754:
432:
417:
1137:
402:
466:
680:
653:
1335:
1268:
1295:
869:
616:
235:
1042:
454:
1238:
631:
1253:
999:
601:
579:
1313:
163:
1280:
488:
918:
265:
38:
379:, by this date becoming crowded with buildings. The tholos was 20 metres across (from the lowest step) and, as reconstructed, 12.65 m high, with the lower parts of the wall blank, but small columns high up, where any windows were also placed. One of the many reconstructions proposed by scholars was used as the basis of the
506:
in that it is entered though a very large flat temple front with a projecting portico with three rows of columns, while the rest of the exterior is a blank wall without columns or windows, so the circular form is rather obscured from the front until the visitor enters, and sees the enormous circular
888:
were interred. Stairs lead up to the roof. The large tombs of elite Roman families shared some of the characteristics of weekend cottages, with gardens, orchards, kitchens, and spacious apartments. Many liked to visit their family tomb on birthdays or anniversaries, for a family meal and day of
1013:
or "Santo
Stefano Rotundo" in Rome was, perhaps uniquely for its late 5th-century period, newly built as a circular church, apparently unconnected with any burial. It was long thought to have been built onto an earlier circular structure, but excavations have disproved this. The original
514:, which were usually small, were typically circular, but not all round temples were dedicated to her. The three best-known survivals, in or near Rome, were named "Temple of Vesta" by post-classical writers, in two cases without any good evidence. One is now usually called the
764:
The so-called "Tomb of
Tantalus", of a similar date, was fully faced in stone, with a diameter of 33.55 metres, and a height about the same. There was a vertical wall at the base, then a conical roof, much of which survived until 1835, when excavations led by
295:, still rather an innovation, for a ring of 14 columns inside, and the "extraordinary dainty" version of the capitals here was probably an influential model for later buildings. It may have introduced to the Corinthian the flower (or "rosette") touching the
750:, the prostitutes making the largest contribution. It was 900 feet high, and nearly a quarter of a mile in diameter. A large mound, now reduced and slumped at the sides, remains, as does the barrel-vaulted passage to the looted tomb chamber at the centre.
81:), is a form of building that was widely used in the classical world. It is a round structure with a circular wall and a roof, usually built upon a couple of steps (a podium), and often with a ring of columns supporting a conical or domed roof.
543:(market), where it might have been where fish were sold. Other uses for the central tholos have been suggested, such as the place where official weights and measures were held for reference or as shrines to the gods of the market place. Some
1105:, the first by Bramante in 1506, included this combination of elements, at least on the exterior; as at St Peter's, false domes often gave a different interior view. The pairing of drum and dome was initially mostly used for churches, as at
431:
753:
932:
Augustus set the precedent for a number of circular imperial tombs over the following centuries; some either became, or were built into, Christian churches, which have generally survived more intact. The largest is the
1160:
in 1737, is one of relatively few large buildings after the
Renaissance to use a purely circular plan, with little emphasis on the entrance, in a classical style that is full of complexities and looks back to Italian
892:
The
Mausoleum of Augustus measured 90 m (295 ft) in diameter by 42 m (137 ft) in height. The tomb was placed at the centre of a public park, long almost entirely built over, which included the
897:
and other altars. From ancient writers it is clear that there was greenery, probably trees, growing on top of the upper parts, of an artificial mound or dome, which fell in and has not been restored to date. The
260:
around the inside of the wall, rising up from a low stone bench. The building had "a more decorative treatment than would then have been permissable in a temple". It is now partially reconstructed at the site.
465:
416:
208:, a council of 500 citizens chosen by lot from ten "tribes" to run daily affairs of the city, since a kitchen leads off the main circular hall. It may also have functioned as their debating chamber or
1086:
around 1502. It is a small building whose innovation, as far as
Western Europe was concerned, was to use the tholos form as the base for a dome above; this may have reflected a Byzantine structure in
707:
near Rome. The top was a mound of earth, with (in the Greek world) one or more upright stones at the summit. The
Etruscan burial chambers were below ground level and rather large, crowded with family
1014:
construction, now much altered, had three concentric parts, all circular. Going from the centre outwards there was a 22-metre high central space, of the same diameter, surrounded by a much lower
1231:, who often used an updated classical style. At its opening, one critic wrote, "This is the sort of thing which persuades one to believe in the perennial applicability of the Classical canon."
124:
1192:. There is a high and circular central hall with a large domed roof, but the building behind the porticos is actually square. This formula was often copied for country houses, as at
191:, by the 4th century BC, "their more or less secular functions gave partial exemption from the austere conventions that governed the design of temples". No Greek tholos except the
884:
began there around 28 BC. As (nearly) restored in the 21st century, there is an outer ring, then a space around the cylinder with the tomb-chamber, where the ashes of many of the
401:
227:. However this roof seems to have been destroyed by fire around 400 BC, and was probably replaced by one using bronze sheets. The original building, from not long after the
1122:
769:
using labour from the French Navy collapsed it. The passage leading to the rectangular burial chamber at the centre was entirely filled in with stones. The chamber was
995:. This is octagonal on the exterior, but circular inside; the elaborate carving of the columns has survived well, but is surrounded by lavish later church fittings.
964:, and demolished with it in 1519. It was typical of imperial mausolea after the empire converted to Christianity in being attached to a church or early Christian
453:
833:("Tomb of the Christian Woman"), is very similar, but a good deal larger and with Ionic columns around the base. It is the mausoleum of the thoroughly Romanized
143:. From the Renaissance onwards the classical tholos form had an enduring revival, now often topped by a dome, especially as an element in much larger buildings.
795:, with a similar shape. Though independent, the Numidian kingdom was increasingly involved in Mediterranean power politics, and an architect familiar with
1090:
over the tomb of Christ. The Roman Temple of Vesta (which has no dome) was probably also an influence. This pairing of tholos, now called a "drum" or "
1728:
746:
visited it and says that stones at the summit recorded that it was constructed by the market traders, craftsmen and prostitutes of the nearby capital
652:
195:
remains anything like intact, with most known only by excavation of their distinctive circular foundations, and other parts found lying on the site.
1334:
2134:
2129:
1981:
Holder, Julian (2007). "Emanuel
Vincent Harris and the survival of classicism in inter-war Manchester". In Hartwell, Clare; Wyke, Terry (eds.).
1919:
2096:
630:
578:
1294:
773:
to form a pointed arch shape between two straight end walls. This was also the largest monument in a cemetery, now on the outskirts of
1690:
1025:
in
Ravenna, of 520, uses Roman construction techniques but is in an impressive but unclassical style, possibly borrowing from Syria;
187:
design completely encircled by a colonnade, but most served other functions, and some were architecturally innovative. According to
1762:
1121:, as well as two much larger colonnaded ones below; versions of the formula have also been used in several (arguably most) American
949:, begun about 310, was probably intended as his mausoleum, and was later a church, then a mosque. Only the underground parts of the
1223:(1826) was much closer to the Pantheon, which was acknowledged as its model, and the tradition was still in use in the 1930s, when
367:
in the 260s BC. It is often called the
Arsinoeum (or Arsinoëion, Arsinoë Rotunda), as a dedication tablet for the Ptolomeic Queen
1177:(completed 1742), gives a "tragic" interpretation of the theme by making the columns large and close together and the dome low.
615:
2058:
2030:
1990:
1384:
1197:
960:(died 423), again containing the graves of many of his relatives. This was a circular brick building with a dome attached to
600:
17:
716:
558:
in Rome is the largest, best known and best preserved. These were mostly oval rather than round and, like the semi-circular
1252:
1212:
965:
2014:
1442:
1237:
1267:
310:
in Athens, about 334 BC, the first surviving building to use the
Corinthian order on the outside – there was no inside.
1623:
471:
380:
1884:
1596:
276:
1136:
2083:
880:
Juba and Cleopatra Selene were probably still living in polite captivity in Rome when construction of the circular
228:
1312:
2139:
437:
307:
192:
183:, the tholos form was used for a variety of buildings with different purposes. A few were round temples of Greek
2114:
2074:
2048:
1673:
700:
1777:
1074:
1047:
826:
757:
679:
1188:(begun 1567) took the Pantheon theme, but adding a columnaded temple front on four sides, to make a sort of
1010:
1002:
942:
1180:
Most preferred the Pantheon-style rotunda, with a pronounced temple front, or often several. The famous
961:
252:
was nearly 13.5 metres across. It has been dated to 370–360 BC. Its role remains unclear. There were 20
198:
The large building known as "the tholos" (but also "the parasol") in the centre of Athens, just off the
1613:
1318:
1224:
992:
926:
333:
180:
547:
had a water fountain or water feature in the centre of their courtyard instead of a tholos structure.
1094:", and dome became extremely popular raised high above main structures which were often based on the
584:
559:
515:
475:
364:
154:
and other areas. But many other round tombs and mausolea were built, especially for Roman emperors.
2149:
1069:
907:
241:
1778:
Quilici, L.; S. Quilici Gigli, DARMC; R. Talbert, S. Gillies; T. Elliott, J. Becker (2017-08-02).
1279:
1243:
1102:
911:
622:
519:
284:
31:
1113:
in London (1697), but later other buildings, and continued until the 20th century at least. The
814:". The whole exterior was, and very largely still is, covered with a stone facing, the straight
131:
An increasingly large series of round buildings were constructed in the developing tradition of
1258:
1216:
1162:
1110:
1079:
1052:
1022:
984:
950:
885:
868:
796:
349:
204:
140:
132:
117:
1876:
1869:
2144:
1285:
1114:
973:
957:
934:
881:
376:
353:
296:
287:
around 360 BC, and was 22 metres across. An inscription tells us the building was called the
1117:
is one of a number of buildings where a tholos is above the dome, serving as a base for the
726:
constructed some significant tumulus tombs. The largest was that made about 600 BC for King
332:
BC) was a circular memorial in limestone and marble, the rather cramped interior containing
1157:
1041:
531:
337:
300:
215:
Inside six columns supported the original conical roof, which seems have been covered with
1536:
234:
8:
2009:
Campbell, Virginia L., "Stopping to Smell the Roses: Garden Tombs in Roman Italy", 2008,
1026:
1018:, then an open-air space, except for four passageways, surrounded by another ambulatory.
849:
341:
231:
is "very plain", with no exterior columns, showing "utter economy its construction".
151:
976:
is a surviving example, but unusual in still having much of its rich mosaic decoration.
2091:
1174:
1145:
998:
372:
1548:
699:
by a vertical or sloping stone wall round the base, a type still seen in abundance in
2110:
2070:
2063:
2044:
1986:
1890:
1880:
1845:
1619:
1592:
1380:
1118:
819:
511:
1525:
1300:
1220:
1201:
1181:
1153:
292:
257:
249:
167:
89:
1615:
Shopping in Ancient Rome: The Retail Trade in the Late Republic and the Principate
941:(died 138), then converted into a castle. This had a garden on the flat roof. The
1185:
1170:
1083:
1056:
606:
527:
523:
522:, in the absence of any firm evidence for the actual dedication – perhaps to the
384:
322:
318:
46:
303:, it had at least two windows flanking the doorway, and perhaps more higher up.
219:
tiles round the lower parts, and perhaps bronze sheets higher up, leading to an
2102:
2079:
2053:
2019:
1810:
1228:
1205:
1193:
988:
969:
873:
800:
766:
723:
696:
499:
492:
188:
136:
2123:
1729:"Walk through the 2,000-year-old Mausoleum of Augustus, Rome's first emperor"
1166:
1141:
1106:
899:
588:
162:
61:
1894:
1875:. Toms, Judith., Cubberley, Tony. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp.
784:(or "Medracen") is a royal mausoleum, perhaps of the 3rd century BC, of the
459:
Foundation of the Arsinoeum at Samothrace, with the dedication slab at front
1095:
946:
902:, of similar date with a diameter of 35 metres, is the largest tomb on the
834:
663:
551:
147:
2036:
1907:
1779:
1304:
1189:
857:
804:
712:
708:
667:
487:
357:
314:
253:
224:
110:
supporting a roof but without any walls, which therefore does not have a
42:
1126:
917:
264:
202:, at the least served as the dining-hall for the executive group of the
1920:"Temple, Tabernacle, and Sepulchre: The Legacy of Bramante’s Tempietto"
1030:
1015:
980:
922:
903:
845:
368:
220:
216:
209:
184:
85:
818:
of the upper part (except for a flat top) formed into steps, like the
1679:, 1892, Chapman and Hall (translation from the French); Lawrence, 183
1559:
Lawrence, 186, posits a second conical roof over the flat roof shown.
1091:
1087:
894:
853:
788:
781:
743:
704:
684:
555:
408:
269:
123:
107:
953:(died 312) outside Rome survive; in fact this was used for his son.
1068:
The tholos was revived in one of the most influential buildings in
739:
727:
643:
638:
564:
539:
537:
In Roman cities a tholos could often be found in the centre of the
383:, in the 1920s, functioning as a 2,000,000 gallon water tower. The
345:
2041:
Art and Thought in the Hellenistic Age: Greek World View, 350–5 BC
774:
363:
The largest Greek tholos, of uncertain function, was built in the
150:, or "tholos tomb" in modern terminology, a distinct form in Late
139:, which are covered here. Medieval round buildings are covered at
1341:
938:
841:
837:
811:
808:
792:
785:
735:
692:
392:
388:
360:
around the outside, with engaged Corinthian half-columns inside.
283:
according to ancient opinion". This was designed by the sculptor
37:
968:(the origin of many of the largest basilica churches of Rome).
770:
747:
569:
423:
238:
1345:
1130:
799:
has surrounded the vertical section of wall at the base with
731:
199:
112:
97:
65:
1377:
Oxford Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture
815:
592:
474:, a 2,000,000 gallon water tower based on the Arsinoeum at
807:, "heavily proportioned and with smooth shafts, beneath a
498:
By far the most famous roofed round Roman building is the
212:. It was about 60 feet across, and built around 470 BC.
991:, and was later adapted to form the central section of
1733:
The Art Newspaper – International art news and events
738:, which dominates the elite cemetery site now called
116:(room inside). Both these types are sometimes called
695:
was the most common form of early Greek tomb, often
502:. However this sharply differs from other classical
223:at the apex, as seems to have been the case in the
1871:Rome : an Oxford archaeological guide to Rome
1868:
906:outside Rome; who built it is now uncertain. The
518:, while the old name continues to be used for the
27:Circular roofed building in classical architecture
1985:. Lancashire & Cheshire Antiquarian Society.
1867:Claridge, Amanda. (1998). Cunliffe, Barry (ed.).
1866:
1675:History of Art in Phrygia, Lydia, Caria and Lycia
550:The Romans in effect developed a new form in the
371:of Egypt has survived. The sanctuary was a great
2121:
1908:UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST Ravenna No 788, p. 60
860:. However, the design "seems definitely Greek".
2033:, Institute of Classical Architecture & Art
2097:American School of Classical Studies at Athens
1526:Short video walk-through from Emory University
1414:See Thompson for a detailed excavation report.
1811:"Mausoleum of Romulus reopens after 20 years"
1539:, Emory University website; Lawrence, 187–188
1379:, 2nd ed., OUP, Oxford and New York, p. 500.
64:θόλος, meaning "conical roof" or "dome"), in
956:The last of the series was the now vanished
703:like the "Necropolis of the Banditaccia" at
1848:in Rome, perhaps also an imperial mausoleum
1489:Lawrence, 183–185 (185 quoted); Yarwood, 21
395:, is a victory memorial on the same theme.
1589:Rome: A Living Portrait of an Ancient City
146:The tholos is not to be confused with the
2085:The Tholos of Athens and its Predecessors
1691:"Algeria Mausoleum of Medracen in Danger"
1133:is also topped by a tholos below a dome.
2109:, 1987 (first edn. 1974), Spring Books,
1618:. Oxford University Press. p. 161.
1611:
1135:
1040:
1036:
997:
916:
867:
752:
678:
486:
407:Another reconstruction of the Tholos of
306:Another Corinthian tholos was the small
263:
233:
161:
122:
36:
2026:, 1957, Penguin, Pelican history of art
14:
2135:Ancient Roman buildings and structures
2130:Ancient Greek buildings and structures
2122:
2059:The Classical Language of Architecture
1980:
1926:, Vol 39, 2021; Summerson, 41–42; Loth
1672:Perrot, Georges and Chipiez, Charles,
2031:"The Tempietto, Grandfather of Domes"
1586:
1101:Most of the proposals for rebuilding
722:Local rulers around the edges of the
646:. A tholos can be seen in the centre.
299:in the centre of each face. Unlike a
291:or "place of sacrifice". It used the
256:around the exterior, and ten smaller
88:(Ancient Greek:ὁ μονόπτερος from the
760:, 1st century AD, with Ionic columns
268:One reconstruction of the Tholos of
229:Persian sack of Athens in 489–479 BC
1587:Dyson, Stephen L. (1 August 2010).
74:
57:
24:
1612:Holleran, Claire (26 April 2012).
983:(died 312) was inside his massive
914:, is another large circular tomb.
734:(in modern Turkey), the father of
472:Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts
381:Arlington Reservoir, Massachusetts
157:
25:
2161:
277:Sanctuary of Asclepius, Epidaurus
1780:"Places: 422869 (Casal Rotondo)"
1333:
1311:
1293:
1278:
1266:
1251:
1236:
1078:in a courtyard of the church of
651:
629:
614:
599:
577:
464:
452:
430:
415:
400:
1974:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1938:
1929:
1912:
1901:
1860:
1851:
1838:
1829:
1803:
1794:
1771:
1755:
1746:
1721:
1712:
1682:
1666:
1657:
1648:
1639:
1605:
1580:
1571:
1562:
1553:
1542:
1530:
1519:
1510:
1501:
1492:
1483:
1474:
1465:
1456:
1165:. The Mausoleum in the park at
687:, Necropolis of the Banditaccia
438:Choragic Monument of Lysicrates
308:Choragic Monument of Lysicrates
193:Choragic Monument of Lysicrates
1447:
1441:Lawrence, 185; Thompson, 128;
1435:
1426:
1417:
1408:
1399:
1390:
1369:
1360:
1196:(1725), designed by its owner
1082:in Rome. This was designed by
482:
13:
1:
2043:, 1979, Thames & Hudson,
2003:
1752:Campbell, 31–32, 35–36, 41–42
1059:
937:, built as the mausoleum for
827:Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
758:Royal Mausoleum of Mauretania
441:
326:
1375:Curl, James Stevens (2006).
1011:Santo Stefano al Monte Celio
848:(died 46 AD), and his queen
609:, Rome, partly reconstructed
562:, un-roofed, except for the
526:. The identification of the
336:(ivory and gold) statues of
7:
1924:Sacred Architecture Journal
1767:Gardens of the Roman Empire
1568:Yarwood, 47, 50, plan at 51
719:come from Etruscan tombs).
10:
2166:
2107:The Architecture of Europe
1654:Lawrence, 183; Yarwood, 34
1591:. JHU Press. p. 252.
1405:Lawrence, 187; Yarwood, 21
1319:Manchester Central Library
1227:was designed and built by
1225:Manchester Central Library
275:Next to the temple at the
181:Ancient Greek architecture
98:
29:
1340:An engaged tholos in the
1326:
1156:, built as a library for
910:, daughter in law of the
585:Temple of Hercules Victor
530:, Rome, just next to the
516:Temple of Hercules Victor
422:Remains of the Tholos of
365:Samothrace temple complex
174:
1353:
1070:Renaissance architecture
962:Old St. Peter's Basilica
908:Tomb of Caecilia Metella
831:Tombeau de la Chrétienne
674:
242:Temple of Athena Pronaia
1537:"Rotunda of Arsinoe II"
623:Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
520:Temple of Vesta, Tivoli
510:Temples of the goddess
285:Polykleitos the Younger
279:was "the finest of all
2140:Architectural elements
1935:Summerson, 41–42; Loth
1217:University of Virginia
1184:(or "Villa Capra") by
1163:Mannerist architecture
1149:
1080:San Pietro in Montorio
1065:
1053:San Pietro in Montorio
1023:Mausoleum of Theodoric
1006:
951:Mausoleum of Maxentius
929:
886:Julio-Claudian dynasty
877:
797:classical architecture
761:
688:
495:
272:
245:
171:
133:classical architecture
128:
49:
1443:Perseus database page
1139:
1044:
1037:Renaissance to modern
1003:Santo Stefano Rotundo
1001:
974:Constantine the Great
958:Mausoleum of Honorius
920:
882:Mausoleum of Augustus
871:
756:
682:
490:
377:Greco-Roman mysteries
267:
237:
165:
127:Structure of a tholos
126:
40:
18:Tholos (Ancient Rome)
1844:As is the so-called
1244:St. Peter's Basilica
1109:in Paris (1676) and
1103:St. Peter's Basilica
925:(died 312), part of
532:House of the Vestals
340:'s family; himself,
338:Philip II of Macedon
30:For other uses, see
1763:"Mausoleum Augusti"
1259:St Paul's Cathedral
1111:St Paul's Cathedral
1033:"barbarian" ruler.
1027:Theoderic the Great
1005:, Rome, 5th century
985:Diocletian's Palace
972:, for daughters of
943:Rotunda of Galerius
876:, Rome, 4th century
850:Cleopatra Selene II
717:painted Greek vases
342:Alexander the Great
94:only, single, alone
2024:Greek Architecture
1453:Thompson, 129, 132
1175:Nicholas Hawksmoor
1150:
1146:Nicholas Hawksmoor
1066:
1007:
935:Castel Sant'Angelo
930:
878:
829:, long called the
791:kings in Numidia,
762:
701:Etruscan necropoli
689:
496:
273:
258:Corinthian columns
246:
172:
129:
84:It differs from a
50:
2064:Thames and Hudson
1992:978-0-900942-01-3
1983:Making Manchester
1846:Temple of Romulus
1761:Campbell, 40–41;
1516:Lawrence, 186–187
1432:Thompson, 147–151
1385:978-0-19-860678-9
1273:Panthéon in Paris
1158:Oxford University
1140:The Mausoleum at
1119:Statue of Freedom
979:The mausoleum of
820:pyramids of Egypt
683:Etruscan tomb at
572:over some parts.
152:Bronze Age Greece
16:(Redirected from
2157:
2062:, 1980 edition,
1997:
1996:
1978:
1972:
1969:
1963:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1945:
1942:
1936:
1933:
1927:
1918:Freiburg, Jack,
1916:
1910:
1905:
1899:
1898:
1874:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1849:
1842:
1836:
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1827:
1826:
1824:
1822:
1815:The History Blog
1807:
1801:
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1789:
1787:
1775:
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1741:
1740:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1710:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1695:
1686:
1680:
1670:
1664:
1661:
1655:
1652:
1646:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1634:
1632:
1609:
1603:
1602:
1584:
1578:
1575:
1569:
1566:
1560:
1557:
1551:
1546:
1540:
1534:
1528:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1508:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1490:
1487:
1481:
1478:
1472:
1469:
1463:
1460:
1454:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1430:
1424:
1421:
1415:
1412:
1406:
1403:
1397:
1394:
1388:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1337:
1315:
1301:Radcliffe Camera
1297:
1282:
1270:
1255:
1240:
1221:Thomas Jefferson
1202:Mereworth Castle
1182:Villa La Rotonda
1154:Radcliffe Camera
1064:
1061:
912:triumvir Crassus
715:(most surviving
658:A tholos in the
655:
633:
618:
603:
581:
468:
456:
446:
443:
434:
419:
404:
356:. Columns were
334:chryselephantine
331:
328:
293:Corinthian order
250:Tholos of Delphi
168:Tholos of Delphi
101:
100:
76:
59:
21:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2154:
2150:Round buildings
2120:
2119:
2103:Yarwood, Doreen
2080:Thompson, Homer
2054:Summerson, John
2020:Lawrence, A. W.
2006:
2001:
2000:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1970:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1952:
1948:
1943:
1939:
1934:
1930:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1902:
1887:
1865:
1861:
1856:
1852:
1843:
1839:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1818:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1795:
1785:
1783:
1776:
1772:
1760:
1756:
1751:
1747:
1738:
1736:
1727:
1726:
1722:
1717:
1713:
1703:
1701:
1693:
1689:
1688:Lawrence, 189;
1687:
1683:
1671:
1667:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1630:
1628:
1626:
1610:
1606:
1599:
1585:
1581:
1576:
1572:
1567:
1563:
1558:
1554:
1547:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1524:
1520:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1484:
1479:
1475:
1470:
1466:
1462:Thompson, 69–71
1461:
1457:
1452:
1448:
1440:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1422:
1418:
1413:
1409:
1404:
1400:
1395:
1391:
1374:
1370:
1365:
1361:
1356:
1349:
1338:
1329:
1322:
1316:
1307:
1298:
1289:
1283:
1274:
1271:
1262:
1261:, London (1697)
1256:
1247:
1241:
1198:Lord Burlington
1186:Andrea Palladio
1171:North Yorkshire
1084:Donato Bramante
1062:
1057:Donato Bramante
1039:
993:Split Cathedral
927:Split Cathedral
801:engaged columns
677:
670:
656:
647:
634:
625:
619:
610:
607:Temple of Vesta
604:
595:
582:
554:, of which the
528:Temple of Vesta
524:Tiburtine Sibyl
485:
478:
469:
460:
457:
448:
444:
435:
426:
420:
411:
405:
385:Befreiungshalle
329:
177:
160:
158:Classical world
60:: tholoi; from
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2163:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2118:
2117:
2100:
2077:
2051:
2034:
2029:Loth, Calder,
2027:
2017:
2005:
2002:
1999:
1998:
1991:
1973:
1964:
1955:
1946:
1937:
1928:
1911:
1900:
1885:
1859:
1857:Yarwood, 60–62
1850:
1837:
1828:
1802:
1793:
1770:
1754:
1745:
1720:
1711:
1681:
1665:
1656:
1647:
1645:Yarwood, 55–59
1638:
1625:978-0199698219
1624:
1604:
1597:
1579:
1570:
1561:
1552:
1541:
1529:
1518:
1509:
1500:
1491:
1482:
1473:
1464:
1455:
1446:
1434:
1425:
1416:
1407:
1398:
1389:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1351:
1350:
1339:
1332:
1328:
1325:
1324:
1323:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1303:, begun 1737,
1299:
1292:
1290:
1284:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1250:
1248:
1242:
1235:
1229:Vincent Harris
1219:, designed by
1206:Colen Campbell
1194:Chiswick House
1123:state capitols
1038:
1035:
1009:The church of
989:Split, Croatia
970:Santa Costanza
874:Santa Costanza
866:
865:
852:, daughter of
767:Charles Texier
724:Hellenic world
676:
673:
672:
671:
657:
650:
648:
635:
628:
626:
620:
613:
611:
605:
598:
596:
583:
576:
560:Roman theatres
500:Pantheon, Rome
493:Pantheon, Rome
491:Facade of the
484:
481:
480:
479:
470:
463:
461:
458:
451:
449:
436:
429:
427:
421:
414:
412:
406:
399:
189:A. W. Lawrence
176:
173:
159:
156:
137:Late antiquity
106:), a circular
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2162:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2127:
2125:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2055:
2052:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2028:
2025:
2021:
2018:
2016:
2013:, Vol. XLII,
2012:
2008:
2007:
1994:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1971:Summerson, 55
1968:
1962:Summerson, 42
1959:
1953:Summerson, 42
1950:
1941:
1932:
1925:
1921:
1915:
1909:
1904:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1886:9780192880031
1882:
1878:
1873:
1872:
1863:
1854:
1847:
1841:
1832:
1817:. 9 June 2014
1816:
1812:
1806:
1797:
1781:
1774:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1749:
1734:
1730:
1724:
1718:Lawrence, 189
1715:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1678:
1676:
1669:
1663:Lawrence, 183
1660:
1651:
1642:
1627:
1621:
1617:
1616:
1608:
1600:
1598:9781421401010
1594:
1590:
1583:
1574:
1565:
1556:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1533:
1527:
1522:
1513:
1507:Lawrence, 187
1504:
1498:Lawrence, 185
1495:
1486:
1480:Thompson, 128
1477:
1471:Lawrence, 183
1468:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1429:
1420:
1411:
1402:
1393:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1366:Lawrence, 183
1363:
1359:
1347:
1343:
1336:
1331:
1330:
1320:
1314:
1309:
1306:
1302:
1296:
1291:
1287:
1281:
1276:
1269:
1264:
1260:
1254:
1249:
1245:
1239:
1234:
1233:
1232:
1230:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1187:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:Castle Howard
1164:
1159:
1155:
1147:
1143:
1142:Castle Howard
1138:
1134:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1112:
1108:
1107:Les Invalides
1104:
1099:
1097:
1093:
1089:
1085:
1081:
1077:
1076:
1071:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1043:
1034:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1004:
1000:
996:
994:
990:
986:
982:
977:
975:
971:
967:
966:funerary hall
963:
959:
954:
952:
948:
944:
940:
936:
928:
924:
921:Mausoleum of
919:
915:
913:
909:
905:
901:
900:Casal Rotondo
896:
890:
887:
883:
875:
870:
864:Imperial Rome
863:
862:
861:
859:
855:
854:Cleopatra VII
851:
847:
843:
839:
836:
832:
828:
823:
821:
817:
813:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
787:
783:
778:
776:
772:
768:
759:
755:
751:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
720:
718:
714:
710:
706:
702:
698:
694:
691:The circular
686:
681:
669:
665:
661:
654:
649:
645:
641:
640:
632:
627:
624:
617:
612:
608:
602:
597:
594:
590:
589:Forum Boarium
586:
580:
575:
574:
573:
571:
567:
566:
561:
557:
553:
548:
546:
542:
541:
535:
534:, is secure.
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
513:
508:
505:
501:
494:
489:
477:
473:
467:
462:
455:
450:
439:
433:
428:
425:
418:
413:
410:
403:
398:
397:
396:
394:
390:
387:(1840s) near
386:
382:
378:
374:
370:
366:
361:
359:
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
324:
320:
316:
311:
309:
304:
302:
298:
294:
290:
286:
282:
278:
271:
266:
262:
259:
255:
254:Doric columns
251:
243:
240:
236:
232:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
207:
206:
201:
196:
194:
190:
186:
182:
169:
164:
155:
153:
149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
125:
121:
119:
115:
114:
109:
105:
95:
91:
87:
82:
80:
72:
71:
67:
63:
62:Ancient Greek
55:
48:
44:
39:
33:
19:
2145:Food markets
2106:
2090:
2084:
2067:World of Art
2066:
2057:
2040:
2037:Onians, John
2023:
2015:Academia.edu
2010:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1958:
1949:
1940:
1931:
1923:
1914:
1903:
1870:
1862:
1853:
1840:
1831:
1819:. Retrieved
1814:
1805:
1800:Yarwood, 109
1796:
1784:. Retrieved
1773:
1766:
1757:
1748:
1737:. Retrieved
1735:. 2021-03-02
1732:
1723:
1714:
1702:. Retrieved
1697:
1684:
1674:
1668:
1659:
1650:
1641:
1629:. Retrieved
1614:
1607:
1588:
1582:
1573:
1564:
1555:
1549:NRHP listing
1544:
1532:
1521:
1512:
1503:
1494:
1485:
1476:
1467:
1458:
1449:
1437:
1428:
1423:Thompson, 71
1419:
1410:
1401:
1396:Yarwood, 5–6
1392:
1376:
1371:
1362:
1210:
1179:
1151:
1100:
1096:Roman temple
1073:
1067:
1046:
1020:
1008:
978:
955:
947:Thessaloniki
931:
891:
889:reflection.
879:
872:Interior of
830:
824:
779:
763:
721:
690:
664:Leptis Magna
659:
637:
563:
552:amphitheatre
549:
544:
538:
536:
509:
503:
497:
362:
312:
305:
301:Greek temple
288:
280:
274:
247:
214:
203:
197:
178:
148:beehive tomb
145:
130:
111:
103:
93:
83:
78:
69:
68:
53:
51:
1835:Yarwood, 84
1700:. 2006–2007
1577:Yarwood, 52
1305:James Gibbs
1190:Greek cross
1063: 1502
858:Mark Antony
835:client king
805:Doric order
713:grave goods
483:Roman world
373:Hellenistic
350:Amyntas III
315:Philippeion
248:The famous
244:with tholos
225:Philippeion
43:Philippeion
2124:Categories
2115:0600554309
2075:0500201773
2049:0500272646
2004:References
1786:August 20,
1782:. Pleiades
1739:2021-12-15
1286:US Capitol
1204:(1723) by
1115:US Capitol
1055:, Rome by
1016:ambulatory
981:Diocletian
923:Diocletian
904:Appian Way
846:Mauretania
709:sarcophagi
621:So-called
568:, a cloth
476:Samothrace
445: 334
440:, Athens,
375:centre of
369:Arsinoe II
354:Eurydice I
330: 335
221:acroterion
217:terracotta
210:prytaneion
185:peripteral
170:370–360 BC
86:monopteros
1348:, Jordan
1092:tholobate
1088:Jerusalem
1075:Tempietto
1048:Tempietto
1031:Ostrogoth
895:Ara Pacis
782:Madghacen
771:corbelled
744:Herodotus
705:Cerveteri
685:Cerveteri
587:, in the
556:Colosseum
409:Epidauros
270:Epidauros
108:colonnade
99:τὸ πτερόν
92:: μόνος,
90:Polytonic
2092:Hesperia
2069:series,
1895:37878669
1704:8 August
1127:Panthéon
789:Numidian
740:Bin Tepe
728:Alyattes
697:revetted
660:macellum
644:Pozzuoli
639:macellum
565:velarium
540:macellum
346:Olympias
118:rotundas
1821:11 June
1677:, 45–49
1631:1 April
1342:Ad Deir
1321:, 1934
1215:at the
1213:Rotunda
1029:was an
939:Hadrian
842:Numidia
838:Juba II
812:cornice
809:cavetto
803:in the
793:Algeria
736:Croesus
693:tumulus
545:macella
507:space.
393:Bavaria
389:Kelheim
323:Olympia
317:in the
289:thymela
141:rotunda
47:Olympia
2113:
2099:, 1940
2073:
2047:
2011:Arctos
1989:
1893:
1883:
1698:ICOMOS
1622:
1595:
1383:
1344:tomb,
1327:Others
1288:tholos
1246:, Rome
1200:, and
1148:, 1742
1125:. The
1072:, the
786:Berber
748:Sardis
570:awning
504:tholoi
424:Athens
297:abacus
281:tholoi
239:Delphi
175:Greece
135:until
96:, and
70:tholus
54:tholos
32:Tholos
2087:(PDF)
1694:(PDF)
1354:Notes
1346:Petra
1173:, by
1131:Paris
775:İzmir
732:Lydia
675:Tombs
668:Libya
512:Vesta
358:Ionic
319:Altis
205:boule
200:agora
113:cella
79:tholi
66:Latin
45:, in
2111:ISBN
2071:ISBN
2045:ISBN
1987:ISBN
1944:Loth
1891:OCLC
1881:ISBN
1823:2015
1788:2023
1706:2016
1633:2016
1620:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1381:ISBN
1211:The
1152:The
1045:The
1021:The
856:and
844:and
825:The
816:cone
780:The
711:and
636:The
593:Rome
352:and
313:The
166:The
104:wing
41:The
1877:308
1169:in
1129:in
1051:at
987:at
945:in
840:of
730:of
662:at
642:at
591:in
321:of
179:In
75:pl.
58:pl.
2126::
2105:,
2095:,
2089:,
2082:,
2056:,
2039:,
2022:,
1922:,
1889:.
1879:.
1813:.
1765:,
1731:.
1696:.
1208:.
1144:,
1098:.
1060:c.
822:.
777:.
742:.
666:,
447:BC
442:c.
391:,
348:,
344:,
327:c.
120:.
102:,
77::
52:A
1995:.
1897:.
1825:.
1790:.
1742:.
1708:.
1635:.
1601:.
1387:.
325:(
73:(
56:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
