515:
38:
550:
303:
201:
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291:. Re-entry vehicles re-enter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of 6–8 kilometers per second (22,000–29,000 km/h; 13,000–18,000 mph) at ICBM ranges. During the beginning of this phase, the missile's trajectory is still relatively well defined, though as the missile reaches the heavier layers of atmosphere it is increasingly influenced by gravity and aerodynamic drag, which can affect its landing.
429:
492:
527:
152:
463:
658:. The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms control accord, as critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and so enabled the Soviets to maintain higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower-payload missiles.
594:
5 and above) when they re-enter the atmosphere from space. However, in common military terminology, the term "hypersonic ballistic missile" is generally only given to those that can be maneuvered before hitting their target and don't follow a simple
415:
that is largely ballistic but can perform maneuvers in flight or make unexpected changes in direction and range. Large guided MLRS rockets with range comparable to an SRBM are sometimes categorized as quasi-ballistic missiles.
723:
In contrast, a "lofted" trajectory is frequently used for testing purposes, as it reduces the range of the missile (allowing for a controlled and observed impact), as well as signals a lack of hostile intention with the test.
703:
A depressed trajectory is non-optimal, as a lower and flatter trajectory takes less time between launch and impact but has a lower throw-weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are to evade
236:
portion, beginning with the ignition of the engines and concluding with the end of powered flight. The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple
332:. Ballistic missiles vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic missiles:
1188:
981:
178:, followed by an attack on London two days later. By the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, more than 3,000 V-2s had been launched. In addition to its use as a weapon, a
853:
229:: the boost phase, the mid-course phase and the terminal phase. Special systems and capabilities are required to facilitate the successful passage from one phase to the other.
873:
700:
of the missile. By reducing the payload weight, different trajectories can be selected, which can either increase the nominal range or decrease the total time in flight.
1465:
1507:
708:
systems by reducing the time available to shoot down the attacking vehicle (especially during the vulnerable burn-phase against space-based ABM systems) or a nuclear
1348:
1120:
1521:
1535:
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252:
The mid-course phase is the longest in the missile's trajectory, beginning with the conclusion of powered flight. When the fuel is exhausted, no more
1163:
832:
246:
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from one point on the surface of the Earth to another. A "minimum-energy trajectory" maximizes the total payload (throw-weight) using the available
1424:
1371:
1683:
2169:
1421:
Science & Global
Security, 1992, Volume 3, pp.101-159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and Arms Control Possibilities
1059:
260:
or payload and possibly defensive countermeasures and small propulsion systems for further alignment toward its target, will reach its
1972:
1710:
1583:
Science and
Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic
1553:
1621:
1087:
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and launch fuel). Throw-weight may refer to any type of warhead, but in normal modern usage, it refers almost exclusively to
265:
126:
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720:, which requires the ballistic missile to remain low enough inside the atmosphere for air-breathing engines to function.
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194:
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1802:
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631:, and any other components that are part of the delivered payload, and not of the rocket itself (such as the launch
174:. The first successful launch of a V-2 was on October 3, 1942, and it began operation on September 6, 1944, against
1106:
2126:
1966:
1879:
821:
647:
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121:(SRBM) typically stay within the Earth's atmosphere, while most larger missiles are exo-atmospheric. The largest
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payloads. It was once also a consideration in the design of naval ships and the number and size of their guns.
360:
336:
118:
1244:
751:
1780:
354:
1440:
371:(IRBM) or long-range ballistic missile (LRBM): Range from 3,500 to 5,500 kilometres (2,200 to 3,400 mi)
256:
is provided and the missile enters free flight. During this phase the missile, now largely consisting of a
2053:
317:
17:
1610:
Ballistic
Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance after the Cold War
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scenario. An alternate, non-military purpose for a depressed trajectory is in conjunction with the
581:
568:
316:
Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including vehicles (e.g.,
2079:
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The last phase in the missile's trajectory is the terminal or re-entry phase, beginning with the
214:
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1944:
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is too limited for conventional explosives to be cost-effective in comparison to conventional
221:) reached during free-flight is about 4,500 kilometers (2,800 mi). A ballistic missile's
1843:
1269:"'National pride is at stake.' Russia, China, United States race to build hypersonic weapons"
1121:"Why Pralay quasi-ballistic missile, tested by DRDO today, will be a 'game-changer' for Army"
81:
5. The post-boost vehicle maneuvers itself and prepares for re-entry vehicle (RV) deployment.
1082:. War, technology, and history. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 4.
1032:. War, technology, and history. Westport, Conn.: Praeger Security International. p. 2.
693:
640:
596:
440:
74:
4. About 180 seconds after launch, 3rd-stage thrust terminates and the post-boost vehicle (
1508:"Video Points to Azerbaijan's First Use of Israeli-Made Ballistic Missile Against Armenia"
669:
and as of 2017, Russia was developing a new heavy-lift, liquid-propellant ICBM called the
264:
and may travel in space for thousands of miles (or even indefinitely, in the case of some
8:
2005:
1914:
1873:
906:
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837:
804:
276:
2010:
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Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during
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213:
In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually launched into a high
146:
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stages. Internal computers keep the missile aligned on a preprogrammed trajectory. On
2028:
1938:
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1636:
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1189:"Defence Ministry clears proposal to buy 'Pralay' ballistic missiles for Indian Army"
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106:
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1984:
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628:
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481:
56:
2. About 60 seconds after launch, the 1st-stage drops off and the 2nd-stage motor (
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1995:
1909:
1899:
1597:
Assured
Destruction: Building the Ballistic Missile Culture of the U.S. Air Force
1428:
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809:
793:
624:
400:
2059:
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1933:
1904:
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1633:
The
Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945–1960
1393:"Optimal In-flight Trajectory Modifications for Ballistic Missiles and Rockets"
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1. The missile launches out of its silo by firing its 1st-stage boost motor (
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Long- and medium-range ballistic missiles are generally designed to deliver
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plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile
200:
162:
One modern pioneer ballistic missile was the A-4, commonly known as the
87:
7. The RVs (now armed) and chaff re-enter the atmosphere at high speeds.
1109:. Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017.
799:
741:
713:
607:
Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile
306:
222:
163:
114:
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only during relatively brief periods—most of the flight is unpowered.
1613:
1536:"A peek inside Houthi Rebel's recent missile strikes in Saudi Arabia"
1060:"What is an intercontinental ballistic missile and how does it work?"
761:
756:
329:
1408:
1688:
1164:"Missile marvels: India makes a mark with its growing capabilities"
681:
612:
363:(MRBM): Range from 1,000 to 3,500 kilometres (620 to 2,170 mi)
321:
179:
1679:
1650:
Swaine, Michael D.; Swanger, Rachel M.; Kawakami, Takashi (2001).
1480:"Two missiles target Ethiopian airports as Tigray conflict widens"
1221:"MGM-140 ATACMS Short-Range Ballistic Missile | MilitaryToday.com"
2074:
2021:
1720:
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781:
620:
608:
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351:(TBM): Range from 300 to 3,500 kilometres (190 to 2,170 mi)
257:
110:
102:
1080:
Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles
1030:
Thunder over the horizon: from V-2 rockets to ballistic missiles
932:
Thunder Over the
Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles
661:
The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the
Russian
151:
2041:
854:
List of currently active missiles of the United States military
532:
497:
357:(SRBM): Range from 300 to 1,000 kilometres (190 to 620 mi)
261:
253:
238:
218:
1441:"Why North Korea's missile tests are going higher and further"
2046:
1522:"In a first, Israel shoots down a ballistic missile in space"
874:
List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines
662:
616:
468:
175:
1554:"Interview: Inside the Houthi arsenal that can reach Israel"
345:: Range from about 150 to 300 kilometres (93 to 186 mi)
732:
The following ballistic missiles have been used in combat:
666:
412:
377:(ICBM): Range greater than 5,500 kilometres (3,400 mi)
325:
122:
42:
1294:"What Are Hypersonic Missiles and Who's Developing Them?"
1010:
245:, stage separation (excluding any post-boost vehicles or
156:
137:
in powered flight and thus restricted to the atmosphere.
1494:"Little and large missile surprises in Sanaa and Tehran"
67:
3. About 120 seconds after launch, the 3rd-stage motor (
30:
For self-navigating guided constant-speed missiles, see
1006:"North Korea launches 'highest ever' ballistic missile"
217:; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude (
27:
Missile that follows a sub-orbital ballistic flightpath
619:. Throw-weight equals the total weight of a missile's
84:
6. The RVs, as well as decoys and chaff, are deployed.
1649:
692:
Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal
419:
277:
re-entry of the missile into the Earth's atmosphere
1651:
1391:Druckmann, Erez; Ben-Asher, Joseph (28 Aug 2012).
1390:
929:
894:
268:capable systems) at speeds of up to four to five
249:bus) occurs primarily during the boost phase.
129:. These weapons are in a distinct category from
2151:
1635:. Office of Air Force History, U.S. Air Force.
575:
1684:Center for Strategic and International Studies
170:in the 1930s and 1940s under the direction of
1704:
182:became the first human-made object to reach
411:A quasi-ballistic missile is a category of
406:
71:) ignites and separates from the 2nd stage.
1711:
1697:
1397:Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics
1146:"MLRS For Army and Indigenous Capability"
1058:McFadden, Christopher (4 December 2017).
1057:
923:
680:
627:, self-contained dispensing mechanisms,
301:
199:
150:
36:
1973:Semi-automatic command to line of sight
1630:
1411:– via Aerospace Research Central.
676:
14:
2152:
1607:
892:
840:(has lists of various Soviet missiles)
1692:
1386:
1384:
1107:"Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat"
687:Fractional Orbital Bombardment System
2170:German inventions of the Nazi period
1797:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
1775:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
1718:
1101:
1099:
1077:
1073:
1071:
1069:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1027:
1023:
1021:
423:
381:Submarine-launched ballistic missile
369:Intermediate-range ballistic missile
1654:Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense
1326:. 15 July 1991. pp. 10, Sec. A
24:
1979:Automatic command to line of sight
1769:Intercontinental ballistic missile
1589:
1381:
1156:
375:Intercontinental ballistic missile
195:intercontinental ballistic missile
25:
2186:
1803:Submarine-launched cruise missile
1673:
1245:"Precision Strike Missile (PrSM)"
1096:
1066:
1046:
1018:
685:Example of Depressed trajectory:
90:8. The nuclear warheads detonate.
1378:, New York Times, July 15, 1991.
1291:
948:
548:
525:
513:
490:
461:
427:
420:List of quasi-ballistic missiles
2127:List of surface-to-air missiles
1967:Manual command to line of sight
1880:Man-portable air-defense system
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1500:
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1213:
1181:
1138:
1113:
822:Ballistic missile flight phases
648:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks
602:
204:Side view of Minuteman-III ICBM
113:on a target. These weapons are
60:) ignites. The missile shroud (
1735:Air-launched ballistic missile
1599:(Naval Institute Press, 2020)
998:
974:
942:
886:
586:Many ballistic missiles reach
361:Medium-range ballistic missile
337:Air-launched ballistic missile
119:Short-range ballistic missiles
13:
1:
1781:Short-range ballistic missile
1575:
1466:"The National Interest: Blog"
1346:Throw-Weight and Arms Control
897:V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52
796:version of Iranian Ghadr-110)
727:
355:Short-range ballistic missile
318:transporter erector launchers
2054:Automatic target recognition
1078:Chun, Clayton K. S. (2006).
1028:Chun, Clayton K. S. (2006).
576:Hypersonic ballistic missile
385:ballistic missile submarines
78:) separates from the rocket.
7:
2107:List of missiles by country
1850:Anti-ship ballistic missile
1741:Air-launched cruise missile
930:Clayton K. S. Chun (2006).
849:Weapons of mass destruction
815:
311:ballistic missile submarine
225:consists of three parts or
10:
2191:
2117:List of anti-tank missiles
2112:List of anti-ship missiles
1815:Surface-to-surface missile
936:Greenwood Publishing Group
869:List of missiles by nation
844:Surface-to-surface missile
579:
343:Tactical ballistic missile
144:
140:
29:
2135:
2089:
2016:Global Positioning System
1961:Command off line of sight
1889:
1824:
1727:
982:"Launching The Space Age"
349:Theatre ballistic missile
208:
2097:List of military rockets
1955:Command to line-of-sight
1921:Semi-active radar homing
1581:Needham, Joseph (1986).
879:
718:airbreathing jet engines
582:Hypersonic glide vehicle
569:Precision Strike Missile
407:Quasi-ballistic missiles
297:
2080:Predicted line of sight
2034:Astro-inertial guidance
1631:Neufeld, Jacob (1990).
1608:Futter, Andrew (2013).
1318:"What is throw weight?"
893:Zaloga, Steven (2003).
232:The boost phase is the
215:sub-orbital spaceflight
180:vertically launched V-2
1862:Anti-submarine missile
1838:Anti-radiation missile
1832:Anti-ballistic missile
1809:Surface-to-air missile
1787:Shoulder-fired missile
1753:Air-to-surface missile
1585:. Taipei: Caves Books.
1540:FDD's Long War Journal
706:anti-ballistic missile
689:
383:(SLBM): Launched from
313:
205:
159:
135:aerodynamically guided
94:
2038:Terrestrial guidance
1844:Anti-satellite weapon
1369:What Is Throw-Weight?
1357:Air University Review
1225:www.militarytoday.com
684:
305:
203:
154:
145:Further information:
40:
1344:James John Tritten,
716:concept with use of
694:ballistic trajectory
677:Depressed trajectory
611:. It is measured in
597:ballistic trajectory
441:adding missing items
283:) where atmospheric
243:multi-stage missiles
125:are capable of full
1915:Active radar homing
1874:Land-attack missile
1682:: A Project of the
1482:. 14 November 2020.
1014:. 28 November 2017.
838:NATO reporting name
2165:Chinese inventions
2160:Ballistic missiles
2011:Satellite guidance
1747:Air-to-air missile
1601:online book review
1524:. 5 November 2023.
1427:2013-03-18 at the
1374:2022-11-26 at the
1351:2007-11-23 at the
1323:The New York Times
1193:The Economic Times
1170:. 27 December 2022
986:airandspace.si.edu
690:
439:; you can help by
314:
266:fractional-orbital
206:
186:on June 20, 1944.
160:
147:History of rockets
101:(BM) is a type of
95:
2175:Wernher von Braun
2147:
2146:
2029:Inertial guidance
1996:Infrared guidance
1939:Track-via-missile
1868:Anti-tank missile
1856:Anti-ship missile
1759:Ballistic missile
1623:978-0-415-81732-5
1510:. 2 October 2020.
1089:978-0-275-98577-6
1039:978-0-275-98577-6
916:978-1-84176-541-9
903:Osprey Publishing
588:hypersonic speeds
457:
456:
309:SLBM launched by
172:Wernher von Braun
107:projectile motion
99:ballistic missile
45:launch sequence:
16:(Redirected from
2182:
2102:List of missiles
1985:Pursuit guidance
1950:Command guidance
1792:Standoff missile
1713:
1706:
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1542:. 28 March 2018.
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1292:Gale, Alastair.
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959:. Archived from
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890:
864:List of missiles
629:penetration aids
625:reentry vehicles
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262:highest altitude
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2141:Sounding rocket
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2070:Contrast seeker
1910:Radar altimeter
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1595:Bath, David W.
1592:
1590:Further reading
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1429:Wayback Machine
1420:
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1409:10.2514/1.54538
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1376:Wayback Machine
1367:
1363:
1359:, Nov-Dec 1982.
1353:Wayback Machine
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1329:
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1316:
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1311:
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1300:
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1249:Lockheed Martin
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956:Astronautix.com
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810:Kh-47M2 Kinzhal
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393:nuclear weapons
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131:cruise missiles
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2060:Radio guidance
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2019:
2008:
2003:
2001:Laser guidance
1998:
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1945:Anti-radiation
1942:
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1934:Passive homing
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1905:Radar guidance
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1825:By target type
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1764:Cruise missile
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1674:External links
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772:MGM-140 ATACMS
769:
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739:
737:9K720 Iskander
729:
726:
678:
675:
633:rocket booster
604:
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580:Main article:
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563:MGM-140 ATACMS
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270:nautical miles
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41:Minuteman-III
32:Cruise missile
26:
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2122:List of ICBMs
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2006:Wire guidance
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1927:Passive radar
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1001:
987:
983:
977:
963:on 2005-04-25
962:
958:
957:
952:
951:"Peenemuende"
945:
938:. p. 54.
937:
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918:
912:
908:
904:
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889:
885:
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872:
870:
867:
865:
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860:
859:List of ICBMs
857:
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845:
842:
839:
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831:
828:
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823:
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777:OTR-21 Tochka
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695:
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664:
659:
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656:United States
653:
649:
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642:
641:thermonuclear
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626:
622:
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556:United States
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499:
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435:This list is
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166:developed by
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89:
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64:) is ejected.
63:
59:
55:
52:
48:
47:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2137:
1758:
1653:
1632:
1609:
1596:
1582:
1561:. Retrieved
1557:
1548:
1539:
1530:
1516:
1502:
1488:
1474:
1460:
1449:. Retrieved
1447:. 2022-12-16
1444:
1435:
1417:
1400:
1396:
1364:
1356:
1340:
1328:. Retrieved
1321:
1312:
1301:. Retrieved
1297:
1287:
1276:. Retrieved
1272:
1263:
1252:. Retrieved
1248:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1224:
1215:
1204:. Retrieved
1192:
1183:
1172:. Retrieved
1167:
1158:
1149:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1127:. 2021-12-22
1124:
1115:
1079:
1029:
1009:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
985:
976:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
954:
949:Wade, Mark.
944:
931:
925:
896:
888:
731:
722:
710:first-strike
702:
691:
665:and Chinese
660:
652:Soviet Union
650:between the
645:
606:
603:Throw-weight
585:
521:Soviet Union
445:
410:
390:
315:
293:
274:
272:per second.
251:
231:
212:
191:R-7 Semyorka
188:
168:Nazi Germany
161:
133:, which are
98:
96:
75:
68:
61:
57:
50:
18:Throw-weight
2065:TV guidance
1990:Beam riding
1728:By platform
1558:Amwaj.media
901:. Reading:
747:Al-Samoud 2
184:outer space
109:to deliver
2154:Categories
1576:References
1563:2 November
1451:2024-04-13
1403:(2): 462.
1303:2022-11-20
1278:2022-11-21
1254:2023-10-26
1230:2023-10-26
1206:2024-02-15
1174:2022-12-28
1131:2022-06-21
991:2023-03-01
967:2019-06-07
905:. p.
742:Ababil-100
728:Combat use
714:spaceplane
437:incomplete
330:submarines
307:Trident II
223:trajectory
105:that uses
2138:See also:
1882:(MANPADS)
1719:Types of
1614:Routledge
1201:0013-0389
805:Zolfaghar
762:Ghadr-110
757:Fateh-110
613:kilograms
448:July 2020
1975:(SACLOS)
1900:Unguided
1892:guidance
1658:. Rand.
1425:Archived
1372:Archived
1349:Archived
1330:13 April
1125:ThePrint
829:(guided)
816:See also
792:Toufan (
654:and the
621:warheads
609:payloads
571:(active)
565:(active)
542:(active)
540:Iskander
507:(active)
484:(active)
478:(active)
322:aircraft
155:Replica
111:warheads
2075:Compass
2022:GLONASS
1992:(LOSBR)
1981:(ACLOS)
1969:(MCLOS)
1963:(COLOS)
1721:missile
1445:Reuters
827:Missile
782:Qaher-1
698:impulse
637:nuclear
476:Shaurya
397:payload
387:(SSBNs)
258:warhead
141:History
115:powered
103:missile
2082:(PLOS)
2042:TERCOM
1957:(CLOS)
1923:(SARH)
1870:(ATGM)
1864:(ASuM)
1858:(AShM)
1852:(ASBM)
1846:(ASAT)
1805:(SLCM)
1799:(SLBM)
1783:(SRBM)
1777:(IRBM)
1771:(ICBM)
1743:(ALCM)
1737:(ALBM)
1662:
1639:
1620:
1199:
1086:
1036:
913:
794:Houthi
671:Sarmat
617:tonnes
590:(i.e.
553:
533:Russia
530:
518:
498:Israel
495:
482:Pralay
466:
339:(ALBM)
328:, and
289:impact
254:thrust
239:rocket
227:phases
219:apogee
209:Flight
2090:Lists
2056:(ATR)
2047:DSMAC
2018:(GPS)
1941:(TVM)
1917:(ARH)
1876:(LAM)
1840:(ARM)
1834:(ABM)
1817:(SSM)
1811:(SAM)
1755:(ASM)
1749:(AAM)
880:Notes
752:DF-12
667:CSS-4
663:SS-18
469:India
326:ships
298:Types
176:Paris
123:ICBMs
1660:ISBN
1637:ISBN
1618:ISBN
1565:2023
1332:2024
1197:ISSN
1084:ISBN
1034:ISBN
911:ISBN
833:MIRV
788:Scud
767:LORA
592:Mach
505:LORA
413:SRBM
285:drag
279:(if
247:MIRV
189:The
43:MIRV
1890:By
1405:doi
1298:WSJ
1011:BBC
800:V-2
784:/2M
639:or
615:or
443:.
320:),
197:.
164:V-2
157:V-2
2156::
1616:.
1612:.
1556:.
1538:.
1443:.
1401:35
1399:.
1395:.
1383:^
1355:,
1320:.
1296:.
1271:.
1247:.
1223:.
1191:.
1166:.
1148:.
1123:.
1098:^
1068:^
1048:^
1020:^
1008:.
984:.
953:.
934:.
909:.
673:.
623:,
599:.
523:/
403:.
324:,
97:A
53:).
1712:e
1705:t
1698:v
1668:.
1645:.
1626:.
1567:.
1496:.
1468:.
1454:.
1407::
1334:.
1306:.
1281:.
1257:.
1233:.
1209:.
1177:.
1152:.
1134:.
1092:.
1062:.
1042:.
994:.
970:.
919:.
907:3
450:)
446:(
76:D
69:C
62:E
58:B
51:A
34:.
20:)
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