590:
1144:(1380ā1412) (by į¹¬aghÄy-BÄ«ka), Khan of the Golden Horde 1411ā1412
964:
909:
883:
839:
824:
698:
647:
643:
459:
430:
218:
925:, before turning to ravaging the cities of the Golden Horde. At
2441:
2313:
2234:
2041:
1753:
1056:
1015:
968:
922:
890:
Second Timurid invasion into the Golden Horde and its aftermath
803:
Timur and his troops gather to launch a war against Tokhtamysh.
778:
774:
765:
736:
678:
655:
574:
530:
514:
495:
351:
211:
178:
789:
First Timurid invasion into the Golden Horde and its aftermath
27:
Khan of the Golden Horde (1380ā96), descendant of Genghis Khan
2486:
2477:
2455:
2416:
2349:
2342:
2335:
2328:
2256:
2209:
2184:
2155:
2114:
1476:
Howorth 1880: 249ā250; Halperin 1987: 57; SeleznĆ«v 2009: 184.
1242:
1216:
843:
820:
812:
617:, from where he hoped to gather greater forces. After taking
510:
503:
442:
438:
386:
343:
1158:, Khan of the Golden Horde 1409, 1412ā1413, 1414 (d. 1417?)
417:. He refused to join the forces of his cousin and suzerain,
413:
Tokhtamysh's father, Tuy KhwÄja, was the local ruler of the
952:
926:
1196:(by a Circassian concubine), Khan of the Golden Horde 1419
731:, 50,000 troops) during the winter of 1384ā1385, invading
597:
Seeking to ingratiate himself with the khan, Grand Prince
401:
and, by extension, Tokhtamysh, descendants of Jochi's son
346:, with whose help he succeeded in defeating his enemies.
1902:
Cari ordynskie: Biografii hanov i pravitelej Zolotoj Ordy
799:
1907:
Reva, R., "Borba za vlast' v pervoj polovine XV v.," in
1839:
History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century.
478:, who died after two months, and then by his other son,
521:
earlier that year, and by the death of his puppet khan
963:. Vytautas settled Tokhtamysh and his followers near
886:. The approach of Timur caused an immediate retreat.
1825:
The Empire of the Steppes: a History of Central Asia
1532:
Gaev 2002: 54; Vohidov 2006: 46; PoÄekaev 2010: 171.
1205:
KÅ«chuk Muįø„ammad (by ÅŖrun-BikÄ) (he is distinct from
693:, presumably in response to the depredations of the
1816:Gaev, A. G., "Genealogija i hronologija DžuÄidov,"
299:
1775:Russian Embassies to the Georgian Kings, 1589ā1605
613:prince Ostej and sought out the greater safety of
2644:
2353:(de facto ruler) Arab Shah Muzaffar (1377ā1380)
1190:, Khan of the Golden Horde 1414ā1415, 1416ā1417
662:Later relations with the Russian principalities
1467:Howorth 1880: 228ā232, 238; Halperin 1987: 57.
704:
338:and his sons, Tokhtamysh sought help from the
2057:
1923:Ćlita Zolotoj Ordy: NauÄno-spravoÄnoe izdanie
1851:
1666:. Northwestern University Press. p. 36.
1641:Jackson 2005: 218ā220; KoÅodziejczyk 2011: 8.
1022:
858:in 1393 for the lands his father, Grand Duke
585:had recently defeated Mamai at great cost at
373:According to the detailed genealogies of the
319:, who briefly succeeded in consolidating the
35:
1948:Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istoÄnikah.
1941:Istorija Kazahstana v persidskih istoÄnikah.
1760:, according to PoÄekaev 2010: 194, 366, 372.
1440:Grousset 1970: 407, 436; PoÄekaev 2010: 161.
1083:Muscovites gather during the Siege of Moscow
2490:(de facto ruler) Hajji Muhammad Khan (1419)
2260:(de facto ruler) Muhammad Bolaq (1370ā1372)
1095:Warriors of the Golden Horde attack Moscow.
498:and QÄghÄn Beg's cousin, the reigning khan
2332:(de facto ruler) Hajji Cherkes (1374ā1375)
2064:
2050:
1808:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
1107:Muscovites prepare for the Siege of Moscow
654:. On his way back, Tokhtamysh also sacked
556:
540:The full extent of Tokhtamysh's authority.
408:
64:Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible
56:
658:, despite the cooperation of its prince.
607:Dmitrij KonstantinoviÄ of Nižnij Novgorod
357:A turning point in Tokhtamysh's rule was
1659:
1116:
1000:
899:
798:
560:
535:
14:
2645:
2339:(de facto ruler) Muhammad Bolaq (1375)
1660:Rasputin, Valentin (29 October 1997).
1577:
1121:Tokhtamysh kills his wife "Tovlunbek."
487:resources for his next target, Sarai.
474:Urus was succeeded as khan by his son
2045:
1780:
1341:
1215:JÄnika (by į¹¬aghÄy-BÄ«ka), who married
1173:, Khan of the Golden Horde 1413ā1414
980:supported by Polish volunteers under
735:Azerbaijan. He captured the capital,
2481:(de facto ruler) Dervish Khan (1419)
2035:himself, as khan of the Golden Horde
1071:Tokhtamysh's Siege of Moscow in 1382
951:he was met with hostility, then via
326:Tokhtamysh belonged to the House of
1846:The Mongols and the West, 1221ā1410
525:, Mamai was defeated by Tokhtamysh
273:
105:Himself as Khan of the Golden Horde
24:
2346:(de facto ruler) Aybak (1375ā1377)
621:, Tokhtamysh's forces reached and
151:Khan of the Tatar Siberian Khanate
25:
2694:
2424:(co-ruler) Temur Khan (1410ā1411)
1689:ŠŠ¾Š»Š½Š¾Šµ ŃŠ¾Š±ŃŠ°Š½ŠøŠµ ŃŃŃŃŠŗŠøŃ
Š»ŠµŃŠ¾ŠæŠøŃŠµŠ¹
1280:List of khans of the Golden Horde
565:Tokhtamysh and the armies of the
381:, Tokhtamysh was a descendant of
2427:Jalal al-Din Khan ibn Tokhtamysh
2071:
1740:TawÄrÄ«įø«-i guzÄ«dah-i nuį¹£rat-nÄmah
1224:BakhtÄ«-BÄ«ka (by Shukr-BÄ«ka-ÄghÄ)
1100:
1088:
1076:
1064:
469:
379:TawÄrÄ«įø«-i guzÄ«dah-i nuį¹£rat-nÄmah
1909:Zolotaja Orda v mirovoj istorii
1767:
1745:
1732:
1723:
1714:
1705:
1696:
1692:(in Russian). 1982. p. 82.
1680:
1653:
1644:
1635:
1625:
1616:
1607:
1598:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1544:
1535:
1526:
1517:
1508:
1499:
1488:
1479:
1470:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1434:
1425:
1416:
685:and made his way to Moscow via
569:rally in front of Moscow, 1382.
62:Depiction of Tokhtamysh in the
1584:. Cambridge University Press.
1407:
1398:
1389:
1380:
1371:
1362:
1335:
1323:
1302:
938:Horde exhausted and pillaged.
292:
13:
1:
2678:14th-century monarchs in Asia
1935:Tizengauzen, V. G. (trans.),
1316:
904:Tokhtamysh defeated by Timur.
829:battle at the Kondurcha river
669:Mihail AleksandroviÄ of Tver'
305:
192:
1231:
7:
1890:(2nd ed.), Cambridge, 2007.
1832:Russia and the Golden Horde
1777:, 2 vols., Cambridge, 1970.
1273:
1221:SaŹæÄ«d-BÄ«ka (by į¹¬aghÄy-BÄ«ka)
1005:ShÄdÄ« Beg kills Tokhtamysh.
986:Battle of the Vorskla River
705:Initial conflict with Timur
433:, for a campaign to subdue
368:
359:the military confrontations
300:
10:
2699:
1827:, New Brunswick, NJ, 1970.
1227:Mayram-BÄ«ka (by ÅŖrun-BikÄ)
893:
792:
708:
506:to eliminate the powerful
330:, tracing his ancestry to
77:Eastern Half (White Horde)
2683:14th-century Mongol khans
2668:Khans of the Golden Horde
2435:
2307:
2228:
2129:
2079:
2032:
2019:
2011:
1997:
1988:
1980:
1975:
1960:
1946:Vohidov, Å . H. (trans.),
1904:. Saint Petersburg, 2010.
1738:Vohidov 2006: 45ā46; the
1581:Medieval Russia, 980ā1584
1112:
1041:
1023:
421:, the khan of the former
284:
274:
245:
237:
229:
217:
205:
188:
184:
174:
164:
156:
149:
135:
125:
117:
110:
100:
90:
82:
71:
55:
46:
37:
36:
32:
2673:Khans of the White Horde
2483:Qadeer Berdi Khan (1419)
1991:Khan of the Golden Horde
1911:, Kazan', 2016: 704ā729.
1888:Medieval Russia 980ā1584
1841:Part II.1. London, 1880.
1622:Seleznƫv 2009: 175, 185.
1342:Allen, W. E. D. (2017).
1295:
996:
974:
599:Oleg IvanoviÄ of Rjazan'
385:, the thirteenth son of
112:Khan of the Golden Horde
73:Khan of the Golden Horde
2469:Chokra Khan (1414ā1417)
2465:Karim Berdi (1412ā1414)
1818:NumizmatiÄeskij sbornik
1604:SeleznĆ«v 2009: 184ā185.
1404:PoÄekaev 2010: 156ā157.
1212:Malika (by į¹¬aghÄy-BÄ«ka)
1202:Iskandar (by ÅŖrun-BikÄ)
557:Campaign against Moscow
409:Opposition to Urus Khan
1853:KoÅodziejczyk, Dariusz
1711:Jackson 2005: 218ā220.
1578:Martin, Janet (2007).
1377:Tizengauzen 2006: 261.
1122:
1039:
1006:
905:
804:
727:with a large force (5
640:Perejaslavl'-Zalesskij
570:
541:
323:into a single polity.
2540:Ahmed Khan bin KĆ¼chĆ¼k
1290:Karsakpay inscription
1120:
1035:Arkhangelsk Chronicle
1020:
1004:
903:
856:WÅadysÅaw II JagieÅÅo
802:
564:
539:
321:Blue and White Hordes
2663:History of Tatarstan
2253:Abdullah (1362ā1370)
1932:, Bloomington, 1969.
1834:, Bloomington, 1987.
896:TokhtamyshāTimur war
795:TokhtamyshāTimur war
711:TokhtamyshāTimur war
415:Mangyshlak peninsula
389:, the eldest son of
2221:Timur Khwaja (1361)
1729:PoÄekaev 2010: 165.
1485:PoÄekaev 2010: 164.
2658:Politics of Russia
2268:Bulat Temir (1362)
2088:White Horde (East)
1916:Genealogija "Tore"
1897:. Edinburgh, 2018.
1756:Khan and uncle of
1702:Halperin 1987: 57.
1123:
1007:
982:Spytek of Melsztyn
906:
805:
674:Vasilij DmitrieviÄ
626:campaign included
571:
542:
527:on the Kalka river
519:Battle of Kulikovo
2640:
2639:
2635:
2634:
2553:destroyed by the
2535:Mahmud bin KĆ¼chĆ¼k
2502:
2501:
2497:
2496:
2467:Kebek Khan (1414)
2386:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2280:Murad (1362ā1364)
2181:
2180:
2176:
2175:
2085:Blue Horde (West)
2040:
2039:
2033:Succeeded by
1998:Succeeded by
1939:, republished as
1921:Seleznƫv, J. V.,
1900:PoÄekaev, R. J.,
1895:The Mongol Empire
1861:. Leiden: Brill.
1795:978-0-19-820869-3
1773:Allen, W. E. D.,
1673:978-0-8101-1575-0
1209:, Khan 1434ā1459)
1165:, Khan 1432ā1459)
946:there, besieging
298:
255:
254:
16:(Redirected from
2690:
2438:
2437:
2433:
2432:
2310:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2282:Aziz (1365ā1367)
2278:Keldi Beg (1362)
2231:
2230:
2226:
2225:
2132:
2131:
2127:
2126:
2106:Boragchin Khatun
2082:
2081:
2066:
2059:
2052:
2043:
2042:
2012:Preceded by
1981:Preceded by
1958:
1957:
1952:MuŹæizz al-ansÄb.
1943:4. Almaty, 2006.
1914:Sabitov, Ž. M.,
1883:
1881:
1880:
1871:. Archived from
1837:Howorth, H. H.,
1813:
1807:
1799:
1761:
1749:
1743:
1736:
1730:
1727:
1721:
1718:
1712:
1709:
1703:
1700:
1694:
1693:
1684:
1678:
1677:
1663:Siberia, Siberia
1657:
1651:
1648:
1642:
1639:
1633:
1629:
1623:
1620:
1614:
1611:
1605:
1602:
1596:
1595:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1548:
1542:
1539:
1533:
1530:
1524:
1521:
1515:
1512:
1506:
1503:
1497:
1492:
1486:
1483:
1477:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1459:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1441:
1438:
1432:
1429:
1423:
1420:
1414:
1411:
1405:
1402:
1396:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1378:
1375:
1369:
1366:
1360:
1359:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1310:
1306:
1176:ChaghatÄy-Sulį¹Än
1131:Tulun Beg Khanum
1104:
1092:
1080:
1068:
1049:Mongolian script
1037:
1026:
1025:
955:to Grand Prince
310:
307:
303:
297:romanized:
296:
294:
286:
278:
276:
197:
194:
60:
42:
41:
39:
30:
29:
21:
2698:
2697:
2693:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2688:
2687:
2643:
2642:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2560:
2555:Crimean Khanate
2548:
2543:
2538:
2533:
2530:KĆ¼chĆ¼k Muhammad
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2498:
2493:
2491:
2484:
2482:
2475:
2470:
2468:
2466:
2460:
2431:
2425:
2420:
2411:
2402:
2393:
2382:
2377:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2356:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2303:
2301:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2279:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2263:
2261:
2254:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2161:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2125:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2104:
2099:
2075:
2070:
2036:
2029:
2017:
2007:
1994:
1986:
1971:
1963:
1925:, Kazan', 2009.
1918:, Astana, 2008.
1878:
1876:
1869:
1848:, London, 2005.
1801:
1800:
1796:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1750:
1746:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1706:
1701:
1697:
1686:
1685:
1681:
1674:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1636:
1630:
1626:
1621:
1617:
1612:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1592:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1549:
1545:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1522:
1518:
1513:
1509:
1504:
1500:
1493:
1489:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1471:
1466:
1462:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1439:
1435:
1430:
1426:
1421:
1417:
1412:
1408:
1403:
1399:
1394:
1390:
1385:
1381:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1356:
1340:
1336:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1314:
1313:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1276:
1234:
1207:KĆ¼chĆ¼k Muįø„ammad
1135:MuŹæizz al-ansÄb
1115:
1108:
1105:
1096:
1093:
1084:
1081:
1072:
1069:
1044:
1038:
1033:
999:
977:
898:
892:
797:
791:
713:
707:
664:
623:besieged Moscow
605:; Grand Prince
591:Nižnij Novgorod
579:Vladimir-Suzdal
559:
494:in the Ulus of
472:
411:
375:MuŹæizz al-ansÄb
371:
315:(ruler) of the
308:
210:
198:
195:
75:
67:
34:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2696:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2638:
2637:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2596:Mubarak Khwaja
2563:
2561:
2559:
2558:
2520:Ulugh Muhammad
2506:Ulugh Muhammad
2503:
2500:
2499:
2495:
2494:
2463:
2461:
2453:
2450:
2449:
2444:
2436:
2387:
2384:
2383:
2379:
2378:
2359:
2357:
2325:
2322:
2321:
2316:
2308:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2287:
2286:
2276:
2274:
2266:
2264:
2251:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2240:Volga Bulgaria
2237:
2229:
2182:
2179:
2178:
2174:
2173:
2164:
2162:
2143:
2140:
2139:
2136:
2130:
2093:
2090:
2089:
2086:
2080:
2077:
2076:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2054:
2046:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2018:
2013:
2009:
2008:
1999:
1996:
1987:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1976:Regnal titles
1973:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1926:
1919:
1912:
1905:
1898:
1891:
1884:
1867:
1849:
1842:
1835:
1830:Halperin, D.,
1828:
1823:Grousset, R.,
1821:
1820:3 (2002) 9ā55.
1814:
1794:
1778:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1762:
1744:
1731:
1722:
1720:May 2018: 308.
1713:
1704:
1695:
1679:
1672:
1652:
1643:
1634:
1624:
1615:
1606:
1597:
1590:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1543:
1541:May 2018: 307.
1534:
1525:
1516:
1507:
1498:
1487:
1478:
1469:
1460:
1451:
1442:
1433:
1424:
1415:
1406:
1397:
1388:
1379:
1370:
1361:
1354:
1334:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1311:
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976:
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894:Main article:
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793:Main article:
790:
787:
709:Main article:
706:
703:
663:
660:
583:Dmitry Donskoy
558:
555:
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69:
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66:(16th century)
61:
53:
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44:
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26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
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2669:
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2664:
2661:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2628:
2627:
2624:destroyed by
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
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2562:
2557:
2556:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2541:
2536:
2531:
2526:
2525:Sayid Ahmad I
2521:
2516:
2511:
2508:, Kepek, and
2507:
2492:
2489:
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2480:
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2439:
2434:
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2423:
2418:
2414:
2409:
2405:
2400:
2399:TemĆ¼r Qutlugh
2396:
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2373:
2368:
2363:
2358:
2355:
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2345:
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2211:
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2196:
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2168:
2163:
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2152:
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2078:
2074:
2067:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2044:
2028:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1993:
1992:
1985:
1979:
1974:
1970:
1968:
1959:
1954:Almaty, 2006.
1953:
1949:
1945:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1906:
1903:
1899:
1896:
1892:
1889:
1885:
1875:on 2017-06-30
1874:
1870:
1868:9789004191907
1864:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1850:
1847:
1844:Jackson, P.,
1843:
1840:
1836:
1833:
1829:
1826:
1822:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1797:
1791:
1787:
1783:
1782:Frost, Robert
1779:
1776:
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1591:9780521859165
1587:
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1355:9781317060390
1351:
1348:. Routledge.
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1301:
1291:
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1261:Qutluq Khwaja
1260:
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1226:
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1129:and with the
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832:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
801:
796:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
771:(old) GurgÄnj
767:
761:
759:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
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718:
712:
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509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
485:
481:
477:
470:Rise to power
467:
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461:
457:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
406:
404:
400:
396:
392:
391:Chinggis Khan
388:
384:
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366:
363:
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241:Kutan-Kunchek
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65:
59:
54:
51:
50:
45:
31:
19:
2625:
2623:
2564:
2552:
2545:Sheikh Ahmed
2510:Dawlat Berdi
2504:
2485:
2476:
2464:
2458:(1414ā1419)
2454:
2429:(1411ā1412)
2421:
2412:
2403:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2371:
2360:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2327:
2326:
2296:
2277:
2267:
2255:
2252:
2219:Khidr (1361)
2183:
2165:
2144:
2105:
2094:
2073:Golden Horde
2020:
2005:Tīmūr Qutluq
1989:
1965:
1951:
1947:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1922:
1915:
1908:
1901:
1894:
1887:
1886:Martin, J.,
1877:. Retrieved
1873:the original
1857:
1845:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1785:
1774:
1768:Bibliography
1758:Darwīsh Khan
1747:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1716:
1707:
1698:
1688:
1682:
1662:
1655:
1646:
1637:
1627:
1618:
1609:
1600:
1580:
1573:
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1555:
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1537:
1528:
1519:
1510:
1501:
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1481:
1472:
1463:
1454:
1445:
1436:
1427:
1418:
1409:
1400:
1391:
1382:
1373:
1364:
1344:
1337:
1325:
1304:
1285:Lipka Tatars
1267:
1238:Genghis Khan
1188:JabbÄr Berdi
1163:Sayyid Aįø„mad
1142:JalÄl ad-DÄ«n
1134:
1124:
1053:
1045:
1034:
1028:
1021:
1008:
978:
940:
907:
848:
836:Tīmūr Qutluq
833:
806:
762:
728:
717:į¹¢Å«fÄ« Dynasty
714:
665:
595:
572:
567:Golden Horde
543:
489:
473:
429:centered on
412:
378:
374:
372:
364:
356:
348:
340:Turco-Mongol
332:Genghis Khan
325:
317:Golden Horde
311:ā 1406) was
257:
256:
168:
144:Tīmūr Qutluq
104:
76:
47:
2653:1406 deaths
2618:(1377ā1378)
2616:Temur-Malik
2608:(1361ā1377)
2603:(1344ā1360)
2598:(1320ā1344)
2593:(1315ā1320)
2588:(1309ā1315)
2583:(1302ā1309)
2578:(1280ā1302)
2573:(1251ā1280)
2568:(1226ā1251)
2547:(1481ā1502)
2542:(1465ā1481)
2537:(1459ā1465)
2532:(1435ā1459)
2527:(1433ā1435)
2522:(1428ā1433)
2517:(1422ā1428)
2512:(1419ā1421)
2474:(1417ā1419)
2472:Yeremferden
2419:(1407ā1410)
2415:(co-ruler)
2410:(1400ā1407)
2406:(co-ruler)
2401:(1397ā1400)
2397:(co-ruler)
2392:(1381ā1397)
2374:(1378ā1381)
2367:Temur-Malik
2364:(1374ā1377)
2300:(1372ā1374)
2217:(1360ā1361)
2212:(1359ā1360)
2207:(1357ā1359)
2202:(1342ā1357)
2197:(1341ā1342)
2192:(1313ā1341)
2190:Ćz Beg Khan
2187:(1299ā1312)
2169:(1280ā1299)
2158:(1291ā1299)
2153:(1287ā1291)
2148:(1280ā1287)
2146:Tode Mongke
2122:(1266ā1280)
2120:Mengu-Timur
2117:(1258ā1266)
2103:(1256ā1257)
2101:Sartaq Khan
2098:(1242ā1256)
2015:Tīmūr Malik
1969:(1206ā1635)
1962:Tokhtamysh
1928:Sinor, D.,
1330:Denis Sinor
1252:Urung-Timur
1194:QÄdir Berdi
1182:Shīrīn-Bīka
1156:Karīm Berdi
918:main battle
480:Tīmūr Malik
309: 1342
250:Sunni Islam
200:White Horde
196: 1342
165:Predecessor
126:Predecessor
95:Tīmūr Malik
91:Predecessor
2647:Categories
2626:Tokhtamysh
2515:Barak Khan
2390:Tokhtamysh
2372:Tokhtamysh
2270:Arab-Shah
2215:Nawruz Beg
2167:Nogai Khan
2030:1379ā1380
2026:Blue Horde
1995:1380ā1396
1984:ŹæArab ShÄh
1930:Inner Asia
1879:2016-01-25
1788:. Oxford.
1317:References
1268:Tokhtamysh
1264:Tuy Khwaja
1248:Tuqa-Timur
1179:SarÄy-Mulk
880:Giorgi VII
874:, and the
758:MÄ«rÄn ShÄh
741:Parskahayk
695:Ushkuyniks
632:Zvenigorod
611:Lithuanian
500:ŹæArab ShÄh
492:QÄghÄn Beg
383:Tuqa-Timur
258:Tokhtamysh
233:Tuy KhwÄja
130:ŹæArab ShÄh
33:Tokhtamysh
2611:Toqtaqiya
2606:Urus Khan
2571:Qun Quran
2566:Orda Khan
2408:Shadi Beg
2362:Urus Khan
2298:Urus Khan
2205:Berdi Beg
2108:(regent)
2096:Batu Khan
2001:Quyurchuq
1893:May, T.,
1804:cite book
1632:Melsztyn.
1258:Kuyunchak
1232:Genealogy
1199:AbÅ«-SaŹæÄ«d
1147:AbÅ«-SaŹæÄ«d
1127:Berdi Beg
1012:ShÄdÄ« Beg
961:Lithuania
935:Astrakhan
931:Circassia
872:Bayezit I
864:Lithuania
783:Turkistan
769:capital,
733:Jalayirid
687:Lithuania
619:Serpukhov
603:Oka river
508:beglerbeg
476:Toqtaqiya
464:Samarkand
456:Toqtaqiya
451:Syr Darya
399:Urus Khan
395:Khongirad
336:Urus Khan
175:Successor
160:1400ā1406
140:Quyurchuq
136:Successor
121:1380ā1395
101:Successor
86:1378ā1380
18:Toktamish
2586:Sasibuqa
2200:Jani Beg
2195:Tini Beg
2151:Talabuga
2110:Ulaghchi
1967:Borjigin
1855:(2011).
1784:(2015).
1274:See also
1150:AmÄn Beg
1032:ā
957:Vytautas
876:Georgian
860:Algirdas
809:Tashkent
753:Karabakh
725:Caucasus
721:Khwarazm
683:Moldavia
628:Vladimir
615:Kostroma
587:Kulikovo
515:Russians
377:and the
369:Ancestry
342:warlord
328:Borjigin
301:TuqtamıÅ
293:Š¢ŃŃ
ŃŠ°Š¼ŃŃ
285:Š¢Š¾ŅŃŠ°Š¼ŃŃ
246:Religion
224:Borjigin
2601:Chimtay
2591:Ilbasan
2024:of the
1255:Saricha
965:Vilnius
944:Genoese
910:Derbent
884:Shirvan
870:sultan
868:Ottoman
852:Solkhat
840:Manghit
825:Bolghar
777:sultan
749:Artsakh
699:Bolghar
679:Suzdal'
656:Rjazan'
652:Možajsk
648:Kolomna
644:Dmitrov
575:Russian
551:Genoese
517:at the
460:Bukhara
449:on the
431:Sighnaq
277:
270:Persian
266:Kypchak
219:Dynasty
40:
2613:(1377)
2442:Crimea
2369:(1378)
2314:Crimea
2235:Crimea
2112:(1257)
1865:
1792:
1754:Chekre
1670:
1588:
1352:
1113:Family
1042:Legacy
1016:Tyumen
969:Trakai
923:Yelets
779:Barqūq
775:Mamluk
766:Shiraz
747:, and
745:Syunik
737:Tabriz
729:tumens
691:Vjatka
650:, and
636:Jur'ev
531:Crimea
496:Shiban
484:Sawran
447:Sayram
352:Moscow
281:Kazakh
275:ŲŖŁŁŲŖŁ
Ų“
238:Mother
230:Father
212:Tyumen
179:Chekre
38:ŲŖŁŁŲŖŁ
Ų“
2581:Bayan
2576:KƶchĆ¼
2487:Edigu
2478:Edigu
2456:Edigu
2447:Sarai
2422:Edigu
2417:Pulad
2413:Edigu
2404:Edigu
2395:Edigu
2350:Mamai
2343:Mamai
2336:Mamai
2329:Mamai
2319:Sarai
2257:Mamai
2245:Sarai
2210:Qulpa
2185:Toqta
2156:Toqta
2115:Berke
1296:Notes
1243:Jochi
1217:Edigu
1171:Kebek
997:Death
991:Sibir
975:Exile
948:Kaffa
914:Terek
878:king
844:Edigu
842:emir
821:Volga
813:Tobol
523:TÅ«lÄk
511:Mamai
504:Volga
443:Otrar
439:Timur
435:Sarai
387:Jochi
344:Timur
289:Tatar
262:Turki
157:Reign
118:Reign
83:Reign
2138:East
2135:West
2022:Khan
2003:and
1863:ISBN
1810:link
1790:ISBN
1668:ISBN
1586:ISBN
1350:ISBN
1057:Tana
967:and
953:Kiev
927:Tana
817:Ural
547:Batu
445:and
427:Orda
423:Ulus
419:Urus
403:Orda
313:Khan
268:and
209:1406
206:Died
189:Born
169:None
142:and
49:Khan
1950:3.
959:of
862:of
719:in
425:of
2649::
1806:}}
1802:{{
743:,
646:,
642:,
638:,
634:,
630:,
593:.
581:,
466:.
306:c.
304:;
295:,
291::
287:;
283::
279:;
272::
193:c.
2065:e
2058:t
2051:v
1882:.
1812:)
1798:.
1676:.
1594:.
1358:.
264:/
260:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
