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1539:: "In his person he was of a tall stature, but stooped much in the neck. His countenance was cloudy whilst he moved or sat thinking, but when he spoke, either seriously or facetiously, he had a lightsome and a very pleasant air; and indeed whatever he then did he performed very gracefully". He himself jested on his own "bent and ill-favoured brow", Lord Exeter replying that had he been "cursed with a meek brow and an arch of white hair upon it, he would never have governed Ireland nor Yorkshire". Despite his terrifying manner, there is no real evidence that he was physically violent: even the most serious charge against him, that he ill-treated Robert Esmonde, causing his death, rests on disputed testimony.
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826:, arriving in Dublin on 23 July the following year. He had recently suffered the loss of his beloved second wife Arabella in childbirth. Despite his genuine grief for Arabella, his third marriage to Elizabeth Rhodes in 1632 was also a happy one; but through a strange lapse of judgement, he did not announce it publicly for almost a year, by which time damaging rumours about the presence of a young woman in his house (who was reputed to be his mistress) had gained wide circulation. Wedgwood remarks that it was typical of Wentworth to be oblivious to the bad impression which actions like this might make on the public. Gossip later linked his name with that of Eleanor Loftus, daughter-in-law of
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1376:, had to be arbitrarily interpreted as referring to the subjection of England and not of Scotland, and were also spoken on a privileged occasion. Strafford took full advantage of the weak points in his attack on the evidence collected. Over and over Strafford pointed to the fundamental weakness in the prosecution: how could it be treason to carry out the King's wishes? The lords, his judges, were influenced in his favour. The impeachment failed on 10 April 1641. Pym and his allies increased public pressure, threatening members of Parliament unless they punished Strafford.
845:, "doth great wonders and governs like a king, and hath taught that kingdom to show us an example of envy, by having parliaments and knowing wisely how to use them." He reformed the administration, summarily dismissing the inefficient English officials. He succeeded in so manipulating the parliaments that he obtained the necessary grants, and secured their cooperation in various useful legislative enactments. He started a new victualling trade with Spain, promoted linen manufacture, and encouraged the development of the resources of the country in many directions. The
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were off, since when there is nothing better". Many of
Strafford's Irish enemies, like Lord Cork, found that his removal had put their estates, and even their lives, at risk. When Charles I himself was executed eight years later, among his last words were that God had permitted his execution as punishment for his consenting to Strafford's death: "that unjust sentence which I suffered to take effect". In 1660, the House of Lords voted to expunge the record of Strafford's attainder from its official Journal, with the intention of repudiating its legal validity.
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674:, of doing his utmost to bind up the prerogative of the Crown and the liberties of the subject in an indistinguishable union. "Whoever", he said, "ravels forth into questions the right of a king and of a people shall never be able to wrap them up again into the comeliness and order he found them". His tactics were the same as those he later practised in Ireland, leading to the accusation that he planned to centralise all power with the executive at the expense of the individual in defiance of constitutional liberties.
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long as this kingdom continues popish, they are not a people for the Crown of
England to be confident of", he wrote. Although staunchly Protestant, he showed no desire to persecute Catholics: as J.P. Kenyon remarks, it was understood that so long as Catholics remained the great majority of the population, there would have to be a much larger degree of toleration than was necessary in England. He was prepared to give tacit recognition to the Catholic hierarchy, and even gave an interview to Archbishop
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remarking sadly "My Lord
Strafford's condition is happier than mine". Accounts of Strafford's reaction when he was told that he must die differ: by one account he took the news stoically; according to another he was deeply distressed, and said bitterly "Put not your trust in princes". Archbishop Laud wrote that the King's abandonment of Strafford proved him to be "a mild and gracious prince, that knows not how to be, or be made, great".
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1396:, who was implacably hostile to the King, put aside political differences to plead for the life of his favourite sister's husband. Strafford might still have been saved but for Charles I's ill-advised conduct. A scheme to gain over the leaders of the parliament, and a scheme to seize the Tower of London and to liberate Strafford by force, were entertained concurrently and were mutually destructive. The revelation of the
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1033:, he coerced the voters of Dublin into returning him as member, and ordered the Commons to elect him Speaker. The Parliament of 1634/5 did pass some useful legislation: the Act against Fraudulent Conveyances remained in force into the 21st century. His second Parliament, however, having paid him abject compliments, began to attack his administration as soon as Wentworth left for England.
1118:, and became the King's principal adviser. Unaware how much opposition had developed in England during his absence, he recommended the calling of a parliament to support a renewal of the war, hoping that by the offer of a loan from the Privy Councillors, to which he contributed £20,000, he would save Charles from having to submit to the new parliament if it proved truculent.
1497:(who went on to be likewise imprisoned in the Tower, and executed on 10 January 1645). He was executed before a crowd estimated, probably with some exaggeration, at 300,000 on 12 May 1641 (as this number was roughly the population of London at the time, the crowd is likely to have been a good deal smaller). As the common hangman of London,
962:, the most powerful of the "New English" magnates. A more diplomatic man than Wentworth would no doubt have sought Cork's friendship, but Wentworth saw Cork's great power as a threat to the Crown's central authority, and was determined to curb it. He prosecuted Lord Cork in Castle Chamber for misappropriating the funds of
880:, and Wentworth suppressed the trade in cloth "lest it should be a means to prejudice that staple commodity of England." Castle Chamber, like its model Star Chamber, was accused of brutal and arbitrary proceedings. Individual cases of unfairness included those of Robert Esmond, a ship's captain, and cousin of
1356:. Although a flood of complaints poured in from Ireland, and Strafford's many enemies there were happy to testify against him, none of them could point to any act which was treasonable, as opposed to high-handed. The copy of rough notes of Strafford's speech in the committee of the council, obtained from
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on 11 November. Strafford came in person to confront his accusers, but was ordered to withdraw and taken into custody. On 25 November his preliminary charge was brought up, whereupon he was sent to the Tower of London, and, on 31 January 1641, the accusations in detail were presented. These were that
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Toward the native Irish, Wentworth had no notion of developing their qualities by a process of natural growth; his only hope for them lay in converting them into
Englishmen as soon as possible. They must be made English in their habits, in their laws and in their religion. "I see plainly ... that, so
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Still, Strafford had served
Charles with what the King felt was a high degree of loyalty, and Charles had a serious problem with signing Strafford's death warrant as a matter of conscience, especially as he had explicitly promised Stafford that, no matter what happened, he would not die. However, to
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at the next vacancy. This implied no change of principle. He was now at variance with the
Parliamentary Party on two great subjects of policy, disapproving both of the intention of Parliament to take the powers of the executive and also of its inclination towards Puritanism. When once the breach was
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Wentworth's rule in
Ireland made him more high-handed at court than ever. He had never been consulted on English affairs until February 1637 when King Charles asked Wentworth's opinion on a proposed interference in the affairs of the Continent. In reply, Wentworth assured Charles it would be unwise
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In the parliament of 1628, Wentworth joined the popular leaders in resistance to arbitrary taxation and imprisonment, but tried to obtain his goal without offending the Crown. He led the movement for a bill which would have secured the liberties of the subject as completely as the
Petition of Right
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in
October 1641, which led to more bickering between King and Parliament, this time over the raising of an army. Any hope that Strafford's death would avert the coming crisis soon vanished: Wedgwood quotes the anonymous protest "They promised us that all should be well if my Lord Strafford's head
1432:, took the contrary view that reasons of State permitted the King to break his word where a private citizen could not. Charles had, after the passing of the attainder by the Commons, for the second time assured Strafford "upon the word of a king, you shall not suffer in life, honour or fortune".
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dominate the King or helping the King to dominate the House of
Commons. He chose the latter course, throwing himself into the work of repression with characteristic energy and claiming that he was maintaining the old constitution and that his opponents in Parliament were attempting to alter it by
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The King did not release the letter to Parliament. Meanwhile, violent mobs threatened the palace with harm to the queen and her children. The King's inept efforts to overpower Parliament with military force were revealed by Pym and caused irresistible pressure. Charles gave his assent on 10 May,
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Strafford wrote releasing the King from his engagements and declaring his willingness to die to reconcile Charles to his subjects: "I do most humbly beseech you, for the preventing of such massacres as may happen by your refusal, to pass the bill; by this means to remove ... the unfortunate
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Scots. An Irish army was to be levied to assist in the coming war. When Strafford returned to England, he found that the Commons were holding back from a grant of supply, so he tried to enlist the peers on the side of the King, and persuaded Charles to be content with a smaller grant than he had
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of the privy council met again. Vane and others were for a mere defence against invasion. Strafford's advice was the contrary. "Go on vigorously or let them alone ... go on with a vigorous war as you first designed, loose and absolved from all rules of government, being reduced to extreme
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rebelled he advocated the most decided measures of repression, in February 1639 sending the King £2000 as his contribution to the expenses of the coming war, at the same time deprecating an invasion of Scotland before the English army was trained, and advising certain concessions in religion.
1588:. Strafford had a daughter, Margaret, with his third wife. The hatred felt by so many for Strafford did not extend to his widow and children, who were generally regarded with compassion: even at the height of the Civil War Parliament treated "that poor unfortunate family" with consideration.
634:, which attempted to curb the power of the King. Once Charles had grudgingly accepted the Petition, Wentworth felt it appropriate to support the crown, saying, "The authority of a king is the keystone which closeth up the arch of order and government". He was consequently branded a turncoat.
1573:, who was born on 8 June 1626, received them all by a fresh grant from Charles I on 1 December 1641. In 1662 Parliament reversed his father's attainder, and William, already 1st Earl of Strafford of the second creation, became also 2nd earl of the first creation in succession to his father.
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on 21 April by a vote of 204 to 59. Owing to the opposition of the Lords, and Pym's own preference for the more judicial method, the procedure of impeachment was adhered to. Few of the Lords felt much personal liking for Strafford, but there were a fair number of "moderates", notably
604:, a position which excluded him from the parliament which met in 1626. Yet he had never taken up an attitude of antagonism to the King. His position was very different from that of the regular opposition. He was anxious to serve the Crown, but he disapproved of the King's policy.
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Strafford for "high misdemeanours" regarding his conduct in Ireland. He arrived on 9 November and the next day asked Charles I to forestall his impeachment by accusing the leaders of the popular party of treasonable communications with the Scots. The plan having been betrayed,
463:, where he established a strong authoritarian rule. Recalled to England, he became a leading advisor to the King, attempting to strengthen the royal position against Parliament. When Parliament condemned Lord Strafford to death, Charles reluctantly signed the
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afterwards did, but in a manner less offensive to the King. The proposal failed because of both the uncompromising nature of the parliamentary party and Charles's stubborn refusal to make concessions, and the leadership was snatched from Wentworth's hands by
939:. Clanricarde's death was said by some to have been hastened by the clash: Wentworth, on hearing these reports, said he could hardly be blamed for the fact that Clanricarde was nearly seventy. It was, however, unwise to have made an enemy of the new Earl,
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in England, Ormonde was made commander-in-chief of the forces in Ireland. Wedgwood concludes that whatever his intentions Wentworth/Strafford in Ireland achieved only one thing: to unite every faction in Ireland in their determination to be rid of him.
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of Yorkshire—which he had held since 1615—probably because he would not support the court in forcing the country to contribute money without a parliamentary grant. In 1627, he refused to contribute to the forced loan, and was subsequently imprisoned.
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In the course of his career, he made many enemies, who pursued him, with a remarkable mixture of fear and hatred, to his death. Yet Strafford was capable of inspiring strong friendships in private life: at least three men who served him in Ireland,
1025:, lost him goodwill but was based on fiscal and not religious principles. Wentworth regarded the proper management of Parliament as a crucial test of his success, and in the short term, his ruthless methods did produce results. Having settled on
876:. His strong administration reduced the tyranny of the wealthy over the poor. Yet these measures were all carried out by arbitrary methods which made them unpopular. Their aim was not the prosperity of the Irish but the benefit to the English
596:, in June 1625, Wentworth again represented Yorkshire, and showed his hostility to the proposed war with Spain by supporting a motion for an adjournment before the house proceeded to business. He opposed the demand for war subsidies made on
558:", but it was not until the parliament of 1621, in which he sat for the same constituency, that he took part in a debate. His position was ambivalent. He did not sympathise with the zeal of the popular party for war with Spain, favoured by
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speaks of him as "Severe abroad and in business, and sweet in private conversation; retired in his friendships but very firm; a terrible judge and a strong enemy". He was a good husband and a devoted father. His appearance is described by
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necessity, everything is to be done that power might admit ... You have an army in Ireland you may employ here to reduce this kingdom". He tried to force the citizens of London to lend money, and supported a project for debasing the
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became Wentworth's chief friend and supporter. Wentworth planned large-scale confiscations of Catholic-owned land, both to raise money for the crown and to break the political power of the Irish Catholic gentry, a policy which
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He made some efforts also to build up a network of family alliances in Ireland: his brother George, to whom he was close, married Anne Ruish, sister of Strafford's great friend Eleanor Loftus, and his sister Elizabeth married
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As yet Wentworth was not directly involved in the government of the country. However, following the assassination of Buckingham, in December 1628, he became Viscount Wentworth and not long afterwards president of the
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to undertake even naval operations till he had secured absolute power at home. He wished that Hampden and his followers "were well whipped into their right senses". The judges had given the King the right to levy
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Wentworth's heavy-handed approach did yield some improvements, as well as contribute to the strength of the royal administration in Ireland. His hindrance in 1634 of 'The Graces', a campaign for equality by
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the arbitrary confiscation of the property of the city companies aroused dangerous animosity against the government. His actions in Galway led to a clash with the powerful Burke family, headed by the ageing
1392:, who thought that barring him from ever serving the King again was sufficient punishment. The families of his first two wives, the Cliffords and Holleses, used all their influence to gain a reprieve: even
1062:, but, unless his majesty had "the like power declared to raise a land army, the Crown" seemed "to stand upon one leg at home, to be considerable but by halves to foreign princes abroad". When the Scottish
970:. Cork, a patient and implacable enemy, worked quietly for Wentworth's downfall, and in 1641 recorded calmly in his diary that Wentworth (by then Earl of Strafford) had been beheaded "as he well deserved".
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supported. Yet it infuriated Ormonde's relatives and drove many of them into opposition to Wentworth and ultimately into armed rebellion. In 1640, with Wentworth having been recalled to attend to the
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that the letter was "entirely a forgery of the popular leaders", although Hume states his own fidelity to the "common way of telling this story", calling Carte's evidence a "hearsay of a hearsay".
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assembled on 3 November 1640, and Charles immediately summoned Strafford to London, promising that he "should not suffer in his person, honour or fortune". One of Parliament's first actions was to
1189:(the property of foreign merchants). He also advocated the purchase of a loan from Spain by the offer of a future alliance. Strafford was now appointed to command the English army, and was made a
1078:. He is thought to have intended it to be his official residence where he could entertain the King, should he visit Ireland. The castle, which was to be built partly of red brick and partly of
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marble, would, had it been completed, have been probably the largest private house in Ireland, but after Wentworth's death, it quickly fell into ruin, although the ground floor still exists.
646:. Later in the session, he quarrelled with Eliot because Wentworth wanted to come to a compromise with the Lords, so as to leave room for the King to act unchecked in special emergencies.
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In 1622 Wentworth's first wife Margaret Clifford died. Wentworth, according to his friends, was deeply grieved by her death; but in February 1625 he married Arabella Holles, daughter of
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The parliamentary session of 1629 ended in a breach between the King and Parliament, which made the task of a moderator hopeless. Wentworth had to choose between either helping the
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Strafford had tried to subvert the fundamental laws of the kingdom. Much stress was laid on Strafford's reported words: "You have an army in Ireland you may employ here to reduce
892:, the last of whom Wentworth caused to be sentenced to death to obtain the resignation of his office, and then pardoned. Promises of legislation such as the concessions known as '
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Wentworth was recalled to England in September 1639. He was expected to help sort out the problems that were growing at home: namely, bankruptcy and war with the Scottish
834:, but although a warm friendship existed between them, and her death in 1639 caused him much grief, there is no evidence that their relationship went beyond friendship.
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refuse the will of Parliament on this matter could seriously threaten the monarchy. When he summoned the bishops to ask for their advice, they were divided. Some, like
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1172:, returned to his larger demand of 12 subsidies; and on 9 May, at the privy council, Strafford, though reluctantly, voted for a dissolution. The same morning the
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1530:, remained his loyal friends to the end. Wentworth's last letter to Slingsby before his execution shows an emotional warmth with which he is not often credited.
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of some distinction. Strafford seems to have taken some interest in his nephew's education, and he spent part of his childhood at his uncle's Yorkshire home.
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was that Strafford should be regarded not a man, but as a dangerous animal who must be "knocked on the head". Nothing now remained but the King's signature.
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of 1624, but appears to have taken no active part. He expressed a wish to avoid foreign complications and "do first the business of the commonwealth".
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600:'s behalf—after the death of James I, Buckingham had become first minister to Charles—and after Parliament was dissolved in November he was made
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570:, but James's denial of the rights and privileges of parliament seems to have caused Wentworth to join in the vindication of the claims of the
1364:, who did ultimately corroborate them (but nearly disowned his own son for having found and leaked them in the first place), and partially by
1372:. This was not evidence which would convict in a court of law, and all parties knew this. Strafford's words, particularly the crucial phrase
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In addition to William, Strafford and Arabella had two daughters who outlived him: Anne, born October 1627, who married Edward Watson, 2nd
1137:) and in March he went to Ireland to hold an Irish parliament, where the Catholic vote secured a grant of subsidies to be used against the
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made it naturally grew wider, partly from the energy each party put into its work, and partly from the personal animosities which arose.
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thing forth of the way towards that blessed agreement, which God, I trust, shall for ever establish between you and your subjects".
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The Commons, therefore, feeling their victim slipping from their grasp, dropped the impeachment, and brought in and passed a
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Wentworth apparently intended to put down roots in Ireland: in the late 1630s he was much occupied with building a mansion,
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claiming supremacy for Parliament. From this time on, he acted as one of two principal members (the other being Archbishop
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Wentworth ignored Charles' promise that no colonists would be awarded land, to the detriment of Catholic landholders, in
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Customs duties rose from a little over £25,000 in 1633–34 to £57,000 in 1637–38. Wentworth raised an army, put an end to
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Empey, Mark (2021). "Power, Prerogative, and the Politics of Sir Thomas Wentworth in Early Stuart England and Ireland".
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Upham, Charles Wentworth (1844), "Life of Sir Henry Vane, Fourth Governor of Massachusetts", in Saprks, Jared (ed.),
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and Anne Stanhope: a marriage which was generally believed to be a true love affair on both sides. He represented
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and to pass the attainder. Strafford's enemies were implacable in their determination that he should die: in the
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argued that the King could not in conscience break his promise to Strafford to spare him; others, like Bishop
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However tyrannical Strafford's earlier conduct may have been, his offence was outside the definition of
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The Commons insisted on peace with the Scots. Charles, on the advice of—or perhaps by the treachery of—
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2883:"Rediscovering the Journal Clause: The Lost History of Legislative Constitutional Interpretation"
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In his government here he proved to be an able ruler. "The lord deputy of Ireland", wrote Sir
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carried out Strafford's execution, and incidentally also of Archbishop Laud in January 1645.
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Elizabeth Rhodes, daughter of Sir Godfrey Rhodes. Married in October 1632; she died in 1688.
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From April to August 1640, on his return from Ireland, Strafford occupied the newly built
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Wentworth Graduate College of the University of York, named in honor of Thomas Wentworth
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depicting from a distance the execution of Strafford, with significant persons labelled
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The King created him Earl of Strafford in January 1640 (the Wentworth family seat of
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on 5 May 1641 caused the Lords to reject the submissions in defence of Strafford by
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The Political World of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford: a collection of essays
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A plaque affixed to the floor of Westminster Hall commemorating Strafford's trial
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nobility, remained staunchly loyal to the King during the Civil War. His son
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in 1607, and in 1611 was knighted. He married firstly Margaret, daughter of
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3389:"Archival material relating to Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford"
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3290:
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1569:
Strafford's honours were forfeited by his attainder, but his only son,
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On 22 July 1628, not long after the prorogation, Wentworth was created
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3429:
The Earl of Strafford's Act of Attainder in the Parliamentary Archives
1286:
An Act for the Attainder of Thomas Earl of Strafford for High Treason.
467:
and Strafford was executed. He had been advanced several times in the
3414:
Portrait of the Earl of Strafford in the UK Parliamentary Collections
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1296:
954:
Wentworth made many enemies in Ireland, but none more dangerous than
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on taking office, he announced his intention, almost in the words of
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3378:
The Act for the attainder of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
3285:
Cooper, J. P. "The Fortune of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford."
2807:
10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-9000099
1208:
By late 1640, there was no option but to call a new Parliament. The
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3437:
2308:. "... reached Dublin Bay early in the morning of July 23rd ."
2292:. "Wentworth was appointed lord deputy on 12 January 1632 ..."
1218:
1178:
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911:
872:, and launched a campaign to win back Church lands lost during the
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3254:
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the
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543:
3364:"Wentworth, Thomas, Viscount Wentworth, Earl of Strafford"
2795:"Richard Brandon, hangman and probable executioner of Charles I"
3424:
Petition of the Earl of Strafford in the Parliamentary Archives
1332:
927:
922:, resisted, and the confiscation of Galway was effected by the
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630:
In 1628, Wentworth was one of the more vocal supporters of the
227:
3107:, vol. 60, London: Smith Elder & Co, pp. 268–283
947:
had powerful English connections: Clanricarde's half-brother,
3343:
Wedgwood, C. V. "The lost archangel a new view of Strafford"
3148:
Orr, D. A. (2004). "Lane, Sir Richard (bap. 1584, d. 1650)".
1102:, was named for his distinguished uncle, and grew up to be a
966:; and ordered him to take down the tomb of his first wife in
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statesman and a major figure in the period leading up to the
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Coat of arms of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford, KG
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List of Strafford's visitors in the Parliamentary Archives
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In January 1626 Wentworth asked for the presidency of the
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1408:'s phrase "stone dead hath no fellow", while the view of
3097:"WENTWORTH, THOMAS, first Earl of Strafford (1593–1641)"
3047:"Wentworth, Thomas, first earl of Strafford (1593–1641)"
2887:
University of Pennsylvania Journal of Constitutional Law
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https://www.dib.ie/biography/wentworth-sir-thomas-a8968
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The 1st Viscount Wentworth, as he had become, became a
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a much more hostile perspective than her first edition
3200:
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford: A Revaluation
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family, and of Anne, daughter of Sir Robert Atkins of
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Portraits of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
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Strafford in Ireland, 1633–41: a study in absolutism
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1631:
Ancestors of Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
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Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham
1234:
The failure of impeachment and the Bill of Attainder
809:
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford in an Armour
653:, and received the promise of the presidency of the
2750:
2362:
1596:Thomas was the subject of a verse play by the poet
732:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
32:
Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford (1672–1739)
3045:
2180:
1677:4. Thomas Wentworth, High Sheriff of York (b.1520)
3961:People executed by Stuart England by decapitation
1558:Arabella Holles (died October 1631), daughter of
822:in November 1629. On 12 January 1632 he was made
3887:
3723:Custos Rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire
3664:Custos Rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire
498:Wentworth was born in London. He was the son of
128:Custos Rotulorum of the West Riding of Yorkshire
2654:
1580:; and Arabella, born October 1630, who married
3300:The Life of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Stafford
3235:(Reissue ed.), Penguin Books, p. 190
2604:, vols. 33–34 (St Anne Soho, 1966), pp 441–472
2147:: Wentworth, Sir Thomas (see 'Early career').
1243:An Answer to the Earle of Strafords Conclusion
903:The Earl of Strafford with his secretary, Sir
537:
3154:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
2827:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2024 (
2738:
1160:Detailed engraving of trial of Strafford by
1551:Margaret Clifford (died 1622), daughter of
1221:immediately took up the impeachment to the
1164:, labelling various people who were present
34:. For other people with the same name, see
3926:People convicted under a bill of attainder
3397:
3212:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
3039:, New York and London: Harper and Brothers
2138:
2136:
2134:
1729:2. William Wentworth, 1st Baronet (b.1563)
479:in late 1628 or early 1629, and, finally,
339: 1632–1641)
71:
27:English supporter of Charles I (1593–1641)
3031:"Chapter: Downfall of Strafford and Laud"
2915:, pp. 43, 39, 50, 103, 125–6, 384–5.
1504:Following news of Strafford's execution,
1489:Strafford met his fate two days later on
1109:
989:, Ireland's first theatre, was opened by
792:Learn how and when to remove this message
741:"Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford"
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3007:. Oxfordhistory.org.uk. 20 November 2012
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2177:, p. 72. Shepheard-Walwyn, London, 1988.
2164:, p. 70. Shepheard-Walwyn, London, 1988.
1553:Francis Clifford, 4th Earl of Cumberland
1476:
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1199:
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443:) – 12 May 1641), was an
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355:William Wentworth, 2nd Earl of Strafford
3996:English politicians convicted of crimes
3308:
3151:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
3143:(Reissue ed.), Fontana, p. 97
3111:
3082:English book-plates: ancient and modern
3060:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2880:
2799:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
2583:
2131:
1839:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
1100:Wentworth Dillon, 4th Earl of Roscommon
626:The Petition of Right and its aftermath
560:George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham
431:Thomas Wentworth, 1st Earl of Strafford
316: 1625; died 1631)
293: 1611; died 1622)
14:
3906:Alumni of St John's College, Cambridge
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2425:, Phoenix Press reissue (2000), p. 224
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1964:
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1256:Earl of Strafford's Attainder Act 1640
1245:, likely printed at London, April 1641
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2746:(reissue), Phoenix Press, p. 409
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1582:Justin McCarthy, Viscount Mountcashel
204:January 1624 – February 1624
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3262:Strafford, Thomas Wentworth, Earl of
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2285:
2219:
1506:Ireland rose in sanguinary rebellion
941:Ulick Burke, 5th Earl of Clanricarde
730:adding citations to reliable sources
701:
542:The young Sir Thomas Wentworth, 2nd
3147:
3036:Charles I, Makers of History Series
2717:, "Downfall of Strafford and Laud".
2660:
1547:Strafford was married three times:
24:
18:Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Strafford
4001:Earls of Strafford (1640 creation)
3610:Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet
3596:Sir William Constable, 1st Baronet
3279:
949:Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex
694:" and the "eleven-year tyranny").
500:Sir William Wentworth, 1st Baronet
25:
4022:
3931:Executions at the Tower of London
3409:National Portrait Gallery, London
3351:
3330:(2002): pp 61–100 on Wentworth.
2973:. Washington.ancestryregister.com
1898:6. Sir Robert Atkinson, barrister
985:Under Wentworth's patronage, the
488:Sir Thomas Wentworth, 2nd Baronet
486:in January 1640. He was known as
471:during his career, being created
3441:
3247:
3226:, Fontana Reissue, pp. 74–5
3105:Dictionary of National Biography
2994:, see page 564–5 of this edition
1654:8. William Wentworth (1490–1549)
1267:
1094:. Roscommon, unlike most of the
811:, 1639, another portrait by Sir
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408:
3373:. Dublin: M. H. Gill & son.
3370:A Compendium of Irish Biography
2997:
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2571:General Biographical Dictionary
2563:
2415:
1394:Denzil Holles, 1st Baron Holles
968:St. Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin
849:, the Irish counterpart of the
717:needs additional citations for
336:
313:
290:
183:March 1628 – July 1628
3313:, Cambridge University Press,
3260:York, Philip Chasney (1911). "
3180:The Personal Rule of Charles 1
3084:, G. Bell & Sons, p.
2881:Handler, Nicholas (May 2019).
2233:"Wentworth, Thomas (WNTT609T)"
2225:
2167:
2154:
2088:
1762:10. Sir William Gascoigne VIII
1560:John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare
1149:, in the absence of its owner
882:Laurence Esmonde, Lord Esmonde
579:John Holles, 1st Earl of Clare
522:, became a law student at the
13:
1:
3941:Lord-lieutenants of Yorkshire
3916:17th-century English soldiers
3289:11#2 1958, pp. 227–248.
3188:Library of American Biography
3022:
2144:Dictionary of Irish Biography
1613:in the historical drama film
1591:
1512:
666:. In the speech delivered at
493:
3696:Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire
3309:Merritt, J. F., ed. (2003),
3168:UK public library membership
1493:, receiving the blessing of
1338:Strafford Attainder Act 1662
1147:Leicester House, Westminster
520:St John's College, Cambridge
399:St John's College, Cambridge
7:
4006:Impeached British officials
3956:Executed people from London
3946:Lords Lieutenant of Ireland
3911:Members of the Inner Temple
3440:(public domain audiobooks)
3347:(1951) 1#1 pp 18–24 online.
2586:, p. xxxiv footnote 1)
2237:A Cambridge Alumni Database
2175:Who's Who in Stuart Britain
2162:Who's Who in Stuart Britain
1622:
1609:Strafford was portrayed by
1562:. Married in February 1625.
592:In the first parliament of
459:. From 1632 to 1640 he was
10:
4027:
3966:High sheriffs of Yorkshire
3763:Lord Lieutenant of Ireland
3123:Cambridge University Press
3062:, vol. 56, New York:
2290:146, right column, line 23
2239:. University of Cambridge.
1958:
1854:
1737:
1643:
1467:Strafford led to Execution
1358:Sir Henry Vane the Younger
1249:United Kingdom legislation
832:Lord Chancellor of Ireland
554:'s representative in the "
538:Early parliamentary career
382:William Wentworth (father)
264:Wentworth, South Yorkshire
30:For a later namesake, see
29:
4011:Impeached Irish officials
3951:Executed military leaders
3862:
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3588:
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3556:
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3470:
3458:
3451:
3434:Works by Thomas Wentworth
2744:Archbishop Laud 1573–1645
2109:10.1017/S0018246X21000509
2022:
2014:
1989:
1970:
1966:
1933:
1914:
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943:, who through his mother
602:High Sheriff of Yorkshire
490:, between 1614 and 1628.
416:
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45:
3080:Castle, Egerton (1893),
3044:Asch, Ronald G. (2004),
2082:
1135:West Riding of Yorkshire
613:justiceship of the peace
516:Stowell, Gloucestershire
250:Cause of death
3287:Economic History Review
3271:Encyclopædia Britannica
3231:Wedgwood, C.V. (1983),
3222:Wedgwood, C.V. (1966),
3093:Gardiner, Samuel Rawson
3064:Oxford University Press
2809:(inactive 28 July 2024)
987:Werburgh Street Theatre
847:Court of Castle Chamber
828:The 1st Viscount Loftus
455:and was a supporter of
110:Vice-admiral of Munster
3869:of Wentworth Woodhouse
3740:Lord Deputy of Ireland
3689:The Earl of Sunderland
3337:20 August 2017 at the
3233:The Trial of Charles 1
3160:10.1093/ref:odnb/15996
3029:Abbott, Jacob (1876),
2687:The History of England
2650:British History Online
2097:The Historical Journal
1520:Christopher Wandesford
1486:
1474:
1446:notes an account from
1438:Cobbett's State Trials
1370:Earl of Northumberland
1246:
1205:
1165:
1142:originally asked for.
1110:Recall and impeachment
907:
824:Lord Deputy of Ireland
815:
698:Lord Deputy of Ireland
477:1st Viscount Wentworth
461:Lord Deputy of Ireland
427:
92:Lord Deputy of Ireland
3991:English MPs 1628–1629
3981:English MPs 1624–1625
3976:English MPs 1621–1622
3936:Knights of the Garter
3849:Baronetage of England
3750:The Earl of Leicester
3518:Sir Edwin Sandys, jnr
3453:Parliament of England
3328:Treason and the State
3139:Kenyon, J.P. (1966),
1983:14. Humphrey Ashfield
1785:5. Margaret Gascoigne
1480:
1465:
1274:Parliament of England
1241:
1203:
1159:
1029:as the most suitable
1023:Parliament of Ireland
902:
807:
566:foremost advisor and
518:. He was educated at
510:, a member of an old
425:
52:The Earl of Strafford
3638:Sir Henry Savile, Bt
3617:Member of Parliament
3571:Member of Parliament
3525:Member of Parliament
3473:Member of Parliament
3462:Sir Richard Gargrave
3393:UK National Archives
3066:, pp. 142–157,
2569:Chalmers, Alexander
2359:, pp. 978, 979.
1814:11. Beatrice Tempest
1706:9. Catherine Beeston
1422:Archbishop of Armagh
1362:Henry Vane the Elder
1191:Knight of the Garter
1170:Henry Vane the Elder
1076:Naas, County Kildare
843:Elizabeth of Bohemia
726:improve this article
664:Council of the North
655:Council of the North
609:Council of the North
534:and Grisold Hughes.
385:Anne Atkins (mother)
188:Member of Parliament
164:Member of Parliament
147:Council of the North
48:The Right Honourable
3706:The Viscount Savile
3491:Lord George Calvert
2784:, pp. 383–389.
2705:, pp. 372–377.
2628:, pp. 353–355.
2616:, pp. 187–198.
2573:Vol. 12 (1813) p.91
2449:, pp. 226–227.
2252:, pp. 48, 117.
1458:Death and aftermath
1123:Wentworth Woodhouse
1051:Second Bishops' War
937:Earl of Clanricarde
504:Wentworth Woodhouse
473:1st Baron Wentworth
3828:Viscount Wentworth
3804:Title next held by
3773:Peerage of England
3681:Political offices
3190:, pp. 187–198
2740:Trevor-Roper, Hugh
2461:, pp. 148–58.
1537:Sir Philip Warwick
1528:Guildford Slingsby
1487:
1475:
1247:
1206:
1174:Committee of Eight
1166:
1072:Jigginstown Castle
945:Frances Walsingham
924:Court of Exchequer
908:
816:
615:and the office of
548:English Parliament
532:Earl of Cumberland
469:Peerage of England
428:
280:Margaret Clifford
3921:English Anglicans
3884:
3883:
3858:William Wentworth
3808:William Wentworth
3786:Earl of Strafford
3754:(Lord Lieutenant)
3747:Succeeded by
3703:Succeeded by
3671:Succeeded by
3635:Succeeded by
3589:Succeeded by
3560:Sir Thomas Savile
3543:Succeeded by
3500:Sir Thomas Savile
3497:Succeeded by
3481:1614–1622
3320:978-0-521-52199-4
3296:Cooper, Elizabeth
3166:(Subscription or
3132:978-0-521-37822-2
3125:, p. xxxiv,
3005:"Mayor of Oxford"
2927:, pp. 246–7.
2509:, pp. 157–8.
2497:, pp. 320–1.
2347:, pp. 143–4.
2079:
2078:
2075:
2074:
2006:7. Joyce Ashfield
1381:bill of attainder
1350:
1349:
1327:Other legislation
1262:Act of Parliament
1092:Earl of Roscommon
1027:Nathaniel Catelyn
916:Lionel of Antwerp
905:Philip Mainwaring
896:' were not kept.
870:Church of Ireland
864:reforms onto the
802:
801:
794:
776:
632:Petition of Right
556:Addled Parliament
483:Earl of Strafford
449:English Civil War
420:
419:
326:Elizabeth Rhodes
16:(Redirected from
4018:
3986:English MPs 1625
3971:English MPs 1614
3855:Preceded by
3732:Preceded by
3713:Preceded by
3686:Preceded by
3654:Preceded by
3649:Honorary titles
3603:Preceded by
3557:Preceded by
3550:Richard Beaumont
3546:Sir John Jackson
3538:Sir John Jackson
3511:Preceded by
3459:Preceded by
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3113:Kearney, Hugh F.
3108:
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2601:Survey of London
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2129:
2128:
2092:
1950:3. Anne Atkinson
1637:
1636:
1628:
1627:
1578:Baron Rockingham
1524:George Radcliffe
1483:Wenceslas Hollar
1481:An engraving by
1345:Status: Repealed
1271:
1270:
1257:
1252:
1251:
1162:Wenceslas Hollar
890:Lord Mountnorris
820:privy counsellor
813:Anthony van Dyck
797:
790:
786:
783:
777:
775:
734:
710:
702:
679:House of Commons
618:custos rotulorum
587:Happy Parliament
572:House of Commons
528:Francis Clifford
439:(13 April 1593 (
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340:
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294:
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75:
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3564:Sir John Savile
3562:
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3514:George Shilleto
3506:
3504:Sir John Savile
3502:
3489:
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3482:
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3466:Sir John Savile
3464:
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3339:Wayback Machine
3321:
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3280:Further reading
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3056:Harrison, Brian
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1625:
1598:Robert Browning
1594:
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1515:
1499:Richard Brandon
1495:Archbishop Laud
1460:
1410:Oliver St. John
1398:First Army Plot
1390:Earl of Bedford
1386:Francis Russell
1346:
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1210:Long Parliament
1187:Tower of London
1112:
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964:Youghal College
798:
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628:
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451:. He served in
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3642:Henry Belasyse
3636:
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3630:Henry Belasyse
3613:
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3352:External links
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3326:Orr, D. Alan.
3324:
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3306:
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3266:Chisholm, Hugh
3238:
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3224:The King's War
3219:
3196:Wedgwood, C.V.
3192:
3183:
3172:
3145:
3136:
3131:
3121:(2 ed.),
3109:
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3052:Matthew, Colin
3041:
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3019:
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2996:
2984:
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2950:
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2929:
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2903:Wedgwood p.384
2896:
2873:
2861:
2859:, p. 190.
2849:
2847:, p. 389.
2834:
2786:
2774:
2772:, p. 980.
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2535:
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2475:
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2427:
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2402:
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2310:
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2222:, p. 978.
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3345:History Today
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3302:(2 vol 1874)
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1439:
1435:According to
1433:
1431:
1427:
1426:John Williams
1423:
1419:
1413:
1411:
1407:
1406:Earl of Essex
1403:
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1014:
1012:
1011:Henry Burnell
1008:
1004:
1003:James Shirley
1000:
996:
992:
988:
983:
981:
977:
971:
969:
965:
961:
957:
956:Richard Boyle
952:
950:
946:
942:
938:
934:
933:Richard Burke
929:
925:
921:
920:County Galway
917:
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743: –
742:
738:
737:Find sources:
731:
727:
721:
720:
715:This article
713:
709:
704:
703:
695:
693:
692:Personal Rule
689:
685:
680:
675:
673:
672:Francis Bacon
669:
665:
659:
656:
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641:
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465:death warrant
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268:
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260:Resting place
258:
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236:
232:
229:
225:
224:Chancery Lane
221:13 April 1593
220:
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3791:1st creation
3790:
3784:
3780:New creation
3779:
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3694:
3662:
3628:
3625:1628
3615:
3582:
3579:1625
3569:
3536:
3533:1624
3523:
3484:
3471:
3368:
3359:Webb, Alfred
3344:
3327:
3310:
3299:
3286:
3269:
3241:Attribution:
3240:
3239:
3232:
3223:
3199:
3187:
3179:
3149:
3140:
3117:
3104:
3081:
3059:
3035:
3009:. Retrieved
2999:
2987:
2975:. Retrieved
2965:
2953:
2920:
2908:
2899:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2864:
2852:
2811:. Retrieved
2798:
2789:
2777:
2743:
2734:
2722:
2710:
2698:
2685:
2680:
2668:
2656:
2645:
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2621:
2609:
2599:
2591:
2584:Kearney 1989
2578:
2570:
2565:
2553:
2526:
2514:
2502:
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2478:
2466:
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2442:
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2161:
2156:
2142:
2100:
2096:
2090:
1838:
1615:
1608:
1601:
1595:
1575:
1568:
1546:
1516:
1503:
1488:
1466:
1452:
1448:Thomas Carte
1436:
1434:
1418:James Ussher
1414:
1402:Richard Lane
1378:
1374:this kingdom
1373:
1354:high treason
1351:
1310:Royal assent
1242:
1228:this kingdom
1227:
1207:
1181:and seizing
1167:
1144:
1139:Presbyterian
1120:
1113:
1088:James Dillon
1084:
1069:
1056:
1035:
1015:
1006:
995:James Ussher
984:
972:
960:Earl of Cork
953:
909:
855:
851:Star Chamber
836:
817:
808:
788:
782:October 2021
779:
769:
762:
755:
748:
736:
724:Please help
719:verification
716:
684:William Laud
676:
660:
650:
648:
636:
629:
616:
606:
591:
576:
541:
524:Inner Temple
497:
487:
480:
476:
472:
430:
429:
239:(1641-05-12)
199:
178:
154:
135:
117:
99:
77:Portrait by
40:
3901:1641 deaths
3896:1593 births
3657:John Savile
3141:The Stuarts
3101:Lee, Sidney
3011:14 December
2977:14 December
2869:Kenyon 1966
2715:Abbott 1876
2276:, p. .
2274:Sharpe 1996
2173:C.P. Hill,
2160:C.P. Hill,
1333:Repealed by
1314:10 May 1641
1125:lay in the
1116:Covenanters
1096:Anglo-Irish
1064:Covenanters
1038:future Duke
991:John Ogilby
874:Reformation
868:-dominated
644:Edward Coke
550:in 1614 as
237:12 May 1641
145:President,
3890:Categories
3879:Attainted
3843:1628–1641
3832:1629–1641
3821:1640–1641
3817:Baron Raby
3794:1640–1641
3767:1640–1641
3744:1633–1640
3727:1630–1641
3700:1628–1641
3668:1616–1626
3529:Pontefract
3493:1621–1622
3170:required.)
3023:References
2893:: 1251–52.
2614:Upham 1844
2304:, p.
2288:, p.
1592:Portrayals
1513:Assessment
1491:Tower Hill
1444:David Hume
1282:Long title
1131:Strafforth
1060:ship-money
1007:Landgartha
894:The Graces
860:, imposed
839:Thomas Roe
752:newspapers
688:Canterbury
640:John Eliot
598:Buckingham
583:Pontefract
494:Early life
453:Parliament
394:Alma mater
244:Tower Hill
192:Pontefract
3874:1614–1641
3801:Attainted
3621:Yorkshire
3575:Yorkshire
3477:Yorkshire
2770:York 1911
2398:York 1911
2357:York 1911
2286:Asch 2004
2220:York 1911
2125:236317185
2117:0018-246X
1927:13. Agnes
1603:Strafford
1600:entitled
1297:16 Cha. 1
1133:) in the
912:Connaught
878:exchequer
866:Calvinist
594:Charles I
568:favourite
564:James I's
552:Yorkshire
512:Yorkshire
508:Rotherham
475:in 1628,
405:Signature
254:Execution
200:In office
179:In office
168:Yorkshire
159:1628–1641
155:In office
140:1630–1641
136:In office
122:1634–1640
118:In office
104:1632–1640
100:In office
3438:LibriVox
3361:(1878).
3335:Archived
3208:citation
3202:, London
3198:(1961),
3178:(1996),
3115:(1989),
3095:(1899),
3058:(eds.),
2823:cite web
2742:(2000),
2661:Orr 2004
1623:Ancestry
1619:(1970).
1616:Cromwell
1606:(1837).
1319:Repealed
1292:Citation
1219:John Pym
1080:Kilkenny
862:Arminian
368:Margaret
362:Arabella
348:Children
3865:Baronet
3407:at the
3268:(ed.).
3258::
3103:(ed.),
2813:23 June
1571:William
1430:Lincoln
1299:. c. 38
1214:impeach
1185:in the
1183:bullion
1179:coinage
1127:hundred
1074:, near
1047:Ormonde
1031:Speaker
1021:in the
766:scholar
585:in the
544:Baronet
506:, near
445:English
376:Parents
341:
333:
329:
318:
310:
306:
295:
287:
283:
270:Spouses
3798:Vacant
3627:With:
3581:With:
3535:With:
3483:With:
3332:online
3317:
3304:online
3291:online
3264:". In
3252:
3164:
3129:
3070:
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2115:
1543:Family
1042:Ormond
999:Armagh
980:Dublin
928:Ulster
886:Loftus
858:piracy
768:
761:
754:
747:
739:
365:Thomas
228:London
81:, 1639
3099:, in
3050:, in
2692:Vol 6
2121:S2CID
2083:Notes
1469:, by
1304:Dates
1009:, by
773:JSTOR
759:books
502:, of
335:(
331:
312:(
308:
289:(
285:
3619:for
3573:for
3527:for
3488:1614
3475:for
3315:ISBN
3214:link
3127:ISBN
3086:p 59
3068:ISBN
3013:2012
2979:2012
2829:link
2815:2024
2113:ISSN
1837:1.
1526:and
1195:York
1104:poet
1036:The
888:and
745:news
668:York
642:and
481:1st
441:N.S.
359:Anne
234:Died
218:Born
190:for
166:for
3436:at
3156:doi
2803:doi
2598:in
2306:126
2105:doi
1428:of
1230:".
1040:of
997:of
978:of
841:to
728:by
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3391:.
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2837:^
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