Timeline of DOS operating systems

5079:. The Deskpro 386 system memory board was expandable to 10 MB, but no operating system was yet available to exploit more than the 1 MB address space of the original IBM PC (except by creating RAM disks and disk caches; Compaq utilities VDISK.SYS and CACHE.EXE did this). Compaq called their solution to the 32 MB partition limit enhanced disk, which was implemented with a custom Compaq version of FDISK that allowed creation of multiple MS-DOS partitions on a single hard drive, and the ENHDISK.SYS device driver installed into CONFIG.SYS to access those extra partitions. Model 130's enhanced disk could hold four 32 MB partitions. 4122:, which adds support for quadruple, or high density (80-track), 15 sectors per track 1.2 MB (1,228,800 bytes; 2,400 sectors) floppy disks. Their FAT fills seven sectors (14 for two copies) and root directory 14 (holding up to 224 entries), leaving 2,371 1-sector clusters (1,213,952 bytes) for data. The hard disk has 614 cylinders, four sides, and 17 sectors/track, a total of 41,752 sectors or 21,377,024 bytes raw space. The 12-bit FAT design allows for a maximum of 4,078 clusters. DOS cluster sizes are powers of two, so to avoid using 16-sector clusters and support larger hard disks more efficiently, DOS added a new 2933:, after a delay for functional, usability and performance testing (when first loaded out of the box, it displays the date 2/10/82, perhaps suggesting when it was finished). For about six months PC DOS was the only operating system available for the PC. Recently, IBM also released the UCSD p-System. Existing CP/M-86 programs running on other computers must be converted to run on the IBM PC. Partly because CP/M-86 was priced six times higher than PC DOS (price: $ 40), it fails to challenge PC DOS as the 16-bit industry standard. 96 percent of the early PC owners chose DOS over CP/M or the p-System. 5826:. Plagued with reports of bugs and incompatibilities, DOS 4.0 has been widely reported as being virtually unusable in its present state. IBM said that this was not a new version but a "maintenance diskette" to fix minor problems. However, early users said that the more serious incompatibilities resulting from a change in file structure have not been fixed by the upgrade. IBM also released two enhanced PS/2 Model 30s that use the classic AT bus rather than the MCA bus, based on the 286 instead of 8086 processor, with VGA instead of MCGA graphics and 1.44 MB disk drives replacing 720 KB drives. 5742:. The DOS Shell could run in either text mode or graphics mode (on supported hardware), depending on how it was configured in the file DOSSHELL.BAT. Text mode is required to avoid incompatibilities (video conflicts) while running many popular TSR programs in graphics mode. IBM DOS 4.0 supports Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS 4.0 on IBM's Expanded Memory Adapter, and is the first MS-DOS/PC DOS version that is "EMS-aware" and can use the EMS memory when it is available. DOS 4 supports hard disk partitions over 32 MB, up to 1024 MB. It also offers a hard drive 4546:, a superset of Graphic Software Systems' VDI. Ashton-Tate's development director said that because the EGA slows down the 8088, creating performance problems, the EGA's technical benefits almost require the 80286. A Microsoft software engineer said the basic 64 KB EGA forces a trade-off between resolution and color—a user can have either 4-color 640×350 or 16-color 640×200 resolution, recommending the 64 KB piggyback board for good performance of 16 colors at 640×350 resolution. Historically, graphics has been viewed as a 18019: 4215:

the Hercules' 720×348. The EGA has the advantage of being "IBM standard" with built-in BIOS support, while Hercules has the initial advantage of being more widely used and software-supported. For color monitors, all seven CGA modes are supported. 80-column text mode resolution improved from the CGA's 640×200 to 640×350—shy of the 720×350 resolution achieved by Compaq. Three new graphics modes were added, including 16 colors simultaneously from a

3559:, and introduces nine sectors per track floppy disk formats, which increase floppy storage capacity by about 12%. Single-sided 180 KB (184,320 bytes; 360 sectors) and double-sided 360 KB (368,640 bytes; 720 sectors) diskettes require more than the maximum 340 FAT entries a 512-byte sector can hold, so the FAT size is doubled, leaving 351 sectors (179,712 bytes) for data on single-sided disks and 354 clusters (362,496 bytes) on double-sided disks. 5332:(MCA) bus is introduced—Models 50 and 60 use a 16-bit version, while Model 80 uses a version that supports 32-bit data and addressing. The upgrade from DOS 3.2 to 3.3 was completely written by IBM, with no development effort on the part of Microsoft, who were working on "Advanced DOS 1.0". Soon after release, some users with non-IBM hardware reported hard drive problems. The MS-DOS version of 3.3 was still being tested by Microsoft. The 18030: 4961:, the first multitasking version. Apricot will sell MS-DOS 4.0 to European customers as the controlling program for network servers that support a new family of Apricot microcomputers. Apricot will also offer MS-Net 2, a new version of Microsoft's LAN. Developers and industry insiders expect Microsoft to bypass that version in the United States in favor of a more powerful version, MS-DOS 5.0, which will access up to 16 MB of RAM. 4930:-inch floppy. The Token Ring Network allows IBM PC users to share printers, files, and other devices. Supporting software includes the IBM Token Ring/PC Network Interconnect Program and the advanced program-to-program communications for the IBM PC (APP/PC). Some dealers carrying IBM's earlier networking product, the IBM PC Network, are waiting to gauge demand for the Token Ring Network before carrying the product. 6010:

DOS 4.0 handles expanded memory. Also, no software developers have yet released applications that require the new version of DOS, which could force users to make the jump. Hardware vendors are taking longer than usual to adopt the new DOS for their hardware. Since other DOS updates have traditionally entered the workplace primarily accompanying the purchase of new PCs, this too hampered its adoption.

3832:. which supported PCjr's ability to run programs from ROM cartridges and slightly different disk controller architecture. Its built-in CGA-compatible display adapter added three special graphics modes which would not be supported by later generation adapters. International modifications in MS-DOS 2.01 were not included because IBM did not want them. PCjr ships first quarter 1984 in limited supply. 3305:. The Compaq Portable has a CGA-compatible display adapter which shows its text mode characters with MDA-resolution, effectively combining the virtues of the CGA and the MDA. Its operating system was called Compaq-DOS, adding to the confusing host of names for MS-DOS. Microsoft finally insisted that their operating system be called MS-DOS, and eventually everyone but IBM complied. A June 1983 503: 4126:(0x04) for partitions larger than 15 MB, using a 16-bit FAT, which allows a smaller 4-sector cluster size. As a result, DOS 2.x hard disks larger than 15 MB, which used a 12-bit FAT (type 0x01) are incompatible with later versions of DOS. The 286 has a 24-bit address bus that can address 16 MB of RAM, and IBM officially supported expansion to 3 MB. PC DOS 3.0 supported use of 5699:, which replaces Windows 2.03. It provides an extra 50 KB above the 640 KB DOS limit, when running on a system with more than 1 MB of extended memory available. A future version, as well as the next EMS, will add 64 KB rather than 50 KB to main memory. Windows/286 still runs on 8086/8088-based systems, but without this new memory. Windows/386, version 2.1 was also released. 3886:

uses black-and-white graphics at 640×200 resolution. Although it was highly hyped in 1982 and 1983, Visi On never caught on—it was painfully slow and overpriced ($ 1765 with the mouse, a spreadsheet similar to VisiCalc, and word-processing and graphics programs). Few users had mice and hard disks, and many balked at paying $ 2500 or more to add them to their computers.

4004:, which allows users to run up to four programs simultaneously using PC DOS and/or CP/M. Concurrent PC DOS supports up to four windows and requires 256 KB RAM, with 512 KB recommended. It can support two users, with one attaching a dumb terminal to the micro's serial port. Concurrent PC DOS, due out by the end of 1984, will be offered for the 3708:(single in-line memory module), which integrates nine 64-kilobit RAM chips into a .75 by 3-inch space. Wang said the SIMM could lessen the need for 256-kilobit chips which have just started production and are relatively costly, since the SIMM is denser than 256 kb and is available now. The SIMM is being offered to interested semiconductor makers, and 4008:. However, the PC mode is not perfectly compatible. It may have trouble with programs that bypass the operating system to address specific memory locations, and is only DOS 1.1 compatible, so it can't read beyond 2.0's root directories. PC expert Peter Norton thinks multitasking and multiuser abilities are more than the PC was meant to handle. 5975:(VCPI) specification published by Phar Lap and Quarterdeck. Other members are AI Architects, Quadram, Qualitas and Rational Systems. VCPI resolved conflicts with memory managers by defining a communication protocol for the DOS extender to borrow RAM from the memory manager and use memory manager services to switch processor modes. 3040:, double-density floppy disk drive. The double-sided directory increased from four to seven sectors, allowing up to 112 directory entries, leaving 630 sectors, i.e. 315 clusters (322,560 bytes) for data (cluster size doubled to two sectors). The 2-byte last modified time was inserted at the end of the directory's reserved 4973:(XMA) for the 3270 PC, which enables users to have multiple DOS sessions and a host session, or multiple host sessions and one DOS session. The XMA is not compatible with the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft specification, but uses a bank-switching technique that closely resembles AST's EEMS. IBM also announced TopView 1.10 and the 4571:, but said there were still undocumented chip performance problems with the prerelease version of Concurrent DOS 286 running on the E-step. Intel said the approach Digital Research wished to take in emulating 8086 software in protected mode differed from the original specifications. Intel will make minor changes in the 5552:-level compatible boards soon followed. Unlike MCA, VGA was quickly accepted in the video board industry as the new standard. While IBM's PS/2 VGA adapter only has an analog port, third-party VGA-compatible cards have both an analog 15-pin port and a digital nine-pin port for compatibility with prior hardware. 7239:

is released for retail at one minute past midnight on the 25th. It also comes with MS-DOS 7.1, but now FAT32 support is available to any purchaser, not just OEM. Allows users to create an Emergency Boot Disk that boots into MS-DOS 7.1, which includes real-mode CD-ROM drivers and MS-DOS utilities used

5849:

Microsoft urged its OEMs to wait for a bug-fixing update of DOS 4.0 code before shipping their own versions. Microsoft released a DOS 4.0 Binary Adaption Kit - containing the operating system and utilities to help OEMs adapt it to their hardware - shortly after the mid-July announcement of DOS 4.0.

5150:

of the 80386, but only on Compaq's Deskpro 386, by using CEMM. Quarterdeck calls it the first "control program" or "virtual machine manager" for 386-based machines—it runs up to nine applications simultaneously in up to 640 KB of memory each, supporting applications using EMS memory, even though that

5133:

said at least one contract is pending with a U.S. manufacturer. He said that MS-DOS 4.0 "doesn't move forward with the 286"—it does not replace Xenix or offer a completely multiuser DOS. It is intended for networks in which every workstation can process requests as a high-performance, non-dedicated

3885:

Visi On, the first graphical user interface-based operating environment for the PC—generally viewed as VisiCorp's answer to Apple's Lisa—ships. It runs on top of DOS 2.0 and requires at least 512 KB RAM and a 5 MB hard drive, a Mouse Systems-compatible mouse and CGA. It does not make use of color—it

3716:

have committed to manufacture 64 KB (9 × 64 kb) RAM modules based on the SIMM design. The SIMM's 30 pins are inserted into a plastic chip carrier rather than the gold-plated leadless ceramic chip carrier. Added address pins were included to enable upgrading, and Wang said it will soon assemble 256-kb

2817:

that it took Digital Research three months to develop CP/M-86, while MP/M-86 (suggested retail $ 500) took four-man-years (two actual years). Solving the problem of concurrency, among other things, accounted for the extra MP/M-86 development time. In concurrent systems, several functions, organized

6568:(when run in 386 Enhanced mode), and multimedia support for all customers (not just OEMs, as was the case for Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions). The new multimedia abilities in Windows hastened the decline of MS-DOS for use with multimedia applications and was a requirement to meet Microsoft's 6524:

Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions. This version, sold via OEMs only, includes Media Player, Music Box (audio CD player), Sound Recorder, a new clock, screen savers, upgraded Help file support, joystick, MIDI, and sound support (recording and playing). While still having the

6318:

IBM promised VESA members that it would soon introduce an ISA version of the XGA and an OEM version of the XGA chipset, but declined to give a time frame. The move put its orphaned 8514/A standard in a precarious state. Just weeks later, IBM reneged on selling the chips and said it would license XGA

6009:

reported that a year after its introduction, DOS 4.01's acceptance by users is slower than expected and lags behind the endorsements that greeted its predecessors. Users said they don't need its large disk partitions, can't afford to update their existing machines, and are wary of problems with how

5954:

VESA adopts an extended-VGA mode—Super VGA—displaying 800×600 resolution with 16 colors. Within months this expanded to support 1,024×768 pixels with 256 colors, which was called 1K VGA or 1024 display to distinguish this Super VGA from the 800×600 mode. VESA members formed an 8514/A subcommittee to

5922:

Developers Struggle With DOS Choices: As companies such as Lotus and Microsoft bring out improved but code-intensive versions of their programs, they're relying on bank-switching techniques or DOS extenders to make their programs run more efficiently under the 640K of RAM allowed by DOS. The choice

5426:

Fox Software ships Foxbase 2.0 386. Phar Lap admits its DOS extender conflicts with TSR programs as well as Novell NetWare. Fox found Intelligent Graphics Corp.'s X-AM currently more reliable, and built an X-AM run-time version into Foxbase 2.0 386. The key to X-AM's performance is apparently its

4679:

reported that business users were displaying a nearly insatiable demand for more disk storage capacity. A company was selling a disk system for the PC/AT that could hold 240 megabytes in one file, and many 40- and 80-megabyte disks were in use. However, there was a problem. DOS limited partitions

4214:

called the Graphics Memory Expansion Card. A further 128 KB ($ 259) added to the piggyback board produces a fully loaded 256 KB EGA card (total cost: $ 982). For use with monochrome monitors, the EGA supports MDA-text mode and adds a 640×350 monochrome graphics mode, a slightly lower resolution than

3867:

salesman into running the ad on credit, by hiring extra people so Borland would look like a busy, venture-backed company, making sure the phones were ringing and the extras were scurrying around. Borland expected to sell maybe $ 20,000 worth of software and at least pay for the ad—they sold $

3589:

25h and 26h, which read or write complete sectors, redefined their rules for absolute sector addressing, "sabotaging" programs using these services. The XT motherboard uses 64-kilobit DIP chips, supporting up to 256 KB on board. With 384 KB on expansion cards, users could officially reach the 640 KB

6765:

replaces the MS-DOS Editor. According to IBM, the PC DOS kernel is based on the MS-DOS 6 kernel. However, in July IBM officials said the compression utility (a version of AddStor's SuperStor) is incompatible with OS/2 2.1, so users must decompress drives to move data back and forth. IBM and AddStor

6735:

disk compression, new disk utilities (SCANDISK and disk defragment), anti-virus, backup and PC-to-PC file transfer utilities, power management, enhanced disk caching, a more user-friendly HELP utility, improved accessibility for those with disabilities, and a system diagnostics program. Some of the

6097:

Responding to increasing industry confusion about the relative roles of Windows and OS/2, during the COMDEX IBM and Microsoft jointly issue a news release titled "IBM and Microsoft Expand Partnership; Set Future DOS and OS/2 Directions." Most development resources will be applied to OS/2, with the

5806:

The Phar Lap Virtual Memory Manager, scheduled for release in October, is unveiled at the Desqview Developers' Conference. The combination of Desqview, QEMM, and applications written to use Phar Lap's new product will run applications concurrently without memory restraints, something that OS/2 also

4721:

C&T ships its first AT-compatible chipset, five chips that replace 63 motherboard components, making it a hardware equivalent of the Phoenix BIOS. Phoenix is working on an AT-compatible design that uses the C&T chipset, and a design that integrates graphics onto the motherboard. The CHIPSet

4016:

introduces the first Phoenix PC ROM-BIOS which enabled OEMs to build essentially 100%-compatible clones without having to reverse-engineer the IBM PC BIOS themselves, as Compaq had done for the Portable, helping fuel the growth in the PC compatibles industry and sales of non-IBM versions of MS-DOS.

6393:

can load an OS/2 application and then trap all of its OS/2 API calls and handle them within the DOS extender or convert them to equivalent MS-DOS function calls. In other words, Phar Lap created an OS/2 compatibility box for DOS. A 16-bit protected-mode DOS application can be built by compiling it

5840:

Lotus, Intel and AST Research officially endorse XMS 2.0; Qualitas and Phar Lap say their products will support the spec as well. Although extended memory is faster than expanded memory, delays in acceptance of XMS, which brought the same sort of order to extended memory as the widely accepted EMS

4935:

Microsoft is expected to release MS-DOS 3.2 to compatible manufacturers, with the same features as PC DOS 3.2. A new device driver RAMDRIVE.SYS creates a virtual disk in either conventional memory, extended memory or Lotus-Intel-Microsoft expanded memory. However, the MS-DOS kernel does not take

4364:

device interface specification 3.0 (EMS, not to be confused with IBM's extended memory). The specification allows use of up to 8 MB of RAM. Above Board packs up to 2 MB, and two Above Boards can coexist in the same system. A source estimated that 4 MB of RAM would yield about 500,000 cells in a

2851:

drops its 13-year case against IBM, that had sought to break up the firm that has dominated the computer industry, saying the suit was "without merit and should be dismissed." Government lawyers said the case was outdated because IBM no longer enjoyed a virtual monopoly in the computer industry.

6960:

Microsoft introduces Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2, a.k.a. "Windows 3.2". This version was an update to the Simplified Chinese version of Windows 3.1, adding a few more IMEs (Input Method Editors) and a Chinese font editor. Otherwise, it is the same as Windows 3.11 and no other market

6037:, has become a significant problem for users who want to run programs that use DOS extenders on 1-megabyte systems. The problem arises when products like Lotus 1-2-3, Release 3.0 try to use the memory that is tied up supporting shadow RAM. Invisible Software Inc. announced a $ 40 program called 5015:

While software makers debate a standard for memory-resident programs, two developers are racing to develop utilities that promise to help normally incompatible TSRs work together. The programs are Referee from Persoft Inc. and Borland's MOM (Memory Organization Manager). Ultimately, users would

4684:

field limit was 65,536 (2), and 16-bit addresses passed to interrupts 25h and 26h. Many were surprised that IBM did not demolish the 32 MB barrier with PC DOS 3.0 or 3.1. The most common way to resolve this problem was to treat large drives as if they were actually two or more drives. The

4505:

Market reaction to IBM's Enhanced Graphics Adapter has not been overwhelming, partly because the EGA's complexity—five custom chips and 12 modes—has slowed software development and the board's price tag has been a damper for many, but the EGA is emerging as the next graphics standard.

4470:

Microsoft says it is joining forces with Lotus and Intel in support of the EMS, which will now be named the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft Specification. Microsoft plans to integrate expanded memory abilities into its future systems software products. Together with the announcement, Intel released a new

3925:

computers. IBM improved its models and changed specifications so the clones were no longer compatible, and many plug compatible mainframe manufacturers went bankrupt. Suspicious that history could repeat, many recent microcomputer entrants are proud of their technological advances earned at the

1497:(OS) would follow; Kildall adapts CP/M to the IMSAI hardware, rewriting the parts that manage devices like diskette controllers and CRTs. Having adapted CP/M for four different controllers, and somewhat reluctant to adapt it to yet another, Kildall designs a general interface, which he calls the 5369:

to exploit the 386's memory fully, by using the Phar Lap DOS extender program, which intercepts calls to DOS and automatically switches the system back to real mode for those functions. By tapping the chip's protected mode, the entire program can run in memory, eliminating disk access times and

2199:

for IBM's secret computer, that IBM had let selected programmers have, meets with IBM and agrees not to sue IBM for CP/M copyright infringement; IBM agrees to market CP/M-86 alongside DOS, but could not agree to set a price—according to Kildall's attorney, "They told us they feared it would be a

5746:

as an alternative to the procedure used in prior versions (FDISK, FORMAT, SYS, COPY), enhanced video-graphics support and improved error handling. The release was simultaneously announced by Microsoft, but no other OEMs had yet released it for their machines. Because Microsoft already sells in

3576:

The DOS partition on the fixed disk continues to use the FAT12 format, but with adaptations to support the much larger size of the fixed disk partition compared to floppy disks. Space in the user data area of the disk is allocated in clusters which are fixed at 8 sectors each. With DOS the only

5066:

warned that if IBM doesn't respond with its own 80386-based machine within six months, the Deskpro 386 will become the industry's 32-bit personal computer standard. Two models were announced, Model 40 (40 MB hard drive) and Model 130 (130 MB). Both came with built-in support for up to 8 MB of

4409:

of Intel's 80286 chip which would not allow Concurrent DOS 286 to run 8086 software in the protected mode. The release of Concurrent DOS 286 was delayed until Intel develops a new version of the chip. Industry observers are by no means certain that Concurrent DOS 286 will ever be able to run

3584:

PC DOS does not include the FC command, which is similar to COMP. DOS 2 is about 12 KB larger than DOS 1.1 – despite its complex new features, it's only 24 KB of code. Under pressure from IBM to leave sufficient memory available for applications on smaller PC systems, the developers had

2959:

that is the essential element in the system that allows programs to run simultaneously. The enthusiastic introduction of Concurrent CP/M is clear evidence that Kildall is betting on a future with powerful personal computers, not multi-user systems linking dumb terminals to a central processor.

5508:

Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS 4.0 is announced. Key features include the ability to execute program code from expanded memory, including memory-resident programs; boosting the expanded memory ceiling from 8 to 32 megabytes; and the ability for multiple programs to use expanded memory at once.

3986:

to be open at the same time, on either a color or monochrome display. However, concurrent processing (multitasking) isn't supported. Unlike Visi On, it doesn't require developers to configure their programs to operate inside its windows. A mouse is optional—the Microsoft, Mouse Systems and

4819:

reported that during the past year a growing number of generic, no-name PC compatibles gained support as legitimate alternatives to major manufacturers' systems. Components of clones have become such standard commodities that most feel that the generic machines achieve a high degree of

6718:. The increasingly popular VL-Bus is tightly coupled to the abilities of the 486, a design disadvantage when working with the Pentium's 64-bit memory interface, but a VESA member said that the VL-Bus spec wasn't finished. The first PCI chip sets and Pentium systems are expected in May. 5747:

Europe a multitasking version of DOS, which is called DOS 4.0, it is not clear if Microsoft will use a different version number for the new operating system. IBM also ships OS/2 Extended Edition 1.0, which adds the IBM-developed components Communications Manager and Database Manager.

2735:

article asks, "Which Operating System Will Prevail?". Potential software developers must decide whether DOS or CP/M-86 will become the IBM PC standard. Rubinstein asserted that CP/M would be the winner. Nevertheless, MicroPro has made sure that WordStar will be available for both.

1251:, a simple "Control Program/Monitor" for an Intel 8080-based Intellec 8, to test out his updated PL/M compiler for the 8080. CP/M, written in PL/M, was finished months before the hardware to run it on was completed, by using a PDP-10 to simulate the 8080. CP/M runs in approximately 3 6239:

Digital Research ships DR DOS 5.0 to retailers. This was the first non-OEM version of DOS sold directly to end-users. About 40 percent of the nearly 7 million Intel-based PCs shipped this year will be shipped without an operating system, spelling big bucks for retail DOS sales.

8952: 5585:

with support for hard disk partitions over 32 MB, up to 512 MB. Partitions over 32 MB use a new partition type (0x06). Compaq dropped support for creating enhanced disks from their version of FDISK, while maintaining support for ENHDISK partitions created by prior versions.

4369:. EMS is implemented with the expanded memory manager (EMM), a device driver supplied by the board manufacturer as a CONFIG.SYS DEVICE directive. The specification was publicly released to product developers, and similar memory boards were soon released by others including 4154:

to protected mode and back again, a relatively slow process which was not reliable for some applications. PC DOS 3.0 also provided the same international support included earlier in version 2.11. IBM also announced a PC/AT version of the Xenix multiuser operating system, the

6290:

IBM joins VESA and hands out copies of its XGA specification. The new standard comes as a blow to 8514/A manufacturers who spent three years reverse-engineering IBM's technology. Analysts say it would be difficult to modify XGA to work on ISA machines because XGA includes

4995:(ASIC) chips which combine the functions of numerous chips into fewer, more specialized chips, foreshadowing IBM's strategy to use proprietary architecture in future machines. IBM also announced a faster 8-MHz version of the PC/AT and a new 101- (U.S.) / 102-key (Europe) 1221:(cost $ 360, compared to the dominant and far more powerful IBM System/360's millions), which has a 16-bit address bus that can address 2 (65,536) memory locations, or 64 KB of memory. The 8080's enhanced stack makes self-hosted high level language development feasible. 6778:

A month after the Federal Trade Commission deadlocks for the second time with a 2–2 vote on whether to take action against Microsoft, the Justice Department officially notified Microsoft that it was proceeding with the case, ending the FTC's three-year investigation.

3692:

Microsoft releases the Microsoft Mouse. Initial sales were modest, as there was little you could do with it except run the demonstration programs included in the box (a tutorial, practice app and Notepad) or program interfaces to it. The mouse began shipping in July.

6041:

which extends DOS memory from 640K to as high as 736 K, allowing Release 3.0 users to load the program and have as much as 90 KB remaining for worksheet space. Or users could spend several hundred dollars for more memory, with prices continuing their slow decline.

5451:

programmers who don't want to wait for OS/2 to produce large programs, that lets linked programs use up to 16 MB of RAM with DOS 3.x on 286- and 386-based systems. Users don't have to convert to another operating system or contend with such time-consuming tricks as

4395:

Seven months after its introduction, the EGA has not displaced IBM's first generation of video boards because most developers have yet to adapt their software to it. Among the handful of software packages now fully supporting the EGA is Digital Research's GEM

3065:. BIOS modifications permit DOS to recognize whether a disk is single or double sided. IBM also released the Microsoft BASIC compiler. All five Microsoft languages are now available—FORTRAN released in December, and COBOL last month. Also available is 4471:

version 3.2 of the specification. Intel said that enhancements in the revision allow multitasking operating systems to support more easily multiple application programs sharing expanded memory. Application programs communicate directly with the EMM using a

4940:

CPU instructions, which permit a real-mode program to access any location in extended memory. Presumably this allows RAMDRIVE.SYS to improve upon IBM's relatively slow and unreliable VDISK process. This is the first MS-DOS version Microsoft offered in a

4611:

chips enabling cheaper graphics cards than IBM's $ 982 EGA, which improved on its speed and performance and made the EGA widely accepted as a standard. By November's COMDEX over a half-dozen companies introduce EGA-compatible cards priced at about $ 600.

7857:(20,740 sectors total space on the drive - 50 sectors of overhead) ÷ 8 sectors per cluster = 2,586 clusters with 2 sectors unused which can not fill an 8 sector cluster. 2,586 clusters * 8 sectors per cluster * 512 bytes per sector = 10,592,256 bytes 5935:

Compaq announced the availability of Compaq's MS-DOS version 4.01. Compaq continues to market their MS-DOS 3.31 as well. Compaq enhancements to MS-DOS 4.01 include Fastart, which speeds installation, and support for Lotus-Intel-Microsoft EMS 4.0.

6601:

VESA Local Bus (VL-Bus) Standard 1.0 is ratified. By moving video cards from the 8-MHz, 16-bit ISA expansion bus to the CPU's 32-bit local bus running at full clock speed, vendors may improve high-resolution graphics performance on 486-based PCs.

3101:. These machines were not 100% IBM PC compatible. Satisfying "near-compatible" OEM requests for IBM compatibility proved difficult, and not until version 3.1 was Microsoft able to supply a system that other OEMs agreed was identical with IBM's. 8481:; Rubin, Darryl; Ryan, Ralph; Schulmeisters, Karl; Shah, Rajen; Shaw, Barry; Short, Anthony; Slivka, Ben; Smirl, Jon; Stillmaker, Betty; Stoddard, John; Tillman, Dennis; Whitten, Greg; Yount, Natalie; Zeck, Steve (1988). "Technical advisors". 7788:

The FAT is a table with one entry for every cluster, indicating whether the cluster is in use or available. The biggest number 8 bits can store is 255; FAT12 has room for 340 entries in a 512-byte sector: 340 × 1.5 = 510 + 2 reserved bytes =

6352:

advising it of an investigation of its competitive practices, limited to the November 1989 joint announcement with IBM regarding OS/2. Some industry executives think the investigation will lead the FTC to a range of what they consider to be

6793:

VL-Bus Standard 2.0 is released. The new standard requires faster timing speeds, and runs faster than PCI. However, no applications, except perhaps multimedia, need the superior bandwidth, according to the chairman of a PCI interest group.

5497:

of bank-switched memory using a virtual DOS monitor and paged memory management." Their invention uses 80386 paging hardware and virtual 8086 mode to emulate expanded memory using extended memory. The patent would be issued in 1990.

3618:

processor. The system could be configured to support date stamping of files. The operating system distribution software also included a relocating assembler and linker. CP/M 3 was available on the last generation of 8-bit computers.

1934:

Paterson begins writing an operating system for use with Seattle Computer Products' 8086-based computer, due to delays by Digital Research in releasing an operating system for the 8086 and 8088, and concerns about CP/M's shortcomings.

16989: 6091:

also announced models incorporating the EISA bus. Hewlett-Packard was the first Gang of Nine member to introduce an EISA system. EISA system introductions signaled the start of product differentiation among the Gang of Nine vendors.

1306:, they market their hardware and software together—not as a microcomputer, but as a development system, used for programming Intel 1602A PROM or erasable 1702A EPROM chips which are plugged into a socket on the Intellec 8's 5301:(VGA). The default VGA text mode renders nine-by-16 pixel character cells (720×400 resolution), a higher resolution than MDA. MCGA and VGA produce an analog signal; their predecessors, except the high-end PGC, produced a digital 3150:

IBM introduces a new 64 KB memory-expansion card, expandable to 256 KB by adding three 64 KB RAM module kits. Two fully loaded expansion cards added 512 KB (cost $ 2150) to the main board's 64 KB, giving the PC 576 KB of memory.

6784:

Microsoft releases Windows 3.11, a minor update to Windows 3.1 that includes updated drivers, better Novell Netware support, and a few bugfixes to Windows core files. (This version is distinct from Windows for Workgroups 3.11).

5850:

Microsoft told manufacturers who distribute DOS under their own labels not to use that BAK and instead wait for the maintenance update, which contains several bug fixes, primarily for a problem with page frames involving EMS.

5100:

controllers – and the Motorola CMOS/clock chip. Combining this new chip with the existing five-chip set enables PC clone makers to greatly reduce the size, complexity and cost of their machines, while increasing their speed.

5955:

make recommendations on an extended high-resolution, high-performance 8514/A standard. Several manufacturers have introduced 1,024×768 boards offering both interlaced and non-interlaced video, based on the Texas Instruments

5045:

IBM's retail PC market share slipped by 10 percent in the last year, and now accounts for less than half the PC-compatibles sold. For many, there seems to be no compelling reason to buy IBM anymore. In June, chief executive

1467:

1975 market shares for low-cost data recording devices, according to a Venture Development Corp. study: Cassettes 73%, Floppies 22%, Cartridges 5%. The cassette was expected to retain its leadership position through 1980.

6627:

3.1 is introduced, which includes native network support, no longer relying on networking in MS-DOS. For 80386 users, file and print sharing is introduced and the native driver VSHARE.386 replaces the need for the MS-DOS

3935:, a milestone computer designed around a graphical user interface, is introduced. It would be several years before the PC platform had graphics as a standard feature, and not until 1990 would PC graphics "really work". 4318:

in cooperation with Intel. The product functions strictly as an 80286 native mode operating system, allowing users to exploit the protected mode fully to perform multi-user, multitasking operations while running 8086

49:

operating systems from 1974 to 2014, as well as the hardware and software developments from 1973 to 1995 which formed the foundation for the initial version and subsequent enhanced versions of these operating systems.

7072:

standard for most of the DOS era, but would soon be replaced by the Pentium processor-based ATX, a more space-efficient design which added support for multimedia (motherboard-based audio and video). ATX supports USB.

2835:

offers an 8086 system with 86-DOS under its new name MS-DOS, noting that MS-DOS is "also called 86-DOS, IBM PC-DOS, Lifeboat SB-86". Seattle Computer was the first company to offer the product under the MS-DOS name.

5305:

signal. MCGA and VGA are integrated into the motherboard, rather than added on an expansion card, but IBM says a PS/2 VGA adapter for upgrading Model 30 and older PCs will be available in July. The PS/2 line runs on

4377:

software, resident programs and applications stomped over each other's use of expanded memory. Only by embracing the spec could peace reign and multiple programs safely share and simultaneously use expanded memory.

4722:

design allows the motherboard size and power consumption to be reduced, so that an AT-compatible motherboard can be used in an XT chassis. This chipset will be included in the Tandy 3000 and the AT-compatible from

5841:

brought to expanded memory, meant that some developers still recommended that RAM beyond 1 MB on 286 and 386 machines be configured as expanded memory. By the end of 1989, XMS was still not in widespread use yet.

6504:(New Technology), which will not be able to run programs written for OS/2. Windows NT will be geared for more powerful computers and workstations, while a low-end version of Windows will run on top of MS-DOS. 2119:

Microsoft and Seattle Computer formally sign their agreement. Exhibit "A" of the agreement detailed extended 86-DOS features to be developed by Seattle Computer, including "Directory expanded to include date."

7240:

to access a malfunctioning Windows 98 installation. Due to the number of files that must fit on a 1.44MB 3.5" disk, a RAMDrive is created and a compressed CAB file is extracted into the RAMDrive upon bootup.

5397:, an optional upgrade for PS/2 models 50, 60, and 80 which is essentially a superset of VGA that works together with the on-board VGA processor. Like the PGC, it has a graphics coprocessor, which processes 3060:

command is added and MODE is enhanced to configure serial ports and redirect printing to a serial port. A "P" MODE option causes continuous retries when a device is not ready, by making a portion of MODE

5923:

is not a simple one. Each has its own set of assets and liabilities. But with OS/2 currently stalled in the market, there seems to be a future for alternatives. Microsoft has chosen bank switching for

5859:

graphical interface. IBM admitted that OS/2 hasn't "taken off" as planned; fewer applications than expected are available, and most OS/2-compatible applications are DOS applications running in OS/2's "

12177: 2880:-in. and 8-in. Winchester disk systems. Prices range from $ 3,750 to 6,450. The Corvus Omninet local network scheme can spread the cost of a hard disk drive among several users. Omninet, which uses 7654:

CP/M source code becomes available on the Computer History Museum website for early releases from 1975 (before there was an official version number), 1976 (version 1.3), 1978 (1.4), and 1979 (2.0).

6389:

SDK, the first 16-bit DOS extender that works with Microsoft's entire C language toolkit—both the DOS (real mode) and OS/2 (protected mode) versions of the compiler, linker, libraries and debugger.

2946:

operating system. Concurrent CP/M allows users to go from one screen to another at the push of a key and programs to directly address up to 1 MB of memory. The first implementation will be on the

2133:

scheme that CP/M-86 uses. Intel's PL/M-86 was used to generate CP/M-86, which is basically the same as the 8-bit version, with the addition of file system enhancements as well as memory management.

8457:; Borman, Reuben; Borman, Rob; Butler, John; Carroll, Chuck; Chamberlain, Mark; Chell, David; Colee, Mike; Courtney, Mike; Dryfoos, Mike; Duncan, Rachel; Eckhardt, Kurt; Evans, Eric; Farmer, Rick; 6702:

SDK 5.0, which turns DOS into a 32-bit operating environment with a flat address space of up to 4 gigabytes. Rational Systems announces DOS/16M version 5.0, which supports Visual C++ and CodeView.

4866:

DESQview 1.2 ships. It supports AST's enhanced expanded memory specification (EEMS) on the new RAMpage (stylized RAMpage!) board. The only other major program using AST's superset is Ashton-Tate's

3573:

on hard drives. Only one DOS partition is allowed, the others are intended for other operating systems such as CP/M-86, UCSD p-System and Xenix. The fixed disk has 10,618,880 bytes of raw space.

6478:

Novell announces that it intends to acquire Digital Research. Completion of the merger is expected in October. Both companies intend to augment DR DOS to handle basic Novell NetWare functions.

4820:

compatibility. Although some dealers include a copy of MS-DOS with their generic micros, many small dealers do not. Usually users can buy copies of IBM's PC DOS from authorized IBM dealers.

4747:

says its best features aren't multitasking and windowing, but rather its ability to turn ordinary applications into memory-resident utilities, and, for developers, its Graphics Device Interface.

4421:

Digital Research releases Concurrent DOS 86 Version 4.1, an updated version of Concurrent DOS that supports high-end IBM-compatibles, MS-DOS 2.1 applications and Digital Research's GEM software.

3127:

program which solved "a common problem to which there was no readily available solution." Microsoft would not provide a solution until version 5.0 of MS-DOS, and over a decade would pass before

11093:, March 12, 1984. "(Don't be confused by the manual, which states that 256K RAM is all that is necessary. The system requirements listed on the Visi On box specify 512K, and you will need it.)" 6525:

same system requirements as Windows 3.0 and including Real mode support, most of the new features require Standard mode or 386 Enhanced mode to run. This version of Windows was required in the

5016:

rebel because they couldn't keep track of all the special conditions for each TSR. Many TSRs failed as products because dealing with the complexity was more trouble than the value delivered.

5004:

Six months after the EEMS specification was introduced and AST and Quarterdeck joined forces to support its use in DESQview, Quadram announced that their new Quad EMS+ board would support it.

3339:

video display hardware. This reliance on the specific hardware of the IBM PC led to 1-2-3 being utilized as one of the two litmus test applications for true 100% compatibility (the other was

2782:, whose Victor 9000 was among the first of many 16-bit computers similar to and better than the IBM PC—but incompatible with it. Earlier, Microsoft signed its first DOS customer, Cleveland's 6067:

standard VS891001, a specification to standardize a common software interface to Super VGA video adapters in order to provide simplified software application access to advanced VGA products.

2187:

Lifeboat Associates, the leading independent distributor of CP/M and CP/M software, offers Seattle Computer Products $ 200,000 or $ 250,000 for 86-DOS, to make it Lifeboat's 16-bit standard.

6357:

by Microsoft. Digital Research said that after it introduced its DR DOS version 5.0 in April 1990, Microsoft immediately announced a version of MS-DOS, with "amazing similarity," which has

4628:

characters. Many of the system utilities were made compatible with MS-DOS 3.0. This version was distributed in the Far East but was never shipped by OEMs in the United States and Europe.

876:

for automatic bottle-loading machines; and a front-end processor in a dial-up communications controller. Microcomputers are increasingly used in systems too small or slow to warrant use of

6976:, replacing SuperStor/DS with Stac Electronics' Stacker, Version 4.02. This is the first DOS to feature a command-line calculator, a program to load device drivers from the command line, 16695: 5532:

ICL releases their OEM MS-DOS 4.1, a customized version that enabled users to run one application in foreground and an unlimited number of applications in background mode. It runs on an

5370:

improving execution speed in some cases by a factor of 10. The program does not support multitasking, which must wait for advances in the operating system, so it is an interim solution.

4833:, with a 40 MB hard drive and a physical appearance virtually identical to the PC/AT. PC DOS programs will run on RT PCs with an optional board containing an 80286 processor and a 4352:

At the Spring COMDEX, Intel announces a memory board called Above Board that circumvents the 640 KB memory barrier, and Lotus Development Corp. announces new versions of Lotus 1-2-3 and

8575: 8563: 8365: 8149: 8137: 5793:, born in August 1984 with the IBM AT and DOS 3.0, but suffering from lack of management as RAM disks and disk caches battled over the region, now has a sturdy mechanism for governance 4700:

Digital Research, in an effort to promote its stalled Concurrent PC DOS operating system, modified the system to exploit the RAMpage expanded memory specification. Concurrent

3331:", making the PC as VisiCalc made the Apple II and WordStar made the CP/M machines. It was programmed entirely in assembly language and bypassed the slower DOS screen input/output 13353: 16210: 12746: 6640:

At COMDEX, VESA said it would upgrade its local bus standard to support multimedia. Intel said PCI, due in March, could be used instead of high-speed buses such as EISA, MCA and

2741:

Lifeboat Associates, having lost its bid for rights to 86-DOS, announced that it will market Microsoft's MS-DOS under the name Software Bus-86 (SB-86). Their line of trademarked

4400:). For a number of reasons, software designed for the CGA's graphics mode won't work properly under the EGA's emulation mode, but software designed for the MDA generally does. 4295:

Qualitas announces TallScreen, a utility that lets you scroll up the screen to see text that's scrolled off the top of the display, and Rational Systems announces Instant-C, a

3742:

Digital Research releases CP/M-86 Plus Version 3.1, based on the multitasking Concurrent CP/M kernel. It could run up to four tasks at once. CP/M-86 Plus was available for the

2036:

versions are also coming. Interest in Unix as "the next CP/M" resulted in the creation of several Unix-like operating systems, including an Onyx Systems version for the Z8000.

35: 5024:

At the National Computer Conference, the High Sierra Group announced its logical file format standards defining a volume table of contents and directory structure for CD-ROM.

8465:; McKinney, Bruce; Martin, Pascal; Mathers, Estelle; Matthews, Bob; Melin, David; Mergentime, Charles; Nevin, Randy; Newell, Dan; Newell, Tani; Norris, David; O'Leary, Mike; 6398:. With Lotus and Microsoft using DOS extenders, an increasing number of developers want the technology. Some experts say that DOS is still a better platform than Windows for 14494: 4522:. IBM tried to insulate developers from the board and sidestep the driver problem by incorporating the Virtual Device Interface (VDI) from Graphic Software Systems (GSS) of 4487:

IBM and Microsoft announce a long-term joint development agreement to share specified DOS code and create a new multitasking operating system from scratch, known by various

4021:

programmer" to reverse-engineer IBM's BIOS, and its ads touted an insurance policy against copyright-infringement suits. IBM had sued companies that simply copied the code.

8461:; Geary, Michael; Griffin, Bob; Hogarth, Doug; Johnson, James W.; Kermaani, Kaamel; King, Adrian; Koch, Reed; Landowski, James; Larson, Chris; Lennon, Thomas; Lipkie, Dan; 6156:. They would reach an agreement in May, when the cards—treated like floppy disks but not forced to emulate their formats—had capacities ranging from 512 KB to 4 megabytes. 3684:

to work with the mouse. Most watching Simonyi's demonstration had never heard of a mouse. As many as eight documents could be edited at the same time in so-called windows.

2753:

Many of the approximately 50,000 attendees of the Northeast Computer Show in Boston keep IBM's booth packed with people interested in the new IBM Personal Computer and the

14913: 6495:, a 32-bit application extender for Windows 386 Enhanced mode which lets developers proceed with 32-bit development before Microsoft delivers a 32-bit version of Windows. 15490: 1242:

Engineering Department, their contraption malfunctioned, prompting Gates to bite the bullet and spend about $ 3,400 for the more reliable Enviro-Labs GS-311 tape reader.

2765:

of the PC and invites readers to write to IBM's Personal Computer Software department who will consider programs submitted by outside programmers for publishing by IBM.

16477: 16334: 16130: 15943: 15220: 14890: 14227: 13528: 13512: 13496: 12825: 12809: 12675: 12672: 12451: 11781: 11749: 11622: 11606: 11555: 11539: 11520: 11504: 10891: 10535: 10487: 6172:

system to allow loading TSRs, device drivers and the operating system into upper memory blocks, and the operating system to be loaded into the high memory area. Also,

16577: 6694:, which supports 2 MB of memory, will be included with every copy of Microsoft's compiler. Users wanting CodeView support or access to up to 16 MB of memory must buy 6377:. Applications built with version 3.0 will be compatible with the upcoming MS-DOS 5.0; compatibility with Windows 386 Enhanced mode will be added in a later release. 6319:

technology instead. VESA developers were concerned about the lack of technical information from IBM, and some said the market had moved beyond IBM's ability to set a

5381:

DESQview 2.0 ships. When used with QEMM, it supports virtual 8086 mode. It supports the EGA's 43-line text mode, and the VGA's 50- and 60-line modes. Also, TopView's

3877:

as "a graphical user interface to cover DOS." Gates said that with Windows, users would finally be able to use their software on any PC without compatibility issues.

3632:" demo which consisted of a screen filled with overlapping windows apparently running programs that really didn't do anything. At Microsoft it became known as the " 10578:

DOS 1.1 reads all sectors on side 1 first, incrementing the track number before the head number, while DOS 2.0 increments the head number before the track number.

4055:

table onto PC DOS software. Other companies soon discovered this wonderful DOS feature and TSRs began competing for the PC compatible's finite memory space.

3048:

on files is useful for incremental backup with the Corvus hard disk. Based on MS-DOS 1.24 as of March 1982, PC DOS 1.1 still ships on a 160 KB diskette. The

2217:

On July 27, Microsoft buys all rights to 86-DOS from Seattle Computer Products, initially for a further $ 50,000 and favorable licenses back from Microsoft. After

5040:

alternatives: from a kit, or individually purchased components. They found that few of the many companies offering AT motherboards were willing to sell just one.

4897:

In Seattle, Kildall gives the keynote address at Microsoft's First International Conference on CD-ROM, where the High Sierra Group released its set of proposals.

2920:

and protection. Intel is supplying Digital Research with the hardware to develop and test MP/M-286. Intel's marketing manager also spoke briefly of the planned

16696:

8.0 Ships, Advancing DOS as the Best Embedded OS; FAT32 Support Added to Industry Long-Haul DR-DOS, Which Continues Market Growth in the Embedded Systems Market.

6145: 4082:

at the network level. In laying the foundation for networking, the core team of five people led by Zbikowski and Reynolds redesigned and rewrote the DOS kernel.

1410:, a small San Francisco computer terminal subsidiary of a Japanese electronics firm, splitting $ 25,000. Omron was the first company to license CP/M, for their 8525:(xix+1570 pages; 26 cm) (NB. This edition was published in 1988 after extensive rework of the withdrawn 1986 first edition by a different team of authors. 8322:

US trademark, registration #1036693, serial #73064349. Word mark: FLIPPY, First use: July 1974, Filing date: Sept. 29, 1975, Registration date: March 30, 1976.

5770:(UMBs) above the video RAM and below the BIOS ROM: otherwise unused regions that can be used by EMS hardware and software, and by 80386 memory managers such as 3991:

mouse types with either two or three buttons are supported. Desq got off to a slow start, with like products from better known developers still on the horizon.

16727: 15012: 6917: 3254:, attended by over 10,000 people—and wins a "best new product" award. Interface cards for the IBM PC will be available when the mouse is released in January. 2635:(with a hidden bit, system bit and six undefined bits), 12 bytes reserved for future use, 2-byte last modified date, 2-byte starting cluster number and 4-byte 6937:

Per-processor licenses forcing PC makers to pay royalties for Microsoft software with every machine shipped, even those shipped without any Microsoft software

4386:

Microsoft is "just now shipping" DOS 3.1 in the US; PC users complain that availability is limited. The major LAN players have announced their support, e.g.

2125:

Digital Research ships CP/M-86 on January 23. Like CP/M, CP/M-86 consists of three major modules: the BIOS, BDOS (Basic Disk Operating System) supporting 60

1723:

Microsoft and Paterson attend the National Computer Conference in New York City to show Microsoft's 8086 BASIC running on Seattle Computer's system, sharing

8493:; Rabinowitz, Chip; Tomlin, Jim; Wilton, Richard; Wolverton, Van; Wong, William; Woodcock, JoAnne (Completely reworked ed.). Redmond, Washington, USA: 7779:

Because the CGA text mode uses eight-by-eight bit character cells, which are harder on the eyes, the MDA is generally preferred for text-based applications.

4227:

enhanced color monitor ($ 849, planned availability January 1985) is needed to display the increased resolution. IBM also announces the 640×480, 256-color

7589:

DR DOS Inc. releases DR-DOS 8.1, and removes it before the end of the month, rolling back to version 7.03, according to the FreeDOS Project, which alleged

3368:

At the CP/M'83 show in San Francisco, Digital Research announces that it will market a retail version of CP/M-86 for the IBM PC for $ 60, which includes a

9446: 9867: 6141: 16648: 3926:

cost of compatibility, such as portability, faster performance, better graphics, increased memory or a simpler user interface than the IBM PC or PC/XT.

3614:

in a single-user single-task operating system compatible with CP/M 2.2 applications. CP/M 3 could therefore use more than 64 KB of memory on an 8080 or

7956: 6106:; and enable OS/2 for 2 MB entry systems. DOS and Windows are recommended for systems with 1-2 MB of memory or fixed disk drives smaller than 30 MB. 5983:

Lotus ships Release 3.0 of its market leading spreadsheet 1-2-3, more than two years after the product was announced. The company spent $ 15 million

5631:

Zenith became the first vendor to ship Microsoft OS/2. Most vendors decided not to bundle OS/2 with their PCs, and are only offering it as an option.

1604:. Eventually IBM, Shugart and other manufacturers became licensees of Tandon's patent. Later, Shugart introduces their double-sided, double-headed, 6741:

Novell tried to dampen Microsoft's DOS 6 launch with the announcement that the new Novell DOS 7, based on the integration of DR DOS 6.0 and Novell's

2619:, which are one-sector in length. Because an 8-bit FAT can't support over 300 clusters, Paterson implemented a new 12-bit FAT, which would be called 2007:

for $ 95. Seattle Computer contacts Microsoft about adapting Microsoft BASIC for the new operating system, proposing a cross-licensing arrangement.

17491: 17031: 16883: 9578: 6470:

for users of version 2.11 or later. By year-end there would be about 8 million copies in use, making it Microsoft's fastest-ever selling software.

6200:, which would become the first widely successful version of Windows. The improved interface resembles OS/2 Presentation Manager and fully supports 5524:

Microsoft announces Windows/386, version 2.0. Compaq, co-developer of the product, will bundle it with its 386-based systems, starting in October.

1505:

could change on the spot for their hardware, e.g. Rob Barnaby for the IMSAI VDP-80 in 1977. This approach would be reinvented years later as the "

872:; typewriter-sized general-purpose data processing machines that tabulate accounts, type invoices, and write checks and personalized form letters; 8057: 5084:

Chips and Technologies announces the 82C206 – a single chip that integrates all the main motherboard functions, replacing seven Intel chips – the

3955:

for other OEMs. Version 2.11 was sold worldwide and translated into about 10 different languages. It was shipped by every major OEM, including

17139: 16923: 6537:

Several companies announce or demonstrate proprietary local-bus graphics technologies at COMDEX. VESA is hoping to create a local-bus standard.

6261:

Intel announces the Intel Flash Memory Card, available in 1 MB ($ 298) and 4 MB ($ 1199) models. It supports the PCMCIA and JEIDA standards. The

3187:

directly via special drivers. Color graphics are not considered important for business computing, and computers featuring color graphics (e.g.,

2204:

laws." Immediately afterwards, IBM sent their prototype machine to Kildall so that CP/M-86 could be installed. Digital Research hired consultant

8601: 1513:

and releases CP/M version 1.3 as a commercial product, at $ 70 per copy. His wife sends diskettes to customers responding to an ad they ran in

17894: 8854: 3139:. Earlier, an UNERASE program to restore files accidentally deleted by CP/M's ERAse command was marketed for CP/M-based systems by MicroDaSys. 13345: 8886: 5151:

isn't an inherent feature of virtual 8086 mode. Control programs are the first step toward operating environments that exploit the 386 fully.

5787:

that adds 64 KB normally considered part of the extended-memory address range, used by multitasking software such as DESQview and Windows/286

5324:-inch 1.44 MB floppy disk drives, which IBM introduced in its 80286-based and higher PS/2 models, and introduced a partition type (0x05) for 3943:

Digital Research ships Concurrent CP/M Release 3.1, featuring PC-Mode, which allows users to run either PC DOS or CP/M-86 applications.

14135:"Software Developer Caldera sues Microsoft for Antitrust practices alleges monopolistic acts shut its DR DOS operating system out of market" 12542: 7798:

Clusters on these double-sided disks are two sectors in length: 354 clusters × 2 sectors per cluster × 512 bytes per sector = 362,496 bytes.

6770:

said that the PC-DOS 6.1 user base was "minuscule" compared with MS-DOS', and the product faced "a hard uphill run" to escape niche status.

4936:

part in expanded memory manipulations and does not use expanded memory for its own purposes. RAMDRIVE.SYS reportedly uses the undocumented

3873:

Less than two weeks after VisiCorp announced the release of Visi On (see below), in New York on November 10, Microsoft officially announced

2822:

if there is more than one function operating. While this is happening, the user works on another task using the terminal screen, i.e., the

11379: 9506: 6808:

Microsoft releases Windows for Workgroups 3.11. This version drops support for 286 processors (no longer contains Standard mode), but adds

3651:

computer. A memory board using the 256-kb chips that allows the Micro 16s to store a full megabyte will be made available later this year.

9272: 8097: 6394:

with Microsoft C under DOS, specifying that an OS/2 program should be built, and then executing the resulting file on DOS with the aid of

5207:

at COMDEX. Release of the multiuser operating system that supports the 80386 virtual and protected modes is scheduled for February 1987.

16414: 9690: 4500:

Microsoft announces its first LAN-compatible application, Microsoft Word for Networks. The program is stored on the network file server.

4220: 1319: 17000: 5195:

to run under MS-DOS 3.1 or 3.2 on any 80386-based IBM PC-compatible computer by exploiting the 80386's protected-mode memory abilities.

1751:

microprocessor, a lower cost variant of the 8086 which has an 8-bit external data bus instead of the 16-bit bus of the 8086 (the 16-bit

17056: 16218: 14138: 12768: 9326: 9203: 7368:

is released, identifying itself as MS-DOS 8.0. This is the last version of MS-DOS, as future versions of Windows would be based on the

6548:

The VESA XGA Video Subsystem Interface Proposal is shelved after IBM objects to the use of its trademarked term "XGA" in the proposal.

6230:

Excluding maintenance releases, this is the last version of Windows that could run on 8088 and 8086-based XT-class PCs (in real mode).

5242:

IBM ships a patch disk for PC DOS 3.2 that amends five command files and includes two keyboard programs for the IBM Enhanced Keyboard.

912:

light through a transparent quartz cap on the package. Intel claims its first two microcomputers command about 99% of the market which

16521: 9374: 5887:

Microsoft releases MS-DOS 4.01, including the user shell and EMS support. Also, support for hard disk partitions up to 2 GB, and the

4373:

and Quadram. Many of the first programs supporting EMS assumed that all available EMS memory was for them, resulting in "EMS wars" as

18034: 17157: 15625: 11710:"Super DOS awaits new 80286 – Concurrent DOS 286 – delayed until Intel upgrades chip – offers Xenix's power and IBM PC compatibility" 10968: 9801: 5259:

Digital Research launches Concurrent DOS 386, which runs up to four applications concurrently supporting up to 10 users on a system.

4335:

product review called it slow and memory hungry, and said it required users to know too many technical details about their programs.

2858:

called it "the case of the century" in 1979, in the midst of a five-year trial in which the defense eventually called 856 witnesses.

2611:. Two copies of the File Allocation Table occupy the two sectors which follow the boot record. Sectors four through seven hold the 2179:

Paterson leaves Seattle Computer Products for Microsoft and joins O'Rear to help finish adapting 86-DOS to IBM's prototype hardware.

1775:

Seattle Computer Products ships its first 8086 card. Standalone Microsoft BASIC is the only major software product that runs on it.

15545: 8774: 6487:

SDK version 4.0, which supports large extended-DOS applications running under Windows 386 Enhanced mode. Rational Systems announces

5219:, a re-edited version of the High Sierra Group proposal, and submits it to ISO for further processing as an international standard. 5062:. It was the most powerful personal computer on the market. IBM had not yet ordered a single 386 chip from Intel. Compaq President 4811:, Philips CD-ROM drive and PC-compatible interface board for $ 1,495. Atari, seeking a lower cost CD-ROM unit, delayed its product. 16760: 16488: 6500:

Microsoft says they will no longer call a new operating system they are working on OS/2 3.0—the new operating system will be named

4538:

support. A number of vendors are writing directly to the screen rather than the VDI to get better performance, including Lotus and

4299:

interpreter. These two small businesses would become better known for their memory manager and DOS extender products introduced in

3169: 9852: 8616: 16970: 10514: 9075:; Fullmer, Howard (May 1978). "Microsystems Proposed Standard for the S-100 Bus. Preliminary Specification, IEEE Task 696.1/D2". 6988: 6711: 6176:, a graphical front end functionally equivalent to MS-DOS 4.01's graphics shell. It supports hard disk partitions up to 512 MB. 5875: 5832: 5513:

supporting EMS 4.0. The new EMS is designed to eliminate "RAM cram," the overstuffing of conventional memory with TSR programs.

4999:. IBM's Entry Systems Division president warned that competitors will have to "move very quickly in order to remain compatible." 4992: 5807:

promises. 386|DOS-Extender uses installed RAM, but with memory chips costing 100 times more per megabyte than hard disk memory,

17199: 17194: 17086: 8838: 4567:

After four weeks of testing E-step samples of the 80286, Digital Research acknowledged that Intel corrected all documented 286

3359:

Model 1 for the PC, for presentation of CGA-resolution business data and graphics. Home users can connect a television using a

1415: 16557: 4098:

of the network, wasn't ready. Per Zbikowski: "The product was not ready for us to ship when IBM said, 'Fine, we'll take it.'"

3606:

Digital Research releases the last 8-bit version of CP/M, it was major version 3, often called CP/M Plus. It incorporated the

3309:

product review said "the Compaq comes with Microsoft's MS-DOS 1.1 operating system, which is almost identical to PC-DOS 1.1."

1238:

Lacking an affordable reader for 16-channel paper tapes, the Traf-O-Data partners turn to a local inventor. At a demo for the

17313: 8353: 6098:

intent to deliver a version that exploits the advanced abilities of the 386 and i486 in 1990, with advanced features such as

4433:

multifunction board, designed as a superset of the Lotus-Intel standard, to operate in a multitasking environment on the PC.

2130: 12165: 17484: 17024: 16777: 15045: 12510: 8005: 5473:

says it outperforms, has more features, and takes less memory than all other memory managers. It would be widely used with

4716:

schemes. Both the Lotus-Intel-Microsoft and AST expanded memory specifications enable users to address up to 8 MB of RAM.

4275:

which is part of the Networks application and runs on a computer dedicated to the task. Neither MS-Net, nor its successor

2950:. The Concurrent CP/M project was an offshoot of MP/M development, and the two programs share a lot in common, including a 16411:

Caldera releases OpenDOS kernel source to the Internet - Distribution of OpenDOS kernel unprecedented in Computer Industry

6168:, a DOS clone which is a strong competitor to MS-DOS 3.3 and 4.01. It includes the MemoryMax "memory manager", the first 5125:

and MS-Net 2.0 at a Paris trade show. They will be released simultaneously in the fourth quarter this year. Apricot and

4704:

was scheduled to be released in first quarter 1986, followed by a second quarter update compatible with PC DOS 3.1's

17531: 17119: 17081: 17076: 17071: 17066: 17061: 11158: 9617: 7703: 7228:

fixes for older computers which do not properly handle the century rollover. It also supports the Euro currency symbol.

5533: 4041: 3062: 2848: 8110: 6803:, leapfrogging IBM's PC DOS 6.1. This version improved the stability of the included DoubleSpace disk compression. 6226:

requires a 386 and 2 MB of memory; its improved memory management mitigates the need for third-party 386 memory managers

2870:(LAN) fully hardware- and software-compatible with the IBM PC. Corvus offers storage capacities of 5, 10 and 20 MB on 5 18060: 14599: 8041: 7561:

GNU/DOS is released. GNU/DOS is a FreeDOS distribution for desktops which includes some FreeDOS utilities, much of the

6683: 7299:

Windows 98 Second Edition is released to manufacturing. It also comes with MS-DOS 7.1, which appears to be unchanged.

5959:

graphics controller chip. The TMS34010 is 20 percent faster (writing pixels per second) than the 8514/A, and TI's new

4892:

in magazine ads. Compatible with the CGA, EGA and PGC, it supports resolutions up to 800×560 and offers analog input.

1997:("Quick and Dirty Operating System"), ships. It's crammed into 6 KB of code. Seattle Computer Products runs an ad in 17189: 16980: 15745: 14873: 13865: 13660: 13122: 11182: 10622: 10454: 10243: 10203: 9663: 9608:, dated 1981-07-27, published as part of the Comes v. Microsoft case as plaintiff's exhibit #2, retrieved 2014-09-02. 9160: 9041: 8934: 8759: 8725: 8673: 8666: 8551: 8502: 8289: 8261: 6590: 6125:, designed for embedded systems. They say it provides DOS 3.2 functionality, less networking, and uses 29 KB of ROM. 5972: 5753: 2786:, but they put their 8086 machine on the back burner when they became a major player in the PC peripherals business. 1226: 16711: 15534: 8177:

Riley, Wallace B. (1973-08-02). "Special report: Semiconductor memories are taking over data-storage applications".

17328: 17162: 17091: 12997: 6950:

Requiring PC makers to purchase another Microsoft product as a condition for licensing a Microsoft operating system

5743: 4826: 4640:. The 386 has a 32-bit address bus that can directly address 2 (4,294,967,296) memory locations, i.e. 4096 MB or 4 4228: 3135:

appeared. Initially the programs were sold separately, but by October Norton offered them as a package called The

2818:

by the operating system, run simultaneously, using different files. These functions operate in the background, or

2604: 1623:

microprocessor, which has a 20-bit address bus that can address 2 (1,048,576) memory locations, or one megabyte of

1520: 4465:. Facing bankruptcy after IBM's TopView announcement "stopped" sales, they rewrote Desq to be TopView-compatible. 2916:

superchip. Digital Research is producing an operating system for the 286. MP/M-286 will exploit the processor's

18023: 17644: 17477: 17278: 17017: 15470:

Phar Lap Offers 'No Royalty' Option on 286/DOS Extender Runtime; DOS Still Has Its Place As a Multimedia Platform

10051:

Microsoft ad: "MS-DOS gives you the only complete set of software tools for 16-bit systems. Now. From Microsoft."

7733: 5811:

is more economical. DESQview 2.2, with significantly reduced RAM requirements, and QEMM 4.2 were also announced.

5302: 5161: 3332: 3284:, at COMDEX. It had been in secret development for two years, and the demo was a loud wakeup call to Bill Gates. 2049: 1174: 16715: 16449: 11162: 6560:, which requires an 80286 processor with at least 1MB memory running MS-DOS 3.1 or higher. New features include 5237:

286, a re-engineered version of Concurrent DOS 286 designed specifically for computer-integrated manufacturing.

3841:, who also convinced Gates to change the name "Interface Manager" to "Windows", the Multi-Tool name was killed. 2418:, supported by the BIOS and Cassette BASIC ROM—no disk operating system required, or supports it. Few were sold 17227: 17217: 17096: 14964: 14901: 12029: 12017: 9605: 9439: 9059: 7642:

Microsoft makes the source code available to MS-DOS versions 1.1 and 2.0. The files may be downloaded from the

6947:; such agreements are limited to one year and can't prevent programmers from working on rival operating systems 6897: 6269:(FFS), which is based on MS-DOS 3.3. Currently the only commercial applications of the memory cards are in the 4530:

engineers) into the EGA, but many developers are choosing to ignore the IBM VDI. Digital Research has its own

4268: 2711: 2471: 13833: 11189: 8526: 7130:

Windows 95 OEM Service Release 2.0 (OSR2.0) is released. It comes with MS-DOS 7.1, which adds support for the

2151:-inch floppy disks and integrated with the BIOS, which Microsoft was helping IBM to write. An Intellec ICE-88 17177: 17167: 10870: 7728: 7723: 2452: 2073: 1700: 889: 16656: 6307:

in Windows 3.0. There are no new features and this version has the same system requirements as Windows 3.0.

5418:

Phar Lap and Quarterdeck announce a joint development agreement to support 386|DOS-Extender under DESQview.

4134:). The /E switch caused virtual disks to use extended memory rather than conventional memory. VDISK used a 3526:. CONFIG.SYS commands are BREAK, BUFFERS, DEVICE, FILES and SHELL. New file attribute bits are read-only, 2052:

customer for $ 25,000. All that was left was to translate the terms into a formal contract within 60 days.

18055: 17854: 17182: 17134: 17040: 9122: 6184: 6052: 5614:

Quarterdeck announces a new version of DESQview which runs applications that use 386|DOS-Extender, such as

5503:

Microsoft ships MS-DOS 3.3. It has the same feature set as the version IBM has been shipping since April.

4761: 4608: 4091: 2999: 2900:

Paterson finishes work on the first DOS upgrade, quits Microsoft and returns to work for Seattle Computer.

2615:. The remaining 313 sectors (160,256 bytes) store the data contents of files. Disk space is allocated in 2532: 2358: 1711: 1082: 1001: 16835: 9675: 6102:, the ability to run multiple DOS applications concurrently, and allow applications to exploit the 32-bit 5595:

control program, which provides access to multitasking and virtual memory. The program, inspired by IBM's

1197:

computer built by Paul Gilbert. Allen had previously tried, without success, writing the simulator on the

17939: 17889: 17124: 16861: 16243: 8016: 5752:

Concurrently with the July 19 DOS 4.0 announcement, Microsoft released an extended memory specification,

5609:

key brings up the VM manager. IGC's DOS extender, X-AM, will be supported in a future version of VM/386.

5050:

told analysts IBM would consider withdrawing from part of the PC market if it became too commodity-like.

4661: 4558:

to an overall system technology incorporated in almost every type of application with the development of

3673: 2064:

for Intel 8086/8088 microcomputers. The file format of CP/M, Release 2, was retained for compatibility.

1810:

or extended address scheme to run any programs. Yourdon later withdrew the product due to software bugs.

1202: 1186: 1014: 13332: 12387: 8950:, "Magnetic recording device for double sided media: Sirjang L. Tandon et al", issued 1979-04-24 5655:

Windows 2.03 and Windows/386 finally hit retail outlets. Windows can overlap – version 1.0 windows only

5325: 4853:

in retail stores and other vertical applications. Concurrent DOS 286 will serve as the basis for IBM's

4183:" mode that would enable multitasking programs written for different operating systems. The motherboard 4130:

with the VDISK.SYS installable device driver, which allowed configuration of one or more virtual disks (

3766:, which added support for individual country date, time and currency display formats via the CONFIG.SYS 3585:

reduced the system size from triple that of DOS 1.1. Peter Norton found many problems with the release.

3069:. A typical PC with 320 KB of disk storage, keyboard, printer, monochrome display and MDA costs $ 3695. 17969: 17383: 17338: 6901: 6354: 5329: 5290: 5231: 3975: 3340: 3184: 2568: 2045: 1476:

IBM introduces more hardware components for its 3600 finance communication system, including the first

1142: 947: 793: 8947: 8074: 7984: 7593:

violations. DR-DOS 7.03 was offered for sale until summer 2018, when the drdos.com website shut down.

6577:

IBM licenses XGA technology to Intel. So far XGA has appeared in only a handful of IBM's own systems.

6022: 5927:

and Windows, while Lotus has seriously looked at DOS extenders for its unreleased 1-2-3, Release 3.0.

5659:. Program information files (PIFs) are used for launching applications, as with TopView and DESQview. 5618:–that's set to ship next month. New versions of QEMM and 386|DOS-Extender ship in first quarter 1988. 4514:

in supporting the EGA. Several clone boards are expected to hit the market over the next six months.

4475:, bypassing DOS. A new EMM function supported multitasking operating systems by saving and restoring 2024:

computers, saying that it will prevent a 16-bit software crisis. Xenix will also be available for the

17559: 15046:

DOS: still thriving after all these years; 640K extenders, graphic user interfaces, slow move to OS/2

14904:, published as part of the Comes v. Microsoft case as plaintiff's exhibit #179, retrieved 2014-09-03. 12063:"Intel shows new 80286 chip – Future of DRI's Concurrent DOS 286 still unclear after processor fixed" 9072: 8098:"Computer Connections: People, Places, and Events in the Evolution of the Personal Computer Industry" 7738: 6201: 5731: 5640:, introducing some improvements and editorial amendments. This edition is technically identical with 5448: 5121: 4958: 4543: 4442: 4397: 4207: 3373: 3176: 3066: 2954: 2779: 2237: 1668: 1026: 210: 135:

End-user retail – all versions of IBM PC DOS (and other OEM-adapted versions) were sold to end users.

9390: 6761:, to be available in late July, except disk compression, which is expected by the end of September. 5032:

PC's Limited is selling an EGA-compatible board (that uses Chips and Technologies chips) for $ 269.

4575:

that will allow Digital Research to run emulation mode much faster, incorporated into the E-2 step.

3527: 3347:

wrote his own purposive built-in OS). The Compaq was the only non-IBM machine that could run 1-2-3.

137:

DR-DOS began selling to end users with version 5.0 in July 1990, followed by MS-DOS 5.0 in June 1991

17222: 17129: 15518:

Microsoft to Roll Out 5.0; Declares New Dawn for DOS: Task Swapping, Memory Manager Remedy RAM Jams

12032:, published as part of the Comes v. Microsoft case as plaintiff's exhibit #4, retrieved 2014-09-03. 11075: 9440:"86-DOS version 0.3 (1980-11-15) License Agreement between Seattle Computer Products and Microsoft" 7832: 7550: 7105: 6944: 6940:

Unreasonably long contracts—typically three to five years; licenses are limited to one or two years

6370: 6349: 6304: 6303:

Microsoft introduces Windows 3.0a, a maintenance release that fixes several bugs sometimes causing

6088: 6064: 5988: 5971:

Lotus Development recently became the seventh software company to join the coalition promoting the

5444: 5382: 5314:

is announced for availability in first quarter 1988). Version 3.3 added support for high density 3

4867: 4559: 4547: 4531: 4296: 4104: 4068: 3718: 3644: 3552: 3499: 3273: 3041: 2947: 2754: 2208:

to customize CP/M-86 for IBM's computer, and Johnson-Laird quickly discovered O'Rear's name in the

2141:

O'Rear gets 86-DOS to run on IBM's prototype computer. 86-DOS had to be converted from 8-inch to 5

1728: 1593: 1481: 1327: 366: 308: 14690: 14610: 13775:

Software emulation of bank-switched memory using a virtual DOS monitor and paged memory management

13752: 10950: 10562: 10546: 10255: 10135: 7104:. All code is moved into IO.SYS, while MSDOS.SYS is now a text file containing bootup parameters. 6867:, including SuperStor/DS, a DoubleSpace-compatible version of AddStor's disk compression utility. 4210:(EGA), which costs $ 524 and has 16 KB ROM and 64 KB RAM. A further 64 KB RAM ($ 199) comes on a 3982:

text-mode operating environment (list price $ 399) which runs on top of DOS 2.0. Desq allows nine

3495: 3455: 3435: 1353: 17884: 17859: 16309: 14781: 13720: 11998: 11910: 11186: 10955: 10819: 10691: 10598: 10002: 9721: 9009: 8082: 7766:

The monitor displays a grid of 80 × 25 = 2,000 characters. Each character is in a nine-by-14 bit

7643: 7369: 6876: 6860: 6279: 6048: 5269: 4970: 4353: 4112: 4079: 3523: 3479: 2917: 2806: 2668: 2660: 2345: 2218: 2089: 1624: 1239: 913: 16800: 16789: 10647: 8587: 7538:

Sometime between mid-October and early December, DeviceLogics changes their name to DR DOS Inc.

5164:, and virtually nobody else. Essentially it was Windows minus the graphical user interface (see 4920:-inch double-density 720 KB floppy disk drives (IBM did not say why), it will be released on a 5 4861:

with medical, legal and other vertical application packages have shown interest in the product.

4263:, which added a new local area network supplement Microsoft Networks 1.0 (identified earlier as 3515: 3487: 3431: 3419: 2584: 17669: 17248: 17114: 16732: 10099: 7004: 6900:

announces the open-source project PD-DOS. Later, to ensure that the OS would remain free, the

6680: 6624: 5946: 5735: 5135: 4515: 4476: 4067:

Microsoft releases MS-DOS 3.0, after a difficult year and a half of grappling with problems of

3709: 3511: 3443: 3157: 3090: 2931:

IBM releases CP/M-86 (price: $ 240) as the third operating system it is offering for the IBM PC

2909: 2664: 2648: 2556:

IBM combined SYSINIT with its customized ROM-BIOS interface code to create the BIOS extensions

2512: 2500: 1783:

and Intelligent Business Machines Corp. announce that CP/M 2.0 is available for their systems.

1438: 1284: 921: 917: 869: 16601: 16578:

Windows Me: Microsoft Releases New Operating System Built From the Ground Up for Home PC Users

16072: 16024: 16008: 15757: 15737: 15389: 15279: 15103: 14845: 14626: 14462: 14270: 13941: 13635: 13114: 12981: 12933: 12686: 12590: 12558: 12368: 12301: 12129: 11982: 11688: 11483: 11216: 10854: 10581: 10466: 10342: 10215: 10151: 10018: 9903: 9545: 8485:. By Duncan, Ray; Bostwick, Steve; Burgoyne, Keith; Byers, Robert A.; Hogan, Thom; Kyle, Jim; 7848:, room for 512 directory entries + 2 sectors (one master and one DOS boot sector) = 50 sectors 6875:

After a judge ordered Microsoft to recall all unsold infringing products worldwide, Microsoft

5168:). Microsoft, having long tried to kill it as redundant, honored its contractual commitments. 5110:

that will allow any computer running DOS 3.1 or 3.2 to read data from any CD-ROM formatted in

4449:, running a 58-million character encyclopedia. Software for the CD-ROM is being developed by 3868:

150,000 worth. Without subterfuge, Borland International would almost certainly have folded.

3519: 2236:

to IBM. The product includes three major modules: the BIOS initialization module SYSINIT, the

2171:– presumably completing the requirements specified in Exhibit "A" of the Microsoft agreement. 17500: 17048: 16997: 16944: 16902: 16813: 16744: 16445: 16393: 16377: 16239: 16176: 16160: 16141: 16109: 16093: 16056: 15970: 15858: 15842: 15826: 15810: 15720: 15704: 15688: 15672: 15641: 15609: 15593: 15577: 15501: 15469: 15453: 15437: 15421: 15405: 15313: 15263: 15199: 15183: 15167: 15087: 14996: 14980: 14929: 14813: 14765: 14749: 14722: 14706: 14674: 14658: 14642: 14591: 14574: 14558: 14542: 14510: 14478: 14398: 14382: 14366: 14302: 14254: 14190: 14158: 14117: 14101: 14085: 14021: 13973: 13957: 13909: 13893: 13877: 13848: 13736: 13704: 13619: 13603: 13556:

IBM Blames DOS 3.3 Problems On Non-IBM Hard Disk Drives - Microsoft Uninvolved in DOS Upgrade

13539: 13475: 13459: 13424: 13392: 13376: 13313: 13297: 13262: 13246: 13230: 13214: 13045: 13029: 12965: 12949: 12916: 12900: 12884: 12868: 12574: 12526: 12494: 12478: 12462: 12414: 12398: 12336: 12285: 12269: 12253: 12221: 12205: 12189: 12113: 12097: 12076: 12062: 12044: 11963: 11947: 11931: 11894: 11878: 11862: 11846: 11827: 11811: 11792: 11760: 11723: 11709: 11672: 11652: 11636: 11585: 11566: 11467: 11451: 11411: 11395: 11347: 11331: 11315: 11283: 11264: 11248: 11232: 11200: 11137: 11118: 11102: 11086: 11056: 11040: 11024: 10934: 10918: 10902: 10835: 10803: 10787: 10771: 10739: 10723: 10707: 10675: 10659: 10635: 10498: 10392: 10376: 10360: 10321: 10302: 10286: 10270: 10222: 10167: 10082: 10066: 10050: 10034: 9938: 9919: 9812: 9769: 9753: 9629: 9561: 9522: 9490: 9474: 9422: 9240: 9172: 9135: 8981: 8965: 8870: 8822: 8790: 8751: 8745: 8693: 8382: 8304: 7835:

per platter × 17 sectors per track = 20,740 sectors × 512 bytes per sector = 10,618,880 bytes

7824: 7718: 7574: 6980:

language support, and a viewer that can open help files other than its own (OS/2 INF style).

6656: 6191:

of eleven PC companies. Unlike VCPI, DPMI was designed for a multitasking operating system.

6169: 5761: 5656: 5570: 5566: 5453: 5072: 4854: 4232: 3898: 3531: 3388: 3277: 3192: 3132: 2943: 2651:

is built when they are loaded into memory. The third kind of command processing file is the

2331: 2322: 1823: 1732: 1566: 1515: 1357: 1292: 1166: 580: 475: 299: 272: 243: 31: 16628: 16361: 16345: 16287: 16270: 16192: 16040: 15954: 15922: 15906: 15874: 15789: 15773: 15561: 15517: 15373: 15357: 15341: 15295: 15247: 15231: 15151: 15135: 15119: 15071: 15028: 14945: 14829: 14797: 14526: 14446: 14430: 14414: 14350: 14334: 14318: 14286: 14238: 14206: 14174: 14134: 14069: 14053: 14037: 14005: 13989: 13925: 13817: 13801: 13785: 13688: 13672: 13587: 13571: 13555: 13440: 13408: 13278: 13198: 13182: 13166: 13150: 13134: 13097: 13013: 12852: 12836: 12788: 12729: 12702: 12651: 12625: 12606: 12430: 12352: 12320: 12237: 12149: 11363: 11299: 10755: 10424: 10408: 10119: 9970: 9954: 9844: 9828: 9785: 9737: 9702: 9406: 9358: 9342: 9310: 9291: 9256: 9236: 9117: 8806: 8632: 4506:

Lotus expects to release drivers supporting 1-2-3 and Symphony by the end of the month, and

4410:

existing software effectively in protected mode, even with Intel's refinements to the chip.

4343:

The IBM PC Network program, supporting IBM's network adapter card, is released. It runs on

3624:

Responding to VisiCorp and other competitors working on operating environments, Microsoft's

1731:

operating system (later renamed to MIDAS), which used a variant of Standalone BASIC's 8-bit

1600:

on one side and a movable transducer on the other side, and offered its Series 200 heads to

17536: 16589: 9868:

U.S. Settles Phone Suit, Drops I.B.M. Case; A.T.& T. to Split up, Transforming Industry

7708: 7253: 7047: 6328: 6205: 5871: 5856: 5797:

The other EMS 4.0 partners are evaluating the XMS spec, but stopped short of endorsing it.

5739: 5354: 5298: 5230:

Digital Research's new Flexible Automation Business Unit introduced its first product, the

5188: 4858: 4551: 4240: 4013: 3910: 3594:. The power supply capacity was doubled to about 130 watts, to accommodate the hard drive. 3578: 3447: 2468: 2370: 1982: 1569:

paid Kildall $ 25,000 for the right to run CP/M version 1.3, which eventually evolved into

1506: 1451: 1411: 1157: 1153: 1042: 15895: 9887: 3577:

partition, the combined overhead is 50 sectors leaving 10,592,256 bytes for user data. A

2659:

is checked for, and executed by COMMAND.COM at start-up. Special batch file commands are

140:

Free download – starting with OpenDOS 7.01 in 1997, followed by FreeDOS alpha 0.05 in 1998

8: 17829: 16992: 9990: 6840: 6668: 6220:

requires a 286 and 1 MB of memory; exploits extended memory and 16-bit 286 protected mode

6214:

runs Windows 2.x applications, much like previous Windows versions, with 640 KB of memory

5667:

At its Third International Conference on CD-ROM, Microsoft introduced version 2.0 of the

5603:

reboots the current virtual machine within VM/386 without resetting the host system. The

5440: 5192: 4874:

said it used less memory than Windows or TopView and may be the "most pragmatic choice".

4523: 4256: 4216: 4135: 3591: 3360: 3298: 3251: 3211: 3020: 3012: 2951: 2802: 2588: 2257: 2152: 1724: 1276:

would make the Intellec 8 more efficient, Kildall interfaced the computer with an 8-inch

16764: 8998:

Certain Double Sided Floppy Disk Drives and Components Thereof, Investigation 337-TA-215

7757:

1 side × 40 tracks per side × 8 sectors per track × 512 bytes per sector = 163,840 bytes

4534:, which they describe as similar to a superset of IBM's VDI, which they say has limited 1073: 17809: 17804: 17649: 17541: 17288: 17243: 16677: 12747:

Did you know that OS/2 wasn't Microsoft's first non Unix multitasking operating system?

9986: 9462: 9100: 6809: 6715: 6565: 5949:, a technique used by RISC processors, to more than double the performance of the 386. 5860: 5767: 5615: 5600: 5561:

spreadsheet. Excel for Microsoft Windows requires Windows and includes Windows 2.01 in

5494: 5337: 5215:

The European Computer Manufacturers Association adopts and releases standard ECMA-119,

5111: 5059: 5037: 4978: 4946: 4849:

Digital Research and IBM agreed to use Concurrent DOS 286 in versions of the PC/AT for

4777: 4765: 4691: 4472: 4315: 4163:

and supported by PC DOS 3.1), and a new multitasking windowing software utility called

4083: 3983: 3906: 3713: 3566: 3561:

In addition to Microsoft's new commands in MS-DOS 2.0 (above), IBM adds more including

3400: 3328: 3016: 2867: 2699: 2628: 2612: 2608: 2493: 2486: 2430: 2394: 2390: 2290: 2272: 2205: 1952: 1752: 1573:, on IMSAI 8080 computers. Other manufacturers follow and CP/M eventually becomes the 1385:, as by April 1980 there were probably over 200,000 installed S-100 systems, more than 1277: 1008: 865: 470: 436: 389: 16967: 12760: 10984: 8576:

Intel Silicon Gate MOS 1602A/1702A 2048-bit electrically programmable read only memory

6374: 6327:

tests would find that XGA was 6% faster than Super VGA in Excel and just 1% faster in

5409:

and rely on the main CPU for most video processing. Its 1,024×768 resolution produces

5273:

says that 31-year-old Gates has become the youngest self-made billionaire in history.

1229:(ITC) introduces the first two-sided, double-capacity floppy disk—the model FF34-2000 17949: 17408: 17293: 15741: 14869: 14595: 13656: 13118: 12080: 11727: 11178: 10643: 10618: 10450: 10239: 10199: 9659: 9213: 9156: 9092: 9037: 8930: 8755: 8721: 8669: 8662: 8547: 8516: 8508: 8498: 8478: 8349: 8285: 8257: 7828: 7713: 7570: 7225: 7208: 6266: 6103: 6034: 5549: 5294: 5286: 5200: 5176: 5157: 5147: 4954: 4889: 4645: 4511: 4175:. IBM's software engineers were tasked with making it switch the AT from DOS into a " 4045: 3964: 3960: 3874: 3743: 3701: 3648: 3633: 3629: 3570: 3503: 3475: 3336: 3302: 3180: 3094: 3037: 2762: 2644: 2415: 2249: 1477: 1459: 1430: 1375: 1288: 1134: 1117: 1086: 964: 266: 10238:, Revised and Expanded, Introduction by Peter Norton, p. xiv. Brady (Prentice Hall) 9676:

Tandon TM100-1, TM100-2 Flexible Disk Drives Product Specification and User's Manual

3717:

components around SIMM. National Semiconductor plans to market a modified SIMM with

17393: 17378: 17323: 17106: 16271:

Decree: Adversaries claim justice served; A step-by-step look at the Microsoft case

16247: 9104: 9084: 6664: 6340: 6076: 5984: 5963:

is about 500 percent faster. Monitors supporting non-interlaced signals cost more.

5780: 5723: 5432: 5410: 4996: 4184: 4168: 4037: 3281: 3234: 3136: 3110: 2810: 2592: 2549: 2422: 2384: 2294: 1703:

computer. After eliminating a few minor bugs, Microsoft had a working 8086 BASIC.

1590: 1582: 1510: 1494: 1407: 1269: 1206: 1114: 1102: 1098: 937: 631: 626: 575: 523: 15072:

The Real Windows Finally Stands Up; Microsoft May Legitimize GUIs With Windows 3.0

7003:(USB) is expected by 1996 updates to Windows 95. USB will be supported by Intel's 6208:

graphics adapters. Windows 3.0 runs on DOS 3.1 or higher, in one of three modes:

5573:, a Windows feature. Excel reads and writes 1-2-3 files and accepts 1-2-3 macros. 3160:

is introduced. It added a 720×348 monochrome graphics mode, adequate for drawing

2591:) to finish their product. The 160 KB DOS diskette also included 23 sample BASIC 2129:

and the CCP (Console Command Processor). New system calls are mainly for the new

1152:

and the n-MOS 2105. Nearly all new computers, regardless of size, now come with a

944:. Each diskette can hold as much data as 3,000 standard 80-column punched cards. 17699: 17443: 17413: 17368: 17343: 17333: 17308: 17298: 17253: 17004: 16974: 16924:"Windows XP leak confirmed after user compiles the leaked code into a working OS" 12718: 11008: 9208: 9027: 8997: 8891: 8711: 8494: 8490: 8474: 8281: 8275: 8045: 7447: 7419:

is released for retail sale, beginning the transition from mainstream DOS usage.

7249: 6629: 6402:

applications, because of its hardware control, though its future may be doomed.

6253:

IBM and Microsoft announce a realignment of their OS/2 development relationship.

5924: 5790: 5558: 5406: 5398: 5085: 4723: 4713: 4535: 4507: 4361: 4176: 4127: 4115: 4095: 4087: 3956: 3922: 3897:

Clone competition heated up in the past two months, with new microcomputers from

3779: 3733:, an IBM PC/XT containing added hardware which could emulate the behaviour of an 3681: 3669: 3661: 3555:, the first PC to store data on a hard disk (10 MB), is announced. It ships with 3467: 3294: 3246: 3188: 3179:, but DOS provided no graphics support, so every program manipulated the board's 2995: 2854: 2520: 2508: 2479: 2283: 1760: 1727:' ten-by-ten-foot booth. At that meeting, Paterson is introduced to Microsoft's 1692: 1641: 1556: 1418: 1394: 1299: 1265: 994: 990: 873: 295: 168:

Major market-leading releases and releases introducing significant new technology

120:

adaptation kits (OAKs) – all Microsoft releases before version 3.2 were OAKs only

16251: 13064:

MS-DOS Version 3.3 Reference Guide, Compaq Computer Corporation (February 1988).

8138:

Intel Microcomputer Peripherals: imm8-90 Intellec 8 High Speed Paper Tape Reader

4059:

would name it 1984 Software Product of the Year (1-2-3 was their 1983 awardee).

3056:

is an abbreviated name for RENAME. DATE and TIME become internal commands. The

2623:. DOS 1.0 diskettes have up to 64 32-byte directory entries, holding the 8-byte 2212:

of IBM's floppy. Johnson-Laird said that Kildall "went ashen" when he saw that.

17654: 17469: 17423: 17403: 17398: 17388: 17373: 17363: 13346:"Digital Research launches FlexOS 286 Real-Time Manufacturing Operating System" 11161:- Employee Newsletter of Digital Research Inc., Volume 3, Number 1, p. 1 ( 9883: 9592: 8717: 8446: 7845: 7770:. Thus, the monitor displays (80 × 9) × (25 × 14) = 720 × 350 = 252,000 pixels. 7519: 7207:

Caldera re-releases DR-OpenDOS 7.02 as the closed source DR-DOS 7.02, which is

7177:

Windows 95 OSR2.1 is released with a supplement providing limited USB support.

6921: 6586: 5775: 5605: 5562: 5466: 5165: 4732: 4705: 4653: 4406: 4357: 4284: 4172: 4156: 4147: 4123: 4001: 3932: 3838: 3775: 3677: 3607: 3539: 3507: 3491: 3483: 3423: 3320: 3098: 3024: 2992: 2988: 2921: 2863: 2714: 2683: 2632: 2572: 2426: 2374: 2314: 2310: 2260: 2029: 2017: 1807: 1605: 1403: 1339: 1198: 1050: 1005: 980: 968: 395: 127: 13769: 11793:

New 1-2-3 Gets 4 Megabytes of Memory, Lotus, Intel Break PC-DOS Memory Barrier

2702:

of a file named in a command, all operations are directed to the device. The

2321:

1.0 by Microsoft. Similar in many ways to CP/M, it consisted of 4000 lines of

1806:. It reportedly took over 50 KB of memory by itself and required some sort of 1298:. Believing, along with Intel's designers, that the microprocessor would run 18049: 17944: 17799: 17694: 17453: 17448: 17348: 16633: 13958:

80386 Control Program Provides Access To Both Multitasking and Virtual Memory

12084: 11731: 9217: 9096: 8486: 8466: 8462: 8454: 8309: 8093: 7867: 7275:

Caldera Thin Clients, Inc., releases Caldera DR-DOS 7.03 by Caldera UK, Ltd.

7120: 7055: 6893: 6615:

ranks Microsoft chairman Bill Gates as America's richest person, topping its

6569: 6526: 6451: 6292: 6278:

IBM announces its first true 486-based PS/2 machines, which have a 1,024×768

6122: 6099: 5910: 5882:, which it says provides 56 percent more pixels on-screen than standard VGA. 5808: 5545: 5477:

at Microsoft, as customers everywhere praised its speed and versatility over

5457: 5333: 5047: 4850: 4783: 4244: 4211: 3918: 3796: 3459: 3451: 3415: 3407: 3392: 3344: 3230: 3200: 3053: 3049: 2984: 2980: 2939: 2885: 2707: 2703: 2557: 2545: 2524: 2448: 2401: 2302: 2268: 2264: 1941: 1756: 1696: 1442: 1390: 1382: 1303: 862: 603: 335: 303: 13231:

The Big Advantage of Intel's 80386 Microprocessor Today Is Virtual 8086 Mode

11452:

IBM Rolls out New PC: Networking products, windowing software also announced

9088: 8520: 8323: 8038: 7844:

DOS's FAT is eight sectors (16 sectors for two copies) + 32 sectors for the

7169:, Ltd on 1997-05-05. This is also the first DOS to be released on a CD-ROM. 6075:

Compaq introduces their first EISA-based computers, the Deskpro 486 and the

4991:-inch floppy disks, which will be available in May. The PC Convertible uses 3077:

Microsoft releases MS-DOS 1.25 (equivalent to PC DOS 1.1; system files are

2805:

multiprogramming monitor control programs (operating systems) which support

1352:

years primarily distributed on paper tape. MITS later distributes BASIC on

17819: 17774: 17418: 17358: 17353: 17318: 17283: 17268: 16549: 8470: 8089: 7466: 7024: 6844: 6746: 6742: 6641: 6443: 6435: 6262: 6080: 6026: 5715: 5696: 5362: 5180: 4808: 4709: 4657: 4591: 4555: 4426: 4076: 4072: 4048: 4005: 3856: 3463: 3411: 3215: 3196: 3106: 2881: 2775: 2742: 2656: 2616: 2564: 2398: 1780: 1688: 1672: 1434: 1335: 1273: 1072:

is too small to support a self-hosted compiler. Kildall also wrote an 8008

1022: 941: 905: 877: 204: 15657: 13441:

IBM Models Offer Diverse Capabilities: All Lines Feature Built-in Graphics

13263:

Beyond the 640K Barrier: The Search for an EMS Simulator That Does the Job

5353:, which has "visual fidelity" to the Microsoft Operating System/2 Windows 4495:

would eventually be released in late 1987). The pact was signed in June.

2866:

released interfaces to make its line of Winchester disk drive systems and

1763:

are identical, except for execution speed. The 8088 uses lower cost 8-bit

932:

introduces the IBM 3740 data entry system. It uses IBM's first read/write

892:(PROM) programmers, and a PROM-based assembler. Intel introduces the 2048- 868:

sets introduced in 1971 and 1972 in more than 60 applications, including:

17964: 17629: 17458: 17428: 17263: 17258: 17009: 16699: 10617:

Norton, Peter (1990). Inside the IBM PC and PS/2, Third Edition, Brady.

10347: 8694:

The History of CP/M, the Evolution of an Industry: One Person's Viewpoint

6732: 6557: 6197: 5680: 5541: 5478: 5474: 5402: 5350: 5130: 4942: 4834: 4740: 4595: 4539: 4450: 4446: 4405:

Digital Research exposed problems with the emulation features on the C-1

4366: 4276: 4272: 4236: 4164: 4141: 4108: 3847:

bound an envelope containing a Word demonstration disk inside its pages.

3730: 3535: 3324: 3237: 3120: 3115: 3008: 2913: 2695: 2676: 2600: 2434: 2355: 2279: 2253: 2209: 2126: 2033: 1736: 1523:

advocated sale of CP/M to the general public. An ad runs in the December

1323: 1307: 1280: 1230: 1194: 1106: 976: 909: 656: 331: 123: 15060: 14738: 13085: 13073: 12014: 11439: 11427: 8544:

Fire in the Valley: The Making of The Personal Computer (Second Edition)

7017:

Volume and File Structure of Disk Cartridges for Information Interchange

3803:, but omits mention of any logical structure for files and directories. 2317:(the latter two added on IBM's request). This product was later called 2044:

Allen negotiates an agreement with Seattle Computer for a non-exclusive

17714: 17704: 17601: 17591: 17571: 17438: 17433: 17303: 16761:"DRDOS INC. INCLUDES FREEDOS AND OTHER SOFTWARE IN DR-DOS 8.1 FOR $ 45" 12321:

80386 Chip Set Paves Way for Faster, Less Costly Computers, Vendor Says

10999:, pg. 177, Daniel Ichbiah with Susan L. Knepper, Prima Publishing, 1993 8458: 8450: 7810:

was IBM's term for the PC's hard drive (i.e., the hard drive was not a

7480: 7416: 7365: 7354: 7236: 7166: 7150: 7097: 7093: 6992: 6884: 6762: 6616: 6501: 6399: 6265:-based card media is a DOS-compatible storage device using Microsoft's 6188: 5891: 5888: 5250:

Quarterdeck recently released Quarterdeck Expanded Memory Manager 386 (

5204: 5126: 5097: 5093: 5089: 5063: 4903: 4753: 4374: 4192: 4188: 4180: 3914: 3759: 3755: 3746: 3625: 3403: 3128: 3124: 2672: 2652: 2596: 2560: 2539: 2528: 2378: 2341: 2241: 1827: 1748: 1715:

that he is working on CP/M 2.0, for both 8080- and 8086-based systems.

1695:—a version of BASIC with a rudimentary built-in operating system—which 1620: 1597: 1533: 1502: 1455: 1218: 1190: 1178: 1149: 1146: 1130: 1094: 1069: 1066: 1058: 1030: 956: 781: 768: 735: 681: 669: 448: 431: 407: 378: 352: 320: 284: 255: 225: 75: 42: 15988: 13620:

Desqview 2.0 Beefs Up MS-DOS Multitasking, Uses 80386's "Virtual 8086"

13046:

The Compaq Deskpro 386's Speed Alone Is Enough to Attract Micro Buyers

10449:

Norton, Peter (1986). Inside the IBM PC, Revised and Enlarged, Brady.

9606:

86-DOS sales agreement between Seattle Computer Products and Microsoft

7427:

Support ends for MS-DOS, Windows 95, and earlier versions of Windows.

4910:, which supports token ring operations. Although it adds support for 3 4356:

intended to make use of the newly available memory. Above Board uses

3967:. By June, Microsoft will have licensed MS-DOS to 200 manufacturers. 2515:) with 640×200 resolution and 4-color graphics with 320×200 resolution 1687:

Paterson, with his working two-card prototype boardset installed in a

17959: 17914: 17789: 17784: 17779: 17769: 17273: 16682: 16501: 14367:

Lotus, Intel, AST Officially Endorse Microsoft's Extended Memory Spec

12067: 11714: 9033: 8387: 7871: 7020: 6996: 6667:, the maker of Stacker disk compression software, sues Microsoft for 6447: 6373:(SDK) version 3.0, which supports XMS and both the Real and Standard 6358: 6114: 5991:

and uses extended memory by way of Rational Systems' VCPI-compatible

5879: 5757: 5719: 5544:

releases the first BIOS-level compatible VGA board, soon followed by

5341: 4830: 4736: 4665: 4572: 4527: 4488: 4160: 4151: 4131: 4094:

card were added, but the redirector itself, which interacts with the

3902: 3665: 3615: 3543: 3538:. A team of six developers produced version 2.0, led by Paul Allen, 3241: 3165: 3161: 3082: 3045: 2731: 2636: 2475: 2456: 2306: 2201: 2156: 1977:

IBM first contacts Microsoft to look the company over. Their secret

1795: 1485: 1371: 1356:, supported by the Altair 88-ACR (Audio Cassette Recorder) interface 1331: 762: 720: 699: 650: 598: 552: 413: 384: 358: 326: 290: 261: 231: 16:

Events in the history of 16-bit x86 DOS-family disk operating systems

14479:

Microsoft Releases Updated DOS 4; Some OEMs Ship Versions This Month

14191:

Some Tips, Tricks and Workarounds For Upgrading Sites to IBM DOS 4.0

13314:

Multiuser Operating System to Use 386 Microprocessor's Virtual Modes

13151:

Microsoft to Make MS-DOS 4.0, MS-Net 2.0 Available in Fourth Quarter

6847:

theft. On the day the jury returned its verdict, Microsoft released

5760:

in Windows/286. When run on 286- and 386-based systems, XMS brings

17989: 17954: 17754: 17739: 17734: 17679: 17674: 17564: 17209: 17149: 16884:"Microsoft releases source code for early MS-DOS, Word for Windows" 14335:

IBM Ships Unannounced DOS 4.01; IBM Releases Model 30s Based on 286

14239:

Users Encouraged by IBM DOS 4.0's Text-Based Interface, EMS Support

9197: 9195: 9193: 9191: 9189: 9187: 9185: 7101: 6728: 6687: 6671:

of two of its file compression patents by the upcoming MS-DOS 6.0.

6561: 6459: 6270: 5960: 5956: 5784: 5641: 5394: 5366: 5282: 4695:

drives, and work well as long as no one file is larger than 32 MB.

4649: 4641: 4587: 4462: 4320: 4224: 3988: 3979: 3843: 3815: 3734: 3471: 3396: 3369: 3356: 3266: 3262: 3086: 2889: 2640: 2624: 2580: 2576: 2490: 2387:(8 KB BIOS and 32 KB BASIC) and an empty 8 KB ROM expansion socket 2351: 2286: 1676: 1650: 1427: 1295: 1261: 1182: 1170: 1090: 1046: 998: 960: 933: 340: 41:

Also presented is a timeline of events in the history of the 8-bit

20: 16041:

MS-DOS 6.2 lets users uncompress DoubleSpace volumes;protects data

15438:

Phar Lap Adds EMS, Windows Support To DOS Extender Development Kit

14303:

Phar Lap Memory Manager Offers Alternative to Presentation Manager

13279:

80386 Developer's Tool Employs DOS For Mainframe-Size Applications

4739:

award, as the "two-years late" multitasking operating environment

4051:

to superimpose a calculator, calendar, notepad, phone dialer, and

3387:

Microsoft releases MS-DOS 2.0, which introduces a Unix/Xenix-like

908:-actuated programmer, and erased as often as needed by shining an 18004: 17974: 17929: 17904: 17839: 17834: 17824: 17729: 17719: 17709: 17689: 17659: 17634: 17611: 17606: 17596: 17521: 14594:, CompTIA A+ Complete Study Guide, Deluxe Edition (Oct 30, 2006) 10322:

High-Resolution Standard Is Latest Step in DOS Graphics Evolution

7676:

Source code of MS-DOS versions 3.30 and 6.0 was leaked online on

7578: 7196: 7162: 7146: 7051: 6905: 6825: 6467: 6339:

AddStor Inc. announces the first version of SuperStor on-the-fly

6173: 6149: 6030: 5831:

The 'Gang of Nine' PC clone makers, led by Compaq, announced the

5684: 4937: 4838: 4804: 4599: 4568: 4519: 4430: 4018: 3863:

magazine. Lacking money to pay for the ad, the company deceives

3852: 3788: 3767: 3657: 3586: 3270: 3057: 3002:

researchers, meaning that it points as well as the human finger.

2799: 2504: 2405: 2366: 2245: 2221:

a 1986 SCP lawsuit, the total cost to Microsoft was $ 1 million.

2081: 2061: 1803: 1462:

of the Altair 8800 as a "commercial grade" microcomputer system.

1126: 885: 881: 556: 541: 528: 99: 16649:"IBM ServerGuide Scripting Toolkit, DOS Edition, version 1.3.07" 14431:

OS/2 1.1 Meets Shipping Deadline; Some OS/2 Applications Delayed

11657:] Makes Debut, Upgrade of operating system supports networks 10724:

In designers' scenario, software undergoes behavior modification

9630:

Hardware Reviews—IBM PC: a product as good as its corporate name

9491:

Software Reviews: CP/M-86 operating system from Digital Research

9182: 8512: 5427:

ability to switch from protected 386 mode to virtual 8086 mode.

4331:

IBM ships their TopView text-mode operating environment. A June

3762:, is the star introduction at Tokyo's Japan Data Show. It runs 3052:

command is added as a synonymous name for the ERASE command and

2826:. The minimum system memory requirement for MP/M-86 is 128 KB. 17984: 17979: 17879: 17869: 17864: 17844: 17794: 17759: 17684: 17639: 17581: 17554: 17518: 16747: 16615: 16310:"Microsoft Windows Simplified Chinese 3.2 Upgrade Is Available" 15859:

Intel wants PCI specification as local bus standard for Pentium

13737:

Small Companies Provide Ways to Take Advantage of 386 Computers

11207:, March 28, 1988. "By May 1984, Desq finally went out the door" 8590: 6611: 6463: 6153: 6137: 5668: 5596: 5592: 5490: 5234: 5107: 4634: 4625: 4370: 4280: 4264: 3921:' late 1960s/early 1970s heyday, when many companies developed 3800: 3290: 3078: 2783: 2771: 2362: 2318: 2298: 2025: 2003: 1956: 1617: 1586: 1386: 1138: 1062: 756: 714: 693: 644: 620: 607: 592: 569: 517: 493: 487: 198: 156: 87: 64: 60: 12652:

IBM Releases First Components Of its Token Ring and PC-DOS 3.2

11847:

Tech Talk: Placing the IBM/Microsoft XMS Spec Into Perspective

10642:, August 15, 1983, Vol. 5, No. 33, page 49ff., 9535:

Howard's Seattle Computer Products SCP 86-DOS Resource Website

6458:. It adds undelete and unformat utilities, and task swapping. 6348:

Microsoft said that it had received a letter in June from the

5638:

Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange

5385:(.PIF) format and it comes with a TopView 1.1-compatible API. 5217:

Volume and File Structure of CDROM for Information Interchange

4360:

so the IBM PC and PC/AT can use what Intel and Lotus call the

4279:, was particularly successful competing against market leader 4187:

to fit in the added circuits such as the clock and the second

1830:

version of CP/M, is just a "shell" that fits around CP/M 2.1.

17999: 17934: 17924: 17909: 17874: 17764: 17724: 17586: 17576: 16928: 16602:

Lifecycle Information for Microsoft Obsolete Products Support

16522:

Microsoft Windows 98 Second Edition Released to Manufacturing

15923:

Peer-to-peer networking gives Novell DOS 7 an edge over rival

15673:

Local-bus graphics becomes viable; standards, products emerge

14902:

IBM and Microsoft Software Newsletter; Statement of Direction

8698:

Dr. Dobb's Journal of Computer Calisthenics & Orthodontia

8469:; Olsson, Mike; Osterman, Larry; Ostling, Ridge; Pai, Sunil; 7677: 7562: 7308: 7131: 6455: 5671:

CD ROM Extensions, adding support for the ISO 9660 standard.

4974: 4438: 4390:'s LAN will incorporate a portion of Microsoft's Redirector. 4052: 3771: 3562: 3439: 3427: 3293:

announces the first IBM PC compatible portable computer, the

3250:, attracts many observers at the Mini/Micro 82 conference in 3219: 2620: 2483: 2404:, graphic patterns for 128 characters in graphics mode, disk 2338: 2276: 2085: 2077: 2013: 1836: 1570: 1034: 972: 901: 859: 855: 851: 16211:"Developer interview: DOS is (long) dead, long live FreeDOS" 15989:"ClarisWorks: Changes And Fixes In The Windows 3.11 Upgrade" 15168:

Intel's Flash Memory IC Cards Offer High Density, Low Weight

12761:"Information about the little known multitasking MS-DOS 4.0" 10804:

New chip package reduces cost, space requirements for memory

10221:, June–July 1982, p. 164. This may have been Norton's first 10035:

Concurrent CP/M, an OS that lets you do three things at once

9359:

Shugart Technology Announces 5.25–inch Winchester Disk Drive

7912:

Intel (1973-01-04). "Intel microcomputers (advertisement)".

7185:

Caldera, Inc., releases DR-OpenDOS 7.02 by Caldera UK, Ltd.

6033:

to speed performance by loading ROM-BIOS functions into the

5129:

both plan to support the new software. Microsoft president

5058:

Compaq introduces the first Intel 80386-based computer, the

2942:, aka Concurrent CP/M, a new CP/M-86-compatible single-user 2884:

cabling, is billed as a low-cost alternative to more costly

163:

First end-user releases of IBM–Microsoft-compatible versions

17994: 17919: 17899: 17849: 17814: 17664: 15358:

IBM Tries to Jump State XGA Development, to Supply Chip Set

14723:

Lotus Leads in the Spreadsheet Race But Can't Slow Down Yet

14543:

i486 Shows How Hardware and Software Makers Are Out of Step

13974:

VM/386 Multitasks Existing DOS Applications Far Beyond 640K

13878:

First VGA Board for XTs, ATs: Pretty Colors and Rough Edges

12607:

High industry interest, few products mark compact disk show

12495:

AST's Rampage Offers Superset of Intel Memory Specification

12254:

DRI's Multitasking DOS System Too Limited to Make the Grade

12114:

New Set of Chips Should Make Graphics Cards More Accessible

8445: 8277:

Code: The Hidden Language of Computer Hardware and Software

6977: 6883:, bringing back disk compression with internally developed 5942: 5835:(EISA) bus. New EISA computers are expected by late 1989. 5771: 5510: 5311: 5251: 5134:

file server with high level communications that need to do

5068: 4637: 4492: 4387: 3792: 3705: 3611: 2795: 2691: 2687: 2679: 1819: 1637: 1498: 1248: 1110: 1054: 1038: 897: 805: 797: 502: 83: 46: 16489:

Windows 98 and Retail Promotions Bring Customers Out Early

14351:

Compaq Leads 'Gang of Nine' In Offering Alternative to MCA

14287:

Microsoft's XMS 2.0 Adds 64K Of Memory to 286, 386 Systems

13836: 9971:

IBM releases CP/M-86 for the Personal Computer after delay

9019: 7942:

Sideris, George (1973-03-01). "Microcomputers muscle in".

7549:

Udo Kuhnt releases Enhanced DR-DOS 7.01.07 with FAT32 and

6749:

networking that Microsoft left out of its latest release.

6466:. It was immediately available for retail, but only as an 6421:

is released. It featured the moving of the DOS kernel and

5683:, supporting hard disk partitions up to 512 MB. DR DOS is 5599:

operating system, creates full-screen "virtual machines".

5557:

Microsoft announces and ships the first PC version of its

4656:. To sustain the 386's 33 MHz maximum clock rate, a 3917:

and others. A similar spate of IBM clones existed during

3097:—which runs MS-DOS 1.25—soon followed by others including 2595:

demonstrating the abilities of the PC, including the game

2571:

handling, and added a few external commands of their own:

888:

prototyping boards that form functioning micro computers,

17622: 16652: 16474:

IBM PC DOS 2000 Can Ease Your Transition to the Year 2000

14868:

Wallace, James (1997), Overdrive, John Wiley & Sons.

11364:

Phoenix Eagerly Waiting to Clone Next-Generation IBM BIOS

9987:

Comments by Tom Rolander, first Digital Research employee

8791:

Cassette Seen Retaining Edge In Magnetic Recording Market

7590: 7566: 7044: 7000: 6863:

compression technology in future products, then releases

6766:

were working on a fix. After three months on the market,

6084: 5783:(HMA): boosts access to conventional memory by using the 4885: 3113:

industry, advertises his utilities in the third issue of

3036:

which supports its Tandon TM100-2 320 KB (327,680 bytes)

2523: • support for 256 text-mode characters ( 2196: 2021: 1799: 1764: 1601: 1287:. Kildall's friend John Torode developed the controller 929: 893: 787: 741: 675: 547: 454: 237: 117: 71: 27: 24: 16981:

I.B.M. Executive Describes Price Pressure by Microsoft,

16057:

MS-DOS 6.2 Addresses DoubleSpace Concerns, Adds Features

14659:

The Next Video Plateau: IBM's 8514/A and Its Competitors

12190:

Compaq's New DOS Version Cripples Leading Disk Utilities

11703: 11701: 10225:. He ran a classified ad in the April–May issue, p. 136. 9534: 9173:

Books, Boards and Software for The New 16-Bit Processors

7646:

website under a "Microsoft research license agreement".

7100:

era. It comes with an MS-DOS–like bootloader reporting

4267:) for use on non-IBM network cards. Microsoft Networks 4167:—all will be available in first quarter 1985. The 3265:, the top personal computer software firm (built by its 1699:

developed for the 8086 by simulating the 8086 chip on a

1493:

IMSAI ships a lot of disk subsystems, promising that an

904:

chip. It can be programmed in two minutes using Intel's

14981:

DR DOS 5.0 Adds Value to Compete With the Leading Brand

13509:

Operating System/2 Standard Edition Announcement Letter

12806:

3270-PC and Expanded Memory Adapter Announcement Letter

11428:

FAT Type and Cluster Size Depends on Logical Drive Size

10985:

Delphi History – from Pascal to Embarcadero Delphi XE 2

10820:

Wang 64-K-Bit RAM Module To Compete With 256-K-Bit Chip

7327:

Versions of OEM DR-DOS branded 7.04/7.05 are released.

7311:, Inc., who re-releases DR-DOS as Caldera DR-DOS 7.03. 6714:(WinHEC) Intel announced its PCI specification—and its 6146:

Personal Computer Memory Card International Association

1759:

were unchanged). To the programmer, the 8086 and 8088

1402:

Kildall and Torode sell their first two machines and a

150: 16801:

Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition product lifecycle

14887:

STATEMENT OF DIRECTION FOR DOS, OS/2 AND LAN OFFERINGS

14389:, December 26, 1989, p. 309–10. (scroll up for p. 310) 12950:

Standards let CD-ROM disks run across multiple systems

11155:

Concurrent CP/M ships early in response to team effort

10772:

Mouse and new WP program join Microsoft product lineup

7883:

Some OEMs (in Europe) labeled this version MS-DOS 3.05

7604:

Extended support ended for Windows 98 and Windows ME.

6918:

United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division

6406:

is compatible with XMS, VCPI and DPMI in Windows 3.0.

5738:—which is a subset of the upcoming OS/2 version 1.1's 2717:. Delivery of the computer is scheduled for October. 2607:. The first sector of DOS-formatted diskettes is the 1596:, which improved on IBM's design by employing a fixed 1527:

as well. Demand for the diskettes was slow at first.

1484:) floppy drive. ITC adjusts Flippy (now a registered 16814:"NewsForge: FreeDOS 1.0 Born After 12-Year Gestation" 16403: 15774:

Local bus begins to replace high-speed I/O bus design

14137:. Salt Lake City, UT, USA: Caldera News. 1996-07-24. 13074:

Compaq Deskpro Unable to Read Extended DOS Partitions

12054: 11698: 9029:

Microprocessors and Microcomputer-Based System Design

8324:

United States Patent and Trademark Office (uspto.gov)

5591:

Intelligent Graphics Corporation (IGC) announces its

2745:

products included SB-80, Lifeboat's version of CP/M.

2706:, floppy disk controller, further memory, serial and 1560:

for its Altair/IMSAI (S-100) bus floppy disk system.

15689:

IBM's owning XGA trademark means VESA standard delay

15626:

Microsoft Widens Its Split With I.B.M. Over Software

15562:

Novell to acquire desktop OS vendor Digital Research

15029:

Software Vendors Agree on DOS Extender Specification

14750:

Release 3.0 of Lotus 1-2-3 Will Silence the Skeptics

13673:

Firms to Combine Desqview, 386/DOS-Extender Products

13393:

Quarterdeck Product Expands 386 PC Memory Up to 16MB

13337: 13293: 13291: 13014:

Compaq Introduces 386 PC, Challenges IBM to Match It

12178:

Intel386 DX Microprocessor Hardware Reference Manual

8123:"Bare-bones and stand-alone microcomputers to bow". 5626:

IBM ships OS/2 Standard Edition, Version 1.0 early.

5344:" would become the new standard for PC-compatibles. 3172:. Most DOS software packages would support it as a 1691:

box, drives to Microsoft to try it with Microsoft's

1632:

CP/M version 1.4, now priced at $ 100, is released.

1612: 1550: 1472: 1314: 1213: 846: 15535:

Microsoft MS-DOS 5 Upgrade vs. Microsoft MS-DOS 5.0

13298:

286/DOS-Extender: Build Protected Mode Apps for DOS

13098:

New Chip Said to Contain Seven PC AT Chip Functions

13086:

Drives Inaccessible After Upgrading from Compaq DOS

12353:

Microsoft Focuses Efforts On Direct Corporate Sales

11138:

Products of the Year: Winning Big By Thinking Small

10083:

IBM Personal Computer software provides 4 functions

9904:

Mini Bits: Interfaces Increase Corvus Compatibility

9010:

Shugart Double-Sided Drive Has Double Density heads

8383:

Gary Kildall and the Digital Research Success Story

7927:"2,048-bit erasable PROM programs in two minutes". 7892:

Some European OEMs labeled this version MS-DOS 3.06

7518:DeviceLogics releases DR-DOS 8.0, adding FAT32 and 6904:is used to license code and the name is changed to 6282:(XGA) built onto their Micro Channel motherboards. 6142:

Japan Electronic Industries Development Association

5565:. Excel runs on 286- and 386-based systems with an 5285:line is released. Models range from the 8086-based 4586:Digital Research sidelines Concurrent DOS 4.1 into 4554:or computer-aided design. Graphics is moving from 4491:: CP-DOS, 286DOS, DOS 5, New DOS, or Advanced DOS ( 4118:and 20 MB hard drive, is introduced. It ships with 3951:Microsoft combined versions 2.1 and 2.01 to create 3089:is an entirely disk-based substitute for BASICA). 1370:years, before floppy disks took over. The Altair's 16193:MS-DOS recall order may disrupt supply line of PCs 14559:i486, 68040 Use Pipelining To Speed Up Performance 14127: 13721:Tool Lets Programs Access 16MB of RAM With DOS 3.X 12966:TSeng, PC's Limited EGAs Offer Features, Low Price 12015:Int 67/AH=4Eh : LIM EMS - GET OR SET PAGE MAP 11284:AST memory board to come with Quarterdeck Desqview 10120:IBM enhances Personal Computer with 2-sided drives 9786:Victor Business chosen to peddle Peddle's computer 8366:Intel Microcomputer Systems imm8-88 Conversion Kit 7161:Caldera, Inc., releases M.R.S. open-source kit of 7015:ECMA adopts the 2nd edition of standard ECMA-107, 6679:Microsoft countersues Stac. Microsoft unveils its 5636:ECMA adopts the 2nd edition of standard ECMA-119, 3647:releases the first 256-kilobit DRAM chip, and its 3565:, the fixed disk setup program, used to write the 2639:. The two standard formats for program files are 2167:Paterson finishes, and Seattle Computer releases, 1818:CP/M 2.1 is released, fixing bugs in version 2.0. 1125:In July, Intel debuts its model 2107 4,096-bit (4- 15610:Users can choose between two 32-bit DOS extenders 13288: 12270:Chips & Technologies:Driving in the Fast Lane 9507:CP/M: A Family of 8- and 16-bit Operating Systems 8483:The MS-DOS Encyclopedia: versions 1.0 through 3.2 8150:Intellec 8 Bare Bones 8 and Microcomputer Modules 6047:Microsoft unveils 16-bit OS/2 1.2, featuring the 5913:hardware built into the 80386 and runs on top of 5874:, maker of the MultiSync monitor line, forms the 5328:, which could hold up to 23 logical drives. The 4607:C&T announces its EGA CHIPSet, a set of four 4542:. Microsoft's upcoming Windows uses Microsoft's 4150:. However, the ROM-BIOS routine did switch from 1640:proposes an S-100 standard, introducing a 16-bit 983:2 (16,384) memory locations, or 16 KB of memory. 157:§ 1980–1995: Important events in DOS history 18047: 17499: 16156: 16154: 16089: 16087: 16085: 15546:PC Software Maker Novell To Buy Digital Research 14997:DR-DOS Update Will Be Sold Directly to End-Users 14207:Incompatibilities Hinder Useful DOS 4.0 Features 13705:Developers Search for Reliable 386 DOS Extenders 13604:Desqview Update Supports EGA, VGA Graphics Modes 13183:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0 offered to European OEMs 12917:Utilities Expected to Link RAM-Resident Programs 12206:Hard Disk Drives: How Many Megabytes Are Enough? 11927: 11925: 11923: 11147: 9722:Some Confusion at the Heart of IBM Microcomputer 8982:Shugart, Tandon Conclude Drive License Agreement 6812:, 32-bit networking, and the 32-bit VCACHE.386. 5905:Phar Lap's product line has expanded to include 5756:, Version 2.0, implemented by the device driver 4243:and is its first video controller to produce an 3269:spreadsheet for the Apple II), demonstrates its 14590:Quentin Docter, Emmett Dulaney, Toby Skandier. 13409:DRI to Release Multiuser 80386 Operating System 11619:Enhanced Color Display 5154 Announcement Letter 11279: 11277: 10317: 10315: 10190: 10188: 10186: 10184: 10182: 10180: 8688: 8686: 8684: 8682: 8068: 8066: 5909:, a virtual memory add-in driver that uses the 5855:IBM and Microsoft ship OS/2 1.1, which has the 4598:-based computer to be produced and marketed in 2912:, members learned about Intel's just-announced 1649:Rubinstein founds MicroPro International. Its 1433:, the first portable computer, is introduced. 1189:debugger to create an 8008 simulator that lets 1145:. It's slow compared with 1kb RAMs such as the 880:. Intel's support for system-building includes 16833: 16655:. January 24, 2008. MIGR-53564. Archived from 12045:Microsoft, IBM Sign Pact for Operating Systems 11103:VisiCorp Repositions Its Products and Approach 10409:Speech tech, mice draw crowds at Mini/Micro 82 9955:Homebrew Computer Club views Intel's superchip 9754:Northeast Computer Show in Boston draws 50,000 9432: 7469:is founded; they purchased DR-DOS from Lineo. 7068:-by-13-inch Baby AT planar board has been the 6589:specification, and Intel unveils its proposed 6430:The same day, in New York, Microsoft released 6025:, a technique used by Chips and Technologies' 5336:used by earlier PC keyboards is replaced by a 1061:so it will run on most computers, including a 680:First IBM release after split with Microsoft, 17485: 17025: 16499: 16151: 16082: 15907:MS-DOS 6 hype doesn't match analyst forecasts 14930:U.S., Japanese Vendors Ready PC Card Standard 14864: 14862: 14860: 14858: 14070:Vendors Decide Against Bundling OS/2 With PCs 13455: 13453: 13060: 13058: 11920: 11603:Enhanced Graphics Adapter Announcement Letter 10377:Zenith challenges IBM's share of micro market 10361:Zenith's new Z100 has something for everybody 9686: 9684: 9618:IBM PC Motherboard Settings and Configuration 9306: 9304: 9071: 9065: 8703: 8612: 8610: 8113:– Intel Corporation (On Bitsavers.org). 7378: 6887:, which is about 5% slower than DoubleSpace. 6187:(DPMI) version 0.9 is formally released by a 6079:, attempting to sway corporate accounts from 3466:, DISKCOPY (not identical to IBM's version), 2425:TM100-1 160 KB (163,840 bytes) single-sided, 16811: 15721:Intel, VESA propose local bus specifications 13572:Windows 2.0 to Resemble OS/2 Windows Manager 13372: 13370: 12982:Two Build-Your-Own Alternatives for AT Power 12222:DRI Alters Its Stalled Concurrent DOS System 12134:Awards for Technical Excellence: EGA Chipset 11978: 11976: 11911:Digital Research offers enhanced DOS version 11530: 11528: 11468:DOS 3.0 Is Bigger, but Only Manual is Better 11274: 11119:IBM PC clone makers shun total compatibility 10312: 10177: 9577:Hamm, Steve; Jay Greene (October 25, 2004). 9025: 8679: 8063: 7248:Caldera, Inc. creates two new subsidiaries, 7079: 6736:utilities were licensed from third-parties. 6491:, a DPMI-compliant 32-bit DOS extender, and 6248:DESQview 386 version 2.3 and QEMM 5.1 ship. 5076: 3996:Accepting the emergence of PC DOS as a 3297:. Compaq achieved compatibility legally by 3044:, reducing the reserved field to 10 bytes. 2770:Microsoft signs its first major DOS deal at 1993:Paterson's operating system, which he calls 1969:-inch Winchester disk drive—price: $ 1,500. 725:DoubleSpace removed due to legal injunction 38:are not part of the scope of this timeline. 16945:"Announcement on official FreeDOS homepage" 16903:"Announcement on official FreeDOS homepage" 16862:"Announcement on official FreeDOS homepage" 16440: 16438: 16436: 16434: 16432: 16430: 16428: 16426: 16424: 16422: 16161:PC DOS 7 beats its disappearing competitors 15578:DOS extender supports Windows enhanced mode 14118:Microsoft Steals Show At Its CD ROM Meeting 14086:Microsoft Finally Ships Its Windows Updates 13990:New Products, Updates Highlight Fall Comdex 13328: 13326: 12383: 12381: 11807: 11805: 11300:IBM micro gets ability to run four programs 11133: 11131: 10636:CP/M Plus, a third, updated version of CP/M 10613: 10611: 10445: 10443: 10441: 10439: 10437: 10343:The Enhanced Graphics Standard Comes of Age 9599: 8750:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 8739: 8737: 8267: 8006:"The Early Model Personal Computer Contest" 6516:with AddStor's SuperStor disk compression. 6273:and some specialized embedded controllers. 5146:DESQview 1.3 is announced. It supports the 4778:European Computer Manufacturers Association 4111:microprocessor, with a 16-bit ISA bus, new 3837:Microsoft Word ships. On the suggestion of 2474:(MDA) displaying 80 columns by 25 lines in 1488:) production to accommodate the new drive. 1320:Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems 1089:, Intel introduces two microcomputers, the 132:Microsoft offered these in addition to OAKs 18029: 17492: 17478: 17039: 17032: 17018: 15955:IBM working on fix to compression conflict 15374:Big Blue Reneges on Plan to Sell XGA Chips 15248:IBM's XGA Raises the Graphics Quality Ante 14855: 13802:EMS Update Gives DOS Improved Multitasking 13450: 13055: 12621: 12619: 12575:Color Monitor Backs Wide Range of Displays 11632: 11630: 10850: 10848: 10676:Raft of Portable Micros Displayed on Floor 9681: 9650: 9648: 9646: 9644: 9642: 9301: 9287: 9285: 9055: 9053: 8607: 8378: 8376: 8374: 7224:IBM releases PC DOS 2000, which has minor 5340:, and mice get the same connector; these " 5191:'s tool that allows 32-bit mainframe-size 1837:1980–1995: Important events in DOS history 1653:word processor application would become a 16543: 16541: 16539: 16537: 16535: 16533: 16531: 16529: 16450:"Removing old distributions from ibiblio" 16307: 16073:Novell ups the ante for DOS functionality 15986: 14463:Standardizing Super VGA: The Role of VESA 13588:Fox Readies Version of Foxbase to Use 386 13493:The IBM Personal System/2 Display Adapter 13367: 13199:Desqview to Support Virtual Mode of 80386 12901:The EEMS Standard: A Bridge to The Future 12719:Image of shrinkwrapped MS-DOS 3.2 package 12316: 12314: 12166:Intel 80386 Programmer's Reference Manual 11973: 11525: 10287:IBM PC can be expanded by additional 512K 8921: 8441: 8439: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8429: 8427: 8425: 8423: 8421: 8419: 8417: 8326:Trademark Electronic Search System (TESS) 8248: 8246: 8244: 8242: 8240: 8238: 8236: 8234: 8232: 8230: 8228: 8226: 8224: 8222: 8220: 8218: 8216: 8214: 8212: 8210: 8208: 7969:"Will IBM's diskette KO punched cards?". 6851:, removing DoubleSpace disk compression. 4902:IBM released the first components of its 4837:program allowing users to switch between 4518:(C&T) is creating a full, custom EGA 3855:is launched by a single full-page ad for 3664:, priced at $ 195. It comes in either a 3327:, which would become the IBM PC's first " 1501:(Basic Input/Output System), that a good 1113:, a high speed punched tape reader and a 1049:specifically for microprocessors. It's a 16942: 16900: 16859: 16853: 16444: 16419: 16238: 15806: 15804: 15802: 15738:The Digital Consumer Technology Handbook 15642:DR DOS 6: worthy alternative to MS-DOS 5 15342:IBM Moves to Supply XGA Products to OEMs 15152:IBM, Microsoft Reassess OS/2 Partnership 14707:Release 3.0 Expected in Stores This Week 14691:How DOS Programs Can Use Over 1MB of RAM 13323: 12853:IBM 80386 to Include Proprietary Designs 12730:MS-DOS 4.0 in U.K.; U.S. Waiting for 5.0 12527:Windowing software shatters users' hopes 12448:RT Personal Computer Announcement Letter 12378: 11802: 11761:Topview in No Shape for the Average User 11586:Market Looks to EGA as De Facto Standard 11128: 11076:Visi On Applications Manager setup guide 10608: 10434: 9717: 9715: 9593:"IBM Personal Computer DOS Version 1.00" 9579:"The Man Who Could Have Been Bill Gates" 9201: 8919: 8917: 8915: 8913: 8911: 8909: 8907: 8905: 8903: 8901: 8743: 8734: 8653: 8651: 8649: 8647: 8645: 8633:The S-100 Bus: Past, Present, and Future 8588:Altair Audio Cassette Interface (88-ACR) 8415: 8413: 8411: 8409: 8407: 8405: 8403: 8401: 8399: 8397: 8340: 8338: 8336: 8334: 8332: 8206: 8204: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8194: 8192: 8190: 8188: 8003: 6995:needed for multimedia. Support for both 6859:IBM signs a deal with Stac to use their 6727:. This version was the first to include 6659:. Each is valued at over $ 26 billion. 4219:of 64 colors at 640×350 resolution (see 3676:. Microsoft also introduces Multi-Tool 940:disk"—a new recording medium to replace 806:1973–1980: Hardware foundations and CP/M 113:DOS releases have been in the forms of: 16611: 16609: 16413:. Press announcement as of 1997-04-30 ( 16346:Microsoft touts need for multimedia bus 15811:Microsoft settles for piece of the Stac 15502:MS-DOS5: Reigning OS improves its value 15264:8514/A Faces Serious Challenge From XGA 15184:Big little PC group hatches memory plan 14960: 14958: 13849:ICL takes wraps off 3 ISDN workstations 13753:Qualitas Scores With 386 Memory Manager 12885:Tough Choice. Easy Answer. (Quadram ad) 12687:DOS Gets Better—And More Expensive, Too 12616: 12591:VESA: Looking forward to a new standard 12040: 12038: 11842: 11840: 11627: 11581: 11579: 10845: 10628: 10338: 10336: 10334: 9639: 9282: 9060:Early Digital Research CP/M Source Code 9050: 8709: 8538: 8536: 8534: 8371: 8273: 8088: 8072: 8058:IBM 3340 direct access storage facility 8034: 8032: 7941: 7866:The Multi-Tool product line began with 7283:Caldera, Inc., closes Caldera UK, Ltd. 6924:agreeing to end certain practices for 6 6712:Windows Hardware Engineering Conference 6690:functionality. Phar Lap announces that 6121:for their new ROMable operating system 5876:Video Electronics Standards Association 5833:Extended Industry Standard Architecture 4993:application-specific integrated circuit 4780:adopts and releases standard ECMA-107, 4441:shows a prototype CD-ROM at the Summer 3672:, a mouse-based text editor written by 3668:or serial version, with the Multi-Tool 3581:(BPB) is added to volume boot records. 3355:IBM announces a new color display, the 2507:video modes including 16-color text or 2325:source code and ran in 8 KB of memory. 1794:Omnix, advertised as a CP/M-compatible 1554:Torode's Digital Systems runs an ad in 1414:. CP/M also monitored programs in the 1156:or a choice between semiconductors and 1133:RAM, which competes with 4kb RAMs from 18048: 16790:Microsoft Windows 98 product lifecycle 16629:"Start-up revives once-vaunted DR-DOS" 16626: 16616:The DR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project 16526: 16208: 15658:Windows 3.0 with Multimedia Extensions 14782:Shadow RAM Collides With DOS Extenders 14102:Microsoft Windows 2.03 and Windows/386 13689:Foxbase 2.0 73% Faster, Publisher Says 12311: 12060: 11879:Key Application Packages Still Missing 11778:PC Network Program Announcement Letter 11707: 11201:In Depth – Women, technology and power 10592: 10579: 10484:Color Display 5153 Announcement Letter 9703:IBM Announces New Microcomputer System 9241:New Business Graduates Turnkey Systems 6564:font support, stability improvements, 6483:Phar Lap announces the DPMI-compliant 5878:(VESA) to promote a standard it calls 4799:Microsoft releases MS-DOS 3.2 to IBM. 4786:Cartridges for Information Interchange 3749:(UK) and the Olympia PEOPLE computer. 3376:, which was formerly sold separately. 2293:LINK.EXE and a few external commands: 1802:-based microcomputers, is released by 1675:finishes the design of his first 8086 1532:Shugart introduces the (single-sided) 1416:Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 1360:. Cassettes were popular for another 1 17473: 17013: 16881: 16714:, web.archive.org, October 15, 2004; 16094:The DOS heavyweights go another round 15799: 15217:IBM Personal System/2 Model 90 XP 486 15136:IBM Seizes Control Over OS/2's Future 14846:EISA Debuts Break Up the Gang of Nine 14611:16-bit VGA Cards Stretch The Standard 14175:Windows Gets More Memory With Upgrade 13818:PC Vendors Plan to Bundle Windows 386 12703:Tutor: Extended memory from real mode 10756:COMDEX: Micros in American mainstream 10563:Branching Out With The IBM Fixed Disk 9910:, December 28, 1981 - January 4, 1982 9888:Top Lawyer in I.B.M. Case, Dies at 77 9712: 9523:Photo of Intel Intellec ICE-88 module 8898: 8642: 8394: 8329: 8185: 8176: 8162:"Intel trots out its 4,096-bit RAM". 8100:(Manuscript, part 1). Kildall Family. 7911: 7054:motherboard by 90 degrees within the 5365:announced Foxbase 2.0 386, the first 5357:, for shipment in the third quarter. 5310:(the new protected mode multitasking 5069:Compaq Expanded Memory Manager (CEMM) 4945:packaged product for smaller OEMs or 4000:standard, Digital Research announced 2675:as if they were files. Whenever the 2377:(s) to 256 KB). The ninth bit is the 1233:, compatible with IBM's 8-inch disk. 130:) – starting with MS-DOS 3.2 in 1986, 36:Non-x86 operating systems named "DOS" 16606: 16110:IBM, Stac sign data compression deal 15705:IBM licenses XGA technology to Intel 15311: 14955: 14914:8086 ROM Development (advertisement) 14511:Developers Struggle With DOS Choices 13540:Expansion Bus Highlights PS/2 Family 13425:DRI Updates 2 Concurrent DOS Systems 12337:Long and Winding Road to Windows 3.0 12035: 11837: 11576: 11087:Review: Visi On Applications Manager 10951:Why Be Honest If Honesty Doesn’t Pay 10331: 10067:Rodent Associates make computer mice 9923:selects hardware product of the year 9802:Scientific Solutions company history 9026:Rafiquzzaman, Mohamed (1995-05-25). 9000:, US International Trade Commission. 8531: 8029: 7307:Caldera Thin Clients, Inc., becomes 6879:its dispute with Stac, and released 5509:Quarterdeck introduced an update of 5349:A Microsoft press release announces 5297:, with 256 KB RAM 640×480, 16-color 4807:and Activenture ship a CD-ROM-based 4664:connected over the microprocessor's 4287:had a seventy percent market share. 4107:, a computer built around the 6-MHz 3782:, Microsoft arrived early in Japan. 3704:announced it had developed the Wang 3410:. New internal commands are BREAK, 2803:multi-user or concurrent single-user 2334:(PC), model number 5150, featuring: 151:DOS era version overview (1980–1995) 17140:Quantum computing and communication 16718:, web.archive.org, December 4, 2004 14415:Microsoft to Unveil 'Fixed' DOS 4.0 14399:Microsoft to Release DOS 4.0 Update 14383:Tutor: Expanded vs. extended memory 14054:Zenith First to Ship Microsoft OS/2 14006:386/DOS-Extender Programs Displayed 13926:Microsoft Lifts Curtain on PC Excel 13834:MS-DOS Version 4.10 Fujitsu ICL OEM 13343: 12934:A Blast From the PC-Compatible Past 12869:Quad EMS+ Supports EMS, AST Changes 12431:IBM Unveils RT PC For High-End Uses 12415:Interest Grows in Generic Computers 11964:Desqview Clarifies Windowing System 10100:"Whatever Happened to Context MBA?" 9691:IBM Press Release announcing the PC 9475:Introducing CP/M-86 (advertisement) 8060:IBM Archives. Retrieved 09-16-2011. 7959:IBM Archives. Retrieved 09-16-2011. 7704:Comparison of DOS operating systems 7450:, based on source of OpenDOS 7.01. 6799:Microsoft replaces MS-DOS 6.0 with 6529:Level 1 specifications of the era. 4146:, to avoid switching directly into 3119:. Norton sells programs providing 1944:, which lets Apple users run CP/M. 1097:) and 8 (8008). The Intellecs have 126:packaged product for smaller OEMs ( 23:of events in the history of 16-bit 13: 16547: 14766:Users Still Slow to Accept DOS 4.0 14319:Quarterdeck Shows Updated Desqview 14022:Paradox 386 set to ship next month 13636:IBM Slow to Deliver 8514/A Adapter 12837:IBM Attacks: New Products, Pricing 12758: 12238:DRI Seeks PC-DOS 3.1 Compatibility 11812:Board Makers Flock to New Standard 11637:IBM's Other Analog Video Standards 11567:News Briefs, Big Blue Turns Colors 11175:A History of the Personal Computer 10660:Fujitsu Releases 256K-Bit RAM Chip 9829:Digital Research eyes 16-bit sales 9590: 9568:Charter Issue, February–March 1982 9237:New Onyx CP/M 2.0 Operating System 7997: 7448:DR-DOS/OpenDOS Enhancement Project 7050:, which essentially rotates IBM's 7019:, standardizing FAT16 support for 6684:integrated development environment 5730:key, optional mouse support and a 4760:committee of vendors meets at the 3818:is announced. It had half-height 5 3770:command, and 7000 16-bit Japanese 3218:. Zenith calls its MS-DOS variant 2983:announced its incorporation as an 1193:develop code for their 8008-based 1065:. However, the 8008's seven-level 936:, a single-sided 8-inch-diameter " 501: 14: 18072: 16961: 16290:. The Collection Book. 2013-05-19 16288:"Microsoft Windows 3.2, 3.10.153" 15843:Rival DOS extenders debut at show 15790:Stac files suit against Microsoft 14830:Compaq chips away at mini vendors 13167:Microsoft shows Europe a solution 12479:Quarterdeck Ships Deskview Update 12463:IBM to Use a DRI Operating System 12399:Activenture, Grolier Ship CD-ROMs 12286:Graphics on Motherboards Expected 12150:Intel Announces 32-bit 80386 Chip 11689:TallScreen: More DOS Power to You 10467:COMPAQ: Have Computer Will Travel 6843:, and Stac Electronics guilty of 6839:A jury finds Microsoft guilty of 6591:Peripheral Component Interconnect 5973:Virtual Control Program Interface 5714:. It adds an optional text-based 4624:, which added support for Korean 3799:" sets rules for storing data on 3032:IBM releases an upgraded PC with 2603:, IBMBIO.COM and IBMDOS.COM, are 1577:standard 8-bit operating system. 1227:Information Terminals Corporation 18028: 18018: 18017: 16936: 16916: 16894: 16875: 16827: 16805: 16794: 16783: 16771: 16753: 16738: 16721: 16705: 16689: 16671: 16641: 16620: 16595: 16583: 16571: 16515: 16493: 16482: 16466: 16387: 16371: 16355: 16339: 16323: 16301: 16280: 16264: 16232: 16202: 16186: 16170: 16135: 16119: 16103: 16066: 16050: 16034: 16018: 16002: 15980: 15964: 15948: 15932: 15916: 15900: 15884: 15868: 15852: 15836: 15820: 15783: 15767: 15751: 15730: 15714: 15698: 15682: 15666: 15651: 15635: 15619: 15603: 15587: 15571: 15555: 15539: 15527: 15511: 15495: 15487:IBM DOS Version 5.00 and Upgrade 15479: 15463: 15447: 15431: 15415: 15399: 15390:XGA slips past VGA under Windows 15383: 15367: 15351: 15335: 15305: 15289: 15273: 15257: 15241: 15225: 15209: 15193: 15177: 15161: 15145: 15129: 15120:QEMM, Desqview 386 Upgrades Ship 15113: 15097: 15081: 15065: 15054: 15038: 15022: 15006: 14990: 14974: 14939: 14923: 14907: 14895: 14879: 14839: 14823: 14807: 14791: 14775: 14759: 14743: 14739:Using VCPI Programs with Windows 14732: 14716: 14700: 14684: 14668: 14652: 14643:Standards Group Builds on 8514/A 14636: 14620: 14604: 14584: 14568: 14552: 14536: 14520: 14504: 14488: 14472: 14456: 14440: 14424: 14408: 14392: 14376: 14360: 14344: 14328: 14312: 14296: 14280: 14264: 14248: 14232: 14216: 14200: 14184: 14168: 14152: 14111: 14095: 14079: 14063: 14047: 14038:IBM Ships OS/2 Four Months Early 14031: 14015: 13999: 13983: 13967: 13951: 13935: 13919: 13903: 13894:Product Comparison: Video Boards 13887: 13871: 13858: 13842: 13827: 13811: 13795: 13786:Microsoft to Release Own DOS 3.3 13779: 13762: 13746: 13730: 13714: 13698: 13682: 13666: 13645: 13629: 13613: 13597: 13581: 13565: 13549: 13533: 13517: 13501: 13485: 13469: 13434: 13418: 13402: 13386: 13307: 13272: 13256: 13240: 13224: 13208: 13192: 13176: 13160: 13144: 13128: 13107: 13091: 13079: 13067: 13039: 13036:, September 22, 1986, pp. 63–70. 13023: 13007: 12991: 12975: 12959: 12943: 12926: 12910: 12894: 12878: 12862: 12846: 12830: 12822:TopView 1.10 Announcement Letter 12814: 12798: 12789:3270 Demand Not Expected to Rise 12782: 12752: 12739: 12723: 12712: 12696: 12680: 12661: 12645: 12600: 12584: 12568: 12552: 12536: 12520: 12504: 12488: 12472: 12456: 12440: 12424: 12408: 12392: 12362: 12346: 12330: 12295: 12279: 12263: 12247: 12231: 12215: 12199: 12183: 12171: 12159: 12143: 12123: 12107: 12091: 12023: 12008: 11992: 11957: 11941: 11904: 11888: 11872: 11856: 11828:Lotus & Intel: Power Banking 11821: 11786: 11770: 11754: 11738: 11682: 11666: 11646: 11611: 11595: 11560: 11544: 11509: 11493: 11477: 11461: 11445: 11433: 11421: 11405: 11389: 11373: 11357: 11341: 11325: 11309: 11293: 11258: 11242: 11226: 11210: 11194: 11167: 11112: 11096: 11080: 11069: 11050: 11034: 11018: 11002: 10990: 10978: 10962: 10944: 10928: 10912: 10896: 10880: 10864: 10829: 10813: 10797: 10781: 10765: 10749: 10733: 10717: 10701: 10685: 10669: 10653: 10572: 10556: 10540: 10524: 10508: 10492: 10476: 10460: 10418: 10402: 10386: 10370: 10354: 10296: 10280: 10264: 10249: 10228: 10209: 10161: 10145: 10129: 10113: 10092: 10076: 10060: 10044: 10028: 10012: 9996: 9980: 9964: 9948: 9932: 9913: 9897: 9877: 9861: 9465:case as plaintiff's exhibit #1.) 8747:Once Upon a Time in ComputerLand 8602:Altair 88-ACR Cassette Interface 8542:Freiberger & Swaine (2000). 8075:"In His Own Words: Gary Kildall" 7886: 7877: 7860: 7851: 7838: 7817: 7801: 7792: 6745:, will include advances such as 6731:conventional memory management, 6305:unrecoverable application errors 5764:to three new regions of memory: 4827:reduced instruction set computer 4526:(founded in 1981 by four former 4453:, a company founded by Kildall. 4229:Professional Graphics Controller 3480:standard devices and redirection 3335:in favor of writing directly to 2924:, Intel's next major processor. 2813:at each terminal. Kildall told 2563:, the DOS-BIOS which deals with 2195:Kildall, angry after seeing the 2072:IBM signs a contract to license 704:Improved version of DoubleSpace 498:Hard disk partitions over 32 MB 16728:Company Overview of DRDOS, Inc. 16560:from the original on 2020-02-21 16394:Win95 upgrade lacks USB support 16244:"PD-DOS project *announcement*" 15827:Visual C++ adds Windows support 15662:Nathan's Toasty Technology page 15594:DOS extender works with Windows 15104:Retail DOS 5.0 Spells Big Bucks 14447:NEC Forms Video Standards Group 14141:from the original on 2017-06-24 13356:from the original on 2013-01-18 13135:Extensions To MS-DOS Run CD-ROM 12998:The Pressure Builds At Big Blue 12771:from the original on 2020-02-21 11396:Sidekick Boosts PC-DOS Features 11348:Digital Research Ties CP/M, DOS 9838: 9822: 9806: 9795: 9779: 9763: 9747: 9731: 9696: 9669: 9623: 9611: 9584: 9571: 9555: 9539: 9528: 9516: 9500: 9484: 9468: 9452:from the original on 2020-02-18 9416: 9400: 9384: 9368: 9352: 9336: 9320: 9266: 9250: 9230: 9166: 9145: 9129: 9111: 9003: 8991: 8975: 8959: 8940: 8880: 8864: 8848: 8839:The IMSAI Floppy Disk Subsystem 8832: 8816: 8800: 8784: 8768: 8713:Upgrading and Repairing Laptops 8626: 8595: 8581: 8569: 8557: 8359: 8316: 8298: 8170: 8155: 8143: 8131: 8116: 8111:MCS-8 Guide to PL/M Programming 8104: 7827:(the equivalent of tracks) × 2 7782: 7773: 7760: 7751: 7734:Comparison of operating systems 6148:(PCMCIA) members to work out a 5987:3.0, which was translated into 4981:, IBM's first computer to use 3 4768:for organizing data on CD-ROM. 3506:. New batch file commands are 2710:are added via up to five 8-bit 2232:Microsoft delivers its adapted 1338:, which they co-developed with 1175:Bonneville Power Administration 16836:"GNU/DOS Project Discontinued" 15875:Pentium roars to starting gate 15454:Phar Lap DOS Extender Uses XMS 15314:"Windows 3.0A tackles UAE bug" 15296:IBM Opens XGA Spec to Industry 15232:IBM Readies Fall Announcements 14965:Microsoft In Inquiry By F.T.C. 14575:VESA Adopts Extended-VGA Specs 14224:PC DOS 4.0 Announcement Letter 13942:Bringing a tempest to a teapot 13525:PC DOS 3.3 Announcement Letter 12669:PC DOS 3.2 Announcement Letter 11948:Atari: 500 Megabytes for $ 500 11536:PC DOS 3.1 Announcement Letter 11517:PC Network Announcement Letter 11501:PC DOS 3.0 Announcement Letter 11412:Turning On the Electronic Desk 10888:PC DOS 2.1 Announcement Letter 10532:PC DOS 2.0 Announcement Letter 10303:Hardware News: New peripherals 9461:(NB. Published as part of the 9407:COMDEX Spotlights New Software 9257:New UNIIX-like OS for the Z-80 9136:Microsoft Announces 8086 BASIC 8925:Wallace & Erickson, 1992. 8564:imm8-76 PROM Programmer Module 8473:; Perez, Gary; Peters, Chris; 8051: 8004:Strimpel, Oliver (Fall 1986). 7977: 7962: 7950: 7935: 7920: 7905: 7530:FreeDOS beta 0.9 is released. 7438:FreeDOS beta 0.8 is released. 7408:FreeDOS beta 0.7 is released. 7400:FreeDOS beta 0.6 is released. 7346:FreeDOS beta 0.5 is released. 7338:FreeDOS beta 0.4 is released. 7291:FreeDOS beta 0.3 is released. 7264:FreeDOS beta 0.2 is released. 7216:FreeDOS beta 0.1 is released. 7134:file system, but not for USB. 6820:Novell releases Novell DOS 7. 6686:for Windows, which integrates 5156:Microsoft ships MS-DOS 4.0 to 5067:expanded memory, by using the 4680:to only 32 MB—the BPB's 4300: 4148:protected virtual address mode 4032:Borland runs a two-page ad in 3774:characters. With the help of 3758:, modeled blatantly after the 3282:windowing applications manager 3093:introduces the MPC, the first 3063:permanently resident in memory 2527:in the US) • 746:SuperStor/DS disk compression 469:-inch 1.44 MB floppy support, 1: 17158:Free and open-source software 16834:Marinof, Mihai (2006-12-02). 16502:"The Windows 98 Startup Disk" 16378:Intel unveils multimedia spec 16177:Judge rules against Microsoft 16009:VESA speeds up local bus spec 14946:Agreement Reached on PC Cards 12061:Foster, Edward (1985-08-26). 11999:Microsoft to back memory spec 11932:Rampage, Desqview Are Bundled 11708:Foster, Edward (1985-05-13). 10582:"The Dark Side of PC-DOS 2.0" 10499:CP/M-86 Price Plunges to $ 60 10136:IBM Announces New PC Products 9343:Z-80 Board Puts CP/M on Apple 8871:Shugart Adds Minifloppy Drive 8661:, Little, Brown and Company. 7899: 7729:Timeline of operating systems 7724:Timeline of Microsoft Windows 7119:Novell sells Novell DOS 7 to 6892:With the intent to create a " 6828:is introduced as PTS-DOS 6.4 6698:SDK. Phar Lap also announces 6434:, followed by a party on the 4782:Volume and File Structure of 3462:. New external commands are 3109:, a pioneer in the DOS-based 2537:three operating systems: the 2531: • 63.5 watt 2393:, cassette operating system, 1374:eventually becomes the first 1105:. The Intellec 8 supported a 890:programmable read-only memory 16500:Yabumoto, Kan (2001-02-08). 16209:Pearce, Rohan (2013-02-05). 11895:IBM Graphics Board 'Useless' 11863:IBM Struggles To Improve DOS 11217:Desq: Through An Open Window 11190:Appendix B: Versions of DOS 10871:The Debut of I.B.M.'s Junior 10174:, February–March 1982, p. 93 9738:Lifeboat will support MS-DOS 9261:Intelligent Machines Journal 9245:Intelligent Machines Journal 9140:Intelligent Machines Journal 9123:Intelligent Machines Journal 8744:Littmann, Jonathan (1990) . 8591:http://www.virtualaltair.com 8252:Manes & Andrews (1993). 7108:hard disk support is added. 6438:aboard a cruise ship dubbed 6185:DOS Protected Mode Interface 6164:Digital Research introduces 6053:High Performance File System 4841:and PC DOS operations. 4762:High Sierra Hotel and Casino 4735:, Gates is presented with a 4398:Graphics Environment Manager 4136:BIOS memory transfer service 3233:' optical mouse, wired to a 3015:package, ships. It combines 2092:and an operating system for 1712:Intelligent Machines Journal 1326:is introduced, sparking the 1291:while Kildall worked on the 1083:National Computer Conference 1002:direct access storage device 428:-inch 720 KB floppy support 52: 45:-based and 16-bit x86-based 7: 17560:Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1 16882:Blair, Nancy (2014-03-25). 16812:Hoover, Lisa (2006-09-18). 16627:Conner, Deni (2002-12-16). 15200:Flash memory cards en route 13115:Upgrading and Repairing PCs 13030:8-page Compaq advertisement 12030:Joint Development Agreement 12018:Ralf Brown's Interrupt List 11746:TopView Announcement Letter 11552:TopView Announcement Letter 11440:MS-DOS Partitioning Summary 11332:Multiuser Systems Returning 10580:Norton, Peter (July 1983). 10457:, p.114-116, 157, 171, 175. 10236:Inside the Norton Utilities 10196:Advanced MS-DOS Programming 9853:SCP ad in the October 1981 9204:"A Short History of MS-DOS" 9202:Paterson, Tim (June 1983). 9151:Rector & Alexy (1980). 8855:Interested in Floppy Disks? 8096:; Kildall, Kristin (eds.). 8073:Shustek, Len (2016-08-02). 8048:with 8008 data sheet (1972) 8017:The Computer Museum, Boston 7697: 7096:is released, launching the 6916:Microsoft settles with the 6655:Microsoft overtakes IBM in 6585:VESA outlines its proposed 6425:into the high memory area. 4682:Total Sectors on the Volume 4042:terminate-and-stay-resident 4014:Phoenix Software Associates 3660:, Microsoft introduces the 3067:Microsoft's Macro Assembler 2938:Digital Research announces 2908:At a recent meeting of the 2060:Digital Research announces 1283:drive using a custom built 1203:Washington State University 1015:History of hard disk drives 971:, is offered for sale. The 10: 18077: 17970:Technical Support SuperDOS 17195:Virtualization development 15312:Daly, James (1991-04-29). 13866:Larry Osterman's Biography 13247:Technology Update: The 386 11009:Now Microsoft Does Windows 10969:Borland ad: Pascal $ 49.95 9546:Perspectives on Protection 8623:Honors Program, April 1995 8127:. 1973-05-24. p. 130. 8013:The Computer Museum Report 7931:. 1973-01-04. p. 139. 7379:2001–2022: Post-millennium 7319:PTS-DOS 2000 is released. 6961:received a "Windows 3.2". 6902:GNU General Public License 6648: 6512:Digital Research releases 6355:anti-competitive practices 6129: 5679:Digital Research releases 5517: 5413:, which tends to flicker. 5330:Micro Channel architecture 5293:(MCGA) to the 80386-based 5291:Multi-Color Graphics Array 5232:real-time operating system 5008: 4579: 4314:Digital Research previews 4239:. The PGC has IBM's first 4044:(TSR) program that uses a 3976:Quarterdeck Office Systems 3828:-inch disk drives and ran 3599: 3569:which supports up to four 2969:promoting MS-DOS to OEMs. 2794:Digital Research releases 2761:features a picture of the 2544:(PC DOS), CP/M-86 and the 2472:Monochrome Display Adapter 2104:Seattle Computer releases 1927: 1143:Microsystems International 948:History of the floppy disk 500: 154: 18061:DOS on IBM PC compatibles 18013: 17747: 17620: 17517: 17508: 17236: 17208: 17148: 17105: 17047: 15280:IBM PS/2 Models 90 and 95 13460:VGA's Analog Capabilities 12626:PC-DOS upgrade supports 3 11484:The Dissection of DOS 3.0 11153:Digital Research (1984): 9776:, Nov 23, 1981, p. 36-37. 9118:Coming: CP/M for the 8086 8929:, John Wiley & Sons. 8274:Petzold, Charles (2000). 8166:. 1973-07-19. p. 29. 7973:. 1973-02-15. p. 33. 7739:List of operating systems 7691:FreeDOS 1.3 is released. 7665:FreeDOS 1.2 is released. 7635: 7631:FreeDOS 1.1 is released. 7620:GNU/DOS is discontinued. 7612:FreeDOS 1.0 is released. 7597: 7542: 7511: 7473: 7431: 7385: 7331: 7268: 7203: 7189: 7138: 7112: 7086: 7080:1995–2000: Windows 9x era 7048:motherboard specification 7035:PTS-DOS 7.0 is released. 6965: 6945:non-disclosure agreements 6871: 6832: 6816: 6789: 6774: 6706: 6651: 6606: 6552: 6541: 6474: 6413: 6410: 6335: 6311: 6257: 6244: 6180: 6140:, representatives of the 6071: 6014: 5999: 5931: 5901: 5898: 5867: 5845: 5818: 5815: 5732:text-based user interface 5706: 5703: 5648: 5622: 5577: 5528: 5485: 5422: 5389: 5374: 5277: 5246: 5226: 5223: 5172: 5142: 5071:—the first so-called PC " 5054: 5028: 4965: 4881: 4878: 4845: 4795: 4792: 4672: 4616: 4582: 4544:Graphics Device Interface 4483: 4457: 4445:in Chicago, hooked to an 4443:Consumer Electronics Show 4417: 4414: 4382: 4339: 4307: 4208:Enhanced Graphics Adapter 4199: 4063: 4025: 3971: 3893: 3890: 3810: 3807: 3725: 3640: 3602: 3383: 3380: 3351: 3313: 3258: 3146: 3143: 3073: 2976: 2973: 2904: 2843: 2840: 2831:A Seattle Computer ad in 2790: 2780:Sirius Systems Technology 2749: 2725: 2722: 2540:IBM Personal Computer DOS 2228: 2225: 2191: 2115: 2112: 2048:for 86-DOS to an unnamed 1989: 1985:and an operating system. 1940:Microsoft introduces the 1930: 1918: 1913: 1908: 1903: 1898: 1893: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1858: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1787: 1771: 1683: 1669:Seattle Computer Products 1661: 1594:disk read-and-write heads 1565:IMSAI marketing director 1406:for newspaper editing to 1330:. Gates and Allen found 1217:Intel releases the 8-bit 1027:Naval Postgraduate School 837: 832: 827: 822: 817: 776: 751: 730: 709: 688: 664: 639: 615: 587: 564: 536: 512: 482: 443: 402: 373: 363:Support for larger disks 347: 315: 279: 250: 220: 193: 143: 16745:Introducing GNU/DOS 2005 16362:Intel readies USB launch 15987:Microsoft (1998-03-16). 15971:It's a DOS eat DOS world 13350:Computer Business Review 11041:Finally, Visi On is here 10599:IBM Drops The First Shoe 10142:, June–July 1982, p. 128 9851:, December 14, 1981. An 9062:Computer History Museum. 8966:Tandon Adds Ferrite Head 8887:Digital Systems sales ad 7985:"What Was The First PC?" 7744: 7199:alpha 0.05 is released. 7145:Caldera, Inc., releases 7043:Intel announces the new 7005:Native Signal Processing 6991:featured the high-speed 6385:Phar Lap introduces the 6371:software development kit 6350:Federal Trade Commission 6089:Grid Systems Corporation 6065:Super VGA BIOS Extension 5697:Windows/286, version 2.1 5401:, whereas CGA, EGA, and 5383:program information file 5106:Microsoft announced OEM 4906:local area network, and 4532:Virtual Device Interface 4069:software incompatibility 4040:, a memory-resident, or 4017:Phoenix said it used a " 3656:At the Spring COMDEX in 3645:Fujitsu Microelectronics 3389:hierarchical file system 3274:graphical user interface 3199:) are largely viewed as 2965:Microsoft runs an ad in 2888:-based networks such as 2757:. A two-page IBM ad in 1693:Standalone Disk BASIC-86 1509:layer." Kildall founds 1458:kits. They market their 1454:ships their first fifty 1328:microcomputer revolution 1205:, where he was studying 1041:for the 8008, the first 854:customers have used the 767:Last Microsoft release; 367:IBM Personal Computer/AT 309:IBM Personal Computer XT 19:This article presents a 17120:Artificial intelligence 16943:Jim Hall (2022-02-20). 16901:Jim Hall (2016-12-25). 16860:Jim Hall (2012-01-02). 15758:Video Takes A New Route 15422:SuperStor advertisement 15061:Windows Version History 13868:Microsoft TechNet Blogs 13837:https://web.archive.org 13651:Sandler, Corey (2007). 13344:CBR, ed. (1987-01-15). 13215:Desqview supports 80386 13113:Mueller, Scott (2013). 12636:-in. floppy disk drives 12559:NEC JC1401P3A MultiSync 11025:Can Visicorp come back? 10997:The Making of Microsoft 10975:, November 1983, p. 129 10956:Harvard Business Review 10261:, October, 1982, p. 296 10152:IBM Updates DOS To 1.10 9858:still called it 86-DOS. 9391:Microsoft advertisement 9381:, August, 1980, p. 173. 9155:, Osborne/McGraw Hill. 9089:10.1109/C-M.1978.218190 8877:, Sept 13, 1976, p. 51. 8807:IBM Adds to 3600 System 8710:Mueller, Scott (2004). 8617:Bill Gates oral history 8083:Computer History Museum 7644:Computer History Museum 7507:PC DOS 7.1 build 1.32. 7499:PC DOS 7.1 build 1.29. 7491:PC DOS 7.1 build 1.28. 7458:PC DOS 7.1 build 1.19. 7392:PC DOS 7.1 build 1.11. 7370:Windows NT architecture 6280:Extended Graphics Array 6049:Installable File System 5995:16-bit 80286 extender. 5734:—an alternative to the 5439:16-bit DOS extender, a 5270:The Wall Street Journal 5136:preemptive multitasking 5119:Microsoft demonstrates 5077:emulate expanded memory 4971:Expanded Memory Adapter 4788:, standardizing FAT12. 4766:standard logical format 4685:drives are then termed 4660:system containing fast 4648:, or up to 2 bytes (64 3321:Lotus Development Corp. 2849:U.S. Justice Department 2778:'s new startup company 2503:(CGA) supporting seven 1173:, a contractor for the 914:Fairchild Semiconductor 870:point-of-sale terminals 610:, first retail upgrade 34:from 1980 to present. 17670:Datapac System Manager 17501:Disk operating systems 17249:John Vincent Atanasoff 17041:Timelines of computing 16977:, Tim Paterson website 16733:Bloomberg Businessweek 16127:IBM PC DOS Version 6.3 16027:, Robert X. Cringely, 15940:IBM PC DOS Version 6.1 15428:, March 4, 1991, p. 82 15094:, July 16, 1990, p. 13 12302:The CHIPSet Difference 12104:, Sep 23, 1985, p. 34. 11249:Will Desq Top Windows? 11173:Allan, Roy A. (2001). 10935:Review: Microsoft Word 10328:, June 26, 1989, p. 48 10057:, Apr 19, 1982, p. 10. 9819:, Dec 14, 1981, p. 35. 9654:Norton, Peter (1983). 9525:www.intel-vintage.info 8797:, Nov 15, 1976, p. 52. 8657:Evans, Harold (2004). 6625:Windows for Workgroups 5947:instruction pipelining 5822:IBM ships unannounced 5736:command-line interface 5395:8514/A display adapter 4644:(GB) of RAM using the 4594:, a DOS Plus equipped 4516:Chips and Technologies 4259:and Microsoft release 4159:(developed for IBM by 4002:Concurrent PC DOS 3710:National Semiconductor 3406:—a first step towards 3158:Hercules Graphics Card 3091:Columbia Data Products 2987:engineering firm. The 2910:Homebrew Computer Club 2649:Program Segment Prefix 2513:all points addressable 2501:Color Graphics Adapter 2421:up to two IBM-labeled 2412:mass storage devices: 2373:chips, expandable via 2256:) supporting internal 1439:quarter-inch cartridge 1285:floppy disk controller 922:Rockwell International 918:National Semiconductor 818:First licensed release 792:Memory optimizations, 634:(AddStor's SuperStor) 506: 32:disk operating systems 17384:Klára Dán von Neumann 17190:Programming languages 16678:DOS on Its Death Bed? 16031:, Nov 8, 1993, p. 122 15412:, Mar 11, 1991, p. 19 14820:, Jan 15, 1990, p. 40 14495:MS-DOS Virtual Memory 14271:OS/2 Extended Edition 14261:, Jul 18, 1988, p. 77 13770:U.S. patent 4,926,322 12077:InfoWorld Media Group 11724:InfoWorld Media Group 11187:eBook on archive.org. 10855:Archives in Miniature 10425:New 16-bits get boost 10309:, Sep 27, 1982, p. 77 10223:display advertisement 10158:, August 1982, p. 111 10025:, August 1988, p. 131 9429:, Oct 27, 1980, p. 20 8857:Digital Research ad, 8781:, January 1976, p. 40 7719:Timeline of Microsoft 7565:suite including many 7446:Udo Kuhnt starts the 6896:" version of MS-DOS, 6723:Microsoft introduces 6692:286|DOS-Extender Lite 6657:market capitalization 6556:Microsoft introduces 5762:DOS memory management 5726:called by typing the 5571:Dynamic Data Exchange 5456:, bank switching and 5283:IBM Personal System/2 5179:introduces the first 5096:controllers, and two 4859:value-added resellers 4855:4680 operating system 4233:computer-aided design 4090:interfaces for IBM's 3721:chips in early 1984. 3610:memory management of 3278:operating environment 3193:TRS-80 Color Computer 3123:functionality and an 2365:MK4116-compatible 16- 2350:16, 32, 48 or 64 KB ( 2332:IBM Personal Computer 2028:as early as October; 1983:programming languages 1798:operating system for 1733:File Allocation Table 1589:for its double-sided 1567:Seymour I. Rubinstein 1293:disk operating system 1167:Vancouver, Washington 505: 476:IBM Personal System/2 390:Local area networking 273:IBM Personal Computer 244:IBM Personal Computer 185:Notable introduction 155:Further information: 142:(FreeDOS project was 17163:Hypertext technology 16331:IBM PC DOS Version 7 16025:Notes From the Field 15254:, September 17, 1990 15238:, September 10, 1990 15126:, September 10, 1990 15044:Korzeniowski, Paul. 15013:DR-DOS advertisiemnt 14675:Squelching conflicts 14357:, September 19, 1988 14341:, September 19, 1988 13824:, September 28, 1987 13431:, September 21, 1987 13189:, September 29, 1986 13141:, September 22, 1986 11653:MS-DOS 3.0 [ 11177:, Allan Publishing, 11066:, Oct 30, 1995, p.69 10553:, April 1983, p. 108 10393:Review: Zenith Z-100 10383:, September 13, 1982 10194:Duncan, Ray (1988). 9945:, August 1982, p. 56 9497:, September 27, 1982 9375:86-DOS advertisement 8344:Allen, Paul (2011). 7709:List of DOS commands 7254:Caldera Thin Clients 7001:Universal Serial Bus 6454:is added to succeed 6375:modes of Windows 3.0 6366:Phar Lap introduces 6063:VESA releases their 5941:Intel announces the 5872:NEC Home Electronics 5857:Presentation Manager 5744:installation program 5740:Presentation Manager 5489:Compaq files a U.S. 5355:Presentation Manager 5299:Video Graphics Array 5193:application programs 5108:extensions to MS-DOS 5075:" for 80386 CPUs—to 4633:Intel announces the 4241:graphics coprocessor 3737:mainframe terminal. 3714:Zenith Microcircuits 3579:BIOS parameter block 2511:(2-color) graphics ( 2012:Microsoft announces 1708:Kildall confirms to 1546:-inch floppy drive. 1507:hardware abstraction 1452:IMS Associates, Inc. 1412:intelligent terminal 1177:, in his spare time 1154:semiconductor memory 1043:programming language 997:technology with the 18056:Computing timelines 17830:DEC BATCH-11/DOS-11 17509:MS-DOS, IBM PC DOS, 16993:Google Ngram Viewer 16590:Windows XP Is Here! 16015:, November 29, 1993 15892:MS-DOS 6 User Guide 15833:, February 22, 1993 15780:, November 23, 1992 15348:, February 25, 1991 15302:, November 19, 1990 15286:, February 26, 1991 15270:, November 12, 1990 15190:, November 19, 1990 14836:, November 13, 1989 14533:, Apr 3, 1989, p. 1 14485:, November 28, 1988 14469:, July 1991, p. 126 14453:, November 14, 1988 14165:, November 29, 1988 14076:, November 30, 1987 14060:, December 21, 1987 14028:, November 16, 1987 13415:, February 16, 1987 13320:, November 17, 1986 13285:, November 10, 1986 13253:, November 10, 1986 13104:, September 1, 1986 13088:, Microsoft support 13076:, Microsoft support 12859:, September 1, 1986 12501:, February 10, 1986 12469:, February 10, 1986 12375:, February 25, 1986 12359:, November 18, 1985 12292:, December 23, 1985 12276:, February 22, 1988 12260:, February 23, 1987 12196:, December 14, 1987 12051:, September 2, 1985 11989:, February 25, 1986 11970:, September 9, 1985 11695:, December 24, 1985 11679:, December 17, 1984 11442:, Microsoft support 11430:, Microsoft support 11380:Borland Sidekick ad 11316:Unix Picks up Steam 11265:Desq product review 11015:, November 21, 1983 10941:, December 12, 1983 10925:, November 28, 1983 10909:, November 28, 1983 10605:, April 1983, p. 90 10515:Digital Research ad 10198:, Microsoft Press. 10102:. Dvorak Uncensored 9991:Computer Chronicles 9845:Seattle Computer ad 9792:, December 14, 1981 9513:, June 1981, p. 216 9413:, December 31, 1980 9273:Omnix advertisement 9247:, November 21, 1979 9016:, November 28, 1977 8775:IMSAI advertisement 8090:Kildall, Gary Arlen 6943:Overly restrictive 6841:patent infringement 6450:". The full-screen 6196:Microsoft releases 5945:(i486), which uses 5768:Upper memory blocks 5695:Microsoft releases 5326:extended partitions 4620:Microsoft releases 4524:Wilsonville, Oregon 4510:will join Word and 4206:IBM introduces the 4169:redesigned keyboard 3592:conventional memory 3361:frequency modulator 3299:reverse engineering 3156:The MDA-compatible 3021:relational database 3013:integrated software 2361:(1–4 banks of nine 2153:in-circuit emulator 2088:compilers, a BASIC 1747:Intel releases the 1725:Lifeboat Associates 1679:for the S-100 bus. 1616:Intel releases the 1342:and for the first 1 1165:On a summer job at 874:process controllers 471:extended partitions 172: 55: 17810:Concurrent DOS V60 17805:Concurrent DOS 68K 17650:Concurrent CP/M-86 17511:compatible systems 17289:Edsger W. Dijkstra 17244:Kathleen Antonelli 17228:Web search engines 17218:Internet conflicts 17097:Women in computing 17003:2016-04-10 at the 16973:2016-05-06 at the 16712:About Devicelogics 16548:Brooks, Vernon C. 16400:, January 13, 1997 16308:Microsoft (1994). 16252:comp.os.msdos.apps 16063:, January 11, 1994 16047:, November 1, 1993 15977:, October 11, 1993 15796:, February 1, 1993 15764:, October 27, 1992 15736:Amit Dhir (2004). 15679:, November 4, 1991 15648:, November 4, 1991 15110:, October 22, 1990 14936:, February 5, 1990 14852:, November 6, 1989 14517:, January 30, 1989 14437:, October 31, 1988 14421:, October 10, 1988 14277:, January 31, 1989 14044:, December 7, 1987 14012:, November 9, 1987 13996:, November 2, 1987 13980:, January 26, 1988 13964:, January 12, 1988 13948:, November 2, 1987 13932:, October 12, 1987 13910:Product Comparison 13900:, October 26, 1987 13884:, October 13, 1987 13466:, October 26, 1987 13399:, February 9, 1987 13383:, January 27, 1987 13269:, October 13, 1986 13237:, October 20, 1986 13221:, October 13, 1986 12940:, November 6, 1989 12759:Brooks, Vernon C. 12581:, October 27, 1986 12437:, January 27, 1986 12421:, January 27, 1986 12405:, January 20, 1986 12327:, October 13, 1986 12244:, December 9, 1985 12228:, November 4, 1985 12212:, November 4, 1985 12156:, October 21, 1985 12130:The Second Annual 11938:, October 21, 1985 11663:, December 3, 1984 11490:, October 30, 1984 11474:, October 16, 1984 11290:, November 4, 1985 11233:Desq hits the deck 11144:, January 14, 1985 11125:, January 16, 1984 11047:, October 31, 1983 10987:www.thoughtco.com. 10861:, January 31, 1989 10836:Japan on 16k a day 10692:Systems at NCC '83 10431:, December 6, 1982 10415:, October 11, 1982 10399:, November 7, 1983 9929:, January 11, 1982 9894:, January 30, 2008 9835:, December 7, 1981 9760:, November 9, 1981 9744:, November 2, 1981 9591:Sedory, Daniel B. 9562:Operational Choice 9481:, January 19, 1981 9463:Comes v. Microsoft 9317:, October 13, 1980 9311:The Coming of UNIX 9263:, January 21, 1980 9083:(5). IEEE: 84–90. 8895:, Jan 1977, p. 128 8044:2007-09-27 at the 6810:32-bit file access 6566:32-bit disk access 6144:(JEIDA) meet with 5601:Control-Alt-Delete 5583:Compaq MS-DOS 3.31 5495:software emulation 5338:mini-DIN connector 5312:Operating System/2 5189:software developer 5112:High Sierra Format 5088:, bus controller, 5060:Compaq Deskpro 386 4979:IBM PC Convertible 4969:IBM announced the 4825:IBM announces its 4473:software interrupt 4461:Quarterdeck ships 4316:Concurrent DOS 286 4271:are provided by a 3567:master boot record 3401:configuration file 3329:killer application 3017:financial modeling 2940:Concurrent CP/M-86 2868:local area network 2700:File Control Block 2677:reserved filenames 2669:device independent 2629:filename extension 2494:monochrome monitor 2487:display resolution 2459:floppy disk drives 2433:), eight 512-byte 2395:power-on self-test 2391:IBM Cassette BASIC 2330:IBM announces the 2275:, plus Paterson's 2206:Andy Johnson-Laird 1953:Shugart Technology 1608:minifloppy drive. 1516:Dr. Dobb's Journal 1278:Shugart Associates 1181:adapts the PDP-10 975:8008 has a 14-bit 906:punched paper tape 796:disk compression, 507: 437:IBM PC Convertible 267:Double-sided disks 182:Primary developer 161: 82:Digital Research: 53: 18043: 18042: 17550: 17549: 17467: 17466: 17409:Bjarne Stroustrup 17314:Margaret Hamilton 17294:J. Presper Eckert 17168:Operating systems 16990:IBM vs. Microsoft 16659:on March 11, 2016 16100:, August 29, 1994 15174:, October 8, 1990 15049:Software Magazine 14405:, October 3, 1988 14373:, October 3, 1988 14309:, August 22, 1988 14213:, August 15, 1988 14197:, August 29, 1988 14092:, January 4, 1988 13808:, August 17, 1987 13333:Standard ECMA-119 13173:, October 6, 1986 13052:, October 6, 1986 13004:, August 10, 1986 12533:, October 6, 1986 12485:February 10, 1986 12388:Standard ECMA-107 12369:Microsoft Windows 12120:, October 7, 1985 12005:, August 12, 1985 11853:, August 15, 1988 11592:, August 19, 1985 11573:, October 8, 1984 11418:, October 1, 1984 10919:Microsoft Word ad 10794:, August 29, 1983 10730:, August 29, 1983 10293:, August 23, 1982 10168:New On The Market 9874:, January 9, 1982 9770:IBM advertisement 9728:, October 5, 1981 9656:Inside the IBM PC 9636:, August 23, 1982 9397:, August 25, 1980 8972:, August 15, 1977 8823:ITC advertisement 8659:They Made America 8477:; Pollock, John; 8354:978-1-59184-382-5 8305:ITC advertisement 8079:Remarkable People 8039:MCS-8 User Manual 7946:. pp. 63–64. 7916:. pp. 44–45. 7714:Timeline of Intel 7695: 7694: 7376: 7375: 7077: 7076: 6999:aka FireWire and 6716:Pentium processor 6462:is replaced with 6267:Flash File System 6224:386 Enhanced mode 6170:memory management 6104:flat memory model 6035:upper memory area 5861:compatibility box 5687:, unlike MS-DOS. 5567:accelerator board 5493:application for " 5393:IBM delivers the 5289:, with 256-color 5287:IBM PS/2 Model 30 5201:The Software Link 5177:Phar Lap Software 5148:virtual 8086 mode 5038:build-your-own-AT 4997:Enhanced Keyboard 4955:Apricot Computers 4890:MultiSync monitor 4646:flat memory model 3961:Texas Instruments 3729:IBM releases the 3702:Wang Laboratories 3634:smoke-and-mirrors 3630:Interface Manager 3303:clean room design 3170:business graphics 2981:Rodent Associates 2948:IBM Displaywriter 2918:memory management 2416:IBM cassette tape 2323:assembly language 2244:), including the 2131:memory allocation 1834: 1833: 1755:and one megabyte 1431:Portable Computer 1268:. Convinced that 1109:operating at 110 1099:resident monitors 1087:New York Coliseum 1004:for use on their 965:personal computer 900:) erasable 1702A 803: 802: 771:disk compression 659:disk compression 581:Memory management 170: 144:announced in 1994 111: 110: 18068: 18032: 18031: 18021: 18020: 17515: 17514: 17494: 17487: 17480: 17471: 17470: 17394:Guido van Rossum 17379:John von Neumann 17324:David A. Huffman 17135:Machine learning 17107:Computer science 17034: 17027: 17020: 17011: 17010: 16956: 16955: 16953: 16952: 16940: 16934: 16933: 16920: 16914: 16913: 16911: 16910: 16898: 16892: 16891: 16879: 16873: 16872: 16870: 16869: 16857: 16851: 16850: 16848: 16847: 16831: 16825: 16824: 16822: 16821: 16809: 16803: 16798: 16792: 16787: 16781: 16775: 16769: 16768: 16763:. Archived from 16757: 16751: 16742: 16736: 16725: 16719: 16709: 16703: 16702:, March 29, 2004 16693: 16687: 16686:, March 30, 2004 16675: 16669: 16668: 16666: 16664: 16645: 16639: 16638: 16624: 16618: 16613: 16604: 16599: 16593: 16587: 16581: 16575: 16569: 16568: 16566: 16565: 16550:"History of DOS" 16545: 16524: 16519: 16513: 16512: 16510: 16509: 16497: 16491: 16486: 16480: 16470: 16464: 16463: 16461: 16460: 16442: 16417: 16407: 16401: 16391: 16385: 16384:, August 7, 1995 16375: 16369: 16368:, March 20, 1995 16359: 16353: 16352:, March 27, 1995 16343: 16337: 16327: 16321: 16320: 16318: 16317: 16305: 16299: 16298: 16296: 16295: 16284: 16278: 16277:, July 25, 1994 16268: 16262: 16261: 16259: 16258: 16236: 16230: 16229: 16227: 16226: 16217:. Archived from 16206: 16200: 16190: 16184: 16174: 16168: 16167:, April 10, 1995 16158: 16149: 16139: 16133: 16123: 16117: 16116:, April 18, 1994 16107: 16101: 16091: 16080: 16070: 16064: 16054: 16048: 16038: 16032: 16022: 16016: 16006: 16000: 15999: 15997: 15996: 15984: 15978: 15968: 15962: 15952: 15946: 15936: 15930: 15929:, March 29, 1993 15920: 15914: 15913:, March 29, 1993 15904: 15898: 15888: 15882: 15881:, March 22, 1993 15872: 15866: 15856: 15850: 15840: 15834: 15824: 15818: 15808: 15797: 15787: 15781: 15771: 15765: 15755: 15749: 15734: 15728: 15718: 15712: 15711:, April 27, 1992 15702: 15696: 15686: 15680: 15670: 15664: 15655: 15649: 15639: 15633: 15632:, July 27, 1991 15623: 15617: 15607: 15601: 15591: 15585: 15575: 15569: 15559: 15553: 15543: 15537: 15531: 15525: 15515: 15509: 15499: 15493: 15483: 15477: 15467: 15461: 15451: 15445: 15435: 15429: 15419: 15413: 15403: 15397: 15387: 15381: 15371: 15365: 15355: 15349: 15339: 15333: 15332: 15330: 15329: 15309: 15303: 15293: 15287: 15277: 15271: 15261: 15255: 15245: 15239: 15229: 15223: 15213: 15207: 15197: 15191: 15181: 15175: 15165: 15159: 15149: 15143: 15133: 15127: 15117: 15111: 15101: 15095: 15088:DR DOS 5.0 Ships 15085: 15079: 15069: 15063: 15058: 15052: 15042: 15036: 15026: 15020: 15010: 15004: 14994: 14988: 14978: 14972: 14971:, March 13, 1991 14962: 14953: 14943: 14937: 14927: 14921: 14920:, December 1989. 14911: 14905: 14899: 14893: 14883: 14877: 14866: 14853: 14843: 14837: 14827: 14821: 14811: 14805: 14795: 14789: 14779: 14773: 14763: 14757: 14747: 14741: 14736: 14730: 14720: 14714: 14704: 14698: 14688: 14682: 14672: 14666: 14656: 14650: 14640: 14634: 14633:, April 10, 1990 14624: 14618: 14608: 14602: 14588: 14582: 14581:, April 17, 1989 14572: 14566: 14556: 14550: 14549:, April 17, 1989 14540: 14534: 14524: 14518: 14508: 14502: 14492: 14486: 14476: 14470: 14460: 14454: 14444: 14438: 14428: 14422: 14412: 14406: 14396: 14390: 14380: 14374: 14364: 14358: 14348: 14342: 14332: 14326: 14316: 14310: 14300: 14294: 14284: 14278: 14268: 14262: 14252: 14246: 14236: 14230: 14220: 14214: 14204: 14198: 14188: 14182: 14172: 14166: 14156: 14150: 14149: 14147: 14146: 14131: 14125: 14115: 14109: 14099: 14093: 14083: 14077: 14067: 14061: 14051: 14045: 14035: 14029: 14019: 14013: 14003: 13997: 13987: 13981: 13971: 13965: 13955: 13949: 13939: 13933: 13923: 13917: 13907: 13901: 13891: 13885: 13875: 13869: 13864:Larry Osterman. 13862: 13856: 13855:, April 24, 1989 13846: 13840: 13831: 13825: 13815: 13809: 13799: 13793: 13792:, August 3, 1987 13783: 13777: 13772: 13766: 13760: 13750: 13744: 13734: 13728: 13718: 13712: 13702: 13696: 13686: 13680: 13670: 13664: 13649: 13643: 13633: 13627: 13617: 13611: 13601: 13595: 13585: 13579: 13569: 13563: 13553: 13547: 13537: 13531: 13521: 13515: 13505: 13499: 13489: 13483: 13482:, April 17, 1989 13476:Get the Picture? 13473: 13467: 13457: 13448: 13438: 13432: 13422: 13416: 13406: 13400: 13390: 13384: 13374: 13365: 13364: 13362: 13361: 13341: 13335: 13330: 13321: 13311: 13305: 13295: 13286: 13276: 13270: 13260: 13254: 13244: 13238: 13228: 13222: 13212: 13206: 13196: 13190: 13180: 13174: 13164: 13158: 13148: 13142: 13132: 13126: 13111: 13105: 13095: 13089: 13083: 13077: 13071: 13065: 13062: 13053: 13043: 13037: 13027: 13021: 13011: 13005: 12995: 12989: 12979: 12973: 12963: 12957: 12947: 12941: 12932:Alsop, Stewart. 12930: 12924: 12914: 12908: 12898: 12892: 12882: 12876: 12875:, April 21, 1986 12866: 12860: 12850: 12844: 12834: 12828: 12818: 12812: 12802: 12796: 12795:, April 14, 1986 12786: 12780: 12779: 12777: 12776: 12756: 12750: 12745:Larry Osterman. 12743: 12737: 12736:, March 24, 1986 12727: 12721: 12716: 12710: 12700: 12694: 12684: 12678: 12665: 12659: 12658:, March 24, 1986 12649: 12643: 12642:, March 24, 1986 12635: 12634: 12630: 12623: 12614: 12613:, March 10, 1986 12604: 12598: 12588: 12582: 12572: 12566: 12565:, March 31, 1987 12556: 12550: 12543:NEC MultiSync ad 12540: 12534: 12524: 12518: 12508: 12502: 12492: 12486: 12476: 12470: 12460: 12454: 12444: 12438: 12428: 12422: 12412: 12406: 12396: 12390: 12385: 12376: 12366: 12360: 12350: 12344: 12334: 12328: 12318: 12309: 12299: 12293: 12283: 12277: 12267: 12261: 12251: 12245: 12235: 12229: 12219: 12213: 12203: 12197: 12187: 12181: 12175: 12169: 12163: 12157: 12147: 12141: 12127: 12121: 12111: 12105: 12095: 12089: 12088: 12058: 12052: 12042: 12033: 12027: 12021: 12012: 12006: 11996: 11990: 11980: 11971: 11961: 11955: 11945: 11939: 11929: 11918: 11908: 11902: 11892: 11886: 11876: 11870: 11860: 11854: 11844: 11835: 11825: 11819: 11809: 11800: 11799:, April 29, 1985 11790: 11784: 11774: 11768: 11758: 11752: 11742: 11736: 11735: 11705: 11696: 11686: 11680: 11670: 11664: 11650: 11644: 11634: 11625: 11615: 11609: 11599: 11593: 11583: 11574: 11564: 11558: 11548: 11542: 11532: 11523: 11513: 11507: 11497: 11491: 11481: 11475: 11465: 11459: 11449: 11443: 11437: 11431: 11425: 11419: 11409: 11403: 11393: 11387: 11377: 11371: 11361: 11355: 11345: 11339: 11329: 11323: 11322:, August 6, 1984 11313: 11307: 11297: 11291: 11281: 11272: 11262: 11256: 11246: 11240: 11230: 11224: 11223:, April 17, 1984 11214: 11208: 11198: 11192: 11171: 11165: 11159:Digital Dialogue 11151: 11145: 11135: 11126: 11116: 11110: 11109:, August 7, 1984 11100: 11094: 11084: 11078: 11073: 11067: 11057:12 Years Ago in 11054: 11048: 11038: 11032: 11022: 11016: 11006: 11000: 10994: 10988: 10982: 10976: 10966: 10960: 10959:, September 1990 10948: 10942: 10932: 10926: 10916: 10910: 10900: 10894: 10884: 10878: 10868: 10862: 10852: 10843: 10833: 10827: 10817: 10811: 10810:, August 1, 1983 10801: 10795: 10785: 10779: 10769: 10763: 10753: 10747: 10737: 10731: 10721: 10715: 10714:, April 25, 1983 10705: 10699: 10689: 10683: 10673: 10667: 10657: 10651: 10632: 10626: 10615: 10606: 10596: 10590: 10589: 10576: 10570: 10560: 10554: 10544: 10538: 10528: 10522: 10512: 10506: 10496: 10490: 10480: 10474: 10464: 10458: 10447: 10432: 10422: 10416: 10406: 10400: 10390: 10384: 10374: 10368: 10358: 10352: 10340: 10329: 10319: 10310: 10300: 10294: 10284: 10278: 10277:, August 4, 1980 10268: 10262: 10253: 10247: 10234:Krumm, R. 1990. 10232: 10226: 10213: 10207: 10192: 10175: 10165: 10159: 10149: 10143: 10133: 10127: 10117: 10111: 10110: 10108: 10107: 10096: 10090: 10080: 10074: 10064: 10058: 10048: 10042: 10041:, April 19, 1982 10032: 10026: 10016: 10010: 10009:, June–July 1982 10000: 9994: 9984: 9978: 9977:, April 26, 1982 9968: 9962: 9952: 9946: 9936: 9930: 9917: 9911: 9901: 9895: 9881: 9875: 9865: 9859: 9842: 9836: 9826: 9820: 9810: 9804: 9799: 9793: 9783: 9777: 9767: 9761: 9751: 9745: 9735: 9729: 9719: 9710: 9700: 9694: 9688: 9679: 9673: 9667: 9652: 9637: 9627: 9621: 9615: 9609: 9603: 9597: 9596: 9588: 9582: 9575: 9569: 9559: 9553: 9552:, April–May 1982 9543: 9537: 9532: 9526: 9520: 9514: 9504: 9498: 9488: 9482: 9472: 9466: 9460: 9458: 9457: 9451: 9444: 9436: 9430: 9420: 9414: 9404: 9398: 9388: 9382: 9372: 9366: 9356: 9350: 9349:, April 28, 1980 9340: 9334: 9324: 9318: 9308: 9299: 9298:, March 31, 1980 9289: 9280: 9270: 9264: 9254: 9248: 9234: 9228: 9227: 9225: 9224: 9199: 9180: 9170: 9164: 9149: 9143: 9133: 9127: 9115: 9109: 9108: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9048: 9047: 9023: 9017: 9007: 9001: 8995: 8989: 8979: 8973: 8963: 8957: 8956: 8955: 8951: 8944: 8938: 8923: 8896: 8884: 8878: 8868: 8862: 8852: 8846: 8845:, September 1976 8836: 8830: 8820: 8814: 8813:, April 12, 1976 8804: 8798: 8788: 8782: 8772: 8766: 8765: 8741: 8732: 8731: 8707: 8701: 8690: 8677: 8655: 8640: 8639:, April 14, 1980 8630: 8624: 8614: 8605: 8599: 8593: 8585: 8579: 8573: 8567: 8561: 8555: 8540: 8529: 8524: 8491:Petzold, Charles 8475:Petzold, Charles 8443: 8392: 8380: 8369: 8363: 8357: 8342: 8327: 8320: 8314: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8271: 8265: 8250: 8183: 8182: 8174: 8168: 8167: 8159: 8153: 8147: 8141: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8120: 8114: 8108: 8102: 8101: 8086: 8070: 8061: 8055: 8049: 8036: 8027: 8026: 8024: 8023: 8010: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7991: 7981: 7975: 7974: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7947: 7939: 7933: 7932: 7924: 7918: 7917: 7909: 7893: 7890: 7884: 7881: 7875: 7864: 7858: 7855: 7849: 7842: 7836: 7821: 7815: 7805: 7799: 7796: 7790: 7786: 7780: 7777: 7771: 7764: 7758: 7755: 7383: 7382: 7084: 7083: 7067: 7066: 7062: 6933: 6932: 6928: 6700:386|DOS-Extender 6696:286|DOS-Extender 6665:Stac Electronics 6572:(MPC) standard. 6485:386|DOS-Extender 6424: 6404:286|DOS-Extender 6396:286|DOS-Extender 6391:286|DOS-Extender 6387:286|DOS-Extender 6368:386|DOS-Extender 6341:disk compression 5915:386|DOS-Extender 5809:swapping to disk 5781:High memory area 5433:Rational Systems 5411:interlaced video 5323: 5322: 5318: 5185:386|DOS-Extender 4990: 4989: 4985: 4929: 4928: 4924: 4919: 4918: 4914: 4857:. Numerous IBM 4703: 4602:, is announced. 4283:, whose product 3827: 3826: 3822: 3399:) in the system 3391:and installable 3341:Flight Simulator 3289:Also at COMDEX, 3177:display standard 3137:Norton Utilities 3111:utility software 3027:in one program. 2932: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2811:multiprogramming 2704:video controller 2698:) appear in the 2446: 2445: 2441: 2423:Tandon Magnetics 2406:bootstrap loader 2150: 2149: 2145: 2096:from Microsoft. 2001:marketing it as 1968: 1967: 1963: 1925: 1924: 1761:instruction sets 1625:segmented memory 1583:Tandon Magnetics 1545: 1544: 1540: 1511:Digital Research 1495:operating system 1369: 1368: 1364: 1351: 1350: 1346: 1300:embedded systems 1260: 1259: 1255: 1207:computer science 844: 843: 655:Disk utilities, 632:Disk compression 627:Digital Research 576:Digital Research 524:Digital Research 468: 467: 463: 427: 426: 422: 211:Seattle Computer 173: 166: 160: 56: 18076: 18075: 18071: 18070: 18069: 18067: 18066: 18065: 18046: 18045: 18044: 18039: 18009: 17748:Other platforms 17743: 17700:NetWare PalmDOS 17616: 17546: 17510: 17504: 17498: 17468: 17463: 17444:Stephen Wolfram 17414:Ruth Teitelbaum 17369:Douglas McIlroy 17344:Semyon Korsakov 17334:Brian Kernighan 17309:Betty Holberton 17299:Adele Goldstine 17254:Charles Babbage 17232: 17204: 17144: 17125:Binary prefixes 17101: 17043: 17038: 17005:Wayback Machine 16998:DR-DOS versions 16975:Wayback Machine 16964: 16959: 16950: 16948: 16941: 16937: 16922: 16921: 16917: 16908: 16906: 16899: 16895: 16880: 16876: 16867: 16865: 16858: 16854: 16845: 16843: 16832: 16828: 16819: 16817: 16810: 16806: 16799: 16795: 16788: 16784: 16776: 16772: 16759: 16758: 16754: 16743: 16739: 16726: 16722: 16710: 16706: 16694: 16690: 16676: 16672: 16662: 16660: 16647: 16646: 16642: 16625: 16621: 16614: 16607: 16600: 16596: 16588: 16584: 16576: 16572: 16563: 16561: 16546: 16527: 16520: 16516: 16507: 16505: 16498: 16494: 16487: 16483: 16471: 16467: 16458: 16456: 16443: 16420: 16408: 16404: 16392: 16388: 16376: 16372: 16360: 16356: 16344: 16340: 16328: 16324: 16315: 16313: 16306: 16302: 16293: 16291: 16286: 16285: 16281: 16269: 16265: 16256: 16254: 16237: 16233: 16224: 16222: 16207: 16203: 16199:, June 20, 1994 16191: 16187: 16183:, June 13, 1994 16175: 16171: 16159: 16152: 16148:, June 27, 1994 16140: 16136: 16124: 16120: 16108: 16104: 16092: 16083: 16071: 16067: 16055: 16051: 16039: 16035: 16023: 16019: 16007: 16003: 15994: 15992: 15985: 15981: 15969: 15965: 15953: 15949: 15937: 15933: 15921: 15917: 15905: 15901: 15889: 15885: 15873: 15869: 15865:, March 8, 1993 15857: 15853: 15849:, March 1, 1993 15841: 15837: 15825: 15821: 15817:, June 27, 1994 15809: 15800: 15788: 15784: 15772: 15768: 15756: 15752: 15735: 15731: 15727:, June 29, 1992 15719: 15715: 15703: 15699: 15695:, March 2, 1992 15687: 15683: 15671: 15667: 15656: 15652: 15640: 15636: 15624: 15620: 15616:, July 29, 1991 15608: 15604: 15600:, July 22, 1991 15592: 15588: 15584:, July 15, 1991 15576: 15572: 15568:, July 22, 1991 15560: 15556: 15552:, July 17, 1991 15544: 15540: 15532: 15528: 15524:, June 10, 1991 15516: 15512: 15500: 15496: 15484: 15480: 15468: 15464: 15460:, June 11, 1991 15452: 15448: 15444:, April 1, 1991 15436: 15432: 15420: 15416: 15404: 15400: 15396:, June 24, 1991 15388: 15384: 15380:, April 1, 1991 15372: 15368: 15364:, March 4, 1991 15356: 15352: 15340: 15336: 15327: 15325: 15310: 15306: 15294: 15290: 15278: 15274: 15262: 15258: 15246: 15242: 15230: 15226: 15214: 15210: 15206:, July 29, 1991 15198: 15194: 15182: 15178: 15166: 15162: 15150: 15146: 15134: 15130: 15118: 15114: 15102: 15098: 15086: 15082: 15070: 15066: 15059: 15055: 15043: 15039: 15027: 15023: 15011: 15007: 14995: 14991: 14979: 14975: 14963: 14956: 14944: 14940: 14928: 14924: 14912: 14908: 14900: 14896: 14884: 14880: 14867: 14856: 14844: 14840: 14828: 14824: 14812: 14808: 14796: 14792: 14780: 14776: 14772:, July 31, 1989 14764: 14760: 14756:, July 17, 1989 14748: 14744: 14737: 14733: 14721: 14717: 14713:, June 26, 1989 14705: 14701: 14697:, June 29, 1993 14689: 14685: 14673: 14669: 14657: 14653: 14641: 14637: 14625: 14621: 14609: 14605: 14589: 14585: 14573: 14569: 14557: 14553: 14541: 14537: 14525: 14521: 14509: 14505: 14501:, January 1989. 14493: 14489: 14477: 14473: 14461: 14457: 14445: 14441: 14429: 14425: 14413: 14409: 14397: 14393: 14381: 14377: 14365: 14361: 14349: 14345: 14333: 14329: 14325:August 22, 1988 14317: 14313: 14301: 14297: 14293:, July 25, 1988 14285: 14281: 14269: 14265: 14253: 14249: 14245:, July 25, 1988 14237: 14233: 14221: 14217: 14205: 14201: 14189: 14185: 14173: 14169: 14157: 14153: 14144: 14142: 14133: 14132: 14128: 14124:, March 7, 1988 14116: 14112: 14100: 14096: 14084: 14080: 14068: 14064: 14052: 14048: 14036: 14032: 14020: 14016: 14004: 14000: 13988: 13984: 13972: 13968: 13956: 13952: 13940: 13936: 13924: 13920: 13908: 13904: 13892: 13888: 13876: 13872: 13863: 13859: 13847: 13843: 13832: 13828: 13816: 13812: 13800: 13796: 13784: 13780: 13768: 13767: 13763: 13759:, March 5, 1990 13751: 13747: 13743:, July 27, 1987 13735: 13731: 13727:, July 13, 1987 13719: 13715: 13711:, July 20, 1987 13703: 13699: 13687: 13683: 13671: 13667: 13653:Fix Your Own PC 13650: 13646: 13634: 13630: 13618: 13614: 13602: 13598: 13594:, April 6, 1987 13586: 13582: 13578:, April 6, 1987 13570: 13566: 13554: 13550: 13546:, April 6, 1987 13538: 13534: 13522: 13518: 13506: 13502: 13490: 13486: 13474: 13470: 13458: 13451: 13447:, April 6, 1987 13439: 13435: 13423: 13419: 13407: 13403: 13391: 13387: 13375: 13368: 13359: 13357: 13342: 13338: 13331: 13324: 13312: 13308: 13296: 13289: 13277: 13273: 13261: 13257: 13245: 13241: 13229: 13225: 13213: 13209: 13205:October 6, 1986 13197: 13193: 13181: 13177: 13165: 13161: 13149: 13145: 13133: 13129: 13112: 13108: 13096: 13092: 13084: 13080: 13072: 13068: 13063: 13056: 13044: 13040: 13028: 13024: 13012: 13008: 12996: 12992: 12980: 12976: 12964: 12960: 12956:, June 23, 1986 12948: 12944: 12931: 12927: 12915: 12911: 12907:, June 30, 1986 12899: 12895: 12883: 12879: 12867: 12863: 12851: 12847: 12843:, April 7, 1986 12835: 12831: 12819: 12815: 12803: 12799: 12787: 12783: 12774: 12772: 12757: 12753: 12744: 12740: 12728: 12724: 12717: 12713: 12701: 12697: 12685: 12681: 12674:), 1986-04-02 ( 12666: 12662: 12650: 12646: 12632: 12628: 12627: 12624: 12617: 12605: 12601: 12589: 12585: 12573: 12569: 12557: 12553: 12541: 12537: 12525: 12521: 12511:AST RAMpage! ad 12509: 12505: 12493: 12489: 12477: 12473: 12461: 12457: 12445: 12441: 12429: 12425: 12413: 12409: 12397: 12393: 12386: 12379: 12367: 12363: 12351: 12347: 12335: 12331: 12319: 12312: 12300: 12296: 12284: 12280: 12268: 12264: 12252: 12248: 12236: 12232: 12220: 12216: 12204: 12200: 12188: 12184: 12176: 12172: 12164: 12160: 12148: 12144: 12128: 12124: 12112: 12108: 12096: 12092: 12059: 12055: 12043: 12036: 12028: 12024: 12013: 12009: 11997: 11993: 11981: 11974: 11962: 11958: 11946: 11942: 11930: 11921: 11909: 11905: 11893: 11889: 11885:, June 10, 1985 11877: 11873: 11861: 11857: 11845: 11838: 11834:, June 25, 1985 11826: 11822: 11818:, June 17, 1985 11810: 11803: 11791: 11787: 11775: 11771: 11767:, June 17, 1985 11759: 11755: 11743: 11739: 11706: 11699: 11687: 11683: 11671: 11667: 11651: 11647: 11635: 11628: 11616: 11612: 11600: 11596: 11584: 11577: 11565: 11561: 11549: 11545: 11533: 11526: 11514: 11510: 11498: 11494: 11482: 11478: 11466: 11462: 11450: 11446: 11438: 11434: 11426: 11422: 11410: 11406: 11402:, June 11, 1984 11394: 11390: 11378: 11374: 11370:, March 9, 1987 11362: 11358: 11354:, June 26, 1984 11346: 11342: 11330: 11326: 11314: 11310: 11298: 11294: 11282: 11275: 11271:, July 30, 1984 11263: 11259: 11255:, June 26, 1984 11247: 11243: 11231: 11227: 11215: 11211: 11199: 11195: 11172: 11168: 11152: 11148: 11136: 11129: 11117: 11113: 11101: 11097: 11085: 11081: 11074: 11070: 11055: 11051: 11039: 11035: 11023: 11019: 11007: 11003: 10995: 10991: 10983: 10979: 10967: 10963: 10949: 10945: 10933: 10929: 10917: 10913: 10901: 10897: 10885: 10881: 10869: 10865: 10853: 10846: 10834: 10830: 10826:, July 11, 1983 10818: 10814: 10802: 10798: 10786: 10782: 10770: 10766: 10754: 10750: 10738: 10734: 10722: 10718: 10706: 10702: 10690: 10686: 10674: 10670: 10658: 10654: 10633: 10629: 10616: 10609: 10597: 10593: 10577: 10573: 10561: 10557: 10545: 10541: 10529: 10525: 10513: 10509: 10505:, February 1983 10497: 10493: 10481: 10477: 10465: 10461: 10448: 10435: 10423: 10419: 10407: 10403: 10391: 10387: 10375: 10371: 10367:, July 12, 1982 10359: 10355: 10341: 10332: 10320: 10313: 10301: 10297: 10285: 10281: 10271:Software/Briefs 10269: 10265: 10254: 10250: 10233: 10229: 10214: 10210: 10193: 10178: 10166: 10162: 10150: 10146: 10134: 10130: 10118: 10114: 10105: 10103: 10098: 10097: 10093: 10081: 10077: 10065: 10061: 10049: 10045: 10033: 10029: 10017: 10013: 10001: 9997: 9985: 9981: 9969: 9965: 9953: 9949: 9937: 9933: 9918: 9914: 9902: 9898: 9882: 9878: 9866: 9862: 9843: 9839: 9827: 9823: 9811: 9807: 9800: 9796: 9784: 9780: 9768: 9764: 9752: 9748: 9736: 9732: 9720: 9713: 9701: 9697: 9693:August 12, 1981 9689: 9682: 9674: 9670: 9653: 9640: 9628: 9624: 9616: 9612: 9604: 9600: 9589: 9585: 9581:. BusinessWeek. 9576: 9572: 9560: 9556: 9544: 9540: 9533: 9529: 9521: 9517: 9505: 9501: 9489: 9485: 9473: 9469: 9455: 9453: 9449: 9442: 9438: 9437: 9433: 9423:Software Briefs 9421: 9417: 9405: 9401: 9389: 9385: 9373: 9369: 9365:, June 23, 1980 9357: 9353: 9341: 9337: 9325: 9321: 9309: 9302: 9290: 9283: 9271: 9267: 9255: 9251: 9235: 9231: 9222: 9220: 9200: 9183: 9171: 9167: 9150: 9146: 9142:, July 18, 1979 9134: 9130: 9116: 9112: 9070: 9066: 9058: 9051: 9044: 9024: 9020: 9008: 9004: 8996: 8992: 8988:, July 21, 1980 8980: 8976: 8964: 8960: 8953: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8924: 8899: 8885: 8881: 8869: 8865: 8861:, December 1976 8853: 8849: 8837: 8833: 8829:, June 21, 1976 8821: 8817: 8805: 8801: 8789: 8785: 8773: 8769: 8762: 8742: 8735: 8728: 8708: 8704: 8700:, January 1980. 8692:Kildall, Gary. 8691: 8680: 8656: 8643: 8631: 8627: 8615: 8608: 8604:web.archive.org 8600: 8596: 8586: 8582: 8574: 8570: 8562: 8558: 8546:, McGraw Hill, 8541: 8532: 8505: 8495:Microsoft Press 8479:Reynolds, Aaron 8447:Zbikowski, Mark 8444: 8395: 8381: 8372: 8364: 8360: 8343: 8330: 8321: 8317: 8313:, July 10, 1974 8303: 8299: 8292: 8282:Microsoft Press 8272: 8268: 8251: 8186: 8175: 8171: 8161: 8160: 8156: 8148: 8144: 8136: 8132: 8122: 8121: 8117: 8109: 8105: 8092:(2016-08-02) . 8087: 8071: 8064: 8056: 8052: 8046:Wayback Machine 8037: 8030: 8021: 8019: 8008: 8002: 7998: 7989: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7978: 7968: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7940: 7936: 7926: 7925: 7921: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7897: 7896: 7891: 7887: 7882: 7878: 7865: 7861: 7856: 7852: 7843: 7839: 7822: 7818: 7806: 7802: 7797: 7793: 7787: 7783: 7778: 7774: 7765: 7761: 7756: 7752: 7747: 7700: 7520:large partition 7381: 7250:Caldera Systems 7102:DOS version 7.0 7082: 7064: 7060: 7059: 6930: 6926: 6925: 6422: 5791:Extended memory 5729: 5724:pull-down menus 5608: 5569:. Excel offers 5469:is introduced. 5435:releases their 5407:raster graphics 5399:vector graphics 5342:PS/2 connectors 5320: 5316: 5315: 5086:clock generator 5036:reports on two 4987: 4983: 4982: 4947:system builders 4926: 4922: 4921: 4916: 4912: 4911: 4743:is introduced. 4701: 4536:raster graphics 4508:Microsoft Chart 4362:expanded memory 4212:piggyback board 4177:virtual machine 4128:extended memory 4096:transport layer 4092:network adapter 4073:file management 3957:Hewlett-Packard 3923:plug compatible 3824: 3820: 3819: 3780:ASCII Microsoft 3719:surface-mounted 3682:Charles Simonyi 3662:Microsoft Mouse 3628:assembles the " 3478:supported with 3295:Compaq Portable 3247:Missile Command 3025:word processing 3023:management and 2996:pointing device 2930: 2876: 2872: 2871: 2715:expansion cards 2521:83-key keyboard 2509:black-and-white 2482:) with 720×350- 2443: 2439: 2438: 2147: 2143: 2142: 1965: 1961: 1960: 1923: 1839: 1542: 1538: 1537: 1519:, whose editor 1437:is provided by 1419:Octopus network 1366: 1362: 1361: 1348: 1344: 1343: 1304:digital watches 1257: 1253: 1252: 1247:Kildall writes 1183:Macro Assembler 1076:in Fortran IV. 1029:instructor and 995:hard disk drive 988:IBM introduces 842: 808: 465: 461: 460: 435: 424: 420: 419: 296:Hard disk drive 171: 165: 164: 159: 153: 141: 136: 131: 128:system builders 17: 12: 11: 5: 18074: 18064: 18063: 18058: 18041: 18040: 18038: 18037: 18026: 18014: 18011: 18010: 18008: 18007: 18002: 17997: 17992: 17987: 17982: 17977: 17972: 17967: 17962: 17957: 17952: 17947: 17942: 17937: 17932: 17927: 17922: 17917: 17912: 17907: 17902: 17897: 17892: 17887: 17882: 17877: 17872: 17867: 17862: 17857: 17852: 17847: 17842: 17837: 17832: 17827: 17822: 17817: 17812: 17807: 17802: 17797: 17792: 17787: 17782: 17777: 17772: 17767: 17762: 17757: 17751: 17749: 17745: 17744: 17742: 17737: 17732: 17727: 17722: 17717: 17712: 17707: 17702: 17697: 17692: 17687: 17682: 17677: 17672: 17667: 17662: 17657: 17655:Concurrent DOS 17652: 17647: 17642: 17637: 17632: 17627: 17625: 17618: 17617: 17615: 17614: 17609: 17604: 17599: 17594: 17589: 17584: 17579: 17574: 17569: 17568: 17567: 17562: 17551: 17548: 17547: 17545: 17544: 17539: 17534: 17529: 17524: 17512: 17506: 17505: 17497: 17496: 17489: 17482: 17474: 17465: 17464: 17462: 17461: 17456: 17451: 17446: 17441: 17436: 17431: 17426: 17424:Linus Torvalds 17421: 17416: 17411: 17406: 17404:Frances Spence 17401: 17399:Claude Shannon 17396: 17391: 17389:Dennis Ritchie 17386: 17381: 17376: 17374:Marlyn Meltzer 17371: 17366: 17364:Joseph Kruskal 17361: 17356: 17351: 17346: 17341: 17336: 17331: 17326: 17321: 17316: 17311: 17306: 17301: 17296: 17291: 17286: 17281: 17276: 17271: 17266: 17261: 17256: 17251: 17246: 17240: 17238: 17237:Notable people 17234: 17233: 17231: 17230: 17225: 17220: 17214: 17212: 17206: 17205: 17203: 17202: 17197: 17192: 17187: 17186: 17185: 17180: 17175: 17165: 17160: 17154: 17152: 17146: 17145: 17143: 17142: 17137: 17132: 17127: 17122: 17117: 17111: 17109: 17103: 17102: 17100: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17084: 17079: 17074: 17069: 17064: 17059: 17053: 17051: 17045: 17044: 17037: 17036: 17029: 17022: 17014: 17008: 17007: 16995: 16987: 16985:, May 28, 1999 16983:New York Times 16978: 16968:Origins of DOS 16963: 16962:External links 16960: 16958: 16957: 16935: 16915: 16893: 16874: 16852: 16826: 16804: 16793: 16782: 16770: 16767:on 2016-03-04. 16752: 16737: 16720: 16704: 16688: 16670: 16640: 16619: 16605: 16594: 16582: 16570: 16525: 16514: 16492: 16481: 16476:. 1998-05-26 ( 16465: 16448:(2007-10-02). 16418: 16402: 16386: 16370: 16354: 16338: 16333:. 1995-02-28 ( 16322: 16300: 16279: 16263: 16242:(1994-06-29). 16231: 16201: 16185: 16169: 16150: 16134: 16129:. 1994-04-27 ( 16118: 16102: 16081: 16065: 16049: 16033: 16017: 16001: 15979: 15963: 15947: 15942:. 1993-06-29 ( 15931: 15915: 15899: 15883: 15867: 15851: 15835: 15819: 15798: 15782: 15766: 15750: 15729: 15713: 15697: 15681: 15665: 15650: 15634: 15630:New York Times 15618: 15602: 15586: 15570: 15554: 15550:New York Times 15538: 15526: 15510: 15508:, July 8, 1991 15494: 15489:. 1991-06-11 ( 15478: 15462: 15446: 15430: 15414: 15398: 15382: 15366: 15350: 15334: 15304: 15288: 15272: 15256: 15240: 15224: 15219:. 1990-10-30 ( 15208: 15192: 15176: 15160: 15158:, Sep 24, 1990 15144: 15142:, Sep 17, 1990 15128: 15112: 15096: 15080: 15078:, May 21, 1990 15064: 15053: 15037: 15035:, May 14, 1990 15021: 15005: 15003:, May 14, 1990 14989: 14987:, May 27, 1991 14973: 14969:New York Times 14954: 14952:, May 28, 1990 14938: 14922: 14906: 14894: 14889:. 1989-11-14 ( 14878: 14854: 14838: 14822: 14806: 14804:, Sep 18, 1989 14790: 14788:, Sep 11, 1989 14774: 14758: 14742: 14731: 14729:, July 3, 1989 14715: 14699: 14683: 14667: 14665:, May 29, 1989 14651: 14635: 14619: 14603: 14600:978-0470048313 14583: 14567: 14551: 14535: 14519: 14503: 14487: 14471: 14455: 14439: 14423: 14407: 14391: 14375: 14359: 14343: 14327: 14311: 14295: 14279: 14263: 14247: 14231: 14226:. 1988-07-19 ( 14215: 14199: 14183: 14167: 14151: 14126: 14110: 14094: 14078: 14062: 14046: 14030: 14014: 13998: 13982: 13966: 13950: 13934: 13918: 13916:, May 29, 1989 13902: 13886: 13870: 13857: 13841: 13826: 13810: 13794: 13778: 13761: 13745: 13729: 13713: 13697: 13695:, July 6, 1987 13681: 13679:, June 8, 1987 13665: 13644: 13642:, June 1, 1987 13628: 13626:, May 25, 1987 13612: 13610:, May 18, 1987 13596: 13580: 13564: 13562:, June 1, 1987 13548: 13532: 13527:. 1987-04-02 ( 13516: 13511:. 1987-04-02 ( 13500: 13495:. 1987-04-02 ( 13484: 13468: 13449: 13433: 13417: 13401: 13385: 13366: 13336: 13322: 13306: 13304:, May 28, 1991 13287: 13271: 13255: 13239: 13223: 13207: 13191: 13175: 13159: 13157:, Sep 29, 1986 13143: 13127: 13106: 13090: 13078: 13066: 13054: 13038: 13022: 13020:, Sep 15, 1986 13006: 13002:New York Times 12990: 12974: 12958: 12942: 12925: 12923:, May 26, 1986 12909: 12893: 12877: 12861: 12845: 12829: 12824:. 1986-04-02 ( 12813: 12808:. 1986-04-02 ( 12797: 12781: 12751: 12738: 12722: 12711: 12695: 12679: 12671:. 1986-03-18 ( 12660: 12644: 12615: 12599: 12597:, May 16, 1989 12583: 12567: 12551: 12535: 12519: 12517:, January 1986 12503: 12487: 12471: 12455: 12450:. 1986-01-21 ( 12439: 12423: 12407: 12391: 12377: 12361: 12345: 12343:, May 21, 1990 12329: 12310: 12294: 12278: 12262: 12246: 12230: 12214: 12198: 12182: 12170: 12158: 12142: 12122: 12106: 12090: 12053: 12034: 12022: 12007: 11991: 11972: 11956: 11954:, July 1, 1985 11940: 11919: 11917:, June 3, 1985 11903: 11887: 11871: 11855: 11836: 11820: 11801: 11785: 11780:. 1985-04-02 ( 11769: 11753: 11748:. 1985-02-19 ( 11737: 11697: 11681: 11665: 11645: 11643:April 17, 1989 11626: 11621:. 1984-09-10 ( 11610: 11605:. 1984-09-10 ( 11594: 11575: 11559: 11554:. 1984-08-14 ( 11543: 11538:. 1984-08-14 ( 11524: 11519:. 1984-08-14 ( 11508: 11503:. 1984-08-14 ( 11492: 11476: 11460: 11458:, Sep 10, 1984 11444: 11432: 11420: 11404: 11388: 11372: 11356: 11340: 11338:, Sep 10, 1984 11324: 11308: 11306:, May 14, 1984 11292: 11273: 11257: 11241: 11239:, June 4, 1984 11225: 11209: 11193: 11166: 11146: 11127: 11111: 11095: 11079: 11068: 11049: 11033: 11031:, July 2, 1984 11017: 11001: 10989: 10977: 10961: 10943: 10927: 10911: 10895: 10890:. 1983-11-01 ( 10879: 10875:New York Times 10863: 10844: 10842:, May 28, 1984 10828: 10812: 10796: 10780: 10778:, May 30, 1983 10764: 10762:, May 23, 1983 10748: 10746:, May 23, 1983 10732: 10716: 10700: 10684: 10682:, May 23, 1983 10668: 10666:, May 30, 1983 10652: 10634:Stephen Mann. 10627: 10607: 10591: 10571: 10555: 10547:DOS Marches On 10539: 10534:. 1983-03-08 ( 10523: 10507: 10491: 10486:. 1983-02-04 ( 10475: 10459: 10433: 10417: 10401: 10385: 10369: 10353: 10330: 10311: 10295: 10279: 10263: 10248: 10227: 10208: 10176: 10160: 10144: 10128: 10126:, June 7, 1982 10112: 10091: 10089:, May 24, 1982 10075: 10073:, May 17, 1982 10059: 10043: 10027: 10011: 9995: 9979: 9963: 9947: 9939:Corvus Systems 9931: 9912: 9896: 9892:New York Times 9876: 9872:New York Times 9860: 9837: 9821: 9805: 9794: 9778: 9762: 9746: 9730: 9711: 9709:, Sep 14, 1981 9695: 9680: 9668: 9638: 9622: 9610: 9598: 9583: 9570: 9554: 9538: 9527: 9515: 9499: 9483: 9467: 9445:. 1981-01-06. 9431: 9415: 9399: 9383: 9367: 9351: 9335: 9333:, January 1981 9319: 9300: 9281: 9279:, January 1980 9265: 9249: 9229: 9181: 9179:, May 11, 1981 9165: 9144: 9128: 9110: 9073:Morrow, George 9064: 9049: 9042: 9018: 9002: 8990: 8974: 8958: 8939: 8897: 8879: 8863: 8847: 8831: 8815: 8799: 8783: 8767: 8760: 8733: 8726: 8718:Que Publishing 8702: 8678: 8641: 8625: 8606: 8594: 8580: 8568: 8556: 8530: 8503: 8487:Letwin, Gordon 8463:McDonald, Marc 8455:Ballmer, Steve 8393: 8391:, May 25, 1981 8370: 8358: 8328: 8315: 8297: 8290: 8266: 8184: 8169: 8154: 8142: 8130: 8115: 8103: 8094:Kildall, Scott 8062: 8050: 8028: 7996: 7976: 7961: 7949: 7934: 7919: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7895: 7894: 7885: 7876: 7868:expert systems 7859: 7850: 7846:root directory 7837: 7816: 7812:removable disk 7800: 7791: 7781: 7772: 7768:character cell 7759: 7749: 7748: 7746: 7743: 7742: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7711: 7706: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7692: 7689: 7686: 7682: 7681: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7656: 7655: 7652: 7648: 7647: 7640: 7637: 7633: 7632: 7629: 7626: 7622: 7621: 7618: 7614: 7613: 7610: 7606: 7605: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7594: 7587: 7583: 7582: 7559: 7555: 7554: 7547: 7544: 7540: 7539: 7536: 7532: 7531: 7528: 7524: 7523: 7516: 7513: 7509: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7500: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7489: 7485: 7484: 7478: 7475: 7471: 7470: 7464: 7460: 7459: 7456: 7452: 7451: 7444: 7440: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7425: 7421: 7420: 7414: 7410: 7409: 7406: 7402: 7401: 7398: 7394: 7393: 7390: 7387: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7359: 7358: 7352: 7348: 7347: 7344: 7340: 7339: 7336: 7333: 7329: 7328: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7312: 7305: 7301: 7300: 7297: 7293: 7292: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7281: 7277: 7276: 7273: 7270: 7266: 7265: 7262: 7258: 7257: 7246: 7242: 7241: 7234: 7230: 7229: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7212: 7205: 7201: 7200: 7194: 7191: 7187: 7186: 7183: 7179: 7178: 7175: 7171: 7170: 7159: 7155: 7154: 7143: 7140: 7136: 7135: 7128: 7124: 7123: 7117: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7091: 7088: 7081: 7078: 7075: 7074: 7041: 7037: 7036: 7033: 7029: 7028: 7013: 7009: 7008: 6986: 6982: 6981: 6970: 6967: 6963: 6962: 6958: 6954: 6953: 6952: 6951: 6948: 6941: 6938: 6922:consent decree 6914: 6910: 6909: 6889: 6888: 6873: 6869: 6868: 6857: 6853: 6852: 6837: 6834: 6830: 6829: 6822: 6821: 6818: 6814: 6813: 6805: 6804: 6796: 6795: 6791: 6787: 6786: 6781: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6771: 6757:IBM announces 6755: 6751: 6750: 6738: 6737: 6720: 6719: 6708: 6704: 6703: 6677: 6673: 6672: 6661: 6660: 6653: 6650: 6646: 6645: 6638: 6634: 6633: 6621: 6620: 6608: 6604: 6603: 6599: 6595: 6594: 6587:VESA Local Bus 6583: 6579: 6578: 6574: 6573: 6554: 6550: 6549: 6546: 6543: 6539: 6538: 6535: 6531: 6530: 6522: 6518: 6517: 6510: 6506: 6505: 6497: 6496: 6480: 6479: 6476: 6472: 6471: 6427: 6426: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407: 6383: 6379: 6378: 6363: 6362: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6333: 6332: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6308: 6301: 6297: 6296: 6288: 6284: 6283: 6275: 6274: 6259: 6255: 6254: 6250: 6249: 6246: 6242: 6241: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6227: 6221: 6215: 6193: 6192: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6162: 6158: 6157: 6134: 6131: 6127: 6126: 6117:runs an ad in 6112: 6108: 6107: 6094: 6093: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6044: 6043: 6016: 6012: 6011: 6004: 6001: 5997: 5996: 5981: 5977: 5976: 5969: 5965: 5964: 5951: 5950: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5919: 5918: 5903: 5900: 5896: 5895: 5884: 5883: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5852: 5851: 5847: 5843: 5842: 5837: 5836: 5828: 5827: 5820: 5817: 5813: 5812: 5804: 5800: 5799: 5795: 5794: 5788: 5778: 5776:386-to-the-Max 5749: 5748: 5727: 5708: 5705: 5701: 5700: 5693: 5689: 5688: 5677: 5673: 5672: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5645: 5633: 5632: 5628: 5627: 5624: 5620: 5619: 5611: 5610: 5604: 5588: 5587: 5579: 5575: 5574: 5554: 5553: 5538: 5537: 5530: 5526: 5525: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5514: 5505: 5504: 5500: 5499: 5487: 5483: 5482: 5467:386 to the Max 5462: 5461: 5429: 5428: 5424: 5420: 5419: 5415: 5414: 5391: 5387: 5386: 5379: 5376: 5372: 5371: 5359: 5358: 5346: 5345: 5279: 5275: 5274: 5265: 5261: 5260: 5256: 5255: 5248: 5244: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5228: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5213: 5209: 5208: 5197: 5196: 5174: 5170: 5169: 5166:New Executable 5153: 5152: 5144: 5140: 5139: 5116: 5115: 5103: 5102: 5081: 5080: 5073:memory manager 5056: 5052: 5051: 5042: 5041: 5030: 5026: 5025: 5022: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5010: 5006: 5005: 5001: 5000: 4967: 4963: 4962: 4957:pre-announces 4951: 4950: 4932: 4931: 4899: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4888:announces its 4883: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4863: 4862: 4847: 4843: 4842: 4822: 4821: 4813: 4812: 4801: 4800: 4797: 4794: 4790: 4789: 4774: 4770: 4769: 4749: 4748: 4728: 4727: 4718: 4717: 4697: 4696: 4674: 4670: 4669: 4654:virtual memory 4630: 4629: 4618: 4614: 4613: 4604: 4603: 4584: 4581: 4577: 4576: 4564: 4563: 4560:user interface 4502: 4501: 4497: 4496: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4467: 4466: 4459: 4455: 4454: 4435: 4434: 4429:announces the 4423: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4412: 4411: 4402: 4401: 4392: 4391: 4384: 4380: 4379: 4358:bank switching 4349: 4348: 4341: 4337: 4336: 4329: 4325: 4324: 4312: 4309: 4305: 4304: 4293: 4289: 4288: 4285:Novell NetWare 4253: 4249: 4248: 4204: 4201: 4197: 4196: 4157:IBM PC Network 4124:partition type 4100: 4099: 4077:logical device 4065: 4061: 4060: 4030: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4010: 4009: 3993: 3992: 3973: 3969: 3968: 3963:, Compaq, and 3949: 3945: 3944: 3941: 3937: 3936: 3933:Macintosh 128K 3928: 3927: 3919:IBM mainframes 3895: 3892: 3888: 3887: 3883: 3879: 3878: 3870: 3869: 3849: 3848: 3839:Rowland Hanson 3834: 3833: 3812: 3809: 3805: 3804: 3784: 3783: 3776:Kazuhiko Nishi 3751: 3750: 3739: 3738: 3727: 3723: 3722: 3699: 3695: 3694: 3690: 3686: 3685: 3680:, designed by 3674:Richard Brodie 3653: 3652: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3621: 3620: 3608:bank switching 3604: 3601: 3597: 3596: 3548: 3547: 3544:Aaron Reynolds 3540:Mark Zbikowski 3393:device drivers 3385: 3382: 3378: 3377: 3365: 3364: 3353: 3349: 3348: 3318: 3315: 3311: 3310: 3286: 3285: 3260: 3256: 3255: 3228: 3224: 3223: 3209: 3205: 3204: 3201:home computers 3153: 3152: 3148: 3145: 3141: 3140: 3103: 3102: 3099:Eagle Computer 3075: 3071: 3070: 3034:IBM PC DOS 1.1 3029: 3028: 3004: 3003: 2978: 2975: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2935: 2934: 2926: 2925: 2906: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2894: 2893: 2864:Corvus Systems 2860: 2859: 2845: 2842: 2838: 2837: 2828: 2827: 2792: 2788: 2787: 2767: 2766: 2751: 2747: 2746: 2738: 2737: 2727: 2724: 2720: 2719: 2708:parallel ports 2690:(printer), or 2667:. I/O is made 2633:file attribute 2613:root directory 2554: 2553: 2535: 2518: 2517: 2516: 2497: 2462: 2461: 2460: 2427:double density 2419: 2410: 2409: 2408: 2381: 2375:expansion card 2348: 2327: 2326: 2230: 2227: 2223: 2222: 2214: 2213: 2193: 2189: 2188: 2185: 2181: 2180: 2177: 2173: 2172: 2165: 2161: 2160: 2155:expedited the 2139: 2135: 2134: 2122: 2121: 2117: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2102: 2098: 2097: 2070: 2066: 2065: 2058: 2054: 2053: 2042: 2038: 2037: 2030:Motorola 68000 2018:Version 7 Unix 2009: 2008: 1991: 1987: 1986: 1975: 1971: 1970: 1950: 1946: 1945: 1937: 1936: 1932: 1929: 1922: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1840: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1831: 1816: 1812: 1811: 1808:bank-switching 1792: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1777: 1776: 1773: 1769: 1768: 1745: 1741: 1740: 1721: 1717: 1716: 1705: 1704: 1685: 1681: 1680: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1646: 1645: 1644:to the S-100. 1634: 1633: 1629: 1628: 1614: 1610: 1609: 1606:double density 1579: 1578: 1562: 1561: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1529: 1528: 1490: 1489: 1474: 1470: 1469: 1464: 1463: 1447: 1446: 1423: 1422: 1404:word processor 1399: 1398: 1381:microcomputer 1340:Monte Davidoff 1316: 1312: 1311: 1244: 1243: 1235: 1234: 1223: 1222: 1215: 1211: 1210: 1199:IBM System/360 1162: 1161: 1122: 1121: 1120:at 1200 baud. 1078: 1077: 1051:cross compiler 1019: 1018: 985: 984: 969:microprocessor 952: 951: 926: 925: 848: 841: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 809: 807: 804: 801: 800: 790: 785: 779: 773: 772: 765: 760: 754: 748: 747: 744: 739: 733: 727: 726: 723: 718: 712: 706: 705: 702: 697: 691: 689:September 1993 685: 684: 678: 673: 667: 661: 660: 653: 648: 642: 636: 635: 629: 624: 618: 616:September 1991 612: 611: 601: 596: 590: 584: 583: 578: 573: 567: 561: 560: 550: 545: 539: 533: 532: 526: 521: 515: 509: 508: 499: 496: 491: 485: 479: 478: 473: 457: 452: 446: 440: 439: 429: 416: 411: 405: 399: 398: 396:IBM PC Network 393: 387: 382: 376: 370: 369: 364: 361: 356: 350: 344: 343: 338: 336:ROM cartridges 329: 324: 318: 312: 311: 306: 304:device drivers 300:subdirectories 293: 288: 282: 276: 275: 269: 264: 259: 253: 247: 246: 241: 234: 229: 223: 217: 216: 214: 207: 202: 196: 190: 189: 186: 183: 180: 177: 162: 152: 149: 148: 147: 138: 133: 121: 109: 108: 104: 103: 96: 95: 94:Compaq MS-DOS 91: 90: 79: 78: 68: 67: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 18073: 18062: 18059: 18057: 18054: 18053: 18051: 18036: 18027: 18025: 18016: 18015: 18012: 18006: 18003: 18001: 17998: 17996: 17993: 17991: 17988: 17986: 17983: 17981: 17978: 17976: 17973: 17971: 17968: 17966: 17963: 17961: 17958: 17956: 17953: 17951: 17948: 17946: 17945:Sinclair QDOS 17943: 17941: 17938: 17936: 17933: 17931: 17928: 17926: 17923: 17921: 17918: 17916: 17913: 17911: 17908: 17906: 17903: 17901: 17898: 17896: 17893: 17891: 17888: 17886: 17883: 17881: 17878: 17876: 17873: 17871: 17868: 17866: 17863: 17861: 17858: 17856: 17853: 17851: 17848: 17846: 17843: 17841: 17838: 17836: 17833: 17831: 17828: 17826: 17823: 17821: 17818: 17816: 17813: 17811: 17808: 17806: 17803: 17801: 17800:Commodore DOS 17798: 17796: 17793: 17791: 17788: 17786: 17783: 17781: 17778: 17776: 17773: 17771: 17768: 17766: 17763: 17761: 17758: 17756: 17753: 17752: 17750: 17746: 17741: 17738: 17736: 17733: 17731: 17728: 17726: 17723: 17721: 17718: 17716: 17713: 17711: 17708: 17706: 17703: 17701: 17698: 17696: 17695:Multiuser DOS 17693: 17691: 17688: 17686: 17683: 17681: 17678: 17676: 17673: 17671: 17668: 17666: 17663: 17661: 17658: 17656: 17653: 17651: 17648: 17646: 17643: 17641: 17638: 17636: 17633: 17631: 17628: 17626: 17624: 17619: 17613: 17610: 17608: 17605: 17603: 17600: 17598: 17595: 17593: 17590: 17588: 17585: 17583: 17580: 17578: 17575: 17573: 17570: 17566: 17563: 17561: 17558: 17557: 17556: 17553: 17552: 17543: 17540: 17538: 17535: 17533: 17530: 17528: 17525: 17523: 17520: 17519: 17516: 17513: 17507: 17502: 17495: 17490: 17488: 17483: 17481: 17476: 17475: 17472: 17460: 17457: 17455: 17454:Steve Wozniak 17452: 17450: 17449:Niklaus Wirth 17447: 17445: 17442: 17440: 17437: 17435: 17432: 17430: 17427: 17425: 17422: 17420: 17417: 17415: 17412: 17410: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17385: 17382: 17380: 17377: 17375: 17372: 17370: 17367: 17365: 17362: 17360: 17357: 17355: 17352: 17350: 17349:Nancy Leveson 17347: 17345: 17342: 17340: 17339:Andrew Koenig 17337: 17335: 17332: 17330: 17327: 17325: 17322: 17320: 17317: 17315: 17312: 17310: 17307: 17305: 17302: 17300: 17297: 17295: 17292: 17290: 17287: 17285: 17282: 17280: 17277: 17275: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17241: 17239: 17235: 17229: 17226: 17224: 17221: 17219: 17216: 17215: 17213: 17211: 17207: 17201: 17198: 17196: 17193: 17191: 17188: 17184: 17181: 17179: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17170: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17159: 17156: 17155: 17153: 17151: 17147: 17141: 17138: 17136: 17133: 17131: 17128: 17126: 17123: 17121: 17118: 17116: 17113: 17112: 17110: 17108: 17104: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17073: 17070: 17068: 17065: 17063: 17060: 17058: 17055: 17054: 17052: 17050: 17046: 17042: 17035: 17030: 17028: 17023: 17021: 17016: 17015: 17012: 17006: 17002: 16999: 16996: 16994: 16991: 16988: 16986: 16984: 16979: 16976: 16972: 16969: 16966: 16965: 16946: 16939: 16931: 16930: 16925: 16919: 16904: 16897: 16889: 16885: 16878: 16863: 16856: 16841: 16837: 16830: 16816:. Linux Today 16815: 16808: 16802: 16797: 16791: 16786: 16779: 16774: 16766: 16762: 16756: 16749: 16746: 16741: 16735: 16734: 16729: 16724: 16717: 16713: 16708: 16701: 16697: 16692: 16685: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16658: 16654: 16650: 16644: 16636: 16635: 16634:Network World 16630: 16623: 16617: 16612: 16610: 16603: 16598: 16591: 16586: 16579: 16574: 16559: 16555: 16551: 16544: 16542: 16540: 16538: 16536: 16534: 16532: 16530: 16523: 16518: 16503: 16496: 16490: 16485: 16478: 16475: 16469: 16455: 16454:Freedos-devel 16451: 16447: 16441: 16439: 16437: 16435: 16433: 16431: 16429: 16427: 16425: 16423: 16415: 16412: 16406: 16399: 16395: 16390: 16383: 16379: 16374: 16367: 16363: 16358: 16351: 16347: 16342: 16335: 16332: 16326: 16311: 16304: 16289: 16283: 16276: 16275:Computerworld 16272: 16267: 16253: 16249: 16245: 16241: 16235: 16221:on 2019-10-07 16220: 16216: 16215:Computerworld 16212: 16205: 16198: 16194: 16189: 16182: 16181:Computerworld 16178: 16173: 16166: 16162: 16157: 16155: 16147: 16146:Computerworld 16143: 16142:PC DOS 6.3 ad 16138: 16131: 16128: 16122: 16115: 16114:Computerworld 16111: 16106: 16099: 16095: 16090: 16088: 16086: 16079:, May 2, 1994 16078: 16074: 16069: 16062: 16058: 16053: 16046: 16042: 16037: 16030: 16026: 16021: 16014: 16010: 16005: 15990: 15983: 15976: 15975:Computerworld 15972: 15967: 15961:July 12, 1993 15960: 15956: 15951: 15944: 15941: 15935: 15928: 15924: 15919: 15912: 15908: 15903: 15896: 15893: 15887: 15880: 15879:Computerworld 15876: 15871: 15864: 15860: 15855: 15848: 15844: 15839: 15832: 15828: 15823: 15816: 15815:Computerworld 15812: 15807: 15805: 15803: 15795: 15791: 15786: 15779: 15775: 15770: 15763: 15759: 15754: 15747: 15746:9780080530413 15743: 15739: 15733: 15726: 15722: 15717: 15710: 15706: 15701: 15694: 15690: 15685: 15678: 15674: 15669: 15663: 15659: 15654: 15647: 15643: 15638: 15631: 15627: 15622: 15615: 15614:Computerworld 15611: 15606: 15599: 15595: 15590: 15583: 15579: 15574: 15567: 15566:Network World 15563: 15558: 15551: 15547: 15542: 15536: 15530: 15523: 15519: 15514: 15507: 15503: 15498: 15491: 15488: 15482: 15476:, May 6, 1991 15475: 15471: 15466: 15459: 15455: 15450: 15443: 15439: 15434: 15427: 15423: 15418: 15411: 15407: 15402: 15395: 15391: 15386: 15379: 15375: 15370: 15363: 15359: 15354: 15347: 15343: 15338: 15323: 15319: 15318:Computerworld 15315: 15308: 15301: 15297: 15292: 15285: 15281: 15276: 15269: 15265: 15260: 15253: 15249: 15244: 15237: 15233: 15228: 15221: 15218: 15212: 15205: 15201: 15196: 15189: 15188:Computerworld 15185: 15180: 15173: 15169: 15164: 15157: 15153: 15148: 15141: 15137: 15132: 15125: 15121: 15116: 15109: 15105: 15100: 15093: 15089: 15084: 15077: 15073: 15068: 15062: 15057: 15050: 15047: 15041: 15034: 15030: 15025: 15018: 15014: 15009: 15002: 14998: 14993: 14986: 14982: 14977: 14970: 14966: 14961: 14959: 14951: 14947: 14942: 14935: 14931: 14926: 14919: 14915: 14910: 14903: 14898: 14891: 14888: 14882: 14875: 14874:0-471-18041-6 14871: 14865: 14863: 14861: 14859: 14851: 14847: 14842: 14835: 14834:Computerworld 14831: 14826: 14819: 14818:Computerworld 14815: 14810: 14803: 14799: 14794: 14787: 14783: 14778: 14771: 14767: 14762: 14755: 14751: 14746: 14740: 14735: 14728: 14724: 14719: 14712: 14708: 14703: 14696: 14692: 14687: 14681:, May 8, 1989 14680: 14679:Computerworld 14676: 14671: 14664: 14660: 14655: 14649:, May 1, 1989 14648: 14644: 14639: 14632: 14628: 14623: 14616: 14612: 14607: 14601: 14597: 14593: 14587: 14580: 14576: 14571: 14565:, May 8, 1989 14564: 14560: 14555: 14548: 14544: 14539: 14532: 14528: 14523: 14516: 14512: 14507: 14500: 14496: 14491: 14484: 14480: 14475: 14468: 14464: 14459: 14452: 14448: 14443: 14436: 14432: 14427: 14420: 14416: 14411: 14404: 14400: 14395: 14388: 14384: 14379: 14372: 14368: 14363: 14356: 14352: 14347: 14340: 14336: 14331: 14324: 14320: 14315: 14308: 14304: 14299: 14292: 14288: 14283: 14276: 14272: 14267: 14260: 14256: 14251: 14244: 14240: 14235: 14228: 14225: 14219: 14212: 14208: 14203: 14196: 14192: 14187: 14180: 14176: 14171: 14164: 14160: 14155: 14140: 14136: 14130: 14123: 14119: 14114: 14107: 14103: 14098: 14091: 14087: 14082: 14075: 14071: 14066: 14059: 14055: 14050: 14043: 14039: 14034: 14027: 14026:Computerworld 14023: 14018: 14011: 14007: 14002: 13995: 13991: 13986: 13979: 13975: 13970: 13963: 13959: 13954: 13947: 13946:Computerworld 13943: 13938: 13931: 13927: 13922: 13915: 13911: 13906: 13899: 13895: 13890: 13883: 13879: 13874: 13867: 13861: 13854: 13853:Network World 13850: 13845: 13838: 13835: 13830: 13823: 13819: 13814: 13807: 13803: 13798: 13791: 13787: 13782: 13776: 13771: 13765: 13758: 13754: 13749: 13742: 13738: 13733: 13726: 13722: 13717: 13710: 13706: 13701: 13694: 13690: 13685: 13678: 13674: 13669: 13662: 13661:9780470107874 13658: 13654: 13648: 13641: 13637: 13632: 13625: 13621: 13616: 13609: 13605: 13600: 13593: 13589: 13584: 13577: 13573: 13568: 13561: 13557: 13552: 13545: 13541: 13536: 13529: 13526: 13520: 13513: 13510: 13504: 13497: 13494: 13488: 13481: 13477: 13472: 13465: 13461: 13456: 13454: 13446: 13442: 13437: 13430: 13426: 13421: 13414: 13410: 13405: 13398: 13394: 13389: 13382: 13378: 13373: 13371: 13355: 13351: 13347: 13340: 13334: 13329: 13327: 13319: 13315: 13310: 13303: 13299: 13294: 13292: 13284: 13280: 13275: 13268: 13264: 13259: 13252: 13248: 13243: 13236: 13232: 13227: 13220: 13219:Computerworld 13216: 13211: 13204: 13200: 13195: 13188: 13187:Computerworld 13184: 13179: 13172: 13171:Network World 13168: 13163: 13156: 13152: 13147: 13140: 13136: 13131: 13124: 13123:9780789750006 13120: 13116: 13110: 13103: 13099: 13094: 13087: 13082: 13075: 13070: 13061: 13059: 13051: 13047: 13042: 13035: 13034:Computerworld 13031: 13026: 13019: 13015: 13010: 13003: 12999: 12994: 12988:, August 1986 12987: 12983: 12978: 12972:, August 1986 12971: 12967: 12962: 12955: 12954:Computerworld 12951: 12946: 12939: 12935: 12929: 12922: 12918: 12913: 12906: 12902: 12897: 12891:, August 1986 12890: 12886: 12881: 12874: 12870: 12865: 12858: 12854: 12849: 12842: 12838: 12833: 12826: 12823: 12817: 12810: 12807: 12801: 12794: 12790: 12785: 12770: 12766: 12762: 12755: 12748: 12742: 12735: 12731: 12726: 12720: 12715: 12709:June 16, 1992 12708: 12704: 12699: 12692: 12688: 12683: 12676: 12673: 12670: 12664: 12657: 12653: 12648: 12641: 12640:Computerworld 12637: 12622: 12620: 12612: 12611:Computerworld 12608: 12603: 12596: 12592: 12587: 12580: 12576: 12571: 12564: 12560: 12555: 12548: 12544: 12539: 12532: 12531:Computerworld 12528: 12523: 12516: 12512: 12507: 12500: 12496: 12491: 12484: 12480: 12475: 12468: 12464: 12459: 12452: 12449: 12443: 12436: 12432: 12427: 12420: 12416: 12411: 12404: 12400: 12395: 12389: 12384: 12382: 12374: 12370: 12365: 12358: 12354: 12349: 12342: 12338: 12333: 12326: 12322: 12317: 12315: 12308:, August 1986 12307: 12303: 12298: 12291: 12287: 12282: 12275: 12271: 12266: 12259: 12255: 12250: 12243: 12239: 12234: 12227: 12223: 12218: 12211: 12207: 12202: 12195: 12191: 12186: 12179: 12174: 12167: 12162: 12155: 12151: 12146: 12140:, August 1986 12139: 12135: 12133: 12126: 12119: 12115: 12110: 12103: 12102:Computerworld 12099: 12094: 12086: 12082: 12078: 12074: 12070: 12069: 12064: 12057: 12050: 12046: 12041: 12039: 12031: 12026: 12019: 12016: 12011: 12004: 12003:Computerworld 12000: 11995: 11988: 11984: 11979: 11977: 11969: 11965: 11960: 11953: 11949: 11944: 11937: 11933: 11928: 11926: 11924: 11916: 11915:Computerworld 11912: 11907: 11901:, May 6, 1985 11900: 11896: 11891: 11884: 11880: 11875: 11869:, May 6, 1985 11868: 11864: 11859: 11852: 11848: 11843: 11841: 11833: 11829: 11824: 11817: 11813: 11808: 11806: 11798: 11794: 11789: 11782: 11779: 11773: 11766: 11762: 11757: 11750: 11747: 11741: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11717: 11716: 11711: 11704: 11702: 11694: 11690: 11685: 11678: 11677:Computerworld 11674: 11669: 11662: 11658: 11656: 11649: 11642: 11638: 11633: 11631: 11623: 11620: 11614: 11607: 11604: 11598: 11591: 11587: 11582: 11580: 11572: 11568: 11563: 11556: 11553: 11547: 11540: 11537: 11531: 11529: 11521: 11518: 11512: 11505: 11502: 11496: 11489: 11485: 11480: 11473: 11469: 11464: 11457: 11453: 11448: 11441: 11436: 11429: 11424: 11417: 11413: 11408: 11401: 11397: 11392: 11385: 11381: 11376: 11369: 11365: 11360: 11353: 11349: 11344: 11337: 11333: 11328: 11321: 11317: 11312: 11305: 11304:Computerworld 11301: 11296: 11289: 11288:Computerworld 11285: 11280: 11278: 11270: 11266: 11261: 11254: 11250: 11245: 11238: 11234: 11229: 11222: 11218: 11213: 11206: 11205:Computerworld 11202: 11197: 11191: 11188: 11184: 11183:0-9689108-0-7 11180: 11176: 11170: 11163: 11160: 11156: 11150: 11143: 11139: 11134: 11132: 11124: 11120: 11115: 11108: 11104: 11099: 11092: 11088: 11083: 11077: 11072: 11065: 11061: 11060: 11053: 11046: 11042: 11037: 11030: 11026: 11021: 11014: 11010: 11005: 10998: 10993: 10986: 10981: 10974: 10970: 10965: 10958: 10957: 10952: 10947: 10940: 10936: 10931: 10924: 10920: 10915: 10908: 10904: 10899: 10892: 10889: 10883: 10877:, Nov 2, 1983 10876: 10872: 10867: 10860: 10856: 10851: 10849: 10841: 10837: 10832: 10825: 10824:Computerworld 10821: 10816: 10809: 10805: 10800: 10793: 10789: 10784: 10777: 10773: 10768: 10761: 10757: 10752: 10745: 10741: 10736: 10729: 10725: 10720: 10713: 10709: 10704: 10698:, May 9, 1983 10697: 10696:Computerworld 10693: 10688: 10681: 10680:Computerworld 10677: 10672: 10665: 10664:Computerworld 10661: 10656: 10649: 10645: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10624: 10623:0-13-467317-4 10620: 10614: 10612: 10604: 10600: 10595: 10587: 10583: 10575: 10568: 10564: 10559: 10552: 10548: 10543: 10536: 10533: 10527: 10521:, June, 1983. 10520: 10516: 10511: 10504: 10500: 10495: 10488: 10485: 10479: 10472: 10468: 10463: 10456: 10455:0-89303-583-1 10452: 10446: 10444: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10430: 10426: 10421: 10414: 10410: 10405: 10398: 10394: 10389: 10382: 10378: 10373: 10366: 10362: 10357: 10351:, August 1986 10350: 10349: 10344: 10339: 10337: 10335: 10327: 10323: 10318: 10316: 10308: 10304: 10299: 10292: 10288: 10283: 10276: 10272: 10267: 10260: 10259: 10256:Norton ad in 10252: 10245: 10244:0-13-468406-0 10241: 10237: 10231: 10224: 10220: 10219: 10212: 10205: 10204:1-55615-157-8 10201: 10197: 10191: 10189: 10187: 10185: 10183: 10181: 10173: 10169: 10164: 10157: 10153: 10148: 10141: 10137: 10132: 10125: 10121: 10116: 10101: 10095: 10088: 10084: 10079: 10072: 10068: 10063: 10056: 10052: 10047: 10040: 10036: 10031: 10024: 10020: 10015: 10008: 10004: 9999: 9993: 9992: 9988: 9983: 9976: 9972: 9967: 9961:April 5, 1982 9960: 9956: 9951: 9944: 9940: 9935: 9928: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9909: 9908:Computerworld 9905: 9900: 9893: 9889: 9885: 9880: 9873: 9869: 9864: 9857: 9856: 9850: 9846: 9841: 9834: 9830: 9825: 9818: 9814: 9809: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9787: 9782: 9775: 9771: 9766: 9759: 9755: 9750: 9743: 9739: 9734: 9727: 9723: 9718: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9699: 9692: 9687: 9685: 9678:bitsavers.org 9677: 9672: 9665: 9664:0-89303-556-4 9661: 9657: 9651: 9649: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9635: 9631: 9626: 9619: 9614: 9607: 9602: 9594: 9587: 9580: 9574: 9567: 9563: 9558: 9551: 9547: 9542: 9536: 9531: 9524: 9519: 9512: 9508: 9503: 9496: 9492: 9487: 9480: 9476: 9471: 9464: 9448: 9441: 9435: 9428: 9424: 9419: 9412: 9408: 9403: 9396: 9395:Computerworld 9392: 9387: 9380: 9376: 9371: 9364: 9360: 9355: 9348: 9344: 9339: 9332: 9328: 9323: 9316: 9312: 9307: 9305: 9297: 9293: 9288: 9286: 9278: 9274: 9269: 9262: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9242: 9238: 9233: 9219: 9215: 9211: 9210: 9205: 9198: 9196: 9194: 9192: 9190: 9188: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9169: 9162: 9161:0-931988-29-2 9158: 9154: 9153:The 8086 Book 9148: 9141: 9137: 9132: 9126:, May 9, 1979 9125: 9124: 9119: 9114: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9094: 9090: 9086: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9068: 9061: 9056: 9054: 9045: 9043:9780849344756 9039: 9035: 9031: 9030: 9022: 9015: 9014:Computerworld 9011: 9006: 8999: 8994: 8987: 8986:Computerworld 8983: 8978: 8971: 8970:Computerworld 8967: 8962: 8949: 8943: 8936: 8935:0-471-56886-4 8932: 8928: 8922: 8920: 8918: 8916: 8914: 8912: 8910: 8908: 8906: 8904: 8902: 8894: 8893: 8888: 8883: 8876: 8875:Computerworld 8872: 8867: 8860: 8856: 8851: 8844: 8840: 8835: 8828: 8827:Computerworld 8824: 8819: 8812: 8811:Computerworld 8808: 8803: 8796: 8795:Computerworld 8792: 8787: 8780: 8776: 8771: 8763: 8761:0-671-69392-1 8757: 8753: 8749: 8748: 8740: 8738: 8729: 8727:9780789728005 8723: 8719: 8715: 8714: 8706: 8699: 8695: 8689: 8687: 8685: 8683: 8675: 8674:0-316-01385-4 8671: 8668: 8667:0-316-27766-5 8664: 8660: 8654: 8652: 8650: 8648: 8646: 8638: 8634: 8629: 8622: 8621:Computerworld 8618: 8613: 8611: 8603: 8598: 8592: 8589: 8584: 8577: 8572: 8565: 8560: 8553: 8552:0-07-135892-7 8549: 8545: 8539: 8537: 8535: 8527: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8504:1-55615-049-0 8500: 8496: 8492: 8488: 8484: 8480: 8476: 8472: 8471:Paterson, Tim 8468: 8464: 8460: 8456: 8452: 8448: 8442: 8440: 8438: 8436: 8434: 8432: 8430: 8428: 8426: 8424: 8422: 8420: 8418: 8416: 8414: 8412: 8410: 8408: 8406: 8404: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8390: 8389: 8384: 8379: 8377: 8375: 8367: 8362: 8355: 8351: 8347: 8341: 8339: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8325: 8319: 8312: 8311: 8310:Computerworld 8306: 8301: 8293: 8291:9780735638723 8287: 8283: 8279: 8278: 8270: 8263: 8262:0-385-42075-7 8259: 8256:, Doubleday, 8255: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8243: 8241: 8239: 8237: 8235: 8233: 8231: 8229: 8227: 8225: 8223: 8221: 8219: 8217: 8215: 8213: 8211: 8209: 8207: 8205: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8197: 8195: 8193: 8191: 8189: 8181:. p. 75. 8180: 8173: 8165: 8158: 8151: 8146: 8139: 8134: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8107: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8084: 8080: 8076: 8069: 8067: 8059: 8054: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8035: 8033: 8018: 8014: 8007: 8000: 7986: 7980: 7972: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7945: 7938: 7930: 7923: 7915: 7908: 7904: 7889: 7880: 7873: 7869: 7863: 7854: 7847: 7841: 7834: 7831:× 2 sides or 7830: 7826: 7820: 7813: 7809: 7804: 7795: 7785: 7776: 7769: 7763: 7754: 7750: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7715: 7712: 7710: 7707: 7705: 7702: 7701: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7683: 7679: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7664: 7661: 7658: 7657: 7653: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7641: 7638: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7623: 7619: 7616: 7615: 7611: 7608: 7607: 7603: 7600: 7596: 7592: 7588: 7585: 7584: 7580: 7576: 7572: 7568: 7564: 7560: 7557: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7537: 7534: 7533: 7529: 7526: 7525: 7521: 7517: 7514: 7510: 7506: 7503: 7502: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7482: 7479: 7476: 7472: 7468: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7457: 7454: 7453: 7449: 7445: 7442: 7441: 7437: 7434: 7430: 7426: 7423: 7422: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7407: 7404: 7403: 7399: 7396: 7395: 7391: 7388: 7384: 7371: 7367: 7364: 7361: 7360: 7356: 7353: 7350: 7349: 7345: 7342: 7341: 7337: 7334: 7330: 7326: 7323: 7322: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7310: 7306: 7303: 7302: 7298: 7295: 7294: 7290: 7287: 7286: 7282: 7279: 7278: 7274: 7271: 7267: 7263: 7260: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7247: 7244: 7243: 7238: 7235: 7232: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7220: 7219: 7215: 7214: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7198: 7195: 7192: 7188: 7184: 7181: 7180: 7176: 7173: 7172: 7168: 7164: 7160: 7157: 7156: 7152: 7148: 7144: 7141: 7137: 7133: 7129: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7121:Caldera, Inc. 7118: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7092: 7089: 7085: 7071: 7057: 7056:computer case 7053: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7039: 7038: 7034: 7031: 7030: 7026: 7025:optical discs 7022: 7018: 7014: 7011: 7010: 7006: 7002: 6998: 6994: 6990: 6987: 6984: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6972:IBM releases 6971: 6968: 6964: 6959: 6956: 6955: 6949: 6946: 6942: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6923: 6919: 6915: 6912: 6911: 6907: 6903: 6899: 6895: 6894:public domain 6891: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6870: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6842: 6838: 6835: 6831: 6827: 6824: 6823: 6819: 6815: 6811: 6807: 6806: 6802: 6798: 6797: 6792: 6788: 6783: 6782: 6777: 6773: 6769: 6768:Computerworld 6764: 6760: 6756: 6753: 6752: 6748: 6744: 6740: 6739: 6734: 6730: 6726: 6722: 6721: 6717: 6713: 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6693: 6689: 6685: 6682: 6678: 6675: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6663: 6662: 6658: 6654: 6647: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6623: 6622: 6618: 6614: 6613: 6609: 6605: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6575: 6571: 6570:Multimedia PC 6567: 6563: 6559: 6555: 6551: 6547: 6544: 6540: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6528: 6523: 6520: 6519: 6515: 6511: 6508: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6498: 6494: 6490: 6486: 6482: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6465: 6461: 6457: 6453: 6452:MS-DOS Editor 6449: 6445: 6441: 6437: 6433: 6429: 6428: 6420: 6416: 6409: 6405: 6401: 6397: 6392: 6388: 6384: 6381: 6380: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6359:yet to appear 6356: 6351: 6347: 6346: 6342: 6338: 6334: 6330: 6326: 6322: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6293:bus mastering 6289: 6286: 6285: 6281: 6277: 6276: 6272: 6268: 6264: 6260: 6256: 6252: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6238: 6235: 6234: 6231: 6225: 6222: 6219: 6218:Standard mode 6216: 6213: 6210: 6209: 6207: 6203: 6199: 6195: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6183: 6179: 6175: 6171: 6167: 6163: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6152:standard for 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6120: 6116: 6113: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6100:demand paging 6096: 6095: 6090: 6086: 6082: 6081:minicomputers 6078: 6074: 6070: 6066: 6062: 6059: 6058: 6054: 6050: 6046: 6045: 6040: 6039:Invisible RAM 6036: 6032: 6028: 6024: 6021:reports that 6020: 6017: 6013: 6008: 6005: 6002: 5998: 5994: 5990: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5970: 5967: 5966: 5962: 5958: 5953: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5940: 5939: 5934: 5930: 5926: 5921: 5920: 5916: 5912: 5911:demand-paging 5908: 5904: 5897: 5893: 5890: 5886: 5885: 5881: 5877: 5873: 5870: 5866: 5862: 5858: 5854: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5839: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5821: 5814: 5810: 5805: 5802: 5801: 5798: 5792: 5789: 5786: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5773: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5763: 5759: 5755: 5751: 5750: 5745: 5741: 5737: 5733: 5725: 5721: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5702: 5698: 5694: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5682: 5678: 5675: 5674: 5670: 5666: 5663: 5662: 5658: 5654: 5651: 5647: 5643: 5639: 5635: 5634: 5630: 5629: 5625: 5621: 5617: 5613: 5612: 5607: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5590: 5589: 5584: 5581:Compaq ships 5580: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5547: 5546:Sigma Designs 5543: 5540: 5539: 5536:workstation. 5535: 5531: 5527: 5523: 5520: 5516: 5512: 5507: 5506: 5502: 5501: 5496: 5492: 5488: 5484: 5480: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5464: 5463: 5459: 5455: 5454:code overlays 5450: 5446: 5442: 5438: 5434: 5431: 5430: 5425: 5421: 5417: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5400: 5396: 5392: 5388: 5384: 5380: 5377: 5373: 5368: 5364: 5361: 5360: 5356: 5352: 5348: 5347: 5343: 5339: 5335: 5334:DIN connector 5331: 5327: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5296: 5292: 5288: 5284: 5280: 5276: 5272: 5271: 5267:The March 20 5266: 5263: 5262: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5245: 5241: 5240: 5236: 5233: 5229: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5203:demonstrated 5202: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5190: 5186: 5182: 5178: 5175: 5171: 5167: 5163: 5159: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5145: 5141: 5137: 5132: 5128: 5124: 5123: 5118: 5117: 5113: 5109: 5105: 5104: 5099: 5095: 5091: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5074: 5070: 5065: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5049: 5048:John F. Akers 5044: 5043: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5027: 5023: 5020: 5019: 5014: 5011: 5007: 5003: 5002: 4998: 4994: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4968: 4964: 4960: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4948: 4944: 4939: 4934: 4933: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4900: 4896: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4884: 4877: 4873: 4872:Computerworld 4869: 4865: 4864: 4860: 4856: 4852: 4851:point of sale 4848: 4844: 4840: 4836: 4832: 4828: 4824: 4823: 4818: 4815: 4814: 4810: 4806: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4787: 4785: 4784:Flexible Disk 4779: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4767: 4764:to develop a 4763: 4759: 4755: 4751: 4750: 4746: 4742: 4738: 4734: 4730: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4719: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4699: 4698: 4694: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4675: 4671: 4667: 4663: 4659: 4655: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4631: 4627: 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4597: 4593: 4589: 4585: 4578: 4574: 4570: 4566: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4556:niche markets 4553: 4550:market— 4549: 4545: 4541: 4537: 4533: 4529: 4525: 4521: 4517: 4513: 4509: 4504: 4503: 4499: 4498: 4494: 4490: 4486: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4469: 4468: 4464: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4448: 4444: 4440: 4437: 4436: 4432: 4428: 4425: 4424: 4420: 4413: 4408: 4404: 4403: 4399: 4394: 4393: 4389: 4385: 4381: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4355: 4351: 4350: 4346: 4342: 4338: 4334: 4330: 4327: 4326: 4322: 4317: 4313: 4310: 4306: 4302: 4298: 4294: 4291: 4290: 4286: 4282: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4258: 4254: 4251: 4250: 4246: 4245:analog signal 4242: 4238: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4202: 4198: 4195:controllers. 4194: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4170: 4166: 4162: 4158: 4153: 4149: 4145: 4143: 4138:, termed the 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4106: 4102: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4085: 4081: 4078: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4049:pop-up window 4047: 4043: 4039: 4035: 4031: 4028: 4024: 4020: 4015: 4012: 4011: 4007: 4006:AT&T 6300 4003: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3990: 3985: 3981: 3977: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3959:, Wang, DEC, 3958: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3946: 3942: 3939: 3938: 3934: 3930: 3929: 3924: 3920: 3916: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3896: 3889: 3884: 3881: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3871: 3866: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3851: 3850: 3846: 3845: 3840: 3836: 3835: 3831: 3817: 3813: 3806: 3802: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3786: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3773: 3769: 3765: 3761: 3757: 3753: 3752: 3748: 3745: 3741: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3728: 3724: 3720: 3715: 3711: 3707: 3703: 3700: 3697: 3696: 3691: 3688: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3663: 3659: 3655: 3654: 3650: 3646: 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3622: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3598: 3595: 3593: 3588: 3582: 3580: 3574: 3572: 3568: 3564: 3558: 3554: 3550: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3505: 3501: 3497: 3493: 3489: 3485: 3481: 3477: 3473: 3469: 3465: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3445: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3429: 3425: 3421: 3417: 3413: 3409: 3408:plug and play 3405: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3379: 3375: 3371: 3370:print spooler 3367: 3366: 3362: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3346: 3345:Bruce Artwick 3342: 3338: 3337:memory-mapped 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3319: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3304: 3300: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3287: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3264: 3261: 3257: 3253: 3249: 3248: 3243: 3239: 3236: 3232: 3231:Mouse Systems 3229: 3226: 3225: 3221: 3217: 3214:releases the 3213: 3210: 3207: 3206: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3159: 3155: 3154: 3149: 3142: 3138: 3134: 3130: 3126: 3122: 3118: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3105: 3104: 3100: 3096: 3092: 3088: 3084: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3030: 3026: 3022: 3018: 3014: 3010: 3006: 3005: 3001: 3000:human factors 2997: 2994: 2990: 2986: 2985:optical mouse 2982: 2979: 2972: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2941: 2937: 2936: 2928: 2927: 2923: 2919: 2915: 2911: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2891: 2887: 2883: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2861: 2857: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2830: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2816: 2812: 2808: 2807:multiterminal 2804: 2801: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2785: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2769: 2768: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2752: 2748: 2744: 2740: 2739: 2734: 2733: 2728: 2721: 2718: 2716: 2713: 2709: 2705: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2678: 2674: 2670: 2666: 2662: 2658: 2654: 2650: 2646: 2642: 2638: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2602: 2598: 2594: 2590: 2586: 2582: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2567:handling, or 2566: 2562: 2559: 2551: 2547: 2546:UCSD p-System 2543: 2541: 2536: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2525:code page 437 2522: 2519: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2495: 2492: 2488: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2466: 2465: 2463: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2449:soft sectored 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2411: 2407: 2403: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2386: 2382: 2380: 2376: 2372: 2368: 2364: 2360: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2347: 2343: 2340: 2336: 2335: 2333: 2329: 2328: 2324: 2320: 2316: 2312: 2308: 2307:BASIC, BASICA 2304: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2288: 2285: 2281: 2278: 2274: 2270: 2266: 2262: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2231: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2200:violation of 2198: 2194: 2190: 2186: 2183: 2182: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2170: 2166: 2163: 2162: 2158: 2154: 2140: 2137: 2136: 2132: 2128: 2124: 2123: 2118: 2111: 2107: 2103: 2100: 2099: 2095: 2094:Project Chess 2091: 2087: 2083: 2079: 2075: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2056: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2035: 2031: 2027: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2011: 2010: 2006: 2005: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1979:Project Chess 1976: 1973: 1972: 1959:, the first 5 1958: 1955:releases the 1954: 1951: 1948: 1947: 1943: 1942:Z-80 SoftCard 1939: 1938: 1933: 1926: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1912: 1910: 1907: 1905: 1902: 1900: 1897: 1895: 1892: 1890: 1887: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1875: 1872: 1870: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1860: 1857: 1855: 1852: 1850: 1847: 1845: 1842: 1841: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1809: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1757:address space 1754: 1750: 1746: 1743: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1718: 1714: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1636: 1635: 1631: 1630: 1626: 1622: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1580: 1576: 1572: 1568: 1564: 1563: 1559: 1558: 1553: 1549: 1536:, the first 5 1535: 1531: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1517: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1487: 1483: 1479: 1475: 1471: 1466: 1465: 1461: 1457: 1453: 1450:In December, 1449: 1448: 1444: 1443:magnetic tape 1440: 1436: 1432: 1429: 1425: 1424: 1420: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1383:expansion bus 1380: 1378: 1373: 1359: 1355: 1354:cassette tape 1341: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1301: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1286: 1282: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1250: 1246: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1225: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1168: 1164: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 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579: 577: 574: 571: 568: 566: 563: 562: 558: 554: 551: 549: 546: 543: 540: 538: 535: 534: 530: 527: 525: 522: 519: 516: 514: 511: 510: 504: 497: 495: 492: 489: 486: 484: 483:November 1987 481: 480: 477: 474: 472: 458: 456: 453: 450: 447: 445: 442: 441: 438: 433: 430: 417: 415: 412: 409: 406: 404: 401: 400: 397: 394: 391: 388: 386: 383: 380: 377: 375: 372: 371: 368: 365: 362: 360: 357: 354: 351: 349: 346: 345: 342: 339: 337: 334:disk drives, 333: 330: 328: 325: 322: 319: 317: 316:November 1983 314: 313: 310: 307: 305: 301: 297: 294: 292: 289: 286: 283: 281: 278: 277: 274: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 257: 254: 252: 249: 248: 245: 242: 239: 235: 233: 230: 227: 224: 222: 219: 218: 215: 212: 208: 206: 203: 200: 197: 195: 192: 191: 188:IBM hardware 187: 184: 181: 178: 175: 174: 169: 158: 145: 139: 134: 129: 125: 122: 119: 116: 115: 114: 106: 105: 101: 98: 97: 93: 92: 89: 85: 81: 80: 77: 73: 70: 69: 66: 62: 58: 57: 51: 48: 44: 39: 37: 33: 29: 26: 22: 17820:Cromemco DOS 17775:Apple ProDOS 17526: 17419:Ken Thompson 17359:Donald Knuth 17354:Ada Lovelace 17319:Grace Hopper 17284:Stephen Cook 17269:George Boole 17223:Web browsers 17172: 17130:Cryptography 16982: 16949:. Retrieved 16938: 16932:, 2020-09-30 16927: 16918: 16907:. Retrieved 16896: 16887: 16877: 16866:. Retrieved 16855: 16844:. Retrieved 16839: 16829: 16818:. Retrieved 16807: 16796: 16785: 16773: 16765:the original 16755: 16740: 16731: 16723: 16707: 16691: 16681: 16673: 16663:February 13, 16661:. Retrieved 16657:the original 16643: 16632: 16622: 16597: 16585: 16573: 16562:. Retrieved 16554:PC DOS Retro 16553: 16517: 16506:. Retrieved 16495: 16484: 16473: 16468: 16457:. Retrieved 16453: 16410: 16405: 16397: 16389: 16381: 16373: 16365: 16357: 16349: 16341: 16330: 16325: 16314:. Retrieved 16303: 16292:. Retrieved 16282: 16274: 16266: 16255:. Retrieved 16234: 16223:. Retrieved 16219:the original 16214: 16204: 16196: 16188: 16180: 16172: 16164: 16145: 16137: 16126: 16121: 16113: 16105: 16097: 16076: 16068: 16060: 16052: 16044: 16036: 16028: 16020: 16012: 16004: 15993:. 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Retrieved 12765:PC DOS Retro 12764: 12754: 12741: 12733: 12725: 12714: 12706: 12698: 12690: 12682: 12668: 12663: 12655: 12647: 12639: 12610: 12602: 12594: 12586: 12578: 12570: 12562: 12554: 12549:, March 1986 12546: 12538: 12530: 12522: 12514: 12506: 12498: 12490: 12482: 12474: 12466: 12458: 12447: 12442: 12434: 12426: 12418: 12410: 12402: 12394: 12372: 12364: 12356: 12348: 12340: 12332: 12324: 12305: 12297: 12289: 12281: 12273: 12265: 12257: 12249: 12241: 12233: 12225: 12217: 12209: 12201: 12193: 12185: 12173: 12161: 12153: 12145: 12137: 12131: 12125: 12117: 12109: 12101: 12098:World Digest 12093: 12072: 12066: 12056: 12048: 12025: 12010: 12002: 11994: 11986: 11967: 11959: 11951: 11943: 11935: 11914: 11906: 11898: 11890: 11882: 11874: 11866: 11858: 11850: 11831: 11823: 11815: 11796: 11788: 11777: 11772: 11764: 11756: 11745: 11740: 11719: 11713: 11692: 11684: 11676: 11668: 11660: 11654: 11648: 11640: 11618: 11613: 11602: 11597: 11589: 11570: 11562: 11551: 11546: 11535: 11516: 11511: 11500: 11495: 11487: 11479: 11471: 11463: 11455: 11447: 11435: 11423: 11415: 11407: 11399: 11391: 11383: 11375: 11367: 11359: 11351: 11343: 11335: 11327: 11319: 11311: 11303: 11295: 11287: 11268: 11260: 11252: 11244: 11236: 11228: 11220: 11212: 11204: 11196: 11174: 11169: 11154: 11149: 11141: 11122: 11114: 11106: 11098: 11090: 11082: 11071: 11063: 11058: 11052: 11044: 11036: 11028: 11020: 11012: 11004: 10996: 10992: 10980: 10972: 10964: 10954: 10946: 10938: 10930: 10922: 10914: 10906: 10898: 10887: 10882: 10874: 10866: 10858: 10839: 10831: 10823: 10815: 10807: 10799: 10791: 10783: 10775: 10767: 10759: 10751: 10743: 10740:Microsoft ad 10735: 10727: 10719: 10711: 10708:Microsoft ad 10703: 10695: 10687: 10679: 10671: 10663: 10655: 10639: 10630: 10602: 10594: 10585: 10574: 10569:, April 1983 10566: 10558: 10550: 10542: 10531: 10526: 10518: 10510: 10502: 10494: 10483: 10478: 10470: 10462: 10428: 10420: 10412: 10404: 10396: 10388: 10380: 10372: 10364: 10356: 10346: 10325: 10306: 10298: 10290: 10282: 10274: 10266: 10257: 10251: 10235: 10230: 10217: 10211: 10195: 10171: 10163: 10155: 10147: 10139: 10131: 10123: 10115: 10104:. 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Retrieved 7979: 7970: 7964: 7952: 7943: 7937: 7928: 7922: 7913: 7907: 7888: 7879: 7862: 7853: 7840: 7819: 7811: 7807: 7803: 7794: 7784: 7775: 7767: 7762: 7753: 7483:build 1.26. 7467:DeviceLogics 7357:build 1.10. 7252:, Inc., and 7069: 7016: 6973: 6920:, signing a 6880: 6864: 6848: 6845:trade secret 6800: 6767: 6758: 6747:peer-to-peer 6743:NetWare Lite 6724: 6699: 6695: 6691: 6669:infringement 6642:TURBOchannel 6610: 6593:(PCI) spec. 6513: 6492: 6488: 6484: 6444:Dave Brubeck 6439: 6431: 6418: 6417:On June 11, 6403: 6395: 6390: 6386: 6367: 6324: 6320: 6263:flash memory 6229: 6223: 6217: 6211: 6165: 6118: 6038: 6027:NEAT chipset 6018: 6006: 5992: 5914: 5906: 5892:disk caching 5824:IBM DOS 4.01 5823: 5796: 5716:file manager 5711: 5637: 5582: 5470: 5436: 5363:Fox Software 5307: 5268: 5216: 5184: 5181:DOS extender 5120: 5090:system timer 5033: 4907: 4871: 4868:Framework II 4829:(RISC), the 4816: 4809:encyclopedia 4781: 4757: 4744: 4731:At a COMDEX 4724:PC's Limited 4714:file sharing 4710:file locking 4690: 4686: 4681: 4676: 4658:cache memory 4621: 4592:Philips :YES 4562:technology. 4427:AST Research 4375:disk caching 4344: 4332: 4260: 4237:workstations 4221:EGA palettes 4185:grew in size 4140:Interrupt 15 4139: 4119: 4080:independence 4056: 4033: 3997: 3978:ships their 3952: 3899:Leading Edge 3864: 3860: 3857:Turbo Pascal 3842: 3829: 3778:, leader of 3763: 3583: 3575: 3560: 3556: 3532:subdirectory 3528:volume label 3448:environments 3343:, for which 3306: 3245: 3197:Commodore 64 3185:video memory 3173: 3168:, and other 3114: 3107:Peter Norton 3046:Timestamping 3038:double-sided 3033: 3019:, graphics, 3011:, the first 2991:is called a 2966: 2955: 2944:multitasking 2929:On April 5, 2882:twisted pair 2853: 2832: 2823: 2819: 2814: 2809:access with 2776:Chuck Peddle 2758: 2743:Software Bus 2730: 2671:by treating 2657:AUTOEXEC.BAT 2601:system files 2565:input/output 2555: 2538: 2533:power supply 2480:alphanumeric 2233: 2168: 2127:system calls 2105: 2093: 2016:, a port of 2002: 1998: 1994: 1978: 1824:multitasking 1781:Onyx Systems 1709: 1689:Cromemco Z-2 1673:Tim Paterson 1654: 1574: 1555: 1524: 1514: 1478:double-sided 1435:Mass storage 1376: 1336:Altair BASIC 1274:disk storage 1169:working for 1081:At the June 1023:Gary Kildall 1012: 989: 963:, the first 945: 813: 205:Tim Paterson 167: 112: 40: 18: 17965:SpartaDOS X 17459:Konrad Zuse 17429:Alan Turing 17264:Jean Bartik 17259:John Backus 17057:Before 1950 16778:DR DOS 7.03 16716:About DRDOS 16700:PR Newswire 16312:. Microsoft 16061:PC Magazine 15890:Microsoft. 15762:PC Magazine 15533:Microsoft. 15458:PC Magazine 15284:PC Magazine 15019:, June 1990 14814:Micro Notes 14695:PC Magazine 14631:PC Magazine 14617:, July 1989 14615:PC Magazine 14467:PC Magazine 14387:PC Magazine 14275:PC Magazine 14163:PC Magazine 13978:PC Magazine 13962:PC Magazine 13882:PC Magazine 13381:PC Magazine 13302:PC Magazine 12986:PC Magazine 12970:PC Magazine 12889:PC Magazine 12707:PC Magazine 12693:, July 1986 12691:PC Magazine 12595:PC Magazine 12563:PC Magazine 12373:PC Magazine 12306:PC Magazine 12138:PC Magazine 12132:PC Magazine 11987:PC Magazine 11832:PC Magazine 11693:PC Magazine 11488:PC Magazine 11472:PC Magazine 11386:, June 1984 11352:PC Magazine 11253:PC Magazine 11221:PC Magazine 11107:PC Magazine 10859:PC Magazine 10603:PC Magazine 10586:PC Magazine 10567:PC Magazine 10551:PC Magazine 10503:PC Magazine 10473:, June 1983 10471:PC Magazine 10348:PC Magazine 10258:PC Magazine 10218:PC Magazine 10172:PC Magazine 10156:PC Magazine 10140:PC Magazine 10007:PC Magazine 9943:PC Magazine 9884:Thomas Barr 9566:PC Magazine 9550:PC Magazine 8752:42, 73, 144 8467:O'Rear, Bob 8459:Gates, Bill 8451:Allen, Paul 8348:, Penguin, 8179:Electronics 8164:Electronics 8125:Electronics 7971:Electronics 7944:Electronics 7929:Electronics 7914:Electronics 7569:utilities, 7535:4th quarter 7211:compliant. 6881:MS-DOS 6.22 6849:MS-DOS 6.21 6733:DoubleSpace 6558:Windows 3.1 6446:performed " 6423:command.com 6419:IBM DOS 5.0 6198:Windows 3.0 6029:and AT/386 5985:bug testing 5785:A20 handler 5712:IBM DOS 4.0 5681:DR DOS 3.31 5616:Paradox 386 5542:STB Systems 5479:Windows/386 5475:Windows/286 5403:framebuffer 5351:Windows 2.0 5131:Jon Shirley 5034:PC Magazine 4943:shrink wrap 4835:coprocessor 4745:PC Magazine 4741:Windows 1.0 4712:scheme and 4638:Intel 80386 4622:MS-DOS 2.25 4596:Intel 80186 4540:Ashton-Tate 4451:Activenture 4447:Atari 520ST 4367:spreadsheet 4277:LAN Manager 4273:file server 4255:In Europe, 4109:Intel 80286 3953:MS-DOS 2.11 3797:Yellow Book 3764:MS-DOS 2.01 3731:IBM 3270 PC 3590:barrier of 3440:RMDIR or RD 3428:MKDIR or MD 3412:CHDIR or CD 3325:Lotus 1-2-3 3307:PC Magazine 3238:workstation 3133:Recycle Bin 3121:disk editor 3116:PC Magazine 3009:Context MBA 2993:Fitts's law 2820:multiground 2696:serial port 2694:(auxiliary 2673:peripherals 2609:boot record 2599:. The two 2587:(configure 2457:full-height 2437:per track 5 2356:motherboard 2344:Intel 8088 2280:line editor 2254:COMMAND.COM 2234:86-DOS 1.14 2210:boot sector 2090:interpreter 2034:Zilog Z8000 1981:needs both 1737:file system 1324:Altair 8800 1308:front panel 1281:floppy disk 1240:King County 1231:flippy disk 1195:Traf-O-Data 1053:written in 977:address bus 910:ultraviolet 657:DoubleSpace 348:August 1984 332:Half-height 221:August 1981 194:August 1980 124:Shrink wrap 59:Microsoft: 18050:Categories 17715:PC-MOS/386 17705:Novell DOS 17602:SISNE plus 17592:Novell DOS 17572:IBM PC DOS 17532:Comparison 17439:Larry Wall 17434:Paul Vixie 17304:Lois Haibt 17279:John Cocke 17173:DOS family 17115:Algorithms 17092:Scientific 16951:2022-02-25 16909:2017-01-17 16868:2012-01-02 16846:2016-11-10 16842:. SoftNews 16820:2009-10-07 16592:Microsoft. 16580:Microsoft. 16564:2014-02-13 16508:2013-09-15 16459:2016-01-14 16316:2014-06-23 16294:2014-06-23 16257:2008-06-14 16225:2018-08-20 15995:2014-06-23 15328:2016-10-08 14627:1024 Color 14145:2017-06-24 14108:, May 1988 13360:2018-09-15 12775:2014-02-13 12749:MSDN Blogs 10106:2012-12-30 9658:, Brady. 9620:stason.org 9456:2013-04-01 9223:2013-08-18 8948:US 4151573 8927:Hard Drive 8022:2017-10-25 7990:2017-07-26 7900:References 7808:Fixed Disk 7481:PC DOS 7.1 7417:Windows XP 7366:Windows ME 7355:PC DOS 7.1 7237:Windows 98 7167:Caldera UK 7151:Caldera UK 7098:Windows 9x 7094:Windows 95 7021:zip drives 6993:serial bus 6974:PC DOS 7.0 6885:DriveSpace 6865:PC DOS 6.3 6801:MS-DOS 6.2 6759:PC DOS 6.1 6725:MS-DOS 6.0 6681:Visual C++ 6617:Forbes 400 6514:DR DOS 6.0 6502:Windows NT 6432:MS-DOS 5.0 6400:multimedia 6343:software. 6329:PowerPoint 6323:standard. 6189:consortium 6166:DR DOS 5.0 6023:shadow RAM 5889:SmartDrive 5710:IBM ships 5308:PC DOS 3.3 5205:PC-MOS/386 5127:SMT Goupil 5122:MS-DOS 4.0 5064:Rod Canion 4959:MS-DOS 4.0 4908:PC DOS 3.2 4904:Token Ring 4754:Lake Tahoe 4489:code names 4345:PC DOS 3.1 4297:C language 4261:MS-DOS 3.1 4231:(PGC) for 4189:Intel 8259 4181:hypervisor 4120:PC DOS 3.0 4084:Redirector 3911:North Star 3830:PC DOS 2.1 3760:Apple Lisa 3756:NEC PC-100 3747:Apricot PC 3626:Rao Remala 3587:Interrupts 3571:partitions 3557:PC DOS 2.0 3404:CONFIG.SYS 3166:pie charts 3162:bar graphs 3129:Windows 95 2824:foreground 2763:components 2755:Datamaster 2653:batch file 2597:DONKEY.BAS 2561:IBMBIO.COM 2529:PC speaker 2499:16 KB RAM 2429:(i.e., 40- 2379:parity bit 2342:clock rate 2248:, and the 2242:IBMDOS.COM 2169:86-DOS 1.0 2106:86-DOS 0.3 2046:sublicense 1828:multi-user 1749:Intel 8088 1697:Bob O'Rear 1657:standard. 1621:Intel 8086 1598:transducer 1534:minifloppy 1521:Jim Warren 1503:programmer 1456:IMSAI 8080 1191:Bill Gates 1179:Paul Allen 1101:stored in 1070:call stack 1067:subroutine 1059:Fortran IV 1045:and first 1031:consultant 1013:See also: 1009:mainframes 1006:System/370 991:Winchester 957:Intel 8008 946:See also: 777:April 1995 769:DriveSpace 731:April 1994 640:March 1993 565:April 1990 444:April 1987 432:Token Ring 403:March 1986 374:April 1985 280:March 1983 102:, GNU/DOS 54:Color key 17960:SpartaDOS 17915:NewDos/80 17790:Atari TOS 17785:Atari DOS 17780:Apple SOS 17770:Apple DOS 17274:Vint Cerf 17062:1950–1979 17049:Computing 16947:. FreeDOS 16905:. FreeDOS 16888:USA Today 16864:. FreeDOS 16840:Softpedia 16780:drdos.com 16683:PCMag.com 16504:. Pixelab 16409:Caldera. 16398:InfoWorld 16382:InfoWorld 16366:InfoWorld 16350:InfoWorld 16248:Newsgroup 16197:InfoWorld 16165:InfoWorld 16098:InfoWorld 16077:InfoWorld 16045:InfoWorld 16029:InfoWorld 16013:InfoWorld 15959:InfoWorld 15927:InfoWorld 15911:InfoWorld 15863:InfoWorld 15847:InfoWorld 15831:InfoWorld 15794:InfoWorld 15778:InfoWorld 15725:InfoWorld 15709:InfoWorld 15693:InfoWorld 15677:InfoWorld 15646:InfoWorld 15598:InfoWorld 15582:InfoWorld 15522:InfoWorld 15506:InfoWorld 15474:InfoWorld 15442:InfoWorld 15426:InfoWorld 15410:InfoWorld 15394:InfoWorld 15378:InfoWorld 15362:InfoWorld 15346:InfoWorld 15300:InfoWorld 15268:InfoWorld 15252:InfoWorld 15236:InfoWorld 15204:InfoWorld 15172:InfoWorld 15156:InfoWorld 15140:InfoWorld 15124:InfoWorld 15108:InfoWorld 15092:InfoWorld 15076:InfoWorld 15033:InfoWorld 15001:InfoWorld 14985:InfoWorld 14950:InfoWorld 14934:InfoWorld 14850:InfoWorld 14802:InfoWorld 14786:InfoWorld 14770:InfoWorld 14754:InfoWorld 14727:InfoWorld 14711:InfoWorld 14663:InfoWorld 14647:InfoWorld 14579:InfoWorld 14563:InfoWorld 14547:InfoWorld 14531:InfoWorld 14515:InfoWorld 14483:InfoWorld 14451:InfoWorld 14435:InfoWorld 14419:InfoWorld 14403:InfoWorld 14371:InfoWorld 14355:InfoWorld 14339:InfoWorld 14323:InfoWorld 14307:InfoWorld 14291:InfoWorld 14259:InfoWorld 14243:InfoWorld 14211:InfoWorld 14195:InfoWorld 14179:InfoWorld 14122:InfoWorld 14090:InfoWorld 14074:InfoWorld 14058:InfoWorld 14042:InfoWorld 14010:InfoWorld 13994:InfoWorld 13930:InfoWorld 13914:InfoWorld 13898:InfoWorld 13822:InfoWorld 13806:InfoWorld 13790:InfoWorld 13757:InfoWorld 13741:InfoWorld 13725:InfoWorld 13709:InfoWorld 13693:InfoWorld 13677:InfoWorld 13640:InfoWorld 13624:InfoWorld 13608:InfoWorld 13592:InfoWorld 13576:InfoWorld 13560:InfoWorld 13544:InfoWorld 13480:InfoWorld 13464:InfoWorld 13445:InfoWorld 13429:InfoWorld 13413:InfoWorld 13397:InfoWorld 13377:PC Update 13318:InfoWorld 13283:InfoWorld 13267:InfoWorld 13251:InfoWorld 13235:InfoWorld 13203:InfoWorld 13155:InfoWorld 13139:InfoWorld 13102:InfoWorld 13050:InfoWorld 13018:InfoWorld 12938:InfoWorld 12921:InfoWorld 12905:InfoWorld 12873:InfoWorld 12857:InfoWorld 12841:InfoWorld 12793:InfoWorld 12734:InfoWorld 12656:InfoWorld 12579:InfoWorld 12499:InfoWorld 12483:InfoWorld 12467:InfoWorld 12435:InfoWorld 12419:InfoWorld 12403:InfoWorld 12357:InfoWorld 12341:InfoWorld 12325:InfoWorld 12290:InfoWorld 12274:InfoWorld 12258:InfoWorld 12242:InfoWorld 12226:InfoWorld 12210:InfoWorld 12194:InfoWorld 12154:InfoWorld 12118:InfoWorld 12085:0199-6649 12068:InfoWorld 12049:InfoWorld 11968:InfoWorld 11952:InfoWorld 11936:InfoWorld 11899:InfoWorld 11883:InfoWorld 11867:InfoWorld 11851:InfoWorld 11816:InfoWorld 11797:InfoWorld 11765:InfoWorld 11732:0199-6649 11726:: 17–18. 11715:InfoWorld 11661:InfoWorld 11641:InfoWorld 11590:InfoWorld 11571:InfoWorld 11456:InfoWorld 11416:InfoWorld 11400:InfoWorld 11368:InfoWorld 11336:InfoWorld 11320:InfoWorld 11269:InfoWorld 11237:InfoWorld 11142:InfoWorld 11123:InfoWorld 11091:InfoWorld 11064:InfoWorld 11059:InfoWorld 11045:InfoWorld 11029:InfoWorld 11013:InfoWorld 10939:InfoWorld 10923:InfoWorld 10907:InfoWorld 10840:InfoWorld 10808:InfoWorld 10792:InfoWorld 10776:InfoWorld 10760:InfoWorld 10744:InfoWorld 10728:InfoWorld 10712:InfoWorld 10648:0199-6649 10640:InfoWorld 10429:InfoWorld 10413:InfoWorld 10397:InfoWorld 10381:InfoWorld 10365:InfoWorld 10326:InfoWorld 10307:InfoWorld 10291:InfoWorld 10275:InfoWorld 10124:InfoWorld 10087:InfoWorld 10071:InfoWorld 10055:InfoWorld 10039:InfoWorld 10019:Why OS/2? 9975:InfoWorld 9959:InfoWorld 9927:InfoWorld 9921:InfoWorld 9849:InfoWorld 9833:InfoWorld 9817:InfoWorld 9813:InfoViews 9790:InfoWorld 9774:InfoWorld 9758:InfoWorld 9742:InfoWorld 9726:InfoWorld 9707:InfoWorld 9634:InfoWorld 9495:InfoWorld 9479:InfoWorld 9427:InfoWorld 9411:InfoWorld 9363:InfoWorld 9347:InfoWorld 9327:Bytelines 9315:InfoWorld 9296:InfoWorld 9218:0360-5280 9177:InfoWorld 9097:0018-9162 9034:CRC Press 8637:InfoWorld 8388:InfoWorld 7872:Multiplan 7825:cylinders 7673:September 7609:September 7553:support. 7527:September 7522:support. 7496:September 7405:September 7362:September 7316:September 6630:SHARE.EXE 6509:September 6448:Take Five 6325:InfoWorld 6245:September 6212:Real mode 6115:Datalight 6077:SystemPro 6019:InfoWorld 6015:September 6007:InfoWorld 5894:program. 5880:Super VGA 5819:September 5758:HIMEM.SYS 5521:September 5471:InfoWorld 5465:Qualitas 5055:September 4831:IBM RT PC 4817:InfoWorld 4737:vaporware 4702:PC DOS XM 4677:InfoWorld 4668:is used. 4666:local bus 4650:terabytes 4642:gigabytes 4590:1.x. The 4583:September 4573:microcode 4528:Tektronix 4333:InfoWorld 4321:emulation 4301:July 1987 4203:September 4171:added an 4152:real mode 4144:interface 4132:RAM disks 4105:IBM PC/AT 4071:, remote 4057:InfoWorld 3905:, Tandy, 3903:Panasonic 3649:Micro 16s 3616:Zilog Z80 3553:IBM PC/XT 3474:); three 3333:functions 3323:releases 3242:Atari 400 3208:September 3181:registers 3083:MSDOS.SYS 2967:InfoWorld 2952:real-time 2833:InfoWorld 2815:InfoWorld 2759:InfoWorld 2732:InfoWorld 2637:file size 2631:, 1-byte 2627:, 3-byte 2552:compiler. 2476:text mode 2455:-encoded 2267:, ERASE, 2202:antitrust 2157:debugging 2041:September 1995:QDOS 0.10 1796:Unix-like 1753:registers 1486:trademark 1397:systems. 1372:S-100 bus 1334:based on 1332:Microsoft 1262:kilobytes 1074:simulator 1057:standard 1037:, writes 979:that can 850:Some 200 763:Microsoft 752:June 1994 721:Microsoft 700:Microsoft 665:June 1993 651:Microsoft 599:Microsoft 588:June 1991 553:DOS Shell 537:July 1988 414:Microsoft 385:Microsoft 359:Microsoft 327:Microsoft 291:Microsoft 271:Upgraded 262:Microsoft 232:Microsoft 18024:Category 17990:TurboDOS 17955:SmartDOS 17895:MicroDOS 17755:AmigaDOS 17740:TurboDOS 17735:Towns OS 17680:K8918-OS 17675:DOS Plus 17565:MS-DOS 7 17537:Commands 17527:Timeline 17329:Bob Kahn 17210:Internet 17150:Software 17001:Archived 16971:Archived 16558:Archived 16446:Jim Hall 16240:Jim Hall 15894:. 1993 ( 15406:Software 15324:(17): 41 14592:SuperVGA 14139:Archived 13354:Archived 12769:Archived 11983:DESQview 11673:Software 10903:Software 10788:In Focus 9447:Archived 9292:Infogram 9077:Computer 8521:16581341 8513:87-21452 8346:Idea Man 8042:Archived 7957:IBM 3740 7829:platters 7698:See also 7688:February 7662:December 7617:November 7504:December 7463:November 7424:December 7324:November 7280:February 7182:December 7165:7.01 by 7149:7.01 by 7142:February 7070:de facto 6969:February 6957:November 6898:Jim Hall 6836:February 6817:December 6790:November 6729:MEMMAKER 6688:CodeView 6676:February 6637:November 6562:TrueType 6545:February 6534:November 6460:GW-BASIC 6442:, where 6440:DOS Boat 6321:de facto 6315:February 6300:December 6287:November 6271:Poqet PC 6111:December 6072:November 6055:(HPFS). 6051:API and 6031:chipsets 5961:TMS34020 5957:TMS34010 5868:November 5720:DOSSHELL 5642:ISO 9660 5623:December 5578:November 5563:run-time 5550:Register 5405:VGA use 5367:database 5295:Model 80 5247:February 5212:December 5173:November 4846:February 4773:December 4673:November 4588:DOS Plus 4552:charting 4548:vertical 4520:chip set 4463:DESQview 4354:Symphony 4292:December 4269:services 4257:AT&T 4252:November 4225:IBM 5154 4223:). The 4173:84th key 4038:Sidekick 3998:de facto 3989:Logitech 3940:February 3882:December 3844:PC World 3816:IBM PCjr 3811:November 3735:IBM 3270 3636:" demo. 3472:spooling 3397:ANSI.SYS 3357:IBM 5153 3352:February 3301:through 3267:VisiCalc 3263:VisiCorp 3259:November 3244:running 3189:Apple II 3174:de facto 3095:PC clone 3087:GW-BASIC 2922:iAPX 432 2914:iAPX 286 2890:Ethernet 2798:2.0 and 2791:December 2750:November 2625:filename 2617:clusters 2593:programs 2581:DISKCOPY 2577:DISKCOMP 2491:IBM 5151 2464:either: 2287:debugger 2258:commands 2219:settling 2138:February 2101:December 2069:November 1772:November 1677:CPU card 1655:de facto 1651:WordStar 1642:data bus 1585:files a 1575:de facto 1445:drives. 1428:IBM 5100 1379:standard 1377:de facto 1302:such as 1296:software 1289:hardware 1270:magnetic 1264:(KB) of 1118:terminal 1107:Teletype 1091:Intellec 1047:compiler 999:IBM 3340 967:using a 961:Micral N 934:diskette 816: : 513:May 1988 392:support 341:IBM PCjr 251:May 1982 240:release 213:release 179:Version 30:-family 21:timeline 18005:Z80-RIO 17975:Top-DOS 17930:RealDOS 17905:MSX-DOS 17840:DOS/360 17835:DIP DOS 17825:CSI-DOS 17730:SCP1700 17720:REAL/32 17710:OpenDOS 17690:MP/M-86 17660:CP/M-86 17635:4690 OS 17630:4680 OS 17612:FreeDOS 17607:PTS-DOS 17597:ROM-DOS 17200:Malware 17178:Windows 16250:: 15991:. Apple 15748:, p.511 14255:IBM DOS 12631:⁄ 9212:: 246. 9105:2023052 7651:October 7628:January 7586:October 7579:OpenGEM 7575:Arachne 7413:October 7389:January 7272:January 7261:October 7256:, Inc. 7197:FreeDOS 7193:January 7163:OpenDOS 7153:, Ltd. 7147:OpenDOS 7063:⁄ 7058:. 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