1600:(1937), p. 124: "We cannot consider ourselves servants of the Divine King unless we take upon ourselves the task ‘to perfect the World under the Kingdom of the Almighty.’ We must strive to reconstruct the social order in ways that would give evidence of our allegiance to the creative spirit of human life, that spirit which makes for personal self-realization and social communion…We should not give up hope of achieving an adequately representative government integrally related to a righteous economic order and to an internationalism without which there can never be universal peace."
1192:, Zeek: A Jewish Journal of Thought and Culture, June 2007. "To our contemporary pluralist ears, the rejection of other religions appears intolerant and proselytizing. Most contemporary Jews who extol the value of tikkun olam certainly do not understand this term as a mandate to impose worship of the Jewish God on all other peoples. ... In our conception, this manifestation of divinity will not require the elimination of other means of religious worship, but rather the establishment of Godly qualities throughout the world."
435:), releases these sparks of God's light and allows them to reunite with God's essence. The “rectification” is two-fold: the gathering of light and of souls, to be achieved by human beings through the contemplative performance of religious acts. The goal of such repair, which can only be effected by humans, is to separate what is holy from the created world, thus depriving the physical world of its very existence, destroying the material universe. This restores all things to a world before disaster within the Godhead.
1065:—one for community service, and another for social action. AZA includes a combined community service/social action programming area. In addition, both divisions include "pledge principles," principles by which to guide them. For BBG girls the "menorah pledge principles" include citizenship, philanthropy, and community service. For AZA members, the "7 cardinal principles" include charity.
446:, the physical world is connected to spiritual realms above that influence the physical world, and furthermore, Jews have the ability, through physical deeds and free will, to direct and control these spiritual forces. God's desire in creation was that God's creations ultimately will recognize God's unity and overcome evil; this will constitute the perfection (
518:, "A Prayer for Our Country" elaborates on this passage: "May citizens of all races and creeds forge a common bond in true harmony to banish all hatred and bigotry" and "uniting all people in peace and freedom and helping them to fulfill the vision of your prophet: 'Nation shall not lift up sword against nation, neither shall they experience war anymore.
977:
means that Jews are not only responsible for creating a model society among themselves but also are responsible for the welfare of the society at large. This responsibility may be understood in religious, social or political terms and there are many different opinions about how religion, society, and
490:
and social action is particularly striking because
Lurianic Kabbalah saw itself as repairing dimensions within the spiritual, the mystical worlds, rather than this world and its social relations. Author Lawrence Fine points to two features of Lurianic Kabbalah that have made it adaptable to ethical
253:
More generally, tikkun can mean improvement, establishment, repair, prepare, and more. In this
Mishnaic context it generally refers to practical legal measures taken in the present to ameliorate social conditions. In the legal language of the Talmud, however, the verb took on a much more legalistic
679:
will create a model society among the Jewish people, which will in turn influence the rest of the world. By perfecting themselves, their local Jewish community or the state of Israel, the Jews set an example for the rest of the world. The theme is frequently repeated in sermons and writings across
642:
twice in all its details. Some explain that this will occur because
Shabbat rest (which is considered a foretaste of the Messianic Age) energizes Jews to work harder to bring the Messianic Age nearer during the six working days of the week. It is expected that in the messianic era there will be no
450:) of creation. While the Jews have the Torah now and are aware of God's unity, some believe that when all of humanity recognizes this fact, the rectification will be complete. In recent years Jewish thinkers and activists have used Lurianic Kabbalah to elevate the full range of ethical and ritual
759:
The rich tradition of tzedakah is a model of communal social responsibility in the absence of a strong welfare state; it also connects to the burgeoning area of Micro
Philanthropy, which pools large numbers of small donations resulting in more direct interaction between donors and recipients, or
511:
The original context of the Aleinu prayer, in the Rosh
Hashanah liturgy, is accompanied by the hope that "all will form a single union to do Your will with a whole heart". In many contexts this is interpreted to be a call to universalism and justice for all mankind – sentiments which are common
365:
or the world. Whether that happens primarily within Jewish society or primarily in relation to the nations of the world, whether that happens primarily through acts of justice and kindness, or equally through ritual observance, whether primarily through internal work of an individual or through
312:
Among modern liberal Jewish movements, a common but more modern understanding of this phrase is that we share a partnership with God, and are instructed to take the steps towards improving the state of the world and helping others, which simultaneously brings more honor to God's sovereignty.
1758:
summarizes Rabbi Hirsch's
Commentary on Genesis 9:27 in this manner: "hese spiritual pursuits ... are meant to lead to proper action, to the right response to the ever-changing conditions of life, in order 'to prepare the world for the kingdom of G-d', as we put it in our daily prayers." see
1229:
153:
has come to refer to the pursuit of social justice or "the establishment of Godly qualities throughout the world" based on the idea that "Jews bear responsibility not only for their own moral, spiritual, and material welfare, but also for the welfare of society at large".
956:
Aside from the fact that by perfecting themselves, the Jews set an example for the rest of the world, there is thus the additional distinction that mitzvot have practical, worldly effects—for example, charity benefits the poor materially, constituting
379:
improvement of the world, and the ordering of reality." Yet he also saw justice as a fundamental component, as for example when he wrote, "Every judge who judges truth unto its truth, even for one hour, it’s as if he fixed the whole world entirely /
590:
began to gain more traction. The phrase has since been adopted by a variety of Jewish organizations, to mean anything from direct service to general philanthropy. It was presented to a wide international audience—itself an indication of how widely
525:
In the liberal movements of
Judaism, most especially in the United States, this sentiment is especially embedded in the idea of acting compassionately for all people, as for example in the 1975 New Union prayer book, used by the movement for
374:
as fully inclusive of all these dimensions when he wrote "Through wisdom, which is Torah, and the elevation of character, which is acts of kindness, and observing the Torah’s commandments, which are the sacrifices, one continuously brings
360:
has at times referred to eschatological concerns, as in Aleinu, and at times to practical concerns, as in the
Mishnah, but in either context, it refers to some kind of social change or process that is for the betterment of Jews or
578:), as a responsibility for Jewish people to work towards a better world. However, while Bardin was a significant popularizer of the term, one also finds it being used in similar manner in the late 1930s and early 1940s by
1208:
1997 "The papers collected here address the issue of tikkun olam, the thesis that Jews bear responsibility not only for their own moral, spiritual, and material welfare, but also for the welfare of society at
535:, which includes the text "You have taught us to uphold the falling, to heal the sick, to free the captive, to comfort all who suffer pain". These aspects of Judaism already have a traditional name however,
985:
in the
Mishnah and Talmud point to the importance of creating systemic change through law. She concludes that contemporary tikkun olam should also focus on systemic and structural changes to society.
989:
While many non-Orthodox Jews have argued that tikkun olam requires socially liberal politics, some have argued for the validity of a conservative political approach to tikkun olam. Michael Spiro, a
464:, including those traditionally understood as ethical, was already a part of Kabbalah, but the contemporary emphasis serves the purpose of finding a mystical depth and spiritual energy in ethical
229:
Captives are not aided in their attempts to escape (so that captors do not make the conditions of captivity more restrictive, or else so that captors do not take revenge on other captives). (4:6)
475:
and ethical action assigns an ultimate significance to even small acts of kindness and small improvements of social policy. However, if this is done in a manner that separates the concept of
773:, it is believed that the Jewish people will become a model society. This idea sometimes is attributed to Biblical verses that describe the Jews as "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation" (
1030:, the Conservative youth movement, the position in charge of social action on chapter and regional boards is called the SA/TO (social action/tikkun olam) officer. Furthermore, USY has the
223:
If two people enslave one person, and one enslaver frees that person, the formerly enslaved person is forced to repay the second enslaver his share of the value of the enslavement. (4:5)
1791:, issue unknown, p. 28 (accessed October 23, 2008): "othing less than transformation of the entire Jewish community and ultimately, the molding of society at large in its moral image (
220:
If an enslaver set aside an enslaved person as a designated repayment for his debts, the enslaved person is freed but the responsibility to repay the debt is transferred to them. (4:4)
1272:
301:
Translation: "to speedily see Your mighty splendor, to cause detestable (idolatry) to be removed from the land, and the (false) gods will be utterly 'cut off', to
468:. The application of the Lurianic vision to improving the world can be seen in Jewish blogs, High Holiday sermons and on-line Jewish learning resource centers.
675:
requires efforts in all three of the great "pillars" of
Judaism: Torah study, acts of kindness, and the ritual commandments. Some Jews believe that performing
579:
1042:, the Reform youth movement, the position in charge of social action on chapter and regional boards is called the social action vice president (SAVP).
732:
as it supports organizations that perform direct service. There are many different philanthropic organizations devoted to repairing the world. The
539:, and some have criticized the tendency to emphasize social action as a kind of disregard for other aspects of Judaism traditionally connected to
1015:(charity or philanthropy), and Spiro argues that tikkun olam should be carried out through such private efforts rather than through government.
551:
483:
prayer, there is a risk of privileging actions that have no real religious significance and represent personal agendas more than Judaism itself.
2051:
546:
Perhaps the first Jewish thinker to use the phrase "tikkun olam" in the modern sense of "fixing the world" by building a just society was Rabbi
366:
external deeds, is something that changes from one source to the next. For example, Talmudic scholar and eminent philosopher of the Middle Ages
1410:
850:
In Modern Orthodox philosophy (which often is intertwined with Religious Zionism, especially in America), it is commonly believed that
1671:
1026:
is used to refer to Jewish obligations to engage in social action in the Reform and Conservative movements as well. For example, in
1933:
702:
is a central theme in Judaism and serves as one of the 613 commandments. Tzedakah is used in common parlance as charitable giving.
933:(commandments of justice towards (living) people and the natural world (including the human body itself) respectively) and (4)
1904:
1515:
Neusner, Jacob; Frerichs, Ernest S.; Sarna, Nahum M., eds. (1989). "Tikkun: A Lurianic Motif in Contemporary Jewish Thought".
1379:
873:
either inculcates a relationship between people and God or strengthens beliefs and faith of the one who prays, and keeping
309:
In other words, when all the people of the world abandon false gods and recognize God, the world will have been perfected.
887:
is for moral and religious values and deeds to permeate the Jewish people and ultimately the entire world, but the ritual
255:
1440:
733:
1100:
may reflect humility, thoughtfulness, and justice, they are often marked by arrogance, overzealousness, and injustice."
344:) since at least the first recorded texts in the 11th–12th centuries. Thus, Aleinu's influence on the concept of
132:
In classical rabbinic literature, the phrase referred to legal enactments intended to preserve the social order. In the
1034:
Honor Society. A requirement of acceptance to the honor society is to perform one act of community service a month. In
586:. As left-leaning progressive Jewish organizations started entering the mainstream in the 1970s and 1980s, the phrase
1879:
1558:
1526:
1157:
854:
have practical this-worldly sociological and educational effects on those who perform them, and in this manner, the
1978:
1753:
1579:
755:
is captured by Yehudah Mirsky in his article "Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions". Mirsky writes:
142:, the "repair" is mystical: to return the sparks of Divine light to their source by means of ritual performance.
2020:
760:"givers" and "doers," higher resolution in the focus of giving and the creation of new networks of cooperation.
869:
may serve functions such as educating people or developing relationships between people and God. As examples,
499:
resonates with the imagery of shattered vessels. Second, both Lurianic Kabbalah and ethical understandings of
741:
1309:
687:
often have practical worldly/social effects (in contrast to mystical effects as held by Lurianic Kabbalah).
634:. This belief dates back at least to the early Talmudic period. According to Rabbi Yochanan, quoting Rabbi
429:, i.e., "the world of rectification." Prayer, especially contemplation of various aspects of the divinity (
1001:
the path to the greatest public good. In addition, conservatives have always emphasized the importance of
246:
Once when a husband made a vow requiring him to divorce his wife, they were then allowed to remarry. (4:7)
399:
of the upper worlds. According to this vision of the world, God contracted part of God's infinite light (
17:
1518:
From Ancient Israel to Modern Judaism: Intellect in Quest of Understanding—Essays in Honor of Marvin Fox
2133:
1346:
990:
559:
332:) meaning "to establish" (rather than "to fix" or "to repair"); this wording is still used by
249:
One who sold their field to a non-Jew must purchase and bring the first fruits from that field. (4:9)
2061:
1418:
2138:
1574:
1351:
1058:
2037:, ed. David Birnbaum and Martin S. Cohen (New York: New Paradigm Matrix Publishing, 2015), p. 475.
1767:
to practical sociological rectification of the material world. See also Rabbi Shelomoh Danziger,
2110:
1467:
522:" Both lines express wholeheartedly the idea of universal equality, freedom, and peace for all.
1952:
1031:
1027:
961:
by its improvement of the world physically or socially, in contrast to the mystical effects of
195:
108:
1728:
1085:
786:
512:
throughout Jewish liturgy. For example, in the American Conservative movement's prayer book,
495:
and social action. First, he points out that a generation recovering from the tragedy of the
37:
1785:
439:
2107:, ed. David Birnbaum and Martin S. Cohen (New York: New Paradigm Matrix Publishing, 2015).
1679:
8:
2089:
1768:
1634:
1414:
1185:
120:
1497:
296:לראות מהרה בתפארת עוזך, להעביר גלולים מן הארץ והאלילים כרות יכרתון לתקן עולם במלכות ש-די
1908:
1702:
1093:
883:
serve as educational symbols of moral and religious values. Thus, the ultimate goal of
790:
547:
183:
4:2–9) with the meaning of amending the law in order to keep society well-functioning.
2033:
Geoffrey Claussen, "Pinhas, the Quest for Purity, and the Dangers of Tikkun Olam," in
2143:
2056:
1522:
1383:
1163:
1153:
1077:
1054:
861:
According to the rationalist philosophy of Hirsch and others, the social and ethical
844:
840:
744:
supports grassroots organizations creating change in Africa, Asia, and the Americas.
635:
600:
514:
392:
201:
One must fully specify the names of the husband and wife on a divorce document. (4:2)
139:
129:, which refers to various forms of action intended to repair and improve the world.
33:
1929:
1846:
Tikkun Olam: Social Responsibility in Jewish Thought and Law (Orthodox Forum Series)
1930:"Programs to Repair the World : The United Synagogue for Conservative Judaism"
1609:
824:
460:. The belief that not only does prayer lift up divine sparks, but so do all of the
258:" – literally, "Affixation" – was a category of legal enactment made by the Sages.
55:
1516:
1073:
870:
836:
832:
828:
808:
596:
583:
531:
99:
1883:
1387:
1218:
618:(good deeds, commandments, connections, or religious obligations) is a means of
1124:
527:
425:
411:
1444:
1245:
902:
is an especially important source, as his exposition of his philosophy of the
2127:
2006:
1849:
1808:
1296:
1167:
1119:
794:
782:
778:
774:
680:
the Jewish spectrum: Reconstructionist, Reform, Conservative, and Orthodox.
631:
563:
333:
232:
1964:
740:
as one of the three main principles under which it operates. Similarly, the
283:, which in contrast to the Mishnah's usage, focuses on the end of time. The
2114:
1630:
1039:
820:
725:
1053:
has community service/social action commitments in both of its divisions,
287:
2118:
2077:
1284:
1201:
1109:
1089:
994:
401:
1982:
1862:
668:
367:
812:
797:
are prominent in this field, the former rationally and in terms of a
496:
1011:
698:
431:
236:
226:
Captives are not redeemed for more than their monetary value. (4:6)
146:
1045:
In addition, other youth organizations have also grown to include
194:
One cannot convene a court in another place in order to nullify a
879:
874:
816:
639:
627:
622:, helping to perfect the world, and that the performance of more
576:
when the world shall be perfected under the reign of the almighty
452:
240:
214:
205:
176:
126:
479:
from its other meanings as found in rabbinic literature and the
243:
are not purchased from non-Jews for more than their value. (4:6)
32:
This article is about the concept in Judaism. For the blog, see
1709:. The Jewish People Policy Planning Institute. pp. 213–229
1189:
1114:
981:
Jane Kanarek, a Conservative rabbi, argues that discussions of
280:
275:
180:
134:
41:
2093:
543:, like learning, prayer, repentance, and ritual commandments.
305:– fix/repair/establish a world – under the Almighty's kingdom"
175:, "for the sake of repairing the world", which appears in the
803:
638:, the Jewish people will be redeemed when every Jew observes
362:
87:
70:
1206:
Tikkun olam: social responsibility in Jewish thought and law
777:) and "a light of the nations" or "a light to the nations" (
1148:
Rose, Or N.; Green Kaiser, Jo Ellen; Klein, Margie (2008).
1061:. BBG includes two different programming areas specific to
1050:
1035:
61:
1356:
811:) influencing their non-Jewish neighbors, and the latter
320:
prayer is actually not a valid source for the concept of
186:
A number of legal enactments appear in this passage with
78:
1848:. Edited by Nathan Jay Diament. (Northvale, New Jersey:
1347:"Tikkun Olam: Connecting Social Action and Spirituality"
1731:
and a common thread in all of his writings, especially
993:
Jew, draws on a conservative tradition that emphasizes
823:
influencing the other nations of the world. Some other
614:
Classical Jewish texts teach that performing of ritual
503:
emphasize the role of human responsibility and action.
405:)—concealing Himself—to create the world. The vessels (
1150:
Righteous indignation : a Jewish call for justice
1676:
Hadassah, The Women's Zionist Organization of America
1147:
895:, strengthening what is accomplished by the ethical.
831:, follow a philosophy similar to Hirsch's, including
558:
in modern Jewish history in the United States was by
138:
prayer, it refers to the eradication of idolatry. In
73:
67:
1863:"Being a Politically Conservative Reconstructionist"
1703:"Tikkun Olam: Basic Questions and Policy Directions"
1514:
865:
have nearly self-explanatory purposes, while ritual
736:, one of the top ten charities in the world, counts
324:, claiming that the original prayer used a homonym "
113:
84:
58:
714:are used to generate a more just world. Therefore,
643:injustice or exploitation, a state comparable with
471:The association between the Lurianic conception of
90:
81:
64:
2105:Tikkun Olam: Judaism, Humanism & Transcendence
2035:Tikkun Olam: Judaism, Humanism & Transcendence
1575:"The Place of Tikkun Olam in American Jewish Life"
1246:"Aleinu: Obligation to Fix the World or the Text?"
279:, a concluding part of most Jewish congregational
125:'repairing of the world') is a concept in
1195:
603:'s visit to the United States in September 1987.
2125:
891:nevertheless play a vital role in this model of
486:The application of Lurianic Kabbalah to ethical
356:Over the course of Jewish intellectual history,
2075:
1752:Rabbi Joseph Elias, in his introduction to the
1666:
1664:
384:and caused the Shekhinah to rest upon Israel."
211:Witnesses must sign the divorce document. (4:3)
145:In the modern era, particularly among the post-
1273:Seidenberg, David, "A Tikkun for Tikkun Olam?"
2098:Zeek: A Jewish Journal of Thought and Culture
1786:"Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch: Ish al Ha'edah"
1727:This is a central theme in his philosophy of
1018:
2049:
1965:"Abraham Joshua Heschel Honor Society – USY"
1775:5756/1996, p. 23 (accessed October 23, 2008)
1661:
1598:The Meaning of God in Modern Jewish Religion
1498:"Tikkun Olam in contemporary Jewish thought"
1181:
1179:
1177:
948:(educational symbolic commandments) and (6)
595:had now permeated American Jewish life—when
2088:
2001:
1999:
1880:"Why Advocacy is Central to Reform Judaism"
1096:. According to Claussen, "while visions of
764:
419:) and their shards became sparks of light (
395:dwells on the role of prayer and ritual in
1869:, Spring-Summer 2004, Volume 11, Number 3.
1568:
1566:
1465:
710:, means justice or righteousness. Acts of
1838:
1717:– via Berman Jewish Policy Archive.
1344:
1174:
606:
550:(1865–1935). According to Jewish scholar
1996:
1934:United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism
1746:
1559:Rabbi Abraham Isaac Kook and Tikkun Olam
1491:
1489:
1487:
1204:, Chaim Isaac Waxman, Nathan J. Diament
1068:
952:(commandments of direct service to God).
415:, i.e., the "world of chaos"—shattered (
1572:
1563:
1468:"Tikkun Olam: A Defense and a Critique"
1466:Spokoinyon, Andrés (October 17, 2018).
1239:
1237:
14:
2126:
1844:Blidstein, Gerald J. "Tikkun Olam" in
1778:
1700:
1624:
968:
506:
36:. For the medical marijuana firm, see
2013:
1484:
1408:
1380:"Sermon for Yom Kippur morning, 5765"
1345:ben Moshe, Ariel (21 February 2007).
997:precisely because they believed that
858:will perfect the Jews and the world.
566:in the 1950s. Bardin interpreted the
40:. For the philosophical journal, see
1922:
1769:"Rediscovering the Hirschian Legacy"
1377:
1234:
1143:
1141:
718:is a means through which to perform
570:prayer, specifically the expression
387:
1957:
1897:
1872:
734:Jewish Federations of North America
728:is an effective tool in performing
650:
599:used the phrase in a speech during
316:Some scholars have argued that the
103:
24:
2111:"The Rise Of Tikkun Olam Paganism"
2043:
1310:"Tikkun Olam: Repairing the World"
25:
2155:
1763:. Thus Hirsch explicitly relates
1243:
1152:. Jewish Lights Pub. p. 22.
1138:
827:rabbis, many but not all of them
423:trapped within the next universe—
208:even without a formal oath. (4:3)
162:
2052:"How Tikkun Olam Got Its Groove"
1835:(Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 1959).
1672:"Why We Give. What is Tzedakah?"
1495:
847:follows Kook in his philosophy.
663:are important to the process of
572:le-taken olam be-malchut shaddai
348:can date to at least this time.
336:. However, among European Jews,
54:
2082:: The Restoration of the World"
2027:
2021:"BBG Menorah Pledge Principles"
1971:
1946:
1855:
1826:
1814:
1798:
1721:
1694:
1644:
1615:
1603:
1591:
1580:Jewish Political Studies Review
1551:
1542:
1521:. Vol. 4. Scholars Press.
1508:
1459:
1433:
1417:: Kol HaNeshama. Archived from
1402:
1371:
1338:
1326:
1302:
2094:"The History of 'Tikkun Olam'"
2050:Sarah Breger (May–June 2010).
1823:(London: Soncino Press, 1960).
1290:
1277:
1265:
1223:
1212:
1080:has asserted that concepts of
965:as held by Lurianic Kabbalah.
626:will hasten the coming of the
560:Brandeis-Bardin Camp Institute
554:, the first use of the phrase
13:
1:
1132:
785:). The philosophies of Rabbi
742:American Jewish World Service
351:
167:The earliest use of the term
1805:The Pentateuch and Haftorahs
1760:
1190:"The History of Tikkun Olam"
1049:has part of its foundation.
340:has used the word "to fix" (
261:
7:
1103:
690:
655:In Jewish thought, ethical
114:
10:
2160:
1907:. Uscj.org. Archived from
1573:Krasner, Jonathan (2013).
1019:Jewish youth organizations
973:For some Jews, the phrase
918:(philosophical doctrines);
382:tikein et kol ha’olam kulo
157:
31:
1635:Chapter 2, "Sabbath Rest"
1038:, the American branch of
747:The intersection between
574:(typically translated as
341:
329:
295:
2076:Sanford L. Drob (2001).
1701:Mirsky, Yehudah (2008).
1652:Commentary on the Mishna
1639:Sabbath: Day of Eternity
1441:"Kolel: Books and Links"
1299:, Hilkhot Sanhedrin 23:9
765:Building a model society
409:) of the first universe—
328:" (spelled differently,
204:A widow can collect her
190:given as justification:
1867:Reconstructionism Today
937:(commandments of love);
801:(community) of Jews in
1953:United Synagogue Youth
1472:Jewish Funders Network
1086:Jewish fundamentalists
1032:Abraham Joshua Heschel
762:
196:get (divorce document)
188:mip'nei tikkun ha-olam
173:mip'nei tikkun ha-olam
1882:. URJ. Archived from
1833:God, Man, and History
1729:Torah im Derech Eretz
1409:Shill, Scott (2005).
1069:Jewish fundamentalism
910:into six categories:
787:Samson Raphael Hirsch
757:
273:is also found in the
217:was instituted. (4:3)
38:Tikun Olam (cannabis)
2007:"Program Excellence"
1852:, Inc, 1997), p. 18.
1821:The Faith of Judaism
1733:The Nineteen Letters
1502:MyJewishLearning.com
906:. He classifies the
843:. The philosophy of
751:, philanthropy, and
440:Moshe Chaim Luzzatto
171:comes in the phrase
2084:. The New Kabbalah.
1979:"NFTY – NFTY Board"
1784:Dr. Judith Bleich,
1415:Seattle, Washington
1382:. Temple Emanu-El,
1219:Mishna Gittin 4:2–9
978:politics interact.
969:Improving the world
507:Modern developments
1682:on 3 December 2013
1557:Micha Odenheimer,
1359:on 11 October 2007
1314:My Jewish Learning
1094:Yitzchak Ginsburgh
1009:(benevolence) and
791:Abraham Isaac Kook
769:By performing the
659:as well as ritual
636:Shim'on bar Yochai
548:Abraham Isaac Kook
29:Concept in Judaism
2134:Jewish philosophy
1905:"What Can We Do?"
1384:Dunwoody, Georgia
1378:Schwartz, Julie.
1244:First, Mitchell.
1078:Geoffrey Claussen
991:Reconstructionist
845:Religious Zionism
841:Eliezer Berkovits
601:Pope John Paul II
580:Alexander Dushkin
515:Siddur Sim Shalom
393:Lurianic Kabbalah
388:Lurianic Kabbalah
254:role, in that a "
140:Lurianic Kabbalah
124:
112:
34:Tikun Olam (blog)
16:(Redirected from
2151:
2101:
2085:
2072:
2070:
2069:
2060:. Archived from
2038:
2031:
2025:
2024:
2017:
2011:
2010:
2003:
1994:
1993:
1991:
1990:
1981:. Archived from
1975:
1969:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1943:
1941:
1940:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1917:
1916:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1861:Spiro, Michael.
1859:
1853:
1842:
1836:
1830:
1824:
1818:
1812:
1802:
1796:
1782:
1776:
1755:Nineteen Letters
1750:
1744:
1725:
1719:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1698:
1692:
1691:
1689:
1687:
1678:. Archived from
1668:
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1628:
1622:
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1613:
1607:
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1595:
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1496:Fine, Lawrence.
1493:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1478:
1463:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1443:. Archived from
1437:
1431:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1406:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1395:
1386:. Archived from
1375:
1369:
1368:
1366:
1364:
1355:. Archived from
1342:
1336:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
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1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1281:
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1232:
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1221:
1216:
1210:
1199:
1193:
1183:
1172:
1171:
1145:
1007:gemilut chasadim
651:Ethical behavior
537:gemilut chasadim
521:
417:Shevirat HaKelim
343:
331:
297:
269:A conception of
119:
117:
107:
105:
97:
96:
93:
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72:
69:
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63:
60:
21:
2159:
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2153:
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2150:
2149:
2148:
2139:Jewish theology
2124:
2123:
2067:
2065:
2046:
2044:Further reading
2041:
2032:
2028:
2019:
2018:
2014:
2005:
2004:
1997:
1988:
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1815:
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1799:
1783:
1779:
1751:
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1712:
1710:
1707:Facing Tomorrow
1699:
1695:
1685:
1683:
1670:
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1662:
1649:
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1629:
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1476:
1474:
1464:
1460:
1450:
1448:
1447:on 27 July 2011
1439:
1438:
1434:
1424:
1422:
1421:on 5 March 2016
1407:
1403:
1393:
1391:
1376:
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1343:
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1242:
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1217:
1213:
1200:
1196:
1184:
1175:
1160:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1106:
1074:Elon University
1071:
1021:
971:
925:fall under (2)
837:Isidore Epstein
833:Joseph H. Hertz
829:Modern Orthodox
767:
695:
653:
612:
607:Performance of
597:Mordecai Waxman
584:Mordecai Kaplan
532:Gates of Prayer
519:
509:
390:
354:
267:
165:
160:
104:תִּקּוּן עוֹלָם
77:
57:
53:
45:
30:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2157:
2147:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2122:
2121:
2108:
2102:
2086:
2080:Tikkun ha-Olam
2073:
2045:
2042:
2040:
2039:
2026:
2012:
1995:
1970:
1956:
1945:
1921:
1896:
1871:
1854:
1837:
1825:
1813:
1797:
1777:
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1720:
1693:
1660:
1643:
1623:
1614:
1602:
1590:
1562:
1550:
1541:
1527:
1507:
1483:
1458:
1432:
1411:"Rosh Hashana"
1401:
1370:
1337:
1325:
1301:
1289:
1283:commentary on
1276:
1264:
1233:
1222:
1211:
1194:
1173:
1158:
1136:
1134:
1131:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1125:Moral idealism
1122:
1112:
1105:
1102:
1084:have inspired
1070:
1067:
1020:
1017:
970:
967:
954:
953:
938:
919:
766:
763:
706:, the root of
694:
689:
652:
649:
611:
605:
528:Reform Judaism
508:
505:
442:, in his book
389:
386:
353:
350:
307:
306:
299:
266:
260:
251:
250:
247:
244:
230:
227:
224:
221:
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212:
209:
202:
199:
164:
163:In the Mishnah
161:
159:
156:
28:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2156:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2135:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:(June 2007).
2091:
2087:
2083:
2081:
2074:
2064:on 2019-05-30
2063:
2059:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2047:
2036:
2030:
2022:
2016:
2008:
2002:
2000:
1985:on 2005-12-27
1984:
1980:
1974:
1966:
1960:
1954:
1949:
1935:
1931:
1925:
1911:on 2009-04-19
1910:
1906:
1900:
1886:on 2012-07-16
1885:
1881:
1875:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1851:
1850:Jason Aronson
1847:
1841:
1834:
1829:
1822:
1817:
1810:
1809:Soncino Press
1806:
1801:
1794:
1790:
1789:Jewish Action
1787:
1781:
1774:
1773:Jewish Action
1770:
1766:
1762:
1757:
1756:
1749:
1742:
1738:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1667:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1647:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1631:Kaplan, Aryeh
1627:
1618:
1611:
1606:
1599:
1594:
1586:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1569:
1567:
1560:
1554:
1545:
1530:
1528:9781555403355
1524:
1520:
1519:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1492:
1490:
1488:
1473:
1469:
1462:
1446:
1442:
1436:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1405:
1390:on 2009-02-27
1389:
1385:
1381:
1374:
1358:
1354:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1334:
1333:Derech Hashem
1329:
1315:
1311:
1305:
1298:
1297:Mishneh Torah
1293:
1286:
1280:
1274:
1268:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1238:
1231:
1226:
1220:
1215:
1207:
1203:
1198:
1191:
1187:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1159:9781580233361
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1137:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1120:Jewish ethics
1118:
1117:
1116:
1113:
1111:
1108:
1107:
1101:
1099:
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1087:
1083:
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1066:
1064:
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1014:
1013:
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996:
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984:
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966:
964:
960:
951:
947:
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917:
913:
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896:
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890:
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868:
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846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
805:
800:
796:
795:Yehuda Ashlag
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
775:Exodus 19:5–6
772:
761:
756:
754:
750:
745:
743:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
721:
717:
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:
693:
688:
686:
681:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
648:
646:
641:
637:
633:
632:Messianic Age
629:
625:
621:
617:
610:
604:
602:
598:
594:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
564:Shlomo Bardin
561:
557:
553:
552:Lawrence Fine
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
533:
529:
523:
517:
516:
504:
502:
498:
494:
489:
484:
482:
478:
474:
469:
467:
463:
459:
456:into acts of
455:
454:
449:
445:
444:Derech Hashem
441:
438:According to
436:
434:
433:
428:
427:
422:
418:
414:
413:
408:
404:
403:
398:
394:
385:
383:
378:
373:
369:
364:
359:
349:
347:
339:
335:
334:Yemenite Jews
327:
323:
319:
314:
310:
304:
300:
293:
292:
291:
289:
286:
282:
278:
277:
272:
265:
259:
257:
248:
245:
242:
238:
234:
233:Torah scrolls
231:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
207:
203:
200:
197:
193:
192:
191:
189:
184:
182:
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122:
116:
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101:
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50:
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35:
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2115:Steven Plaut
2104:
2097:
2079:
2066:. Retrieved
2062:the original
2055:
2034:
2029:
2015:
1987:. Retrieved
1983:the original
1973:
1959:
1948:
1937:. Retrieved
1924:
1913:. Retrieved
1909:the original
1899:
1888:. Retrieved
1884:the original
1874:
1866:
1857:
1845:
1840:
1832:
1828:
1820:
1816:
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1800:
1792:
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1754:
1748:
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1732:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1706:
1696:
1684:. Retrieved
1680:the original
1675:
1655:
1651:
1650:Maimonides'
1646:
1638:
1626:
1617:
1605:
1597:
1593:
1584:
1578:
1553:
1544:
1532:. Retrieved
1517:
1510:
1501:
1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1435:
1423:. Retrieved
1419:the original
1404:
1392:. Retrieved
1388:the original
1373:
1361:. Retrieved
1357:the original
1350:
1340:
1332:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1313:
1304:
1292:
1279:
1267:
1256:. Retrieved
1252:
1225:
1214:
1205:
1197:
1149:
1097:
1081:
1072:
1062:
1046:
1044:
1040:Netzer Olami
1023:
1022:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
995:free markets
988:
982:
980:
974:
972:
962:
958:
955:
949:
945:
941:
934:
930:
926:
922:
921:The ethical
915:
907:
903:
899:
897:
892:
888:
884:
878:
866:
862:
860:
855:
851:
849:
821:Jewish state
802:
798:
793:, and Rabbi
770:
768:
758:
752:
748:
746:
737:
729:
726:Philanthropy
724:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
697:
696:
691:
684:
682:
676:
672:
671:writes that
664:
660:
656:
654:
644:
623:
619:
615:
613:
608:
592:
587:
575:
571:
567:
555:
545:
540:
536:
530:
524:
513:
510:
500:
492:
487:
485:
480:
476:
472:
470:
465:
461:
457:
451:
447:
443:
437:
430:
426:Olam HaTikun
424:
420:
416:
410:
406:
400:
396:
391:
381:
376:
371:
357:
355:
345:
337:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
308:
302:
284:
274:
270:
268:
263:
252:
187:
185:
172:
168:
166:
150:
144:
133:
131:
115:tiqqūn ʻōlām
48:
47:
46:
26:
2119:Arutz Sheva
2090:Jill Jacobs
1793:tikkun olam
1765:tikkun olam
1621:Brachot 57b
1335:, II:4:6-7.
1285:Pirkei Avot
1202:David Shatz
1186:Jill Jacobs
1110:Eschatology
1098:tikkun olam
1090:Meir Kahane
1082:tikkun olam
1063:tikkun olam
1047:tikkun olam
1024:Tikkun olam
1005:efforts of
983:tikkun olam
975:tikkun olam
959:tikkun olam
940:The ritual
893:tikkun olam
877:or wearing
819:terms of a
783:Isaiah 49:6
779:Isaiah 42:6
753:tikkun olam
738:tikkun olam
730:tikkun olam
720:tikkun olam
673:tikkun olam
665:tikkun olam
645:tikkun olam
620:tikkun olam
593:tikkun olam
588:tikkun olam
556:tikkun olam
541:tikkun olam
501:tikkun olam
477:tikkun olam
458:tikkun olam
412:Olam HaTohu
402:Ohr Ein Sof
377:tikkun olam
372:tikkun olam
358:tikkun olam
346:tikkun olam
322:tikkun olam
303:takein olam
271:tikkun olam
169:tikkun olam
151:tikkun olam
149:movements,
49:Tikkun olam
18:Tikkun Olam
2128:Categories
2068:2015-01-09
1989:2013-09-14
1939:2010-08-21
1915:2010-08-21
1890:2010-08-21
1741:Pentateuch
1739:, and his
1713:22 October
1686:22 October
1534:22 October
1477:2023-07-13
1451:22 October
1425:22 October
1394:22 October
1363:22 October
1319:2020-01-30
1258:2012-10-22
1133:References
1076:professor
944:under (5)
813:mystically
683:Also, the
669:Maimonides
368:Maimonides
352:Maimonides
1807:(London:
1168:171111564
927:mishpatim
898:Hirsch's
497:Holocaust
294:Hebrew: "
288:beseeches
109:romanized
2144:Kabbalah
1811:, 1937).
1104:See also
1088:such as
1012:tzedakah
929:and (3)
825:Orthodox
809:diaspora
789:, Rabbi
749:tzedakah
716:tzedakah
712:tzedakah
708:tzedakah
699:Tzedakah
692:Tzedakah
630:and the
562:founder
432:sephirot
421:neẓuẓot)
326:l'takhen
298:"
237:tefillin
147:Haskalah
1761:History
1641:, 1974.
1610:Shabbat
1253:Hakirah
1209:large."
1003:private
963:mitzvot
942:mitzvot
935:mitzvot
923:mitzvot
908:mitzvot
904:mitzvot
889:mitzvot
885:mitzvot
880:tzitzit
867:mitzvot
863:mitzvot
856:mitzvot
852:mitzvot
817:Zionist
815:and in
799:kehilla
771:mitzvot
685:mitzvot
677:mitzvot
661:mitzvot
657:mitzvot
640:Shabbat
628:Messiah
624:mitzvot
616:mitzvot
609:mitzvot
493:mitzvot
488:mitzvot
466:mitzvot
462:mitzvot
453:mitzvot
256:Takkana
241:mezuzot
215:Prozbul
206:ketubah
198:. (4:2)
177:Mishnah
158:History
127:Judaism
123:
111::
2057:Moment
1587:(3–4).
1525:
1230:Aleinu
1166:
1156:
1115:Ethics
950:avodah
931:chukim
916:toroth
875:kosher
871:prayer
839:, and
704:Tzedek
568:Aleinu
481:Aleinu
473:tikkun
448:tikkun
397:tikkun
338:Aleinu
318:Aleinu
285:Aleinu
281:prayer
276:Aleinu
264:Aleinu
239:, and
181:Gittin
135:Aleinu
100:Hebrew
42:Tiqqun
2113:, By
1737:Horeb
1548:p.383
1352:JSpot
1287:, 1:2
1249:(PDF)
946:edoth
900:Horeb
807:(the
804:galut
407:kelim
363:Goyim
290:God:
1715:2018
1688:2018
1656:Avos
1612:118b
1536:2018
1523:ISBN
1453:2018
1427:2018
1396:2018
1365:2018
1271:See
1164:OCLC
1154:ISBN
1092:and
1057:and
1051:BBYO
1036:NFTY
914:(1)
781:and
582:and
370:saw
342:לתקן
330:לתכן
121:lit.
1795:)."
1658:1:2
1059:BBG
1055:AZA
1028:USY
999:was
262:In
2130::
2117:,
2096:.
2054:.
1998:^
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