382:
to the Sayan mountain range to live. Russian migration and intermarriage also has had an effect, according to a citation by
Donahoe: "In 1931, of a total population in Tofalaria of 551, approximately 420 (76%) were Tofa, and the remaining 131 (24%) were non-Tofa, predominantly Russian (Mel'nikova 1994:36 and 231). By 1970, the population in Tofalaria had increased to 1368, of whom 498 (36%) were Tofa, and 809 (59%) were Russian (Sherkhunaev 1975:23)."(p. 159) There were approximately 40 speakers of various fluency levels by 2002, and this number has likely continued to decrease in the intervening time.
1641:
943:
trigger backness harmony, and rounding harmony in Tofa has been undergoing changes, and may apply inconsistently. In some cases this may be due to opaque rules resulting in an apparent "disharmony", especially among speakers of the younger generation. The complications surrounding Tofa vowel harmony may also be due to fluctuations from language endangerment. In general, Russian loanwords do not appear to conform to vowel harmony. Given the increasing quantity of these loanwords, leveling may also be a factor in the inconsistent application of vowel harmony.
1646:
960:/ is an especially unusual derivational suffix in that it attaches to any noun to add the meaning 'smelling of + ' or 'smelling like + '. Grammatical number in Tofa includes singular, plural, dual inclusive ('you and me'), and plural inclusive, tense includes the present and past, and aspect includes the perfective and imperfective. Historically suffixes conformed to Tofa vowel harmony rules, but that appears to be changing. Some example sentences are included below to illustrate suffixation:
341:
381:
and underwent significant cultural, social, and economic changes. Most notably, this traditionally nomadic, reindeer-herding people have since become sedentary and reindeer herding has all but vanished among the Tofa. In addition to visiting tax collectors and tourists, many other
Russians have come
368:
the Tofa have special legal status and receive economic support from Russia. The Tofa population is around 750 people; around 5% of the population spoke Tofa as a first language in 2002, (although that number has likely declined since then, due to the age of the speakers). Although the population of
360:. They are traditionally a nomadic reindeer-herding people, living on or near the Eastern Sayan mountain range. However, reindeer herding has greatly declined since the 20th century, with only one Tofa family continuing the practice as of 2004. Recognized by the former USSR in 1926 as one of the "
942:
Many dialects of Tofa exhibit vowel harmony, although this harmony seems to be linked to fluency: as one decreases, so does the other. Tofa vowel harmony is progressive and based on two features: backness and rounding, and this occurs both root-internal and in affixes. Enclitics do not appear to
955:
language with a few auxiliary verbs. The bare stem of a verb is only used in the singular imperative; other categories are marked by suffixation, including the singular imperative negative. The Tofa suffix
361:
377:
Language contact—mainly with
Russian speakers—has been extensive since 1926, when the Tofa officially received their "Small Numbered Minorities of the North" status from the USSR (Russian:
302:
may be dialects of either Tuvan or Tofa. Tofa shares a number of features with these languages, including the preservation of *d as /d/ (as in
2143:
1910:
Donahoe, Brian (2006). "Who owns the taiga? Inclusive vs. Exclusive Senses of
Property among the Tozhu and Tofa of Southern Siberia".
1356:
Tofa words are very similar to many other Turkic
Languages, but none more than Tuvan. English and Russian are provided for reference.
896:
1766:Том 5. «Национальный состав и владение языками». Таблица 7. Население наиболее многочисленных национальностей по родному языку
505:
498:
3015:
890:
235:
3005:
1862:
Essays in the history of languages and linguistics: dedicated to Marek
Stachowski on the occasion of his 60th birthday.
3000:
862:
811:
2053:
Harrison, Kevin David; Anderson, Gregory D. S. (2008). Harrison, K. David; Rood, David S.; Dwyer, Arienne (eds.).
1777:
785:
577:
570:
225:
2136:
536:
523:
1717:ҷ . Additionally, the letter ъ is sometimes used after a vowel to mark pharyngealization , as in эът "meat".
2624:
2619:
1880:
A line in the Sayans: History and divergent perceptions of property among the Tozhu and Tofa of South
Siberia
1812:
868:
817:
3010:
798:
791:
542:
529:
201:
838:
556:
549:
452:
439:
396:
922:
844:
719:
706:
478:
465:
2995:
2683:
2129:
804:
732:
591:
584:
458:
445:
124:
2437:
2024:
1765:
758:
484:
471:
2798:
2512:
2466:
2449:
2414:
2375:
2234:
2180:
831:
745:
725:
712:
119:
2852:
2825:
2638:
2492:
2382:
952:
824:
738:
616:
The following table lists the consonants of Tofa. The data was taken from Ilgın and
Rassadin.
2972:
2658:
2168:
1857:
764:
669:
662:
2948:
2788:
2614:
2350:
2081:
1840:
Lars
Johanson (1998) "The History of Turkic". In Lars Johanson & Éva Ágnes Csató (eds)
751:
676:
328:(2017) notes that Tofa and other Siberian Turkic languages, especially Sayan Turkic, have
8:
2588:
2497:
2304:
1956:
1845:
1690:
690:
329:
268:
2085:
1640:
2267:
2107:
683:
629:
349:
311:
1645:
369:
Tofalaria appears to be growing, the number of ethnic
Tofalar seems to be in decline.
193:
187:
2914:
2803:
2459:
2404:
2320:
2297:
2290:
2099:
1993:
649:
634:
601:
2111:
231:
2884:
2813:
2808:
2653:
2593:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2345:
2335:
2214:
2152:
2089:
1919:
882:
644:
624:
492:
271:
114:
20:
2648:
2272:
2032:
Proceedings of the Nanzan GLOW (2nd Asian Generative Linguistics in the Old World)
2943:
2938:
2926:
2907:
2889:
2876:
2793:
2758:
2719:
2698:
2665:
2643:
2598:
2531:
2502:
2454:
2444:
2399:
2394:
2255:
2250:
2204:
1789:
1521:
912:
656:
639:
325:
216:
106:
395:
The following table lists the vowels of Tofa. The data was taken from Ilgın and
206:
2966:
2768:
2742:
2703:
2583:
2539:
2507:
2471:
2409:
2387:
2340:
2229:
2197:
2189:
2160:
1923:
517:
353:
291:
275:
77:
24:
2989:
2820:
2421:
1348:
Tofa also has the pronouns бо "this", тээ "that", кум "who", and чү "what".
2103:
771:
605:
600:
Rassadin also indicates that Tofa has a short . All vowels except can be
171:
2629:
2260:
433:
407:
2845:
2836:
1778:
Dukhan, a Turkic Variety of Northern Mongolia, Description and Analysis
564:
412:
357:
1895:
Harrison, Kevin David (2003). "Language Endangerment Among the Tofa".
2355:
852:
779:
282:. Recent estimates for speakers run from 67 people to fewer than 40.
180:
164:
2094:
2069:
1939:
Skazki i Skazochiniki Tofalarii (Tales and Storytellers of the Tofa)
2121:
243:
56:
700:
279:
239:
87:
379:коренные малочисленные народы Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока)
366:коренные малочисленные народы Севера, Сибири и Дальнего Востока)
2930:
1681:
Tofa has letters that are not present in the Russian alphabet:
348:
The Tofa, who are also known as the Tofalar or Karagas, are an
67:
608:; Harrison and Anderson represent this feature as low tone.
356:, in Russia. The region they inhabit is informally known as
340:
2057:. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins. pp. 243–270.
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1698:
1694:
1686:
1682:
335:
242:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
1846:
Classification of Turkic languages at Turkiclanguages.com
604:. According to Rassadin pharyngealization is realized as
1734:[Tofastan - a site about the Tofalar language].
1728:
1811:Anderson, Gregory D.; Harrison, K. David (2004) .
2987:
2052:
2025:"Vowel harmony and disharmony in Tuvan and Tofa"
1810:
2018:
2016:
2014:
1988:
1986:
1984:
1982:
1941:. Tuvinskoc Knizhnoe Izdatel'stvo. p. 23.
1890:
1888:
1806:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
372:
2137:
2005:Phonetics and lexicon of the Tofalar language
1874:
1872:
1870:
1761:
1759:
43:
2055:Lessons from Documented Endangered Languages
2011:
1979:
1957:"Tofa (Karagas) Türkleri ve Dilleri Üzerine"
1950:
1948:
1520:Tofa, although not often written, employs a
1936:
1885:
1795:
2144:
2130:
1867:
1813:"'Natural' and obsolescent change in Tofa"
1790:Endangered Languages Project data for Tuha
1770:
1756:
2093:
1945:
1160:
2022:
1992:
1894:
946:
339:
1909:
1844:. London, New York: Routledge, 81-125.
1729:"Tofastan - sayt o tofalarskom yazyke"
1726:
336:Geographic and demographic distribution
294:and forms a dialect continuum with it.
236:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
23:of Nogai or the Karagas dialect of the
2988:
2007:]. Ulan-Ude: Бурятское кн. изд-во.
1998:Fonetika i leksika tofalarskogo jazyka
1882:. Doctoral Thesis. Indiana University.
362:Small Numbered Minorities of the North
55:
2125:
2067:
2001:Фонетика и лексика тофаларского языка
1954:
314:on historically short vowels (as in *
16:Moribund Northeastern Turkic language
2151:
1149:
290:Tofa is most closely related to the
1783:
1731:Тофастан — сайт о тофаларском языке
1099:
13:
2971:Languages between parentheses are
1720:
1139:
1072:
14:
3027:
1515:
1037:
1030:
1012:
994:
921:
895:
889:
867:
861:
843:
837:
830:
823:
816:
810:
803:
797:
790:
784:
770:
763:
757:
750:
744:
737:
731:
724:
718:
711:
705:
689:
682:
675:
668:
661:
590:
583:
576:
569:
555:
548:
541:
535:
528:
522:
504:
497:
483:
477:
470:
464:
457:
451:
444:
438:
285:
1780:, Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden
1644:
1639:
1181:Tofa has six personal pronouns:
937:
2061:
2046:
1930:
1058:
2975:of the language on their left.
1903:
1864:Krakow: Księgarnia Akademicka.
1850:
1834:
1068:
1:
1878:Donahoe, Brian Robert (2004)
1749:
1351:
974:Rounding Harmony in Suffixes
611:
344:Historical Range of Tofalaria
310:) and the development of low
1776:Elisabetta Ragagnin (2011),
1129:Singular Imperative Negative
385:
7:
3016:Endangered Turkic languages
2023:Harrison, K. David (1999).
1937:Sherkhunaev, R. A. (1975).
1897:Cultural Survival Quarterly
1176:
373:Effects of language contact
10:
3032:
2070:"Linguistics: Tongue tied"
1961:Tehlikedeki Diller Dergisi
1924:10.3167/136173606780265306
1084:'They have become Russian'
966:Rounding Harmony in Roots
44:
18:
3006:Siberian Turkic languages
2957:
2925:
2900:
2875:
2834:
2781:
2751:
2735:
2728:
2712:
2691:
2682:
2607:
2576:
2548:
2530:
2485:
2430:
2368:
2328:
2319:
2281:
2243:
2222:
2213:
2188:
2179:
2159:
1856:Vovin, Alexander. 2017. "
411:
406:
404:
390:
222:
212:
200:
178:
162:
157:
103:
93:
83:
73:
63:
51:
42:
37:
32:
2000:
1858:Some Tofalar Etymologies
1730:
1727:Yusupov, Rustam (2011).
19:Not to be confused with
3001:Agglutinative languages
2901:Disputed classification
2068:Ebert, Jessica (2005).
352:living in southwestern
306:"hare" - compare Uzbek
345:
224:This article contains
2660:Old Anatolian Turkish
1172:'don't say "I took"!'
947:Morphology and syntax
343:
99:67 (2020 census)
57:[t̪ɔˤfad̪ɯl̪]
1842:The Turkic Languages
3011:Languages of Russia
2589:Chaharmahali Turkic
2086:2005Natur.438..148E
1955:Ilgın, Ali (2012).
1360:
1186:
1089:Singular Imperative
1081:Russian-CVB ASP-PST
274:spoken in Russia's
1359:
1185:Personal pronouns
1184:
1169:take-PST 1 say-NEG
346:
135:Taiga Sayan Turkic
2983:
2982:
2967:extinct languages
2871:
2870:
2867:
2866:
2863:
2862:
2777:
2776:
2678:
2677:
2625:South Azerbaijani
2620:North Azerbaijani
2526:
2525:
2315:
2314:
1679:
1678:
1513:
1512:
1346:
1345:
1048:Plural Perfective
1045:
1044:
935:
934:
598:
597:
350:indigenous people
259:), also known as
255:(Tofa: Тоъфа дыл
250:
249:
232:rendering support
228:phonetic symbols.
3023:
2996:Turkic languages
2733:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2689:
2688:
2556:Khorasani Turkic
2546:
2545:
2326:
2325:
2220:
2219:
2186:
2185:
2153:Turkic languages
2146:
2139:
2132:
2123:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2097:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2050:
2044:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2029:
2020:
2009:
2008:
1990:
1977:
1976:
1974:
1972:
1952:
1943:
1942:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1907:
1901:
1900:
1892:
1883:
1876:
1865:
1854:
1848:
1838:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:
1822:. pp. 11–13
1817:
1808:
1793:
1787:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1763:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1649:
1648:
1643:
1527:
1526:
1426:
1397:
1361:
1358:
1292:(plural, formal)
1187:
1183:
1166:al-gan men di-ve
1162:
1151:
1141:
1101:
1074:
1070:
1060:
1040:
1039:
1033:
1032:
1015:
1014:
997:
996:
963:
962:
925:
899:
893:
871:
865:
847:
841:
834:
827:
820:
814:
807:
801:
794:
788:
774:
767:
761:
754:
748:
741:
735:
728:
722:
715:
709:
693:
686:
679:
672:
665:
619:
618:
594:
587:
580:
573:
559:
552:
545:
539:
532:
526:
508:
501:
487:
481:
474:
468:
461:
455:
448:
442:
402:
401:
322:"meat, flesh").
196:
190:
174:
167:
109:
59:
47:
46:
38:Tofalar, Karagas
30:
29:
21:Karagash dialect
3031:
3030:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3022:
3021:
3020:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2978:
2953:
2921:
2896:
2859:
2830:
2773:
2747:
2724:
2708:
2674:
2667:Ottoman Turkish
2603:
2572:
2544:
2522:
2481:
2439:Fergana Kipchak
2426:
2395:Karachay-Balkar
2364:
2311:
2277:
2239:
2209:
2175:
2155:
2150:
2120:
2119:
2095:10.1038/438148a
2080:(7065): 148–9.
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2037:
2035:
2027:
2021:
2012:
2002:
1991:
1980:
1970:
1968:
1953:
1946:
1935:
1931:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1886:
1877:
1868:
1855:
1851:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1815:
1809:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1757:
1752:
1740:
1738:
1732:
1723:
1721:Further reading
1638:
1518:
1424:
1395:
1354:
1342:
1332:
1321:
1311:
1295:
1282:
1271:
1258:
1242:
1232:
1221:
1211:
1179:
1174:
1164:
1153:
1143:
1126:
1113:
1103:
1086:
1078:oruse-y ber-gen
1076:
1062:
1035:
1028:
1010:
992:
949:
940:
614:
393:
388:
375:
338:
326:Alexander Vovin
288:
272:Turkic language
230:Without proper
192:
191:
186:
170:
163:
153:
125:Siberian Turkic
110:
107:Language family
105:
96:
95:Native speakers
28:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3029:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2981:
2980:
2977:
2976:
2969:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2935:
2933:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2879:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2857:
2850:
2842:
2840:
2832:
2831:
2829:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2799:Northern Altai
2796:
2791:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2778:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2755:
2753:
2749:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2739:
2737:
2730:
2723:
2722:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2706:
2701:
2695:
2693:
2686:
2680:
2679:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2670:
2663:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2635:
2634:
2627:
2622:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2573:
2571:
2570:
2569:
2568:
2558:
2552:
2550:
2543:
2542:
2536:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2518:
2513:Siberian Tatar
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Dobrujan Tatar
2489:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2478:
2477:
2474:
2467:Siberian Tatar
2464:
2463:
2462:
2457:
2450:Southern Altai
2447:
2442:
2434:
2432:
2428:
2427:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2416:Mamluk-Kipchak
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2385:
2380:
2377:Armeno-Kipchak
2372:
2370:
2366:
2365:
2363:
2362:
2361:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2338:
2332:
2330:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2313:
2312:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2279:
2278:
2276:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2247:
2245:
2241:
2240:
2238:
2237:
2235:Southern Uzbek
2232:
2230:Northern Uzbek
2226:
2224:
2217:
2211:
2210:
2208:
2207:
2202:
2194:
2192:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2165:
2163:
2161:Proto-language
2157:
2156:
2149:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2126:
2118:
2117:
2060:
2045:
2010:
1994:Rassadin, V.I.
1978:
1944:
1929:
1902:
1884:
1866:
1849:
1833:
1820:Living Tongues
1794:
1782:
1769:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1722:
1719:
1677:
1676:
1673:
1670:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1635:
1632:
1629:
1626:
1623:
1619:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1595:
1592:
1589:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1577:
1573:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1563:
1560:
1557:
1554:
1550:
1549:
1546:
1543:
1540:
1537:
1534:
1531:
1517:
1516:Writing system
1514:
1511:
1510:
1507:
1500:
1493:
1485:
1484:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1459:
1458:
1455:
1448:
1441:
1433:
1432:
1429:
1419:
1412:
1404:
1403:
1400:
1390:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1371:
1368:
1365:
1353:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1325:
1324:
1322:
1304:
1303:
1301:
1297:
1296:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1244:
1243:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1204:
1203:
1201:
1197:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1178:
1175:
1154:
1144:
1133:
1132:
1104:
1093:
1092:
1063:
1052:
1051:
1043:
1042:
1026:
1023:
1020:
1017:
1016:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
998:
990:
987:
984:
981:
980:
975:
972:
967:
948:
945:
939:
936:
933:
932:
930:
928:
926:
919:
917:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
902:
900:
887:
885:
879:
878:
876:
874:
872:
859:
857:
855:
849:
848:
835:
828:
821:
808:
795:
782:
776:
775:
768:
755:
742:
729:
716:
703:
697:
696:
694:
687:
680:
673:
666:
659:
653:
652:
647:
642:
637:
632:
627:
622:
613:
610:
602:pharyngealized
596:
595:
588:
581:
574:
567:
561:
560:
553:
546:
533:
520:
514:
513:
511:
509:
502:
495:
489:
488:
475:
462:
449:
436:
430:
429:
426:
423:
420:
416:
415:
410:
405:
392:
389:
387:
384:
374:
371:
354:Irkutsk Oblast
337:
334:
292:Tuvan language
287:
286:Classification
284:
276:Irkutsk Oblast
248:
247:
234:, you may see
220:
219:
214:
210:
209:
204:
198:
197:
184:
176:
175:
168:
160:
159:
158:Language codes
155:
154:
152:
151:
150:
149:
148:
147:
146:
145:
144:
143:
142:
141:
129:South Siberian
113:
111:
104:
101:
100:
97:
94:
91:
90:
85:
81:
80:
78:Irkutsk Oblast
75:
71:
70:
65:
64:Native to
61:
60:
53:
49:
48:
40:
39:
35:
34:
25:Mator language
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3028:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2974:
2970:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2936:
2934:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2903:
2899:
2893:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2856:
2855:
2854:Orkhon Turkic
2851:
2849:
2848:
2844:
2843:
2841:
2839:
2838:
2833:
2827:
2826:Western Yugur
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2801:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2784:
2780:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2741:
2740:
2738:
2734:
2731:
2727:
2721:
2718:
2717:
2715:
2711:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2696:
2694:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2681:
2669:
2668:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:Balkan Gagauz
2637:
2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2617:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2557:
2554:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2516:
2515:
2514:
2511:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2484:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2435:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2384:
2383:Crimean Tatar
2381:
2379:
2378:
2374:
2373:
2371:
2367:
2359:
2358:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2343:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2333:
2331:
2327:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2308:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2300:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2289:
2288:
2286:
2284:
2280:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2253:
2252:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2242:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2212:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2181:Common Turkic
2178:
2172:
2171:
2167:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2147:
2142:
2140:
2135:
2133:
2128:
2127:
2124:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2096:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2064:
2056:
2049:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2017:
2015:
2006:
1999:
1995:
1989:
1987:
1985:
1983:
1966:
1962:
1958:
1951:
1949:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1921:
1918:(1): 87–116.
1917:
1913:
1906:
1898:
1891:
1889:
1881:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1843:
1837:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1805:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1791:
1786:
1779:
1773:
1767:
1762:
1760:
1755:
1737:
1733:
1725:
1724:
1718:
1716:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1700:
1696:
1692:
1688:
1684:
1674:
1671:
1668:
1665:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1607:
1604:
1601:
1598:
1597:
1593:
1590:
1587:
1584:
1581:
1578:
1575:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:
1561:
1558:
1555:
1552:
1551:
1547:
1544:
1541:
1538:
1535:
1532:
1529:
1528:
1525:
1523:
1508:
1505:
1501:
1498:
1494:
1491:
1487:
1486:
1482:
1479:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1465:
1461:
1460:
1456:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1420:
1417:
1413:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1401:
1398:
1391:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1357:
1349:
1341:
1338:
1335:
1331:
1328:
1323:
1320:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:
1302:
1299:
1298:
1294:
1293:
1288:
1285:
1281:
1278:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1254:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1235:
1231:
1228:
1223:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1210:
1207:
1202:
1199:
1198:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1188:
1182:
1173:
1170:
1167:
1163:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1136:
1131:
1130:
1125:
1124:'go to Nerxa'
1122:
1119:
1118:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1102:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1061:
1055:
1050:
1049:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1018:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1001:
1000:
991:
988:
985:
983:
982:
979:
976:
973:
971:
968:
965:
964:
961:
959:
954:
953:agglutinative
944:
938:Vowel harmony
931:
929:
927:
924:
920:
918:
916:
914:
911:
910:
907:
905:
903:
901:
898:
892:
888:
886:
884:
881:
880:
877:
875:
873:
870:
864:
860:
858:
856:
854:
851:
850:
846:
840:
836:
833:
829:
826:
822:
819:
813:
809:
806:
800:
796:
793:
787:
783:
781:
778:
777:
773:
769:
766:
760:
756:
753:
747:
743:
740:
734:
730:
727:
721:
717:
714:
708:
704:
702:
699:
698:
695:
692:
688:
685:
681:
678:
674:
671:
667:
664:
660:
658:
655:
654:
651:
648:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
633:
631:
628:
626:
623:
621:
620:
617:
609:
607:
603:
593:
589:
586:
582:
579:
575:
572:
568:
566:
563:
562:
558:
554:
551:
547:
544:
538:
534:
531:
525:
521:
519:
516:
515:
512:
510:
507:
503:
500:
496:
494:
491:
490:
486:
480:
476:
473:
467:
463:
460:
454:
450:
447:
441:
437:
435:
432:
431:
427:
424:
421:
418:
417:
414:
409:
403:
400:
398:
383:
380:
370:
367:
364:," (Russian:
363:
359:
355:
351:
342:
333:
331:
327:
323:
321:
317:
313:
309:
305:
301:
300:Tsengel Tuvan
297:
293:
283:
281:
277:
273:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
227:
221:
218:
215:
211:
208:
205:
203:
199:
195:
189:
185:
183:
182:
177:
173:
169:
166:
161:
156:
140:
137:
136:
134:
133:
131:
130:
128:
127:
126:
123:
122:
121:
120:Common Turkic
118:
117:
116:
112:
108:
102:
98:
92:
89:
86:
82:
79:
76:
72:
69:
66:
62:
58:
54:
52:Pronunciation
50:
41:
36:
31:
26:
22:
2962:
2915:
2908:
2890:
2853:
2846:
2835:
2763:
2666:
2659:
2630:
2517:Tobol-Irtysh
2438:
2415:
2388:
2376:
2356:
2351:Mishar Tatar
2305:
2298:
2291:
2282:
2198:
2170:Proto-Turkic
2169:
2077:
2073:
2063:
2054:
2048:
2036:. Retrieved
2031:
2004:
1997:
1969:. Retrieved
1967:(1): 103–112
1964:
1960:
1938:
1932:
1915:
1911:
1905:
1896:
1879:
1861:
1852:
1841:
1836:
1824:. Retrieved
1819:
1785:
1772:
1739:. Retrieved
1735:
1680:
1519:
1503:
1496:
1489:
1477:
1471:Daŋ Khayaazy
1470:
1469:Даң Хаяазы (
1463:
1462:Даң Аътары (
1451:
1444:
1437:
1422:
1415:
1408:
1393:
1386:
1379:
1355:
1347:
1339:
1336:
1333:
1329:
1326:
1318:
1315:
1312:
1308:
1305:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1283:
1279:
1276:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1255:
1252:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1229:
1226:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1208:
1205:
1180:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1158:
1155:
1148:
1145:
1137:
1134:
1128:
1127:
1123:
1121:Nerxa-DAT go
1120:
1116:
1114:
1110:
1106:
1105:
1097:
1094:
1088:
1087:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1067:
1064:
1056:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1025:kuduruk-tuɣ
977:
969:
957:
950:
941:
615:
606:creaky voice
599:
394:
378:
376:
365:
347:
324:
319:
315:
307:
303:
299:
295:
289:
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:
223:
179:
138:
132:Sayan Turkic
2789:Fuyu Kyrgyz
2631:Ajem-Turkic
2615:Azerbaijani
1736:tofastan.ru
1300:3rd person
1247:2nd person
1200:1st person
1034:(literally
1007:tyŋgyr-lyɣ
951:Tofa is an
332:loanwords.
238:instead of
2990:Categories
2847:Old Uyghur
2649:Karapapakh
2498:Karakalpak
2306:Karakhanid
2299:Khorezmian
1750:References
1741:2023-05-10
1524:alphabet:
1352:Vocabulary
1268:(singular)
612:Consonants
493:Near-close
358:Tofalariya
2973:varieties
2965:indicate
2949:Qoqmončaq
2357:Old Tatar
2268:Ili Turki
2034:: 115–130
1495:Xартыга (
1488:Һартыға (
1476:Рассвет (
1464:Daŋ Atary
1443:Боостаа (
1319:he/she/it
1192:Singular
1115:nersa-ɣa
853:Affricate
780:Fricative
386:Phonology
330:Yeniseian
257:To'fa dyl
181:Glottolog
165:ISO 639-3
84:Ethnicity
45:Тоъфа дыл
2916:Pecheneg
2713:Southern
2692:Northern
2684:Siberian
2577:Southern
2566:Trukhmen
2460:Telengit
2405:Krymchak
2346:Nagaibak
2292:Chagatai
2112:31157479
2104:16281002
2038:20 March
1996:(1971).
1912:Sibirica
1899:: 53–55.
1713:һ , and
1522:Cyrillic
1497:Khartyga
1373:English
1370:Russian
1364:Tofalar
1177:Pronouns
1095:nersa-ɣa
1057:Russian-
989:gøk-tyɣ
630:Alveolar
518:Open-mid
397:Rassadin
280:Tofalars
269:moribund
244:Help:IPA
194:tofa1248
188:kara1462
2963:Italics
2931:pidgins
2927:Creoles
2885:Chuvash
2809:Chelkan
2804:Kumandy
2782:Yenisei
2654:Turkish
2608:Western
2599:Sonqori
2594:Qashqai
2584:Afshari
2561:Turkmen
2549:Eastern
2336:Bashkir
2321:Kipchak
2244:Eastern
2223:Western
2082:Bibcode
1826:1 March
1509:Falcon
1502:Сокол (
1490:Hartyğa
1478:Rassvet
1457:Throat
1450:Горло (
1445:Boostaa
1421:Кость (
1195:Plural
1065:ber-gen
1054:oruse-y
1022:'wolf'
1004:'drum'
986:'road'
701:Plosive
650:Glottal
635:Palatal
278:by the
267:, is a
265:Karagas
261:Tofalar
240:Unicode
88:Tofalar
2944:Kurbet
2939:Hezhou
2909:Khazar
2891:Bulgar
2794:Khakas
2759:Dukhan
2736:Steppe
2720:Chulym
2699:Dolgan
2644:Gagauz
2503:Kazakh
2472:Baraba
2455:Teleut
2445:Kyrgyz
2431:Kyrgyz
2400:Karaim
2329:Bulgar
2256:Khoton
2251:Uyghur
2215:Karluk
2205:Khalaj
2110:
2102:
2074:Nature
1971:10 May
1860:." In
1436:Боос (
1414:Cөөк (
1407:Cөөк (
1402:Horse
1392:Конь (
1367:Tuvan
1337:olarıŋ
1334:оларың
1330:olarıŋ
1327:оларың
1135:al-gan
1098:Nerxa-
993:grass-
883:Liquid
645:Uvular
625:Labial
391:Vowels
213:
115:Turkic
74:Region
68:Russia
2877:Oghur
2769:Soyot
2752:Taiga
2743:Tuvan
2729:Sayan
2704:Yakut
2540:Salar
2532:Oghuz
2508:Nogai
2486:Nogai
2410:Kumyk
2389:Cuman
2369:Cuman
2341:Tatar
2108:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
2003:[
1816:(PDF)
1504:Sokol
1483:Dawn
1452:Gorlo
1431:Bone
1425:'
1396:'
1385:Aът (
1378:Aът (
1287:siler
1284:сілер
1280:siler
1277:сілер
1156:di-ve
1138:take-
1036:tail-
1029:wolf-
1011:drum-
978:Gloss
970:Gloss
958:--sig
913:Glide
657:Nasal
640:Velar
434:Close
428:Long
425:Short
422:Long
419:Short
408:Front
318:>
312:tones
308:quyon
304:hodan
2929:and
2821:Shor
2814:Tuba
2764:Tofa
2422:Urum
2273:Äynu
2199:Argu
2190:Argu
2100:PMID
2040:2016
1973:2023
1828:2016
1709:ү ,
1705:ө ,
1701:ң ,
1697:қ ,
1689:ә ,
1685:ғ ,
1675:Я я
1672:Ю ю
1669:Э э
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