742:
638:
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662:
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59:
1095:
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674:
38:
1021:
Breeding programs for forage grasses and especially timothy have been focusing on the improvement of dry matter yield, resistance to disease, dry matter digestibility, and nutritional value, which depends on target species and environment. Due to high phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity in
753:. Hurd named the grass "hurd grass" but a farmer named Timothy Hanson began to promote cultivation of it as a hay about 1720, and the grass has been known by its present name since then. Timothy has now become naturalized throughout most of the US and Canada.
768:. It is relatively high in fiber, especially when cut late. It is considered a harsh, coarse grass little relished by livestock if cut earlier. It is considered part of the standard mix for grass hay and provides quality
1653:
960:
637:
788:, often making up the bulk of their diet. Timothy hay is rich in long fiber and its abrasive texture helps to grind down the teeth, keeping both the teeth and jaw in good order.
1299:
591:
up to 43 cm (17 in) long and 1.3 cm (0.5 in) broad. The leaves are hairless, rolled rather than folded, and the lower sheaths turn dark brown.
814:
Plants persist through the winter. Dead, straw-colored flowering stems may persist, but only for a short time, and are recognized by the distinctive spike-like
613:
is 70–152 mm (2.75–6 in) long and 6.4–12.7 mm (0.25–0.5 in) broad, with densely packed spikelets. It flowers from June until
September. The
915:
1351:
2020:
627:
It grows well in heavy soil, and is noted for its resistance to cold and drought, and thus ability to grow in dry upland or poor sandy soils. In
1326:"Grazax standardised allergen extract of grass pollen from Timothy grass (Phleum pratense) 75,000 SQ-T sublingual tablets blister foil (267955)"
749:
Timothy was unintentionally introduced to North
America by early settlers, and was first described in 1711 by John Hurd from plants growing in
2095:
853:
827:
1826:
2180:
661:
1945:
1538:
Nelson HS (November 2014). "Oral/sublingual Phleum pretense grass tablet (Grazax/Grastek) to treat allergic rhinitis in the USA".
2046:
1971:
1377:
2118:
1106:
2051:
1188:
1022:
individual plants, and the polyploidy of many species, breeding programs for timothy are accompanied by some difficulties.
1094:
2338:
890:
1583:
1860:
1821:
2343:
2323:
1503:
Kay AB (December 2007). "An extract of
Timothy-grass pollen used as sublingual immunotherapy for summer hay fever".
2313:
2275:
2244:
863:
2100:
2318:
2308:
2007:
945:
871:
2239:
2123:
2198:
2082:
1038:). Timothy flowers later, from June until August, whereas meadow foxtail flowers from April until June. The
1927:
1901:
988:
1787:
2348:
2033:
1875:
1777:
1772:
1749:
1274:
1599:
2193:
1976:
1405:"Grazax: a sublingual immunotherapy vaccine for Hay fever treatment: from concept to commercialization"
1151:
1146:
2328:
2280:
2110:
1710:
908:
1224:
649:
58:
2074:
1618:
1454:"Critical appraisal of Timothy grass pollen extract Grazax in the management of allergic rhinitis"
2185:
1922:
1914:
1813:
901:
843:
2254:
2025:
1896:
1672:
1075:
811:). It also grows in roadsides and abandoned fields but generally requires nutrient-rich soils.
643:
Close-up of flower head showing purple stamen (3 per floret) and feathery stigma (2 per floret)
2221:
1634:
741:
185:
2149:
1999:
1834:
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8:
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20:
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1909:
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1453:
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Scaparrotta A, Attanasi M, Petrosino MI, Di
Filippo P, Di Pillo S, Chiarelli F (2015).
1429:
1404:
631:
it tends to be overwhelmed by more competitive grasses. After cutting it grows slowly.
209:
53:
1888:
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2144:
1795:
1555:
1520:
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1184:
973:
19:"Timothy hay" redirects here. For the author who used Timothy Hay as a pen name, see
1661:
1567:
704:. Larger, to 150 cm (59 in) tall. Widespread. Native to the Mediterranean.
2333:
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1800:
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1475:
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1416:
1081:
1053:
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1963:
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1300:"Prescription medicines: registration of new chemical entities in Australia, 2017"
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509:
96:
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1731:
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Barber D, Rico P, Blanco C, Fernandez-Rivas M, Ibañez MD, Escribese MM (2019).
1325:
1217:
1074:) grows above 1,800 m (6,000 feet). A "wild Timothy" was found to grow in
1067:
1061:
564:
552:
in the early 18th century. Upon his recommendation it became a major source of
83:
1137:
1088:), another species with a similar cylindrical panicle, is toxic to livestock.
673:
2297:
2159:
1865:
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201:
109:
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1984:
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1704:
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122:
1937:
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1950:
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729:
690:
447:(Litard. & Maire) Rivas Mart., A.Asensi, Molero Mesa & F.Valle
1631:
Scribner, F. Lampson, "Grasses of
Mountain Meadows and Deer Parks" in
1451:
1989:
1958:
1883:
1847:
1010:
857:
1666:
1636:
Proceedings of the
Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science
2206:
1689:
1039:
885:
152:
2012:
1852:
540:
It is probably named after
Timothy Hanson, an American farmer and
537:, consisting of about 15 species of annual and perennial grasses.
1808:
1352:"Prescription medicines and biologicals: TGA annual summary 2017"
1043:
1042:
of timothy are twin hornlike projections arranged in cylindrical
628:
599:
512:
142:
1839:
37:
1402:
773:
757:
621:
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557:
533:
162:
132:
1262:
Reader's Digest Nature Lover's
Library Wild Flowers of Britain
765:
70:
588:
587:
Timothy grows to 48–150 cm (19–59 in) tall, with
1078:
at the time of its discovery but may have been a foxtail.
761:
553:
1378:"Grastek- timothy grass pollen allergen extract tablet"
1267:
1100:Close-up of flower head showing hornlike spikelets
1016:
2295:
1181:The Observer's Book of Grasses, Sedge and Rushes
772:. Timothy hay is a staple food for domestic pet
1025:
1009:Timothy grass pollen allergen is used to treat
259:(Salis) Gamisans, A.T.Romero & C.Morales
889:
667:Showing bulbous base and brown leaf sheaths
36:
1479:
1469:
1428:
996:
864:Micromedex Detailed Consumer Information
740:
515:native to most of Europe except for the
1632:
1610:
1409:Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics
1238:Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary
828:Timothy grass pollen allergen extract (
736:
2296:
1662:Timothy - US Department of Agriculture
1537:
1356:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1330:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1304:Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA)
1191:, published by Frederick Warne and Co.
1671:
1670:
1060:) prefers lighter soils and grows on
1046:, whereas foxtail has a soft, single
967:
880:
862:
2245:f06b2181-20ad-4801-99dc-ef1b5631df54
2111:6dec4992-8d8f-4974-9535-079cb0fdf0b7
1611:Bunnell, Lafayette Houghton (1880).
1540:Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
1458:Drug Design, Development and Therapy
927:
1590:; description, retrieved 2010-12-1.
1502:
13:
1275:"Phleum pratense subsp. pratense*"
14:
2360:
1647:
1183:by Francis Rose, page 112, 1976,
954:
795:use it as a food plant, e.g. the
2199:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:415868-1
1223:
1105:
1093:
672:
660:
648:
636:
544:said to have introduced it from
411:(Litard. & Maire) Kerguélen
251:(Litard. & Maire) Kerguélen
57:
1625:
1604:
1593:
1574:
1531:
1496:
1445:
1396:
1370:
1344:
1318:
821:
1600:Jepson Manual - Phleum alpinum
1517:10.1358/dot.2007.43.12.1162079
1292:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1194:
1174:
1165:
1130:
1017:Breeding objectives in timothy
582:
531:. It is a member of the genus
1:
1617:. Fleming H. Revell. p.
1421:10.1080/21645515.2019.1622976
1123:
684:
563:Timothy can be confused with
556:and cattle fodder to British
315:Boiss. & Heldr. ex Nyman
1633:Lazenby, William R. (1889).
1552:10.1586/1744666X.2014.963556
1206:The Louisville Daily Courier
1026:Confusion with other species
760:feed and, in particular, as
7:
10:
2365:
2339:Medicinal plants of Europe
1171:Clause 5.3.2.2.3 BS 7370-5
1152:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew
1147:Plants of the World Online
1030:It is often confused with
714:. Smaller, to 70 cm (
351:(Janka) Serb. & Nyár.
339:(Schur) Serb. & Nyár.
18:
1679:
1250:Oxford English Dictionary
1208:. July 9, 1859. p. 4
987:
982:
944:
939:
914:
900:
870:
852:
842:
837:
756:It is commonly grown for
655:Ligule is short and blunt
560:in the mid-18th century.
215:
208:
191:
184:
54:Scientific classification
52:
44:
35:
30:
2344:Plants described in 1753
2324:Flora of Northern Europe
1264:, p. 430, published 1988
2314:Flora of Eastern Europe
1252:, s.v. "timothy grass".
363:(Ruiz ex Nyman) Malag.
2319:Flora of Middle Europe
2309:Bunchgrasses of Europe
1054:Purple-stem cat's-tail
746:
573:purple-stem cat's-tail
519:. It is also known as
1614:Discovery of Yosemite
744:
484:Stelephuros pratensis
256:Phleum brachystachyum
1240:, 11th ed., p. 1310.
1115:Alopecurus pratensis
1082:Timothy canary grass
1036:Alopecurus pratensis
770:nutrition for horses
737:Cultivation and uses
624:is short and blunt.
569:Alopecurus pratensis
517:Mediterranean region
423:Asch. & Graebn.
296:Phleum microstachyum
239:Litard. & Maire
224:Achnodonton bulbosum
1471:10.2147/DDDT.S70432
1384:. 19 September 2022
963:(Prescription only)
834:
809:Melanargia galathea
476:Plantinia pratensis
436:Phleum stoloniferum
21:Margaret Wise Brown
2349:Grasses of Lebanon
1586:2011-07-17 at the
826:
801:Thymelicus lineola
747:
471:Chase & Niles
428:Phleum roshevitzii
312:Phleum parnassicum
244:Phleum bertolonii
2291:
2290:
2145:Open Tree of Life
1673:Taxon identifiers
1415:(12): 2887–2895.
1007:
1006:
971:
958:
883:
529:common cat's tail
525:meadow cat's-tail
508:) is an abundant
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2088:NHMSYS0000461024
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1112:Meadow foxtail (
1109:
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1086:Phalaris angusta
1068:Mountain timothy
1058:Phleum phleoides
1000:
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577:Phleum phleoides
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452:Phleum tuberosum
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416:Phleum pratense
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404:Phleum pratense
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392:Phleum pratense
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380:Phleum pratense
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368:Phleum pratense
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344:Phleum pratense
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227:(Gouan) J.Woods
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177:P. pratense
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28:
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16:Species of grass
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1711:Phleum pratense
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1656:Phleum pratense
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1588:Wayback Machine
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1202:"Timothy Grass"
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1140:Phleum pratense
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848:Grazax, Grastek
830:Phleum pratense
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708:Phleum pratense
698:Phleum pratense
687:
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644:
641:
585:
550:southern states
542:agriculturalist
505:Phleum pratense
493:
460:Phleum villosum
455:Panz. ex Trin.
444:Phleum trabutii
417:
405:
393:
381:
369:
357:
345:
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321:
275:Roem. ex Trin.
264:Phleum bulbosum
245:
233:
232:Phleum alpinum
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195:Phleum pratense
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1530:
1505:Drugs of Today
1495:
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1395:
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1358:. 21 June 2022
1343:
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1306:. 21 June 2022
1291:
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1218:Newspapers.com
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1111:
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1099:
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1072:Phleum alpinum
1062:chalk downland
1032:meadow foxtail
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689:There are two
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565:meadow foxtail
495:
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468:Phleum vulgare
465:
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389:
377:
365:
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341:
329:
324:brachystachyum
317:
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304:Phleum nodosum
301:
299:Ruiz ex Nyman
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288:Phleum maximum
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272:Phleum deckeri
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112:
107:
100:
99:
94:
87:
86:
81:
74:
73:
68:
64:
63:
50:
49:
45:Habitus, ssp.
42:
41:
33:
32:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2361:
2350:
2347:
2345:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2335:
2332:
2330:
2327:
2325:
2322:
2320:
2317:
2315:
2312:
2310:
2307:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2282:
2277:
2273:
2269:
2264:
2260:
2256:
2250:
2246:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2213:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2155:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2106:
2102:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2080:
2076:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2057:
2053:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1995:
1991:
1986:
1982:
1978:
1973:
1969:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1939:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1898:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1871:
1867:
1862:
1858:
1854:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1737:
1733:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1712:
1706:
1702:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1686:
1684:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:
1652:
1651:
1638:
1637:
1628:
1620:
1616:
1615:
1607:
1601:
1596:
1589:
1585:
1582:
1577:
1569:
1565:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1511:(12): 841–8.
1510:
1506:
1499:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1426:
1422:
1418:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1383:
1379:
1373:
1357:
1353:
1347:
1332:. 26 May 2022
1331:
1327:
1321:
1305:
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1295:
1280:
1276:
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1263:
1258:
1251:
1246:
1239:
1234:
1226:
1219:
1212:September 20,
1207:
1203:
1197:
1190:
1189:0 7232 1533 2
1186:
1182:
1177:
1168:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1143:
1141:
1133:
1129:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1103:
1096:
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1090:
1089:
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1083:
1079:
1077:
1073:
1069:
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1063:
1059:
1055:
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1037:
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986:
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930:
925:
922:
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917:
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905:
899:
892:
891:Timothy grass
887:
878:
877:
875:
873:
869:
865:
861:
859:
855:
851:
847:
845:
841:
838:Clinical data
836:
831:
819:
817:
816:inflorescence
812:
810:
806:
805:marbled white
802:
798:
797:Essex skipper
794:
789:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
759:
754:
752:
751:New Hampshire
745:Inflorescence
743:
731:
713:
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703:
699:
696:
695:
694:
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675:
670:
663:
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623:
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574:
570:
566:
561:
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555:
551:
547:
543:
538:
536:
535:
530:
526:
522:
521:timothy-grass
518:
514:
511:
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501:
485:
482:
477:
474:
469:
466:
461:
458:
453:
450:
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442:
437:
434:
429:
426:
421:
414:
409:
402:
399:(Host) Rchb.
397:
390:
385:
378:
375:(L.) Dumort.
373:
366:
361:
360:microstachyum
354:
349:
342:
337:
330:
325:
318:
313:
310:
305:
302:
297:
294:
289:
286:
281:
280:Phleum fallax
278:
273:
270:
265:
262:
257:
254:
249:
242:
237:
230:
225:
222:
221:
220:
219:
214:
211:
207:
203:
198:
196:
190:
187:
186:Binomial name
183:
179:
178:
173:
170:
169:
166:
165:
161:
158:
157:
154:
151:
148:
147:
144:
141:
138:
137:
134:
131:
128:
127:
124:
121:
118:
115:
114:
111:
108:
105:
102:
101:
98:
95:
92:
89:
88:
85:
84:Tracheophytes
82:
79:
76:
75:
72:
69:
66:
65:
60:
55:
51:
48:
43:
39:
34:
29:
26:
22:
1680:
1655:
1635:
1627:
1613:
1606:
1595:
1576:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1508:
1504:
1498:
1464:: 5897–909.
1461:
1457:
1447:
1412:
1408:
1398:
1386:. Retrieved
1381:
1372:
1360:. Retrieved
1355:
1346:
1334:. Retrieved
1329:
1320:
1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1294:
1283:. Retrieved
1281:. 2010-07-06
1278:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1216:– via
1210:. Retrieved
1205:
1196:
1180:
1176:
1167:
1155:. Retrieved
1145:
1139:
1132:
1113:
1085:
1080:
1071:
1066:
1057:
1052:
1035:
1029:
1020:
1008:
946:Legal status
940:Legal status
872:License data
829:
822:Medical uses
813:
808:
800:
793:caterpillars
790:
755:
748:
711:
707:
701:
697:
688:
626:
619:
608:
593:
586:
576:
568:
562:
539:
532:
528:
524:
520:
504:
503:
499:
498:
487:(L.) Lunell
483:
479:(L.) Bubani
475:
467:
459:
451:
443:
435:
427:
415:
403:
396:stoloniferum
391:
379:
367:
355:
343:
331:
319:
311:
303:
295:
287:
279:
271:
263:
255:
243:
231:
223:
194:
192:
176:
175:
163:
116:
103:
90:
77:
46:
25:
2070:NatureServe
1985:iNaturalist
1705:Wikispecies
1581:bsbi.org.uk
983:Identifiers
844:Trade names
782:chinchillas
778:guinea pigs
583:Description
546:New England
384:roshevitzii
149:Subfamily:
123:Commelinids
97:Angiosperms
2298:Categories
2252:WisFlora:
2173:kew-433846
2168:Plant List
1785:Calflora:
1285:2021-06-12
1124:References
1118:) spikelet
998:65M88RW2EG
909:Sublingual
803:) and the
732:grassland.
730:Calcareous
712:bertolonii
691:subspecies
685:Subspecies
617:are pink.
611:flowerhead
594:It has no
1959:GrassBase
1928:200025874
1902:200025874
1884:FloraBase
1279:AusGrass2
1040:spikelets
1011:hay fever
902:Routes of
858:Drugs.com
602:, and no
510:perennial
336:elongatum
171:Species:
67:Kingdom:
2304:Pooideae
2240:VicFlora
2229:VASCAN:
2212:25509875
2207:Tropicos
2157:PalDat:
2075:2.135574
2026:11192972
2013:415868-1
1964:imp07982
1822:eFloraSA
1762:BioLib:
1690:Wikidata
1584:Archived
1568:23698482
1560:25340426
1525:18174969
1490:26604688
1439:31157592
1382:DailyMed
1362:31 March
1076:Yosemite
1044:panicles
916:ATC code
886:DailyMed
702:pratense
604:auricles
600:rhizomes
408:trabutii
248:trabutii
236:trabutii
210:Synonyms
153:Pooideae
139:Family:
110:Monocots
47:pratense
31:Timothy
2334:Forages
2222:5407488
1951:9014945
1840:1114570
1809:Ecocrop
1696:Q256508
1481:4639524
1430:6930101
1388:9 April
1336:9 April
1310:9 April
932:)
926: (
924:V01AA02
888::
774:rabbits
723:⁄
710:subsp.
700:subsp.
629:pasture
596:stolons
558:farmers
548:to the
500:Timothy
431:Pavlov
420:vulgare
372:nodosum
159:Genus:
143:Poaceae
129:Order:
71:Plantae
2281:577519
2219:uBio:
2181:PLANTS
2150:578767
2137:139420
2108:NZOR:
1938:phlpra
1935:FoIO:
1876:phlpra
1873:FEIS:
1866:192408
1778:121043
1739:APDB:
1719:AoFP:
1566:
1558:
1523:
1488:
1478:
1437:
1427:
1187:
1157:29 May
974:℞-only
972:
959:
884:
784:, and
766:horses
758:cattle
622:ligule
615:stamen
589:leaves
534:Phleum
418:subsp.
406:subsp.
382:subsp.
370:subsp.
358:subsp.
348:fallax
322:subsp.
291:Pryor
283:Janka
267:Gouan
246:subsp.
234:subsp.
164:Phleum
133:Poales
2276:WoRMS
2186:PHPR3
2119:NZPCN
2101:15957
2052:41062
2039:40248
2021:IRMNG
1997:IPA:
1990:57190
1977:28019
1910:FoAO2
1861:EUNIS
1853:PHLPR
1801:4GFZQ
1765:42637
1755:82040
1742:54585
1729:APA:
1564:S2CID
791:Some
786:degus
679:Seeds
571:) or
513:grass
463:Opiz
439:Host
117:Clade
104:Clade
91:Clade
78:Clade
2255:4478
2232:7827
2194:POWO
2124:3030
2096:NCBI
2062:2183
2047:ITIS
2008:IPNI
2000:6179
1972:GRIN
1946:GBIF
1848:EPPO
1814:8516
1788:6431
1773:BOLD
1750:APNI
1732:4995
1722:1864
1556:PMID
1521:PMID
1486:PMID
1435:PMID
1390:2023
1364:2024
1338:2023
1312:2023
1214:2015
1185:ISBN
1159:2022
989:UNII
854:AHFS
764:for
620:The
609:The
394:var.
2263:WFO
2083:NBN
2034:ISC
1923:FoC
1897:FNA
1889:554
1835:EoL
1796:CoL
1619:245
1548:doi
1513:doi
1476:PMC
1466:doi
1425:PMC
1417:doi
1048:awn
929:WHO
762:hay
598:or
579:).
554:hay
527:or
523:,
307:L.
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2278::
2265::
2242::
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955:AU
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346:f.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
