Tlaxcala - Knowledge

1509: 1647: 2229:, who were a subject people of the Aztecs and saw the Spanish as a way to free themselves of rule from Tenochtitlan. They allied with the Spanish, and when Cortés decided to go inland to Tenochtitlan, the Totonacas guided them to other subject peoples who would be willing to ally with them, including and especially the Tlaxcalans. However, after entering Tlaxcalan territory, the Spanish were met by a hostile Tlaxcalan force of 30,000. The Tlaxcalans fought the Spanish and their indigenous allies in a number of battles, with the Spanish inflicting heavy casualties on the Tlaxcalans despite their superior numbers. The Spaniards’ prowess in battle impressed the Tlaxcalan King 2287: 2241:, who understood the potential danger of a Spanish-Tlaxcalan alliance. Despite initial friendliness, intrigue and siege of the capital followed, with the Aztec backlash sending Cortes’ very wounded army limping back to Tlaxcalan territory. The Tlaxcalan king gave the Spanish refuge but promised further assistance in the conquest of Tenochtitlan only under certain conditions including perpetual exemption from tribute of any sort, part of the spoils of war, and control of two provinces that bordered Tlaxcala. Cortés agreed. Cortes and the Tlaxcalans returned to Tenochtitlan in December 1520. After many battles, including street-by-street 1684: 2542: 2528: 885: 281: 496: 207: 906: 237: 43: 1694: 529: 518: 507: 436: 427: 404: 4051: 485: 474: 445: 1368: 1657: 225: 3931: 3986: 2500: 2456:

Autónoma de Tlaxcala (UAT), which also offers the widest range of majors. Other public universities and colleges include the Instituto Tecnológico de Apizaco, Instituto Tecnológico Agropecuario de Xocoyucan, Escuela Normal Estatal Lic. Benito Juárez, and the Universidad Tecnológica de Tlaxcala. Private institutions include the Universidad del Valle, Universidad de Calpulalpan, Instituto Tecnológico de Tlaxcala and UPAEP Tlaxcala.

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Spanish. They included orders called “mandamientos de amparo” to ensure that these families’ heirs would not lose the lands that were being granted to them. They also included freedom from tributes, taxes and personal service in perpetuity. These settlers were instrumental in pacifying this part of Mexico, and although these families eventually intermarried with the Chichimeca, they never completely lost their Tlaxcalan identity.

1528:, every year they commemorate the departure of 400 families in 1591 who went north to colonize the land known as the Great Chichimeca, which primarily covers the northeast of modern Mexico. Streets in Huamantla are decorated with flowers in intricate designs on “La Noche que Nadie Duerme” (The Night No One Sleeps) in August. Many other festivals are in the state, many of which display the state's long tradition of bullfighting. 740: 1234:. The average altitude for the state is 2,230 meters above sea level, making it a bit higher than the Valley of Mexico just to the southwest. The western part of the state lies on the central plateau of Mexico while the east is dominated by the Sierra Madre Oriental, home of the 4,461 meter La Malinche volcano. Most of the state is rugged terrain dominated by ridges and deep valleys, along with protruding 1416: 1427:, who began discovering archaeological artifacts in the fields. The main attractions here are the murals, painted with pigments sourced from local minerals. Some of the best works include the Scorpion Man at the Venus Temple, Cacaxtli with corn plant at the Red Temple, the Battle Mural (which is 22 meters long, portraying 48 human figures), and the Bird Man and the Jaguar Man found in “Porch A.” 1400: 1532: 1442: 1223: 1477:, built in the early 16th century, is located about 14 km southeast of the capital city. Only the church retains its original function; the former monastery now houses a school. The State Government Palace is located in the city proper and was creating by conjoining the former mayor's house, the treasury and the state warehouse, which is architecturally held together with a 2133: 2514: 2184:, they never did conquer Tlaxcala. By the time the Spanish arrived in the 16th century, Tlaxcala was an independent enclave nearly completely surrounded by the Aztec Empire. This left Tlaxcala economically isolated, leaving it without goods such as cotton and salt. This and the constant warfare with the Mexica would give the Tlaxcalans reasons to ally with the Spanish. 2364:. Tlaxcala was finally admitted as a state of the federation on December 9, 1856. The state was subdivided into five provinces, but had roughly the same dimensions, but somewhat less than before. Later, the state was able to recover some of that lost territory when the region known as Calpulapan was reunited in the 1860s. The state was governed from 1885 to 1911 by 1574:, a town in Tlaxcala, is the beginning of a pipeline in an illicit, international trafficking trade, and considered to be the center for sex trafficking in Mexico. Roots of the practice of sex trafficking date back to the 1960s. An unnamed Mexican charity told the BBC that it estimated of the 10,000 inhabitants of Tenancingo, 1,000 are sex traffickers. 2199:"It is more inhabited than other provinces; and its inhabitants, who are the least oppressed of any in New Spain, owe this favour to the alliance that their republican ancestors made with the disciplined robbers whom Cortés commanded, and who subdued the Mexican empire. They are the most intelligent of all the Americans subject to Spain." 2120:, and finally a “free and sovereign" state in Mexico. Tlaxcalans consider their fight to remain a distinct entity a hallmark of their history, resisting in turn the Aztecs, the Spanish colonial government, the various monarchies and republics of an independent Mexico, and even the claims on its territory by its neighboring state of 1438:, a very unusual construction material for this place and time. The site contains two stucco-covered altars with murals that follow the Borgia Group codex style with images of gods and important human figures, including gods such as Tezcatlipoca, Tlaloc and Mayahuel and were the scene of human sacrifices. 1320:

Malinche Corridor, the Apizaco-Xalostoc-Huamantla Corridor, the Panzacola Corridor, the “industrial cities” of Xicohténcatli I, Xicohténcatli II and Xicohténcatli III, the industrial parks of Calpulalpan, Xiloxoxtla, Ixtacuixtla, and Nanacamilpa as well as the industrial areas of Velasco and Atlangatepec.

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High school and vocational education is provided by state school systems named CBTIS, CETIS, CECYTE, CBTA, COBAT, and CONALEP. Most of these schools are of the vocational type. Higher education is provided by both public and prívate institutions, with the most important of these being the Universidad

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Much of Tlaxcala's economy is based on agriculture, livestock and forestry. Principle crops for the state are maize and barley, along with important quantities of wheat, beans, animal feed and potatoes, using about 60% of the state's land. Although the state has 15 dams and 483 wells to provide water

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Tourist attractions primarily consist of pre-Hispanic archaeological sites and colonial establishments, with examples of both religious and civil constructions. However, in comparison with the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala's archaeological and colonial sites are barely known. Tlaxcala's major attractions

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Light manufacturing has developed on a significant scale in the state, especially products produced for export outside the state. These products include clothing, foam and plastic products, paper products, publishing, textiles and automobile works. Organized industrial areas in the state include the

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The formal state educational system of the state accommodates only 53% of eligible schoolchildren. Almost all of the rest are schooled in pre-schools, indigenous educational systems and other centers. Primary and secondary education is mostly provided by the state Secretary of Education. Indigenous

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During the colonial period, the Tlaxcalans were successful in keeping the concessions granted to them by the Spanish crown. In 1585, when the territory of Tlaxcala was formally established, it roughly had the same borders as the old kingdom of Tlaxcala. While the neighboring territory of Puebla had

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For the most part, the Spanish kept their promise to the Tlaxcalans. Unlike Tenochtitlan and other cities, Tlaxcala was not destroyed after the Conquest. They also allowed many Tlaxcalans to retain their indigenous names. The Tlaxcalans were mostly able to keep their traditional form of government.

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Tlaxcala's two major archaeological sites are Xochitécatl and Cacaxtla. Xochitécatl was built between 300 and 400 A.D., and probably reached its peak between 600 and 800 A.D. There is evidence that occupation of the sites extends much further back in time than the early city’s known habitation. The

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Most livestock raised in the state is beef cattle and dairy cows along with the renowned fighting bulls. Other important animals are pigs, sheep, horses, poultry and bees. About 35,842 hectares, or 6.7% of the state is dedicated to livestock. Due to the limited surface water, there is no commercial

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formations. This ruggedness, along with large-scale weather phenomena such as the Intertropical Convergence Zone, gives the state a complex climate. Overall rain patterns for the state are about 400 mm (16 in) in the summer rainy season and 30 mm (1.2 in) in the winter. Locally,

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According to data through the II Census of Population and Housing conducted by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) with census date of June 12, 2010, the state of Tlaxcala until this year had a total of 1,169,936 inhabitants; of that number, 565,775 were men and 604,161 were

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The state's coat of arms is based on the coat of arms that was granted to the city in 1535. Its different elements have the following meanings: the red background represents courage; the castle symbolizes defensive power; the eagle with its open wings represents the spirit of vigilance; the border

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The largest population centers are Tlaxcala, Huamantla, Apizaco, San Pablo del Monte, Zacatelco and Chiautempan, whose 361,328 inhabitants represent over 33% of the state's population. However, the largest population increases are occurring in the municipalities of Tzompamtepec, Yauhquemecan, and

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Tlaxcala is the smallest and one of the most densely populated of the states of Mexico. The state comprises only 0.2% of the nation's territory, but had a population of 1,068,207 in 2005. Population density ranges from 50 people/km in the rural municipality of Atlangatepec to 269 people/km in the

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In addition to traditional centers of education there are state-run technical training centers, which are considered to be an educational priority for Tlaxcala. These centers train people with short courses with industrial or trade skills. Some of these centers include the Centro de Capacitación

1473:, were built here in 1524. Many other churches and monasteries were built in the state in the 16th and early 17th centuries. Just about every municipality has colonial-era structures such as churches, municipal palaces and plazas but the best examples are in and around the city of Tlaxcala. The 2311:

from the Spanish king. Unlike the rest of Mexico, Tlaxcala was under the direct protection of the Spanish crown, part of its reward for its support in the Conquest. This shielded the Tlaxcalans from the worst of the oppression of the native peoples, which reached its peak in the 1530s. In fact,

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published (1952) a path breaking study of Tlaxcala, from the indigenous viewpoint. He particularly focused on ways that the Tlaxcalans shaped the polity's history for its own advantage, and how the four-part organization of the polity was maintained during the early colonial era. A particularly

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In the same year (2010) on average in the state of Tlaxcala 293 people per square kilometer, while nationally there are 57 people per square kilometer. Until that year 78% of the population lives in urban areas and 22% in rural, data also the II Census of Population and Housing conducted by the

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is relatively new here and much of it centers on La Malinche National Park, home to the La Malinche volcano, which is 4,461 m (14,636 ft) high. Here one can camp, mountain bike, horseback ride, rappel and climb the volcano itself. At the peak of La Malinche, it is possible to see the

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in what is now northeast Mexico. Tlaxcalans were used not only to fight but also to establish towns in villages in this nomadic people's territory, to be a kind of example to them. Over 400 Tlaxcalan families would move north, but not until they negotiated and won special concessions from the

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people and the indigenous ethnicity that still dominates the state. The Tlaxcalans founded the city of Tlaxcala and then began to subdue the surrounding peoples. Eventually, the Tlaxcalan nation would evolve into a confederation of four sub-states called Tepectipac, Ocotelulco, Tizatlán and

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The state of Tlaxcala is located slightly east of center of Mexico between 97°37′07″ and 98°42′51″W and 19°05′43″ and 19°44′07″N. It is bordered by the states of Hidalgo, Puebla and Mexico. It is the smallest state in terms of territory with only about 4,061 km (1,568 sq mi),

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However, the indigenous population who had been living in Tlaxcala were somehow reduced to a small minority. Tlaxcala in 1519 had a population estimated at 150,000 to 500,000, the larger estimate perhaps including allies, such as those in the adjacent Pueblo valley. According to Catholic

1053:, a historical phoneme present in Nahuatl and in Old Spanish. The conquistadors transcribed this sound using that letter in the Spanish language at the time of colonization and also when codifying the alphabets of the indigenous languages in the Americas for the first time. Due to the 2452:

education is a system of preschools and primary schools which meet the cultural demands of indigenous populations of the state. These are largely located in the municipalities of Ixtenco, Contla de Juan C., San Pablo del Monte, Teolocholco, Tetlanohcan and la Magdalena.

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however, this varies dramatically between the drier plateaus and valleys and the wetter mountains. Variations in altitude produce sub-climates between semi-tropical to temperate, with frosts likely in the higher elevations during the winter. Temperate fir (

2294:, conferring a coat of arms for Tlaxcala, and the title of "Loyal City" in recognition of the services "which the noblemen and towns of the said province have accomplished for us", which was one of only 3 such titles given by the Emperor to cities in 1469:. These images are in the style of the Post-classic period and have been dated to about 1450. Tlaxcala is home to some of the earliest colonial architecture and art. The oldest church in Mexico, built in 1521 and the first monasteries, built by the 2236:

Cortés stayed in the city of Tlaxcala for 20 days and forged an alliance with the Tlaxcalans to bring down Tenochtitlan. Cortes added 6,000 Tlaxcala warriors to his ranks and arrived to Tenochtitlan in November 1519. They were received by Emperor

3811:. Cocina Estado por Estado (in Spanish). Vol. 13. Mexico City: El Universal newspaper, Compañia Periodìsta SA de CV and Radar Editores SA de CV. 2009. p. 2. 04-2009-1013135106000-102 (No. de Reserva de derechos al uso exclusive). 1009:

pre-dates the state by centuries; it derives from the name of the capital city, which was also used to denote the territory controlled by this city in pre-Hispanic times. According to some historians, the name comes from an ancient word

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One of the major cultural interventions, however, was the evangelization of the region. Franciscan friars arrived in 1524. They built monasteries and churches and renamed the city of Tlaxcala “Nuestra Señora de la Asunción.” The first

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have revealed Tenancingo to be a hub for providing female sex slaves to the United States. According to the documentary, the entire political structure and police force of the town are implicated in human trafficking and the sex trade.

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between 1520 and 1525 and given the Spanish name of New City of Our Lady of the Assumption. Its economy is still based on the traditional enterprises of agriculture, textiles, and the commerce of products of native peoples such as the

1305:, with about 35,842 hectares of land dedicated to this. However, the amount of land dedicated to forestry has been declining in recent years. To combat this, in 2007 2,484,687 trees were planted on about 2,477 hectares of land. 83:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 2083:

Santa Isabel Xiloxoxtla. Of Tlaxcala's 60 municipalities, ten have a poverty index rating of “very low,” twenty-nine have a rating of “low,” seventeen have a ranking of “medium” and only four have a ranking of “high.”

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ceremonial center is situated on a hill with four main structures called “The Spiral Building,” “The Volcano Base,” “The Serpent Pyramid” and “The Flower Pyramid.” The last is the most important, and is topped by two

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Encyclopedia, in 1625 the formerly sizeable city of Tlaxcala had only 700 people. The decline in the population was due to epidemics, emigrations, and the construction of a canal which served the Mexican Valley.

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Ninety five percent of those visiting Tlaxcala are from Mexico and most of these are from neighboring Puebla state. Foreign visitors are mostly German, French and Swiss who are interested in Mexican history.

1214:, especially on market days. Other important cities include Santa Ana Chiautempan, the most populous city in the state, Apizaco, noted for its textile production and Huamantla, a farming and cattle town. 2152:(800–400 BCE). The Toltecs also had a presence, but the first major native culture here was the Olmec Xicalanca. This civilization fell into decline after 900 AD and was replaced by a sub-group of the 1474: 993:

Most of the state's economy is based on agriculture, light industry and tourism. The tourist industry is rooted in Tlaxcala's long history with major attractions being archeological sites such as

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The average size of households in the state is 4.3, while the national level is 3.9, according to the 2010 population census, however, by municipality varies from 3.8 to 5 persons per household.

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and more. The state is known for the use of a number of ingredients in these dishes. One of these is the use of a number of edible insects, many of which are considered delicacies, such as

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facade. The city's cathedral, called Nuestra Señora de la Asunción, built in the 16th century. Its main altar preserves a Baroque altarpiece with a depiction of the baptism of the Lord

3385: 1453:, situated on a hill near the town of San Francisco Ocotelulco. It is a collection of dwellings with raised areas for ceremonial purposes. Its altar is similar to the one found at 513: 2640: 502: 1347:, eleven malls, twenty-six department stores and fourteen commercial centers of other types. In addition, the state is an important link between Mexico's major eastern port, 1520:

Regional festivals here are known for dances featuring men in mustached masks (imitating Spaniards), large-plumed hats and colorful garb. This is especially apparent during

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Cacaxtla was built later than Xochitécatl, between 600 and 900 A.D., and is the far larger of the two. It was only re-discovered in 1975, by farmers from the nearby town of

524: 469: 1197:. The political heart of the state is its capital, Tlaxcala, even though it is not the state's largest city. Tlaxcala lies at the foot of the northwestern slope of 2614: 1424: 2365: 1490: 4371: 1339:

registered 21,307 commercial establishments in the state, most of these being small individually or family-owned enterprises. There are also fifty-nine

1525: 1054: 2180:. From the 14th century, these two nations were in near constant state of war. However, even though the Aztecs managed to build the largest empire in 1205:. It is one of the oldest cities in Mexico, founded as an organized civilization before the 15th century. The Spanish political entity was founded by 3477: 86:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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The state has no major lakes or large rivers. The principal water sources are the Atoyac-Zahuapan basin and the reservoir of the Atlangatepec dam.

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Tlaxcalan allegiance to the Spaniards became an enduring partnership. Tlaxcalan forces joined Spanish forces to put down revolts such as the

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for agriculture, 88% of the state's agriculture is dependent on the summer rainy season, leaving it vulnerable to climatic phenomena such as

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Evidence of human occupation in what is now the state of Tlaxcala extends back to 12,000 BCE, with the earliest identified cultures being

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The cuisine of the state is similar to that of neighboring Hidalgo, Puebla and Federal District of Mexico City, featuring dishes such as

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important source for the early colonial history of Tlaxcala is a set of records in the indigenous language of Nahuatl, now published as

1412:. This pyramid is the fourth largest in Mexico (by base size), and the Spiral Pyramid is one of the few circular ones ever to be found. 4155: 2145: 3063: 1586:

are a major source of income for the town, although an exact dollar amount is not known. These practices have been denounced by three

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The Nahuas After the Conquest: A Social and Cultural History of the Indians of Central Mexico, Sixteenth Through Eighteenth Centuries

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dominate the mountain highlands, while the flatlands, with their drier climate, are characterized by agaves and prickly pear cactus (

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The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe

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The Present State of the West-Indies: Containing an Accurate Description of What Parts Are Possessed by the Several Powers in Europe

1524:, when over 4,000 folk dancers from different villages come to the capital to celebrate. In a village just north of the capital, in 1449:

The state contains more than 1,000 archeological sites with only seven fully excavated and open to the public. The last of these is

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The state also has a library system with 129 public libraries located in 59 municipalities, with a collection of 588,758 volumes.

1646: 3559: 3359: 2588: 2233:, who then not only allowed the Spanish to pass through his territory, but also invited them into the capital city of Tlaxcala. 4366: 3829: 2879: 1177:

representing about 0.2% of the entire country. The state is divided into 60 municipalities, the largest of which are Tlaxcala,

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some authority over this territory, the city of Tlaxcala remained independently governed until Mexican Independence in 1821.

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of New Spain was established here. Most of the conversion work was done by 1530. In 1535, the city of Tlaxcala received its

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symbolizes protection and compensation; the green palms stand for victory, and the crowns are the symbol of royal authority.

3632: 4361: 2246: 1590:. Modern-day investigations (as well as the 2014 documentary “Pimp City: A Journey to the Center of the Sex Trade”) by the 587: 1591: 1388:, which were not fully investigated until the 20th century, unlike most sites within the state. When Hernán Cortés came, 1344: 1043: 1039:'. The Aztec glyph that referred to this place has both elements, two green hills and two hands holding a corn tortilla. 2618: 1513: 3974: 3227: 2740: 94: 3690:

translated by James Lockhart, Frances Berdan, and Arthur J.O. Anderson. 1986. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press

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The area known as Tlaxcala has officially been a number of different entities, from an indigenous kingdom during the

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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was built in the 17th and 18th centuries to comply with a demand of the Virgin Mary who reportedly appeared before

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after the Spanish orthographic reform of 1815, which replaced the letter 'x' with 'j' in words that previously had

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at the end of a syllable. Thus, the pronunciation of Tlaxcala at the time of the sibilant shift transitioned from

3885: 2266:. These town council records are a type of indigenous language source used by scholars in the field known as the 1323:

Most commercial activity in the state occurs in the municipalities of Apizaco, Chiautempan, Tlaxcala, Huamantla,

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to the northwest. It is the smallest state of the republic, accounting for only 0.2% of the country's territory.

394: 381: 376: 1279: 4148: 978:, with concessions from the Spanish that allowed the territory to remain mostly intact throughout 300 years of 556: 4040: 2291: 2267: 1669: 1651: 1194: 1140: 925: 748: 480: 461: 453: 3836:(in Spanish). Mexico: Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal. 2005. Archived from 236: 3982: 2669: 2471: 1078: 1073: 2965: 1821: 1816: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1058: 2460:

Tecnológica Industrial (CECATI) and the Instituto de capacitación para el Trabajo en Tlaxcala (ICATLAX).

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In the late 16th century, Christianized and sedentary Tlaxcalans were recruited to settle and pacify the

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are an important element, especially for dishes made for special occasions. Two local versions include

2416:. Vegetable items include a wide variety of mushrooms (often harvested from the wild), squash flowers, 2286: 2271: 2258: 1633: 933: 359: 3859: 2857: 440: 399: 4356: 4141: 4107: 3002: 1076: 1067: 1065: 1062: 1046: 31: 17: 4164: 3511: 2280: 2113: 1785: 1731: 408: 354: 326: 241: 102: 3450:(in Spanish). Centro Fray Julián Garcés, Derechos Humanos y Desarrollo Local, A. C. Archived from 1396:, and the kingdom was filled with temples, palaces and grand plazas that impressed the Spaniards. 3161: 1803: 1798: 1587: 1072:(similar to a strong 'H') at the beginning of a word or intervocalically, while it turned into a 733: 431: 3915: 3451: 3967: 2165: 2103: 1767: 1713: 1102: 662: 2994: 1693: 422: 3533: 3445:"LA INICIATIVA POPULAR EN TLAXCALA ACCIONES COLECTIVAS PARA EL COMBATE A LA TRATA DE MUJERES" 2357: 1839: 1494: 1466: 1202: 948: 123: 4066:

List of the sixty municipalities in Tlaxcala with their municipal seats (cabecera municipal)

3028:"Evaluation of climatic forecasts of rainfall for the State of Tlaxcala (Mexico): 1998-2002" 495: 224: 3067: 2547: 2533: 2349: 2242: 1749: 1498: 3478:"Small Mexican town of Tenancingo is major source of sex trafficking pipeline to New York" 1834: 8: 4185: 3482: 1674: 1575: 1324: 1290: 491: 3605: 3309:

Revilla, Pablo; Chairez Alfaro, Arturo (2000). "Tlaxcala, encuentro con la naturaleza".

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The Tlaxcalan Actas: A Compendium of the Records of the Cabildo of Tlaxcala (1545-1627)

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Gay-García, C.; Hernandez-Vazquez, M.; Jiménez-López, J.; Lezama-Gutiérrez, J. (2004).

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women. The annual growth rate for the entity during the period 2005-2010 was 1.8%.

1097: 1091: 1085: 917: 900: 879: 849: 843: 781: 417: 272: 229: 160: 4240: 4230: 4180: 4015: 4000: 3935: 3636: 1552: 1348: 1241: 1163:. The human skulls and cross-bones represent those who died during the Conquest. 979: 960: 956: 944: 775: 366: 180: 2905: 1548: 1544: 484: 473: 444: 4175: 2324: 2230: 2226: 2205: 1505:, which vary in their state of conservation but some are promoted for tourism. 1352: 966:

The state is named after its capital, Tlaxcala, which was also the name of the

654: 1434:. This site does not contain pyramids; instead the buildings here are made of 1381: 1289:

The state's forestry enterprises are located in the municipalities of Tlaxco,

4345: 3939: 3764: 3730: 3659: 3418: 3322: 3292: 3265: 2832: 2505: 2304: 2157: 2109: 1036: 967: 309: 296: 116: 4265: 3534:"Here & Now: Prostitution Pipeline To U.S. Begins In Tenancingo, Mexico" 2744: 2156:. In the 14th century, the Chichimecas were driven out by the Tlaxcalans, a 4285: 2433: 2308: 2238: 2177: 2173: 2141: 1458: 1454: 1235: 338: 4280: 4250: 4050: 2283:

rule, the Spanish mostly held true to the Tlaxcalans' conditions of 1520.

1367: 4245: 4117: 4035: 2417: 2399: 2181: 1857: 1852: 1780: 1726: 1688: 1482: 1478: 1470: 1435: 1389: 1356: 1302: 1298: 1190: 55: 3714: 1431: 1385: 1025:), which meant 'crag'; however, an alternative etymology stems from the 4310: 4220: 3914: 2421: 2389: 2368:, one of the few Mexicans of indigenous origin to be a state governor. 2153: 1539: 1294: 971: 105:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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Trevelyan, Laura; Botti, David; de los Reyes, Ignacio (May 16, 2012).

4330: 4030: 4025: 3363: 2615:"Listado de Diputados por Grupo Parlamentario del Estado de Tlaxcala" 2394: 2317: 2295: 1762: 1708: 1661: 1328: 1186: 1182: 674: 650: 645: 4320: 4225: 4205: 4190: 4133: 4112: 3985: 3422: 2377: 2222: 1556: 1521: 1502: 1486: 1409: 1377: 1340: 1021: 994: 723: 3360:"Tenancingo, viaje a la capital de la esclavitud sexual en México" 4305: 4295: 4260: 4255: 4235: 4215: 4195: 4020: 3537: 2429: 2381: 1744: 1698: 1583: 1257: 1178: 1026: 612: 195: 149: 2168:

developed roughly at the same time as another Nahua people, the

2094:

National Institute of Statistics and Geography (INEGI) in 2010.

990:, until 1857 when it was admitted as a state of the federation. 80: 4300: 4275: 4270: 4210: 2385: 2169: 2121: 1462: 1057:

that took place in Spanish during the 16th and 17th centuries,

952: 929: 331: 3944: 3154:"A well-kept secret: quaint Tlaxcala offers enchanting escape" 1415: 760: 3751: 2425: 1336: 1211: 975: 858: 802: 3787:"Decreto. Se declara á Tlaxcala territorio de la federación" 3225: 1531: 1399: 3834:

Enciclopedia de los Municipios de México Estado de Tlaxcala

2819:

Solis, Felipe (2000). "Herencia arqueológica en Tlaxcala".

1441: 1222: 808: 790: 3416: 3287:. Mexico City: Editorial Mexico Desconocido: 70–73. 2000. 3252:

Noriega, Eugenio (2000). "La arquitectura y su grandeza".

3228:"Cacaxtla and the mystery of its spectacular Mayan murals" 2132: 1151:) represents the name of the king himself; and the letter 3635:(in Spanish). Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 3604:(in Spanish). Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 3337:"Sex Trafficking Ring From Mexico To New York Discovered" 3118:(in Spanish). Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 3092:(in Spanish). Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 3066:(in Spanish). Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 2743:(in Spanish). Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 1497:

here in 1541. It is considered be the culmination of the

820: 188: 1113:, leaving the letter 'x' with the current pronunciation 997:

and colonial constructions in and around Tlaxcala City.

1030: 1011: 924:), is one of the 32 federal entities that comprise the 3715:"The Aztec "Flowery War": A Geopolitical Explanation" 3505:"HUMAN TRAFFICKING ASSESSMENT TOOL REPORT FOR MEXICO" 3308: 870: 832: 799: 796: 3832:[Social Infrastructure and Communications]. 3317:. Mexico City: Editorial Mexico Desconocido: 60–67. 3260:. Mexico City: Editorial Mexico Desconocido: 15–32. 2685:"Indicadores Regionales de Actividad Económica 2023" 2495: 855: 852: 817: 814: 805: 787: 784: 76: 3925:. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 1034. 3304: 3302: 2827:. Mexico City: Editorial Mexico Desconocido: 7–13. 861: 823: 793: 3391:. National Criminal Justice Center. Archived from 3195: 3193: 3191: 3189: 3187: 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 1566: 3247: 3245: 3226:Carlos Rosado van der Gracht (29 November 2021). 1457:, decorated with colorful frescos with images of 1430:Another interesting archeological site is called 974:allied themselves with the Spanish to defeat the 4343: 3299: 2814: 2812: 2810: 2808: 2806: 2804: 2356:, on November 24, 1824, Tlaxcala was declared a 1230:Tlaxcala is a land-locked state situated on the 1217: 3176: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 2316:and accompanied them to conquer places such as 3789:(in Spanish). 500 años de Mexico en documentes 3242: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3139: 3137: 1516:in the interior of the State Government Palace 1392:civilization here was considered to be in the 101:accompanying your translation by providing an 67:Click for important translation instructions. 54:expand this article with text translated from 4149: 3968: 3552: 3203:. Tlaxcala: State of Tlaxcala. Archived from 2801: 943:It is located in east-central Mexico, in the 936:and the capital city and the largest city is 254: 173: 3894:University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries 3830:"Infraestructura Social y de Comunicaciones" 3596: 3594: 3419:"Tenancingo: the town sex trafficking built" 3357: 3272: 3049: 3021: 3019: 2872: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2727: 2725: 1343:(tent markets which are movable), seventeen 947:, with the eastern portion dominated by the 3627: 3625: 3623: 3442: 3134: 2989: 2987: 2985: 2983: 2848: 2846: 2844: 2842: 2723: 2721: 2719: 2717: 2715: 2713: 2711: 2709: 2707: 2705: 2682: 4372:States and territories established in 1857 4156: 4142: 3975: 3961: 3886:"Latin American & Mexican Online News" 2898: 2565: 2563: 2136:Map showing location of Tlaxcallan kingdom 3591: 3383: 3151: 3082: 3016: 2784: 2782: 1501:in Tlaxcala. The state also contains 140 137:State in Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl, Mexico 3824: 3822: 3820: 3818: 3620: 3108: 2980: 2839: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2772: 2770: 2768: 2766: 2764: 2762: 2702: 2591:. Senado de la Republica. Archived from 2589:"Senadores por Tlaxcala LXI Legislatura" 2571:"Portal Gobierno del Estado de Tlaxcala" 2339: 2285: 2131: 1530: 1507: 1475:Temple and Ex-monastery of San Francisco 1440: 1414: 1398: 1366: 1308: 1221: 1042:The letter 'x' in the name reflects the 3801: 3757: 3657: 3651: 3475: 3251: 3152:Kastelein, Barbara (November 1, 2004). 2950: 2948: 2946: 2560: 14: 4344: 3860:"Publicaciones periódicas en Tlaxcala" 3358:de los Reyes, Ignacio (May 22, 2012). 2944: 2942: 2940: 2938: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2926: 2788: 2664: 2662: 1883: 1171: 1020: 899: 4137: 3956: 3815: 3712: 3706: 2818: 2759: 2617:. Camara de Diputados. Archived from 2402:, as well as others locally known as 2274:drew on these materials in his study 1096: 1090: 1084: 878: 547:4,016 km (1,551 sq mi) 4163: 914:Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala 169:Free and Sovereign State of Tlaxcala 36: 3945:Government of the State of Tlaxcala 3852: 3719:Journal of Anthropological Research 2923: 2659: 2480:Síntesis, El Periódico de Tlaxcala. 1615:Largest cities or towns in Tlaxcala 1055:evolution of the coronal fricatives 1044:voiceless palato-alveolar fricative 922:Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala 175:Estado Libre y Soberano de Tlaxcala 24: 3767:. New Advent Catholic Encyclopedia 3574:"Mexico: extended population list" 3443:Castro Soto, Oscar Arturo (2008). 2252: 1878: 951:. It is bordered by the states of 25: 4383: 3907: 3676:Tlaxcala in the Sixteenth Century 3664:. London: R. Baldwin. p. 25. 1512:The Tlaxcala flag was painted by 1419:The Flower Pyramid at Xochitécatl 4049: 3984: 3929: 3866:(in Spanish). Gobierno de Mexico 3703:. Stanford University Press 1992 2643:. Cuentame INEGI. Archived from 2540: 2526: 2512: 2498: 2225:coast, they were greeted by the 2127: 2112:era, a district of the colonial 1692: 1682: 1655: 1645: 1514:Desiderio Hernández Xochitiotzin 1489:as godparents. A bit later, the 1376:are the archaeological sites of 1315:Tlaxcala handcrafts and folk art 1161:Philip, later Philip II of Spain 848: 780: 739: 738: 527: 516: 505: 494: 483: 472: 443: 434: 425: 402: 279: 235: 223: 205: 41: 3878: 3864:Sistema de Información Cultural 3779: 3693: 3681: 3668: 3566: 3526: 3497: 3476:Pearson, Erica (June 3, 2012). 3469: 3436: 3410: 3377: 3351: 3339:. Huffington Post. June 4, 2012 3329: 3219: 2791:"The History of the Tlaxcalans" 1598: 1567:Sex trade and human trafficking 1226:View of the La Malinche volcano 1120: 285:State of Tlaxcala within Mexico 4091: 2676: 2633: 2607: 2581: 2221:and the Spanish landed on the 2187: 1286:fishing or fish-farming here. 1272: 955:to the north, east and south, 557:List of Mexican states by area 111:You may also add the template 13: 1: 4367:1857 establishments in Mexico 2795:Houston Institute for Culture 2683:Citibanamex (June 13, 2023). 2554: 2371: 2276:The Nahuas After the Conquest 2166:pre-Columbian Tlaxcalan state 1551:(in Puebla/Mexico State) and 1403:One of the murals at Cacaxtla 1371:View of the ruins at Cacaxtla 1218:Natural geography and climate 1109:that transitioned into velar 566:4,420 m (14,500 ft) 4086: 3678:, Yale University Press 1952 2856:(in Spanish). Archived from 2573:(in Spanish). Archived from 2446: 1166: 1074:voiceless alveolar fricative 7: 4362:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 3934:Geographic data related to 3311:Mexico Desconocido:Tlaxcala 3281:Mexico Desconocido:Tlaxcala 3254:Mexico Desconocido:Tlaxcala 2821:Mexico Desconocido:Tlaxcala 2484: 2432:. Like neighboring Puebla, 2354:1824 Constitution of Mexico 2346:Mexican War of Independence 2192: 1535:View of La Malinche volcano 1232:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt 1095:. However, the realization 514:José de la Luz Sosa Salinas 10: 4388: 3386:"Human Trafficking Mexico" 2956:"Tlaxcala (state, Mexico)" 2424:(a kind of cactus fruit), 2279:For 300 years of colonial 2101: 2097: 1681: 1644: 1606: 1362: 1312: 1267: 986:, Tlaxcala was declared a 113:{{Translated|es|Tlaxcala}} 75:Machine translation, like 29: 4171: 4108:La Malinche National Park 4100: 4074: 4058: 4047: 4008: 3998: 3576:. GeoHive. Archived from 3279:"Fiestas y tradiciones". 3003:Columbia University Press 2999:The Columbia Encyclopedia 2245:itself, the Aztec Empire 2172:, were building the vast 1896:— 1822:Papalotla de Xicohténcatl 1485:, with Hernán Cortés and 1063:voiceless velar fricative 755: 732: 722: 673: 661: 644: 636: 626: 621: 611: 601: 593: 583: 575: 570: 562: 551: 543: 538: 451: 415: 392: 387: 375: 365: 353: 337: 325: 290: 278: 270: 251: 219: 204: 174: 167: 158: 142: 56:the corresponding article 32:Tlaxcala (disambiguation) 4016:Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl 4001:Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl 3916:"Tlaxcala (state)" 3731:10.1086/jar.39.4.3629865 3713:Isaac, Barry L. (1983). 3658:Kitchin, Thomas (1778). 3512:American Bar Association 2789:Schmal, John P. (2004). 2466: 2281:Viceroyalty of New Spain 2243:fighting in Tenochtitlan 2231:Xīcohtēncatl Āxāyacatzin 2114:Viceroyalty of New Spain 1592:US Department of Justice 938:Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl 632:(US$ 7.8 billion) (2022) 481:Adriana Dávila Fernández 348:Tlaxcala de Xicohténcatl 190:Tlahtohcayotl Tlaxcallan 3922:Encyclopædia Britannica 3384:Moreno-Taxman, Karine. 2910:Hutchinson Encyclopedia 1804:Contla de Juan Cuamatzi 1101:is also present due to 1031: 1012: 1000: 901:[t͡ɬaʃˈkalːaːn] 896: 637: • Per capita 602: • Rank 597:330/km (870/sq mi) 503:Claudia Pérez Rodríguez 441:Minerva Hernández Ramos 432:Ana Lilia Rivera Rivera 189: 122:For more guidance, see 3037:. Mexico City: 127–150 2299: 2201: 2137: 2104:Tlaxcala (Nahua state) 1536: 1517: 1446: 1420: 1404: 1372: 1227: 1103:spelling pronunciation 1035:which means 'place of 970:city and culture. The 921: 880:[tla(ɣ)sˈkala] 563:Highest elevation 255: 4092:Geography of Tlaxcala 4036:Santa Ana Chiautempan 3560:"Censo Tlaxcala 2020" 2647:on September 30, 2011 2474:of Tlaxcala include: 2344:After victory in the 2340:Post-independence era 2320:and northern Mexico. 2289: 2197: 2135: 2116:, a territory of the 1870:Historical population 1534: 1511: 1495:Juan Diego Bernardino 1467:Tlahuizcalpantecuhtli 1444: 1425:San Miguel del Milago 1418: 1402: 1370: 1309:Industry and commerce 1225: 1203:Sierra Madre Oriental 949:Sierra Madre Oriental 932:. It is divided into 124:Knowledge:Translation 95:copyright attribution 3608:on September 8, 2009 3122:on September 8, 2009 3070:on September 9, 2009 2595:on December 16, 2003 2548:Latin America portal 2534:North America portal 2350:First Mexican Empire 2176:with its capital at 2148:(1200–800 BCE), and 1098:[ˈtlaɣskala] 1061:transitioned into a 984:Mexican Independence 594: • Density 470:Carlos Carreón Mejía 262:Cradle of the Nation 30:For other uses, see 4186:Baja California Sur 4087:History of Tlaxcala 3483:New York Daily News 3457:on December 9, 2014 3398:on December 9, 2014 2860:on December 5, 2008 2348:and the end of the 2264:The Tlaxcalan Actas 1871: 1675:San Pablo del Monte 1670:San Pablo del Monte 1652:San Pablo del Monte 1576:Sexual exploitation 1491:Basilica of Octolan 1359:, in the interior. 1325:San Pablo del Monte 1199:La Malinche volcano 1172:Political geography 1092:[tlasˈkala] 1086:[tlaʃˈkala] 1022:[teʃˈkalːi] 492:Silvano Garay Ulloa 423:Joel Molina Ramírez 306: / 4082:Tlaxcala Territory 3750:. Downloaded from 3230:. Yucatán Magazine 2747:on August 14, 2009 2670:"México en cifras" 2621:on August 21, 2012 2476:El Sol de Tlaxcala 2366:Próspero Cahuantzi 2362:Tlaxcala Territory 2300: 2138: 2118:Republic of Mexico 2079:city of Tlaxcala. 1869: 1537: 1518: 1447: 1421: 1410:monolithic pillars 1405: 1394:Post-Classic stage 1373: 1280:El Niño or La Niña 1248:Juniperus deppeana 1228: 1193:, Chiautempan and 1141:Charles I of Spain 912:), officially the 640:(US$ 5,594) (2022) 627: • Total 576: • Total 544: • Total 525:Rubén Terán Águila 103:interlanguage link 4339: 4338: 4131: 4130: 3900:on March 7, 2020. 2961:Microsoft Encarta 2442:mole de ladrillo. 2358:federal territory 2290:Decree issued by 2144:(1700–1200 BCE), 2076: 2075: 1866: 1865: 1580:human trafficking 1445:Mural at Tizatlan 1345:municipal markets 1137:Joanna of Castile 988:federal territory 972:Tlaxcaltec people 934:60 municipalities 893:Nahuatl languages 767: 766: 761:Official Web Site 751: 749:Ranked 20th of 32 584: • Rank 310:19.433°N 98.167°W 265: 256:Cuna de la Nación 135: 134: 68: 64: 16:(Redirected from 4379: 4357:States of Mexico 4165:States of Mexico 4158: 4151: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4053: 3989: 3988: 3977: 3970: 3963: 3954: 3953: 3949: 3933: 3932: 3926: 3918: 3902: 3901: 3896:. Archived from 3882: 3876: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3856: 3850: 3849: 3847: 3845: 3840:on March 6, 2012 3826: 3813: 3812: 3809:Hidalgo Tlaxcala 3805: 3799: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3761: 3755: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3710: 3704: 3699:James Lockhart, 3697: 3691: 3685: 3679: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3639:on July 13, 2009 3629: 3618: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3598: 3589: 3588: 3586: 3585: 3570: 3564: 3563: 3556: 3550: 3549: 3547: 3545: 3530: 3524: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3509: 3501: 3495: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3464: 3462: 3456: 3449: 3440: 3434: 3433: 3431: 3429: 3414: 3408: 3407: 3405: 3403: 3397: 3390: 3381: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3346: 3344: 3333: 3327: 3326: 3306: 3297: 3296: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3249: 3240: 3239: 3237: 3235: 3223: 3217: 3216: 3214: 3212: 3197: 3174: 3173: 3171: 3169: 3164:on June 20, 2007 3160:. Archived from 3149: 3132: 3131: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3106: 3105: 3103: 3101: 3086: 3080: 3079: 3077: 3075: 3060: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3032: 3023: 3014: 3013: 3011: 3009: 3001:(6th ed.). 2991: 2978: 2977: 2975: 2973: 2964:. Archived from 2952: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2902: 2896: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2886:on June 13, 2009 2882:. Archived from 2876: 2870: 2869: 2867: 2865: 2850: 2837: 2836: 2816: 2799: 2798: 2786: 2757: 2756: 2754: 2752: 2737: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2695: 2689: 2680: 2674: 2673: 2666: 2657: 2656: 2654: 2652: 2637: 2631: 2630: 2628: 2626: 2611: 2605: 2604: 2602: 2600: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2567: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2543: 2536: 2531: 2530: 2529: 2522: 2520:Geography portal 2517: 2516: 2515: 2508: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2491:Estado de México 2314:Mixtón Rebellion 2249:in August 1521. 2213: 1885: 1880: 1872: 1868: 1696: 1686: 1659: 1649: 1616: 1604: 1603: 1526:San Juan Totolac 1253:pine-oak forests 1139:, the mother of 1133: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1100: 1094: 1088: 1082: 1071: 1060: 1052: 1034: 1024: 1019: 1015: 959:to the west and 945:altiplano region 926:Federal Entities 911: 910: 909: 903: 890: 889: 888: 882: 877: 868: 867: 864: 863: 860: 857: 854: 847: 836: 830: 829: 826: 825: 822: 819: 816: 811: 810: 807: 804: 801: 798: 795: 792: 789: 786: 779: 763: 747: 746: 742: 741: 531: 520: 509: 498: 487: 476: 462:Federal Deputies 447: 438: 429: 406: 371:December 9, 1856 344: 343:and largest city 321: 320: 318: 317: 316: 311: 307: 304: 303: 302: 299: 283: 273:Himno a Tlaxcala 259: 258: 239: 227: 209: 200: 199: 192: 185: 184: 177: 170: 140: 139: 114: 108: 81:Google Translate 66: 62: 45: 44: 37: 21: 4387: 4386: 4382: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4342: 4341: 4340: 4335: 4291:San Luis Potosí 4181:Baja California 4167: 4162: 4132: 4127: 4096: 4070: 4054: 4045: 4004: 3994: 3983: 3981: 3947: 3930: 3913: 3910: 3905: 3890:Research Guides 3884: 3883: 3879: 3869: 3867: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3843: 3841: 3828: 3827: 3816: 3807: 3806: 3802: 3792: 3790: 3785: 3784: 3780: 3770: 3768: 3763: 3762: 3758: 3743: 3741: 3711: 3707: 3698: 3694: 3686: 3682: 3673: 3669: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3621: 3611: 3609: 3600: 3599: 3592: 3583: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3558: 3557: 3553: 3543: 3541: 3540:. June 30, 2014 3532: 3531: 3527: 3517: 3515: 3507: 3503: 3502: 3498: 3488: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3460: 3458: 3454: 3447: 3441: 3437: 3427: 3425: 3415: 3411: 3401: 3399: 3395: 3388: 3382: 3378: 3368: 3366: 3356: 3352: 3342: 3340: 3335: 3334: 3330: 3307: 3300: 3278: 3277: 3273: 3250: 3243: 3233: 3231: 3224: 3220: 3210: 3208: 3207:on July 6, 2009 3199: 3198: 3177: 3167: 3165: 3158:Business Mexico 3150: 3135: 3125: 3123: 3114: 3113: 3109: 3099: 3097: 3088: 3087: 3083: 3073: 3071: 3062: 3061: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3030: 3024: 3017: 3007: 3005: 2993: 2992: 2981: 2971: 2969: 2968:on May 24, 2024 2954: 2953: 2924: 2915: 2913: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2878: 2877: 2873: 2863: 2861: 2852: 2851: 2840: 2817: 2802: 2787: 2760: 2750: 2748: 2739: 2738: 2703: 2693: 2691: 2687: 2681: 2677: 2672:. January 2016. 2668: 2667: 2660: 2650: 2648: 2639: 2638: 2634: 2624: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2608: 2598: 2596: 2587: 2586: 2582: 2569: 2568: 2561: 2557: 2546: 2541: 2539: 2532: 2527: 2525: 2518: 2513: 2511: 2504: 2499: 2497: 2487: 2469: 2449: 2398:(ant eggs) and 2374: 2342: 2255: 2253:Colonial period 2215: 2203: 2195: 2190: 2130: 2106: 2100: 1867: 1697: 1691: 1687: 1660: 1654: 1650: 1621: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1612: 1609: 1601: 1569: 1553:Pico de Orizaba 1365: 1333:economic census 1317: 1311: 1275: 1270: 1242:Abies religiosa 1220: 1174: 1169: 1131: 1123: 1017: 1003: 980:colonial period 905: 904: 884: 883: 875: 851: 842: 841: 834: 813: 783: 774: 773: 759: 744: 718: 691: 690: 669: 631: 630:MXN 158 billion 534: 465: 464: 439: 430: 342: 341: 315:19.433; -98.167 314: 312: 308: 305: 300: 297: 295: 293: 292: 286: 266: 247: 246: 245: 244: 233: 232: 215: 193: 187: 186: 178: 172: 171: 168: 163: 154: 145: 138: 131: 130: 129: 112: 106: 69: 46: 42: 35: 28: 27:State of Mexico 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4385: 4375: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4337: 4336: 4334: 4333: 4328: 4323: 4318: 4313: 4308: 4303: 4298: 4293: 4288: 4283: 4278: 4273: 4268: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4248: 4243: 4238: 4233: 4228: 4223: 4218: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4188: 4183: 4178: 4176:Aguascalientes 4172: 4169: 4168: 4161: 4160: 4153: 4146: 4138: 4129: 4128: 4126: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4110: 4104: 4102: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4094: 4089: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4068: 4062: 4060: 4059:Municipalities 4056: 4055: 4048: 4046: 4044: 4043: 4038: 4033: 4028: 4023: 4018: 4012: 4010: 4006: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3995: 3980: 3979: 3972: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3950: 3942: 3927: 3909: 3908:External links 3906: 3904: 3903: 3877: 3851: 3814: 3800: 3778: 3756: 3705: 3692: 3680: 3667: 3650: 3619: 3590: 3565: 3551: 3525: 3496: 3468: 3435: 3409: 3376: 3362:(in Spanish). 3350: 3328: 3313:(in Spanish). 3298: 3283:(in Spanish). 3271: 3256:(in Spanish). 3241: 3218: 3175: 3133: 3107: 3096:on May 2, 2009 3081: 3064:"Agropecuario" 3048: 3015: 2979: 2922: 2897: 2871: 2838: 2823:(in Spanish). 2800: 2758: 2701: 2675: 2658: 2632: 2606: 2580: 2577:on 2009-12-27. 2558: 2556: 2553: 2552: 2551: 2537: 2523: 2509: 2494: 2493: 2486: 2483: 2468: 2465: 2448: 2445: 2373: 2370: 2341: 2338: 2272:James Lockhart 2259:Charles Gibson 2254: 2251: 2206:Thomas Kitchin 2196: 2194: 2191: 2189: 2186: 2161:Quiahuixtlán. 2129: 2126: 2099: 2096: 2074: 2073: 2070: 2067: 2063: 2062: 2059: 2056: 2052: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2041: 2040: 2037: 2034: 2030: 2029: 2026: 2023: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2008: 2007: 2004: 2001: 1997: 1996: 1993: 1990: 1986: 1985: 1982: 1979: 1975: 1974: 1971: 1968: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1952: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1938: 1935: 1931: 1930: 1927: 1924: 1920: 1919: 1916: 1913: 1909: 1908: 1905: 1902: 1898: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1887: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1864: 1863: 1860: 1855: 1850: 1846: 1845: 1842: 1837: 1832: 1828: 1827: 1824: 1819: 1814: 1810: 1809: 1806: 1801: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1788: 1783: 1778: 1774: 1773: 1770: 1765: 1760: 1756: 1755: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1720: 1719: 1716: 1711: 1706: 1702: 1701: 1680: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1664: 1642: 1641: 1639: 1636: 1631: 1629: 1626: 1623: 1622: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1568: 1565: 1364: 1361: 1353:Gulf of Mexico 1331:. In the last 1310: 1307: 1274: 1271: 1269: 1266: 1219: 1216: 1173: 1170: 1168: 1165: 1122: 1119: 1037:corn tortillas 1002: 999: 765: 764: 757: 753: 752: 736: 730: 729: 726: 720: 719: 717: 716: 713: 710: 707: 704: 701: 698: 695: 681: 680: 679: 677: 671: 670: 667: 665: 659: 658: 648: 642: 641: 638: 634: 633: 628: 624: 623: 619: 618: 615: 609: 608: 603: 599: 598: 595: 591: 590: 585: 581: 580: 577: 573: 572: 568: 567: 564: 560: 559: 553: 549: 548: 545: 541: 540: 536: 535: 533: 532: 521: 510: 499: 488: 477: 460: 459: 458: 456: 449: 448: 420: 413: 412: 400:Lorena Cuéllar 397: 390: 389: 385: 384: 379: 373: 372: 369: 363: 362: 357: 355:Municipalities 351: 350: 345: 335: 334: 329: 323: 322: 288: 287: 284: 276: 275: 268: 267: 253: 249: 248: 240: 234: 228: 222: 221: 220: 217: 216: 210: 202: 201: 165: 164: 159: 156: 155: 146: 143: 136: 133: 132: 128: 127: 120: 109: 87: 84: 73: 70: 63:(January 2023) 51: 50: 49: 47: 40: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4384: 4373: 4370: 4368: 4365: 4363: 4360: 4358: 4355: 4353: 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1573: 1564: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1550: 1546: 1541: 1533: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1515: 1510: 1506: 1504: 1500: 1499:Baroque style 1496: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1443: 1439: 1437: 1433: 1428: 1426: 1417: 1413: 1411: 1401: 1397: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1360: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1346: 1342: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1321: 1316: 1306: 1304: 1300: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1281: 1265: 1262: 1260: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1249: 1244: 1243: 1237: 1233: 1224: 1215: 1213: 1208: 1207:Hernán Cortés 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1164: 1162: 1159:) belongs to 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1143:; the letter 1142: 1138: 1134: 1127: 1118: 1104: 1099: 1093: 1087: 1080: 1075: 1069: 1064: 1056: 1050: 1045: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1028: 1023: 1014: 1008: 998: 996: 991: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 969: 968:Pre-Columbian 964: 962: 958: 954: 950: 946: 941: 939: 935: 931: 927: 923: 919: 915: 908: 902: 898: 894: 887: 881: 873: 872: 866: 845: 839: 838: 828: 777: 771: 762: 758: 754: 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Houston. 2751:August 15, 2694:August 13, 2555:References 2472:Newspapers 2422:xoconostle 2407:mecapales, 2372:Gastronomy 2257:Historian 2102:See also: 1572:Tenancingo 1540:Ecotourism 1451:Ocotelulco 1313:See also: 1295:Altzayanca 1135:refers to 1032:Tlaxcallān 897:Tlaxcallān 571:Population 388:Government 58:in Spanish 4331:Zacatecas 4281:Querétaro 4251:Michoacán 4201:Chihuahua 4031:Zacatelco 4026:Huamantla 4003:(capital) 3990:State of 3870:March 11, 3771:March 11, 3744:March 11, 3364:BBC Mundo 3343:March 21, 3323:0188-5146 3293:0188-5146 3266:0188-5146 3035:Atmosfera 2833:0188-5146 2641:"Relieve" 2447:Education 2395:escamoles 2388:, tacos, 2352:with the 2318:Guatemala 2296:New Spain 2292:Charles V 2227:Totonacas 2069:1,342,977 2058:1,272,847 2047:1,169,936 2036:1,068,207 1817:Papalotla 1768:Zacatelco 1763:Zacatelco 1714:Huamantla 1709:Huamantla 1662:Huamantla 1503:haciendas 1351:, on the 1335:in 2003, 1329:Zacatelco 1291:Terrenate 1187:Zacatelco 1183:Huamantla 1167:Geography 1005:The name 837:-lə, tla- 675:Area code 646:Time zone 617:Tlaxcalan 579:1,342,977 367:Admission 117:talk page 18:Tlaxcalan 4352:Tlaxcala 4321:Veracruz 4316:Tlaxcala 4226:Guerrero 4206:Coahuila 4191:Campeche 4113:Cacaxtla 3992:Tlaxcala 3936:Tlaxcala 3844:June 10, 3793:April 9, 3739:55463057 3674:Gibson, 3423:BBC News 2912:. Farlex 2485:See also 2378:barbacoa 2223:Veracruz 2193:Conquest 2146:Tlatempa 1840:Tlaxcala 1557:Veracruz 1522:Carnival 1487:Malinche 1432:Tizatlán 1386:Tizatlán 1378:Cacaxtla 1349:Veracruz 1341:tianguis 1013:texcalli 1007:Tlaxcala 995:Cacaxtla 982:. After 876:Spanish: 770:Tlaxcala 454:Deputies 418:Senators 395:Governor 271:Anthem: 211:View of 144:Tlaxcala 93:provide 4326:Yucatán 4306:Tabasco 4296:Sinaloa 4261:Nayarit 4256:Morelos 4236:Jalisco 4231:Hidalgo 4216:Durango 4196:Chiapas 4075:History 4021:Apizaco 2430:epazote 2414:tenanas 2410:toritos 2386:tamales 2382:mixiote 2150:Texoloc 2098:History 2025:962,646 2014:883,924 2003:761,277 1992:556,597 1981:420,638 1970:346,699 1959:284,551 1948:224,063 1937:205,458 1926:178,570 1915:184,171 1904:172,315 1893:168,358 1862:19,147 1844:24,342 1835:Ocotlán 1826:28,657 1808:30,417 1790:37,704 1772:45,587 1754:49,506 1750:Apizaco 1745:Apizaco 1736:53,373 1718:59,871 1699:Apizaco 1679:70,244 1619:Source: 1584:pimping 1363:Tourism 1268:Economy 1258:Opuntia 1251:), and 1201:in the 1179:Apizaco 1027:Nahuatl 961:Hidalgo 918:Spanish 891:; from 756:Website 655:Central 613:Demonym 339:Capital 327:Country 301:98°10′W 298:19°26′N 196:Nahuatl 181:Spanish 150:Nahuatl 115:to the 97:in the 60:. 4301:Sonora 4276:Puebla 4271:Oaxaca 4241:México 4211:Colima 4101:Sights 4041:Tlaxco 4009:Cities 3892:. 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