45:
851:
179:
disallowing the abuse of the other's network by sending it traffic not destined for that network (i.e. intended for transit). Transit agreements however would typically cater for just such outbound packets. Tier 1 providers are more central to the
Internet backbone and would only purchase transit from other Tier 1 providers, while selling transit to providers of all tiers. Given their huge networks, Tier 1 providers often do not participate in public Internet Exchanges but rather sell transit services to such participants and engage in private peering.
1151:
1067:
1028:
357:
1192:
1110:
973:
938:
740:
701:
400:
323:
255:
3704:
892:
507:
3714:
289:
3693:
619:
473:
585:
662:
550:
439:
3724:
793:
which mimic those of Tier 1 networks (such as lack of openness to new peering relationships and having existing peering with every other major network in that region). However, this network may then extend to another country, region, or continent outside of its core region of operations, where it may purchase transit or peer openly like a Tier 2 network.
65:(purchases no transit) that peers for no charge with every other Tier 1 network and can reach all major networks on the Internet. Not all transit-free networks are Tier 1 networks, as it is possible to become transit-free by paying for peering, and it is also possible to be transit-free without being able to reach all major networks on the Internet.
166:
involved in the dispute may be unaffected by such a partition as there exist typically multiple routes onto the same network. The disputes referenced have also typically involved transit-free peering in which one player only exchanged data with the other that involved each other's networks—there was no data transiting
792:
A typical scenario for this characteristic involves a network that was the incumbent telecommunications company in a specific country or region, usually tied to some level of government-supported monopoly. Within their specific countries or regions of origin, these networks maintain peering policies
202:
As such, by the peering agreement, all the customers of any Tier 1 provider already have access to all the customers of all the other Tier 1 providers without the Tier 1 provider itself having to pay transit costs to the other networks. Effectively, the actual transit costs incurred by provider A on
165:
customers of each network will not be able to reach the other network at all. The de-peering party then hopes that the other network's customers will be hurt more by the decision than its own customers which may eventually conclude the negotiations in its favor. Lower tier ISPs and other parties not
160:
has happened several times during the first decade of the 21st century. When this involves large-scale networks involving many millions of customers this may effectively partition a part of the
Internet involving those carriers, especially if they decide to disallow routing through alternate routes.
767:
While most of these Tier 1 providers offer global coverage (based on the published network map on their respective public websites), there are some which are restricted geographically. However these do offer global coverage for mobiles and IP-VPN type services which are unrelated to being a Tier 1
134:
datagrams with this backbone. Such was the weight of the NSFNET program and its funding ($ 200 million from 1986 to 1995)—and the quality of the protocols themselves—that by 1990 when the ARPANET itself was finally decommissioned, TCP/IP had supplanted or marginalized most other wide-area computer
155:
A Tier 1 network may have various such links to other Tier 1 networks. Peering is founded on the principle of equality of traffic between the partners and as such disagreements may arise between partners in which usually one of the partners unilaterally disconnects the link in order to force the
178:
More appropriately then, peering means the exchange of an equitable and fair amount of data-miles between two networks, agreements of which do not preclude any pay-for-transit contracts to exist between the very same parties. On the subject of routing, settlement-free peering involves conditions
143:
emerged. New Tier 1 ISPs and their peering agreements supplanted the government-sponsored NSFNet, a program that was officially terminated on April 30, 1995. The NSFnet-supplied regional networks then sought to buy national-scale
Internet connectivity from these now numerous, private, long-haul
796:
A commonly cited example of these behaviors involves the incumbent carriers within
Australia, who will not peer with new networks in Australia under any circumstances, but who will extend their networks to the United States and peer openly with many networks. Less extreme examples of much less
813:
This is a list of networks that are often considered and close to the status of Tier 1, because they can reach the majority (50+%) of the internet via settlement-free peering with their global rings. However, routes to one or more Tier 1 are missing or paid. Therefore, they are technically
170:
the other's network destined for other parts of the
Internet. By the strict definition of peering and the strict definition of a Tier 1 network, a Tier 1 network only peers with other Tier 1 networks and has no transit routes going anywhere. More practically speaking, Tier 1 networks
138:
When the
Internet was opened to the commercial markets, multiple for-profit Internet backbone and access providers emerged. The network routing architecture then became decentralized and attained a need for exterior routing protocols, in particular the
1552:
Some industry watchers believe the problem shows signs of dispute over peering agreements—deals between
Internet service providers to create a direct link to route each other's packets rather than pay a third-party network service provider for
2282:
68:
The most widely quoted source for identifying Tier 1 networks is published by
Renesys Corporation, but the base information to prove the claim is publicly accessible from many locations, such as the RIPE RIS database, the Oregon
797:
restrictive peering requirements being set for regions in which a network peers, but does not sell services or have a significant market share, are relatively common among many networks, not just regional Tier 1 networks.
804:
holds some merit for understanding the peering motivations of such a network within different regions, these networks do not meet the requirements of a true global Tier 1 because they are not transit-free globally.
161:
This is not largely a technical issue but a commercial matter in which a financial dispute is fought out using the other party's customers as hostages to obtain a better negotiating position. In the worst case,
52:
There is no authority that defines tiers of networks participating in the
Internet. The most common and well-accepted definition of a Tier 1 network is a network that can reach every other network on the
789:
network. A regional Tier 1 network is a network which is not transit-free globally, but which maintains many of the classic behaviors and motivations of a Tier 1 network within a specific region.
175:
as transit networks for lower tier networks and only peer with other Tier 1 networks that offer the same services on an adequate scale—effectively being "peers" in the truest sense of the word.
152:
A bilateral private peering agreement typically involves a direct physical link between two partners. Traffic from one network to the other is then primarily routed through that direct link.
182:
In the most logical definition, a Tier 1 provider will never pay for transit because the set of all Tier 1 providers sells transit to all of the lower tier providers everywhere, and because
1528:
Cogent and Telia are having a lover's quarrel and, as a result, the
Internet is partitioned. That means customers of Cogent and Telia cannot necessarily reach one another.
1934:
1724:
80:
It can be difficult to determine whether a network is paying for peering or transit, as these business agreements are rarely public information, or are covered under a
1959:
37:). Tier 1 networks can exchange traffic with other Tier 1 networks without paying any fees for the exchange of traffic in either direction. In contrast, some
203:
behalf of provider B are logically identical to the transit costs incurred by provider B on behalf of provider A—hence there not being any payment required.
2193:
2968:
98:: A network that peers for no charge with some networks, but still purchases IP transit or pays for peering to reach at least some portion of the Internet.
638:
88:
on more than one continent. The subset representing Tier 1 networks is collectively understood in a loose sense, but not published as such..
3676:
3648:
3643:
2668:
1305:
Tier 1 networks are those networks that don't pay any other network for transit yet still can reach all networks connected to the internet.
1020:
1755:
126:(1985) infrastructure programs to serve their nations' higher education communities, regardless of discipline, resulted in 1989 with the
1614:
1588:
2283:"When you need quality, reliability and a global presence, trust Verizon Partner Solutions for all of your VOICE SERVICES requirements"
1262:
1909:
3670:
1465:
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam
1347:
Alcatel-Lucent Scalable IP Networks Self-Study Guide: Preparing for the Network Routing Specialist I (NRS 1) Certification Exam
3665:
3655:
3635:
3437:
1731:
1624:
1598:
1500:
1473:
1446:
1382:
1355:
2489:
2802:
1966:
3727:
3660:
3506:
2030:
127:
123:
376:
3432:
1224:
1864:
3526:
2162:
1834:
1436:
1576:
Must provide paid Internet transit services to at least 500 unique transit networks utilizing BGP on a global basis.
1490:
1412:
1372:
3311:
2859:
2661:
1463:
1345:
1239:
281:
101:
Tier 3 network: A network that solely purchases transit/peering from other networks to participate in the Internet.
3422:
3748:
3417:
3442:
1058:
681:
130:
backbone. The Internet could be defined as the collection of all networks connected and able to interchange
3717:
3478:
3375:
2918:
2713:
2685:
830:
231:
2348:
211:
These networks are universally recognized as Tier 1 networks, because they can reach the entire internet (
3707:
3214:
2654:
3566:
3488:
3427:
3134:
458:
3338:
3299:
3144:
3044:
2973:
2906:
2733:
2503:
2010:
541:
1710:
3753:
3697:
2939:
2874:
2827:
2787:
81:
2430:
3536:
3521:
3365:
3316:
3239:
3139:
2817:
2703:
2698:
1516:
1293:
1234:
998:
780:
140:
118:
when it provided the routing between most participating networks. The development of the British
85:
3458:
3244:
3059:
3004:
2999:
2812:
2777:
2194:"After delay, Verizon wraps $ 1.8B XO acquisition, deepening metro fiber density in 45 markets"
1320:
1229:
1168:
1096:
1045:
876:
868:
688:
576:
391:
2607:
419:
44:
3360:
3164:
3129:
3049:
3029:
2951:
2839:
2760:
1565:
1127:
1012:
1002:
925:
872:
74:
2693:
1273:
3274:
3234:
3204:
2961:
2896:
2718:
1540:
197:
the Tier 1 network contains all hosts everywhere that are connected to the global Internet.
84:. The Internet peering community is roughly the set of peering coordinators present at the
219:) via settlement-free peering. The CAIDA AS rank is a rank of importance on the internet.
8:
3284:
3224:
2983:
2945:
2743:
2728:
1209:
1006:
917:
533:
2366:
1820:
3511:
3468:
3399:
3269:
3199:
3174:
3109:
2956:
2677:
2064:
994:
965:
955:
426:
383:
315:
3551:
3473:
3387:
3370:
3333:
3179:
3009:
2978:
2844:
2738:
2444:
1620:
1594:
1496:
1469:
1442:
1378:
1351:
1101:
131:
111:
26:
3219:
771:
A 2008 report shows Internet traffic relying less on U.S. networks than previously.
3556:
3516:
3496:
3463:
3392:
3350:
3264:
3119:
3104:
3079:
3054:
3014:
2864:
2723:
2708:
62:
58:
720:
3184:
3039:
2807:
2782:
2770:
1935:"CenturyLink completes largest deployment of G.fast technology in North America"
3382:
3254:
3229:
3189:
3159:
3034:
2869:
2822:
2797:
2755:
1135:
1072:
1033:
815:
349:
95:
38:
3742:
3531:
3304:
3294:
3209:
3099:
3094:
3084:
3069:
2891:
2750:
1197:
1172:
1115:
1084:
990:
978:
943:
843:
745:
706:
405:
328:
260:
2582:"AS Rank: AS2828 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2391:"AS Rank: AS7473 (Singapore Telecommunications (SINGTEL Internet Exchange))"
2326:
651:
3409:
3249:
3194:
3124:
3089:
3024:
2923:
2913:
2765:
2257:"AS Rank: AS703 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2234:"AS Rank: AS702 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2211:"AS Rank: AS701 (MCI Communications Services, Inc. d/b/a Verizon Business)"
2143:"AS Rank: AS12956 (Telefonica International Wholesale Services II, S.L.U.)"
785:
A common point of contention regarding Tier 1 networks is the concept of a
157:
2142:
1842:
1676:
33:
solely via settlement-free interconnection (also known as settlement-free
3609:
3259:
3169:
3154:
3114:
3074:
2933:
2631:
2581:
2537:
2517:
2469:
2390:
2306:
2098:
2078:
2044:
1990:
1800:
1690:
1656:
465:
387:
362:
162:
70:
2410:
2256:
2233:
2210:
2118:
1888:
187:
all Tier 1 providers peer with every other Tier 1 provider globally and,
41:
and all Tier 3 networks must pay to transmit traffic on other networks.
3614:
3321:
3019:
2928:
2884:
2854:
2832:
913:
727:
61:
or paying for peering. By this definition, a Tier 1 network must be a
3599:
3064:
2879:
2646:
1492:
The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet
1374:
The Internet Peering Playbook: Connecting to the Core of the Internet
1156:
897:
604:
569:
526:
512:
492:
308:
2557:
2251:
2249:
2228:
2226:
1294:"How the 'Net works: an introduction to peering and transit: Page 4"
3594:
3584:
3501:
3326:
3149:
1780:
1756:"GTT Buys Interoute for $ 2.3 Billion to Gain Europe Fiber Network"
1131:
1053:
731:
274:
54:
30:
3589:
3574:
2792:
2246:
2223:
2031:"450 000 km of submarine cables + 45 000 km terrestrial networks"
1184:
1143:
1088:
909:
884:
759:
645:
611:
294:
247:
115:
34:
3619:
3579:
2901:
929:
624:
478:
342:
3604:
3541:
2849:
856:
692:
667:
590:
555:
444:
430:
119:
48:
Relationship between the various tiers of Internet providers
3546:
1644:
1397:
1176:
537:
499:
216:
212:
1590:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
1438:
Network Routing: Algorithms, Protocols, and Architectures
2608:"Internet Service Provider 3-Tier Model | ThousandEyes"
29:(IP) network that can reach every other network on the
2558:"AS1273 Cable and Wireless Worldwide plc - bgp.he.net"
2065:"Tata Communications | Digital Ecosystem Enabler"
1835:"Liberty Global | largest international cable company"
1263:"Tier1 ISPs: What They Are and Why They Are Important"
2632:"AS Rank: AS7922 (Comcast Cable Communications, LLC)"
2045:"AS Rank: AS6453 (TATA COMMUNICATIONS (AMERICA) INC)"
1407:
1405:
2504:"IPv6 internet broken, cogent/hurricane not peering"
2188:
2186:
2205:
2203:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1616:
Global Networks: Engineering, Operations and Design
1402:
91:Common definitions of Tier 2 and Tier 3 networks:
2327:"Network Solutions Provider - Dark Fiber Network"
2183:
3740:
2200:
1633:
194:to all of the transit customers, this means that
1865:"CenturyLink completes acquisition of Level 3"
2662:
1932:
649:
156:other into a payment scheme. Such disruptive
1910:"CenturyLink Transforms, Rebrands as Lumen®"
3677:Global telecommunications regulation bodies
1657:"AS Rank: AS7018 (AT&T Services, Inc.)"
818:, though practically something in between.
774:
3713:
2669:
2655:
2470:"AS Rank: AS6939 (Hurricane Electric LLC)"
2349:"Internet Traffic Begins to Bypass the US"
1619:. John Wiley & Sons. 5 November 2012.
721:Verizon UUNET Peering policy 701, 702, 703
206:
147:
2079:"AS Rank: AS6762 (Telecom Italia S.p.A.)"
2445:"No connectivity to Cogent IPv6 network"
2411:"AS Rank: AS174 (Cogent Communications)"
43:
2346:
1691:"AS Rank: AS3320 (Deutsche Telekom AG)"
1461:
1343:
1315:
1313:
1260:
808:
3741:
2676:
2538:"AS Rank: AS1273 (Vodafone Group PLC)"
1488:
1370:
2650:
1288:
1286:
1256:
1254:
238:
235:
3723:
2099:"AS Rank: AS1299 (Telia Company AB)"
1566:"Level 3 IP traffic exchange policy"
1489:Norton, William B. (8 August 2011).
1371:Norton, William B. (8 August 2011).
1310:
639:Arelion's IP Network Peering Policy
13:
2490:"Peering Disputes Migrate to IPv6"
2307:"AS Rank: AS6461 (Zayo Bandwidth)"
1952:
1926:
1902:
1881:
1857:
1748:
1283:
1251:
1225:Optical Carrier transmission rates
14:
3765:
16:Top level network on the internet
3722:
3712:
3703:
3702:
3691:
3312:Free-space optical communication
2518:"AS Rank: AS9002 (RETN Limited)"
1462:Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009).
1344:Hundley, Kent (31 August 2009).
1240:List of Internet exchange points
1190:
1149:
1136:Telecom Italia Sparkle (Seabone)
1108:
1065:
1026:
971:
936:
890:
849:
738:
699:
660:
617:
612:Arelion (formerly Telia Carrier)
583:
548:
505:
471:
437:
398:
355:
321:
287:
253:
2624:
2600:
2594:
2574:
2550:
2530:
2510:
2496:
2482:
2462:
2437:
2423:
2403:
2383:
2359:
2340:
2319:
2299:
2275:
2269:
2155:
2135:
2111:
2091:
2071:
2057:
2037:
2023:
2011:"AS Rank: AS5511 (Orange S.A.)"
2003:
1983:
1827:
1813:
1793:
1781:"AS6830 IPv4 route propagation"
1773:
1717:
1703:
1683:
1669:
1649:
1607:
1581:
1558:
1541:"'Peering' Into AOL-MSN Outage"
1533:
1517:"You can't get there from here"
1509:
1482:
1413:"Brief History of the Internet"
1321:"Definition of: Tier 1 network"
282:Deutsche Telekom Global Carrier
1455:
1429:
1391:
1364:
1337:
1:
1677:"AT&T Communications Inc"
1245:
1126:IPv6: Purchases transit from
989:IPv4: Purchases transit from
190:the peering agreement allows
135:network protocols worldwide.
3698:Telecommunication portal
3479:Telecommunications equipment
2347:Markoff, John (2008-08-30).
1960:"Level 3® Internet Services"
1097:Verizon Enterprise Solutions
689:Verizon Enterprise Solutions
7:
3215:Alexander Stepanovich Popov
1218:
1011:IPv6: Lack of peering with
10:
3770:
2919:Telecommunications history
2431:"Cogent - Google - HE Fun"
2367:"Who are the Tier 1 ISPs?"
1593:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
1441:. Elsevier. 19 July 2010.
1261:Winther, Mark (May 2006).
778:
105:
3686:
3628:
3565:
3527:Public Switched Telephone
3487:
3451:
3408:
3349:
3339:telecommunication circuit
3300:Fiber-optic communication
3283:
3045:Francis Blake (telephone)
2992:
2840:Optical telecommunication
2684:
1468:. John Wiley & Sons.
1350:. John Wiley & Sons.
1054:Vodafone Carrier Services
800:While the classification
650:
3438:Orbital angular-momentum
2875:Satellite communications
2714:Communications satellite
775:Regional Tier 1 networks
86:Internet exchange points
82:non-disclosure agreement
3317:Molecular communication
3140:Gardiner Greene Hubbard
2969:Undersea telegraph line
2704:Cable protection system
1725:"Investor Presentation"
1711:"Internet and Contents"
1235:Internet exchange point
1208:Purchases transit from
1167:Purchases transit from
1083:Purchases transit from
1044:Purchases transit from
908:Purchases transit from
867:Purchases transit from
781:Internet exchange point
275:AT&T Peering policy
207:List of Tier 1 networks
148:Routing through peering
141:Border Gateway Protocol
3459:Communication protocol
3245:Charles Sumner Tainter
3060:Walter Houser Brattain
3005:Edwin Howard Armstrong
2813:Information revolution
1230:Interconnect agreement
577:Telecom Italia Sparkle
49:
3749:Internet architecture
3433:Polarization-division
3165:Narinder Singh Kapany
3130:Erna Schneider Hoover
3050:Jagadish Chandra Bose
3030:Alexander Graham Bell
2761:online video platform
1839:www.libertyglobal.com
1270:NTT America Corporate
1128:Cogent Communications
926:Cogent Communications
459:Global Peering Policy
75:Packet Clearing House
47:
3275:Vladimir K. Zworykin
3235:Almon Brown Strowger
3205:Charles Grafton Page
2860:Prepaid mobile phone
2788:Electrical telegraph
2612:www.thousandeyes.com
1059:Cable & Wireless
809:Other major networks
420:Lumen Peering Policy
309:DTAG Peering Details
63:transit-free network
3225:Johann Philipp Reis
2984:Wireless revolution
2946:The Telephone Cases
2803:Hydraulic telegraph
2163:"Capacity Services"
1495:. DrPeering Press.
1377:. DrPeering Press.
918:Tata Communications
760:Zayo Peering Policy
534:Tata Communications
57:without purchasing
3423:Frequency-division
3400:Telephone exchange
3270:Charles Wheatstone
3200:Jun-ichi Nishizawa
3175:Innocenzo Manzetti
3110:Reginald Fessenden
2845:Optical telegraphy
2678:Telecommunications
2492:. 22 October 2009.
1939:www.prnewswire.com
1933:CenturyLink, Inc.
1762:. 26 February 2018
966:Hurricane Electric
956:Hurricane Electric
954:No IPv6 routes to
493:OTI peering policy
427:NTT Communications
384:Lumen Technologies
377:Peering Principles
343:GTT Peering Policy
316:GTT Communications
50:
3736:
3735:
3474:Store and forward
3469:Data transmission
3383:Network switching
3334:Transmission line
3180:Guglielmo Marconi
3145:Internet pioneers
3010:Mohamed M. Atalla
2979:Whistled language
2287:www22.verizon.com
1626:978-1-118-39457-1
1600:978-0-08-047497-7
1502:978-1-937451-02-8
1475:978-0-470-52938-6
1448:978-0-08-047497-7
1398:RIPE RIS database
1384:978-1-937451-02-8
1357:978-0-470-52938-6
1216:
1215:
1130:/AS1239 to reach
1102:XO Communications
1087:/AS1299 to reach
993:/AS1299 to reach
765:
764:
239:Fiber route (km)
132:Internet Protocol
112:Internet backbone
27:Internet Protocol
3761:
3726:
3725:
3716:
3715:
3706:
3705:
3696:
3695:
3694:
3567:Notable networks
3557:Wireless network
3497:Cellular network
3489:Types of network
3464:Computer network
3351:Network topology
3265:Thomas A. Watson
3120:Oliver Heaviside
3105:Philo Farnsworth
3080:Daniel Davis Jr.
3055:Charles Bourseul
3015:John Logie Baird
2724:Data compression
2719:Computer network
2671:
2664:
2657:
2648:
2647:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
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2578:
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2569:
2568:
2554:
2548:
2547:
2545:
2544:
2534:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2460:
2459:
2457:
2455:
2441:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2401:
2400:
2398:
2397:
2387:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2363:
2357:
2356:
2344:
2338:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2323:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2303:
2297:
2296:
2294:
2293:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2266:
2264:
2263:
2253:
2244:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2230:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2207:
2198:
2197:
2196:. February 2017.
2190:
2181:
2180:
2178:
2177:
2167:
2159:
2153:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2139:
2133:
2132:
2130:
2129:
2115:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2075:
2069:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2041:
2035:
2034:
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2017:
2007:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1965:. Archived from
1964:
1956:
1950:
1949:
1947:
1946:
1930:
1924:
1923:
1921:
1920:
1906:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1885:
1879:
1878:
1876:
1875:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1841:. Archived from
1831:
1825:
1824:
1817:
1811:
1810:
1808:
1807:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1787:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
1767:
1752:
1746:
1745:
1743:
1742:
1736:
1730:. Archived from
1729:
1721:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1698:
1697:
1687:
1681:
1680:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1653:
1647:
1642:
1631:
1630:
1611:
1605:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1578:
1573:
1572:
1562:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1537:
1531:
1530:
1525:
1524:
1513:
1507:
1506:
1486:
1480:
1479:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1433:
1427:
1426:
1424:
1423:
1417:Internet Society
1409:
1400:
1395:
1389:
1388:
1368:
1362:
1361:
1341:
1335:
1334:
1332:
1331:
1317:
1308:
1307:
1302:
1301:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1272:. Archived from
1267:
1258:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1155:
1153:
1152:
1114:
1112:
1111:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1032:
1030:
1029:
977:
975:
974:
942:
940:
939:
896:
894:
893:
855:
853:
852:
821:
820:
744:
742:
741:
705:
703:
702:
666:
664:
663:
655:
654:
623:
621:
620:
589:
587:
586:
554:
552:
551:
511:
509:
508:
477:
475:
474:
443:
441:
440:
404:
402:
401:
361:
359:
358:
327:
325:
324:
293:
291:
290:
259:
257:
256:
222:
221:
122:(1984) and U.S.
3769:
3768:
3764:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3758:
3754:Tier 1 networks
3739:
3738:
3737:
3732:
3692:
3690:
3682:
3624:
3561:
3483:
3447:
3404:
3353:
3345:
3286:
3279:
3185:Robert Metcalfe
3040:Tim Berners-Lee
2988:
2808:Information Age
2680:
2675:
2645:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2625:
2616:
2614:
2606:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2586:
2584:
2580:
2579:
2575:
2566:
2564:
2556:
2555:
2551:
2542:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2531:
2522:
2520:
2516:
2515:
2511:
2502:
2501:
2497:
2488:
2487:
2483:
2474:
2472:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2453:
2451:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2429:
2428:
2424:
2415:
2413:
2409:
2408:
2404:
2395:
2393:
2389:
2388:
2384:
2375:
2373:
2365:
2364:
2360:
2345:
2341:
2332:
2330:
2325:
2324:
2320:
2311:
2309:
2305:
2304:
2300:
2291:
2289:
2281:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2261:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2247:
2238:
2236:
2232:
2231:
2224:
2215:
2213:
2209:
2208:
2201:
2192:
2191:
2184:
2175:
2173:
2165:
2161:
2160:
2156:
2147:
2145:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2127:
2125:
2117:
2116:
2112:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2096:
2092:
2083:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2072:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2038:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2015:
2013:
2009:
2008:
2004:
1995:
1993:
1991:"CAIDA AS Rank"
1989:
1988:
1984:
1975:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1958:
1957:
1953:
1944:
1942:
1941:(Press release)
1931:
1927:
1918:
1916:
1908:
1907:
1903:
1894:
1892:
1889:"CAIDA AS Rank"
1887:
1886:
1882:
1873:
1871:
1863:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1846:
1833:
1832:
1828:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1805:
1803:
1801:"CAIDA AS Rank"
1799:
1798:
1794:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1765:
1763:
1754:
1753:
1749:
1740:
1738:
1734:
1727:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1675:
1674:
1670:
1661:
1659:
1655:
1654:
1650:
1643:
1634:
1627:
1613:
1612:
1608:
1601:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1570:
1568:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1538:
1534:
1522:
1520:
1515:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1487:
1483:
1476:
1460:
1456:
1449:
1435:
1434:
1430:
1421:
1419:
1411:
1410:
1403:
1396:
1392:
1385:
1369:
1365:
1358:
1342:
1338:
1329:
1327:
1319:
1318:
1311:
1299:
1297:
1292:
1291:
1284:
1276:
1265:
1259:
1252:
1248:
1221:
1191:
1189:
1150:
1148:
1109:
1107:
1099:
1066:
1064:
1056:
1027:
1025:
1010:
972:
970:
937:
935:
891:
889:
850:
848:
811:
802:regional Tier 1
787:regional Tier 1
783:
777:
739:
737:
700:
698:
661:
659:
648:(Subsidiary of
618:
616:
584:
582:
549:
547:
506:
504:
472:
470:
438:
436:
399:
397:
356:
354:
322:
320:
288:
286:
254:
252:
242:Peering policy
209:
200:
150:
108:
39:Tier 2 networks
17:
12:
11:
5:
3767:
3757:
3756:
3751:
3734:
3733:
3731:
3730:
3720:
3710:
3700:
3687:
3684:
3683:
3681:
3680:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3652:
3651:
3646:
3638:
3632:
3630:
3626:
3625:
3623:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3602:
3597:
3592:
3587:
3582:
3577:
3571:
3569:
3563:
3562:
3560:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3499:
3493:
3491:
3485:
3484:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3466:
3461:
3455:
3453:
3449:
3448:
3446:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3418:Space-division
3414:
3412:
3406:
3405:
3403:
3402:
3397:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3347:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3342:
3341:
3331:
3330:
3329:
3319:
3314:
3309:
3308:
3307:
3297:
3291:
3289:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3255:Camille Tissot
3252:
3247:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3230:Claude Shannon
3227:
3222:
3220:Tivadar Puskás
3217:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3197:
3192:
3190:Antonio Meucci
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3160:Charles K. Kao
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3135:Harold Hopkins
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3035:Emile Berliner
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2974:Videotelephony
2971:
2966:
2965:
2964:
2959:
2949:
2942:
2937:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2889:
2888:
2887:
2877:
2872:
2870:Radiotelephone
2867:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2837:
2836:
2835:
2825:
2820:
2815:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2774:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2756:Internet video
2748:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2690:
2688:
2682:
2681:
2674:
2673:
2666:
2659:
2651:
2644:
2643:
2623:
2599:
2593:
2573:
2549:
2529:
2509:
2495:
2481:
2461:
2436:
2422:
2402:
2382:
2358:
2353:New York Times
2339:
2318:
2298:
2274:
2268:
2245:
2222:
2199:
2182:
2154:
2134:
2110:
2090:
2070:
2056:
2036:
2022:
2002:
1982:
1951:
1925:
1901:
1880:
1856:
1826:
1812:
1792:
1772:
1760:BloombergQuint
1747:
1716:
1702:
1682:
1668:
1648:
1632:
1625:
1606:
1599:
1580:
1557:
1532:
1508:
1501:
1481:
1474:
1454:
1447:
1428:
1401:
1390:
1383:
1363:
1356:
1336:
1309:
1282:
1279:on 2010-08-03.
1249:
1247:
1244:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1213:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1187:
1181:
1180:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1124:
1121:
1118:
1105:
1093:
1092:
1081:
1078:
1075:
1073:United Kingdom
1062:
1050:
1049:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1034:United Kingdom
1023:
1017:
1016:
987:
984:
981:
968:
962:
961:
952:
949:
946:
933:
922:
921:
906:
903:
900:
887:
881:
880:
865:
862:
859:
846:
840:
839:
836:
835:CAIDA AS Rank
833:
828:
825:
810:
807:
776:
773:
763:
762:
757:
754:
751:
748:
735:
724:
723:
718:
715:
712:
709:
696:
685:
684:
682:Peering Policy
679:
676:
673:
670:
657:
642:
641:
636:
633:
630:
627:
614:
608:
607:
605:Peering Policy
602:
599:
596:
593:
580:
573:
572:
570:Peering Policy
567:
564:
561:
558:
545:
530:
529:
527:Peering policy
524:
521:
518:
515:
502:
496:
495:
490:
487:
484:
481:
468:
462:
461:
456:
453:
450:
447:
434:
423:
422:
417:
414:
411:
408:
395:
380:
379:
374:
371:
368:
365:
352:
350:Liberty Global
346:
345:
340:
337:
334:
331:
318:
312:
311:
306:
303:
300:
297:
284:
278:
277:
272:
269:
266:
263:
250:
244:
243:
240:
237:
236:CAIDA AS rank
234:
229:
226:
208:
205:
199:
198:
195:
188:
184:
149:
146:
107:
104:
103:
102:
99:
96:Tier 2 network
77:, and others.
23:Tier 1 network
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3766:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3746:
3744:
3729:
3721:
3719:
3711:
3709:
3701:
3699:
3689:
3688:
3685:
3678:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3633:
3631:
3627:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3601:
3598:
3596:
3593:
3591:
3588:
3586:
3583:
3581:
3578:
3576:
3573:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3494:
3492:
3490:
3486:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3465:
3462:
3460:
3457:
3456:
3454:
3450:
3444:
3443:Code-division
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3428:Time-division
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3415:
3413:
3411:
3407:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3381:
3377:
3374:
3373:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:and switching
3352:
3348:
3340:
3337:
3336:
3335:
3332:
3328:
3325:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3310:
3306:
3305:optical fiber
3303:
3302:
3301:
3298:
3296:
3295:Coaxial cable
3293:
3292:
3290:
3288:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3210:Radia Perlman
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3100:Lee de Forest
3098:
3096:
3095:Thomas Edison
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3085:Donald Davies
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3070:Claude Chappe
3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2997:
2995:
2991:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2947:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2914:Smoke signals
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2892:Semiconductor
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2881:
2878:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2834:
2831:
2830:
2829:
2826:
2824:
2821:
2819:
2816:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2789:
2786:
2784:
2781:
2779:
2776:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2752:
2751:Digital media
2749:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2667:
2665:
2660:
2658:
2653:
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3250:Nikola Tesla
3240:Henry Sutton
3195:Samuel Morse
3125:Robert Hooke
3090:Amos Dolbear
3025:John Bardeen
2944:
2924:Telautograph
2828:Mobile phone
2783:Edholm's law
2766:social media
2699:Broadcasting
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3000:Nasir Ahmed
2934:Teleprinter
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2170:telxius.com
500:PCCW Global
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388:CenturyLink
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3537:Television
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2952:Television
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2929:Telegraphy
2907:transistor
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2823:Mass media
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2617:2021-07-12
2587:2020-10-26
2567:2019-11-03
2562:bgp.he.net
2543:2020-10-26
2523:2020-10-26
2475:2020-10-26
2454:5 February
2416:2020-10-26
2396:2022-02-10
2376:2019-05-22
2333:2019-01-22
2312:2020-10-26
2292:2019-01-22
2262:2020-10-26
2239:2020-10-26
2216:2020-10-26
2176:2024-08-11
2148:2020-10-26
2128:2022-10-31
2104:2020-10-26
2084:2020-10-26
2050:2020-10-26
2016:2020-10-26
1996:2020-10-26
1976:2016-09-06
1945:2019-01-22
1919:2020-10-21
1895:2016-09-01
1874:2019-01-22
1806:2020-10-26
1786:2020-10-26
1766:2019-02-05
1741:2017-11-18
1696:2020-10-26
1662:2022-08-08
1571:2014-05-11
1553:transport.
1547:2014-05-11
1523:2014-05-11
1422:2019-01-22
1330:2018-08-10
1300:2008-11-04
1246:References
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2962:streaming
2940:Telephone
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2771:streaming
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2119:"Arelion"
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1821:"Contact"
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2993:Pioneers
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168:through
116:ARPANET
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3666:Europe
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