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Kea, the longest shut down in the 50-year history of the observatories. The full shut down ended when state officials brokered a deal that included building a new road around the campsite of the demonstrations and providing a complete list of vehicles accessing the road to show they are not associated with the TMT. The protests were labeled a fight for indigenous rights and a field-defining moment for astronomy. While there is both native and non-native
Hawaiian support for the TMT, a "substantial percentage of the native Hawaiian population" oppose the construction and see the proposal itself as a continued disregard to their basic rights.
602:) joined TMT as an observer, subject to approval of funding from the Indian government. Two years later, India and China became partners with representatives on the TMT board. Both countries agreed to share the telescope construction costs, expected to top $ 1 billion. India became a full member of the TMT consortium in 2014. In 2019 the India-based company Larsen & Toubro (L&T) were awarded the contract to build the segment support assembly (SSA), which "are complex optomechanical sub-assemblies on which each hexagonal mirror of the 30-metre primary mirror, the heart of the telescope, is mounted".
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892:, one of the organizations that have challenged the TMT in court, viewed the development as positive but said opposition to the project would continue. On April 8, 2015, Governor Ige announced that the project was being temporarily postponed until at least April 20, 2015. Construction was set to begin again on June 24, though hundreds of protesters gathered on that day, blocking access to the construction site for the TMT. Some protesters camped on the access road to the site, while others rolled large rocks onto the road. The actions resulted in 11 arrests.
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religious rights became central to the opposition, with concerns over the lack of meaningful dialogue during the permitting process. In late March 2015, demonstrators again halted the construction crews. On April 2, 2015, about 300 protesters gathered on Mauna Kea, some of them trying to block the access road to the summit; 23 arrests were made. Once the access road to the summit was cleared by the police, about 40 to 50 protesters began following the heavily laden and slow-moving construction trucks to the summit construction site.
613:. India will supply 80 of the 492 mirror segments for the TMT. A.N. Ramaprakash, the associate programme director of India-TMT, stated; "All sensors, actuators and SSAs for the whole telescope are being developed and manufactured in India, which will be put together in building the heart of TMT", also adding; "Since it is for the first time that India is involved in such a technically demanding astronomy project, it is also an opportunity to put to test the abilities of Indian scientists and industries, alike."
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922:, taking 44 days of testimony from 71 witnesses. On July 26, 2017, Amano filed her recommendation that the Land Board grant the construction permit. On September 28, 2017, the BLNR, acting on Amano's report, approved, by a vote of 5-2, a Conservation District Use Permit (CDUP) for the TMT. Numerous conditions, including the removal of three existing telescopes and an assertion that the TMT is to be the last telescope on the mountain, were attached to the permit.
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interests. The
American Astronomical Society stated through their Press Officer, Rick Fienberg; "The Hawaiian people have numerous legitimate grievances concerning the way they’ve been treated over the centuries. These grievances have simmered for many years, and when astronomers announced their intention to build a new giant telescope on Maunakea, things boiled over". On July 18, 2019, an online petition titled "Impeach Governor David Ige" was posted to
4911:"BOE-A-2023-26716 Resolución de 19 de diciembre de 2023, del Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, por la que se publica la segunda Adenda de modificación del Convenio con el Cabildo Insular de La Palma y el Ayuntamiento de Puntagorda, para la ampliación de la superficie actual del Observatorio del Roque de los Muchachos, con motivo de la posible instalación del denominado Thirty Meter Telescope para la investigación científica"
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which includes Native
Hawaiian community representatives and cultural practitioners, began a five-year transition to assume management over Mauna Kea and its telescope sites, which may be a path forward. In April 2024, TMT's project manager apologized for the organization having "contributed to division in the community", and stated that TMT's approach to construction in Hawai'i is "very different now from TMT in 2019."
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408:(CELT) began development, along with the Giant Segmented Mirror Telescope (GSMT), and the Very Large Optical Telescope (VLOT). These studies would eventually define the Thirty Meter Telescope. The TMT would have nine times the collecting area of the older Keck telescope using slightly smaller mirror segments in a vastly larger group. Another telescope of a large diameter in the works is the
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1028:. Rafael Rebolo, the director of the Canary Islands Astrophysics Institute, confirmed that he had received a letter requesting a building permit for the site as a backup in case the Hawaii site cannot be constructed. Some astronomers argue however that La Palma is not an adequate site to build the telescope due to the island’s comparatively low elevation, which would enable
910:. The high court stated: "BLNR put the cart before the horse when it approved the permit before the contested case hearing," and "Once the permit was granted, Appellants were denied the most basic element of procedural due process – an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner. Our Constitution demands more".
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jointly presented their science and technical readiness to the U.S. National
Academies Astro2020 panel. Chile is the site for GMT in the south and Mauna Kea is being considered as the primary site for TMT in the north. The panel has produced a series of recommendations for implementing a strategy and
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in April 2013. This process was challenged in court with a lower court ruling in May 2014. The
Intermediate Court of Appeals of the State of Hawaii declined to hear an appeal regarding the permit until the Hawaii Department of Land and Natural Resources first issued a decision from the contested case
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The TMT Observatory
Corporation board of directors narrowed the list to two sites, one in each hemisphere, for further consideration: Cerro Armazones in Chile's Atacama Desert and Mauna Kea on Hawaii Island. On July 21, 2009, the TMT board announced Mauna Kea as the preferred site. The final TMT site
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magazine as saying, "It's still early in the life of the new authority, but there's actually a pathway forward." The authority includes representatives from Native
Hawaiian communities and cultural practitioners as well as astronomers and others. The body will have full control of the site from July
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system will help correct for image blur caused by the atmosphere of the Earth, helping it to reach the potential of such a large mirror. Among existing and planned extremely large telescopes, the TMT will have the highest elevation and will be the second-largest telescope once the ELT is built. Both
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On
October 30, 2018, the Supreme Court of Hawaii ruled 4-1, that the revised permit was acceptable, allowing construction to proceed. On July 10, 2019, Hawaii Gov. David Ige and the Thirty Meter Telescope International Observatory jointly announced that construction would begin the week of July 15,
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with optical (0.3–1.0 μm wavelength) imaging and spectroscopy capable of 40-square arc-minute field-of-view. The TMT will use precision cut focal plane masks and enable long-slit observations of individual objects as well as short-slit observations of hundreds of different objects at the same time.
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On July 19, 2022, The
National Science Foundation announced it will carry out a new environmental survey of the possible impacts of the construction of the Thirty Meter Telescope at proposed building sites at both Mauna Kea and at the Canary Islands. Continued funding for the telescope will not be
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Environmentalists such as Ben Magec and the environmental advocacy organization
Ecologistas en Acción in the Canary Islands are gearing up to fight against its construction there as well. According to EEA spokesperson Pablo Bautista, the projected TMT construction area in the Canary Islands exists
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On July 15, 2019, renewed protests blocked the access road, again preventing construction from commencing. On July 17, 38 protestors were arrested, all of whom were kupuna (elders) as the blockage of the access road continued. The blockade lasted 4 weeks and shut down all 12 observatories on Mauna
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people, who lived on the islands for thousands of years before Spanish colonization. On July 29, 2021, Judge Roi López Encinas of the High Court of Justice of the Canary Islands, revoked the 2017 concession of public lands by local authorities for the TMT construction. Encinas ruled that the land
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In 2008, the TMT corporation selected two semi-finalists for further study, Mauna Kea and Cerro Amazones. In July 2009, Mauna Kea was selected. Once TMT selected Mauna Kea, the project began a regulatory and community process for approval. Mauna Kea is ranked as one of the best sites on Earth for
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invalidated the building permits in December 2015, ruling that the board had not followed due process. In October 2018, the Court approved the resumption of construction; however, no further construction has occurred due to continued opposition. In July 2023 a new state appointed oversight board,
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has initiated an informal outreach process to engage stakeholders interested in the Thirty Meter Telescope project. After listening to and considering the stakeholders’ viewpoints, the NSF acknowledged a delay in the environmental review process for TMT while seeking to provide a more inclusive,
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mount. Target acquisition and system configuration capabilities need to be achieved within 5 minutes, or ten minutes if relocating to a newer device. To achieve these time limitations the TMT will use a software architecture linked by a service based communications system. The moving mass of the
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In 2000, astronomers began considering the potential of telescopes larger than 20 meters (66 ft) in diameter. The technology to build a mirror larger than 8.4 meters (28 ft) does not exist; instead scientists considered two methods: either segmented smaller mirrors as used in the Keck
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As of March 2024, no further construction was announced or initiated. Continued progress on instrument design, mirror casting & polishing, and other critical operational technicalities were worked through or were being worked on. In July 2023 a new state appointed board, the Maunakea
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The dedication and ground-breaking ceremony was held, but interrupted by protesters on October 7, 2014. The project became the focal point of escalating political conflict, police arrests and continued litigation over the proper use of conservation lands. Native Hawaiian cultural practice and
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The 50 years of protests against the use of Mauna Kea has drawn into question the ethics of conducting research with telescopes on the mountain. The controversy is about more than the construction and is about generations of conflict between Native Hawaiians, the U.S. Government and private
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Scientists have been considering ELTs since the mid 1980s. In 2000, astronomers considered the possibility of a telescope with a light-gathering mirror larger than 20 meters (66 ft) in diameter, using either small segments that create one large mirror, or a grouping of larger 8-meter
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Stewardship Oversight Authority, began a five-year transition to assume management over the Mauna Kea site and all telescopes on the mountain. While there are no specific timelines or schedules regarding new start or completion dates, activist Noe Noe Wong-Wilson is quoted by
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community. Demonstrations attracted press coverage after October 2014, when construction was temporarily halted due to a blockade of the roadway. When construction of the telescope was set to resume, construction was blocked by further protests each time. In 2015, Governor
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Observatory, or a group of 8-meter (26') mirrors mounted to form a single unit. The US National Academy of Sciences made a suggestion that a 30-meter (98 ft) telescope should be the focus of US astronomy interests and recommended that it be built within the decade.
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In July 2020, TMT confirmed it would not resume construction on TMT until 2021, at the earliest. The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in TMT's partnership working from home around the world and presented a public health threat as well as travel and logistical challenges.
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The TMT would be housed in a general-purpose observatory capable of investigating a broad range of astrophysical problems. The total diameter of the dome will be 217 feet (66 m) with the total dome height at 180 feet (55 m) (comparable in height to an
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A substantial percentage of the native Hawaiian population not only opposes the construction of any new telescopes or structures atop Mauna Kea, but view the very proposal of the TMT atop Mauna Kea as continuing a long history of disregard for their basic
587:) joined TMT as an observer. The observer status is the first step in becoming a full partner in the construction of the TMT and participating in the engineering development and scientific use of the observatory. By 2024, China was not a partner in TMT.
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concessions were invalid as they were not covered by an international treaty on scientific research and that the TMT International Observatory consortium did not express concrete intent to build on the La Palma site as opposed to the site in Mauna Kea.
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Bridger, Alan; Silva, David R.; Angeli, George; Boyer, Corinne; Sirota, Mark; Trinh, Thang; Radziwill, Nicole M. (2008). "Thirty Meter Telescope: Observatory software requirements, architecture, and preliminary implementation strategies".
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We also accept the increased responsibilities for the stewardship of Maunakea, including the requirement that as this very last site is developed for astronomy on the mauna, five current telescopes will be decommissioned and their sites
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Mauna Kea is sacred, and our children are taught to respect our `aina," said teacher Leo Akana. "They understand that science is an important thing, but I think the state needs to realize that Hawaiians were the very first astronomers
541:. If both next-generation telescopes were in the same hemisphere, there would be many astronomical objects that neither could observe. The telescope was given approval by the state Board of Land and Natural Resources in April 2013.
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On December 19, 2019, Hawaii Governor David Ige announced that the state would reduce its law enforcement personnel on Mauna Kea. At the same time, the TMT project stated it was not prepared to start construction anytime soon.
583:) joined TMT as a collaborator institution. The following year, the telescope cost was estimated to be $ 970 million to $ 1.4 billion. That same year, the National Astronomical Observatories of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (
347:. Due to its light-gathering power and the optimal observing conditions which exist atop Mauna Kea, the TMT would enable astronomers to conduct research which is infeasible with current instruments. The TMT is designed for
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wavelengths) observations, featuring adaptive optics to assist in correcting image blur. The TMT will be at the highest altitude of all the proposed ELTs. The telescope has government-level support from several nations.
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Stepp, Larry M.; Thompson, Peter M.; MacMynowski, Douglas G.; Regehr, Martin W.; Colavita, M. Mark; Sirota, Mark J.; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Hall, Helen J. (2010). Stepp, Larry M; Gilmozzi, Roberto; Hall, Helen J (eds.).
1044:. Other astronomers argue that construction of the telescope in La Palma would disrupt projected international collaboration between the United States and other involved countries such as Japan, Canada, and France.
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In 2010 Governor Linda Lingle of the State of Hawaii signed off on an environmental study after 14 community meetings. The BLNR held hearings on December 2 and December 3, 2010, on the application for a permit.
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Rochester, Simon M.; Otarola, Angel; Boyer, Corinne; Budker, Dmitry; Ellerbroek, Brent; Holzlöhner, Ronald; Wang, Lianqi (2012). "Modeling of pulsed-laser guide stars for the Thirty Meter Telescope project".
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Joshua Lanakila Mangauil, along with Kahoʻokahi Kanuha and Hawaiian sovereignty supporters block the access road to Mauna Kea in October 2014, demonstrating against the building of the Thirty Meter Telescope.
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conditionally approved the Mauna Kea site for the TMT in February 2011. The approval has been challenged; however, the Board officially approved the site following a hearing on February 12, 2013.
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to frequently interfere with observations due to water vapor’s tendency to absorb light at midinfrared wavelengths. Such atmospheric interference could impact observing times for research into
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of data. The TMT has government-level support from the following countries: Canada, Japan and India. The United States is also contributing some funding, but less than the formal partnership.
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grounds. Telescopes generate money for the big island, with millions of dollars in jobs and subsidies gained by the state. The TMT would be one of the most expensive telescopes ever created.
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The Scientific Requirements for Extremely Large Telescopes: Proceedings of the 232nd Symposium of the International Astronomical Union Held in Cape Town, South Africa, November 14–18, 2005
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On February 25, 2011, the board granted the permits after multiple public hearings. This approval had conditions, in particular, that a hearing about contesting the approval be heard. A
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and consist of 492 smaller (1.4 meters; 4 ft 7 in), individual hexagonal mirrors. The shape of each segment, as well as its position relative to neighboring segments, will be
392:, Spain, but is considered less scientifically favorable by astronomers. As of March 2024, there were no specific timelines or schedules regarding new start or completion dates.
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In re Contested Case Hearing Re Conservation District Use Application (CDUA) HA-3568 For the Thirty Meter Telescope at the Mauna Kea Science Reserve, Ka`ohe Mauka, Hamakua, Hawai‘i
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announced several changes to the management of Mauna Kea, including a requirement that the TMT's site will be the last new site on Mauna Kea to be developed for a telescope. The
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888:, after the protest on Mauna Kea continued. Project manager Gary Sanders stated that TMT agreed to the one-week stop for continued dialogue; Kealoha Pisciotta, president of
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Mauna Kea is a deeply sacred place that is revered in Hawaiian traditions. It's regarded as a shrine for worship, as a home to the gods, and as the piko of Hawaiʻi Island.
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stated: "T.M.T. will follow the process set forth by the state." A revised permit was approved on September 28, 2017, by the Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources.
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to divest Canadian funding from the project. As of September 2020, the Canadian astronomy community has named TMT its top facility priority for the decade ahead.
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On December 2, 2015, the Hawaii State Supreme Court ruled the 2011 permit from the State of Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources (BLNR) was invalid ruling that
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telescope, optics, and instruments will be about 1,420 tonnes (1,400 long tons; 1,570 short tons). The design of the facility descends from the Keck Observatory.
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have committed an additional US$ 50 million each. Japan, which has its own large telescope at Mauna Kea, the 8.3-meter (27 ft) Subaru, is also a partner.
949:. The petition gathered over 25,000 signatures. The governor and others in his administration received death threats over the construction of the telescope.
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Mirror sizes of existing and proposed telescopes. The two other new extremely large telescopes, the ELT and GMT are being built in the southern hemisphere
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allowing close to diffraction-limited imaging and slit spectroscopy over a 2 arc-minute diameter field-of-view at near-infrared wavelengths (0.8–2.5 μm).
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1306:"Good News and Bad News for Astronomers' Biggest Dream - The National Science Foundation takes a step (just one) toward an "extremely large telescope.""
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was held in August 2011, which led to a judgment by the hearing officer for approval in November 2012. The telescope was given approval by the state
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of 15. A 3.5-by-2.5-meter (11.5 ft × 8.2 ft) flat tertiary mirror is to direct the light path to science instruments mounted on large
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In response to the ongoing protests that occurred in July 2019, the TMT project officials requested a building permit for a second site choice, the
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Ellerbroek, Brent; Joyce, Richard; Boyer, Corinne; Daggert, Larry; Hileman, Edward; Hunten, Mark; Liang, Ming; Bonaccini Calia, Domenico (2006).
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However, the proposed construction of the TMT on Mauna Kea sparked protests and demonstrations across the state of Hawaii. Mauna Kea is the most
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began development of a design that would eventually become the TMT, consisting of a 492-segment primary mirror with nine times the power of the
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due to construction, traffic, and noise, which is a concern for the habitat of several species, and because Mauna Kea is a sacred site for the
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The continued financial commitment from the Canadian government had been in doubt due to economic pressures. In April 2015, Prime Minister
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considered prior to the results of the environmental survey, updates on the project's technical readiness, and comments from the public.
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A world map of proposed Thirty Meter Telescope sites – orange denotes lights, blue denotes elevation (land and water separately)
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The IndiaTMT Optics Fabricating Facility (ITOFF) will be constructed at the Indian Institute of Astrophysics campus in the city of
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use segments of small 1.44 metres (4 ft 9 in) hexagonal mirrors—a design vastly different from the large mirrors of the
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vision for the coming decade of U.S. Astronomy & Astrophysics frontier research and prioritize projects for future funding.
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building). The total area of the structure is projected to be 1.44 acres (0.58 ha) within a 5-acre (2.0 ha) complex.
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announced that Canada would commit $ 243.5 million over a period of 10 years. The telescope's unique enclosure was designed by
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There has been opposition to the building of the telescope, based on potential disruption to the fragile alpine environment of
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2196:"TMT Takes Step Towards Construction after Approval by the Board of Land and Natural Resources | Thirty Meter Telescope"
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in British Columbia. In a 2019 online petition, a group of Canadian academics called on succeeding Canadian Prime Minister
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recommended a 30-meter (98 ft) telescope be the focus of U.S. interests, seeking to see it built within the decade.
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selection decision was based on a combination of scientific, financial, and political criteria. Chile is also where the
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will be adjusted many times per second to correct optical wave-front distortions caused by the intervening turbulence.
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The University of California, along with Caltech, began development of a 30-meter telescope that same year. The
4235:"Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources Approves Conservation District Use Permit to Build TMT on Maunakea"
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2505:"With $ 243-million contribution, Canada signs on to mega-telescope in search of first stars and other Earths"
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1689:"TMT project manager admits past mistakes, notes project is dependent on NSF funding, support from Hawaiians"
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3342:"TMT Mauna Kea Protests Heat Up: Site Of Thirty Meter Telescope Called 'Sacred' By Native Hawaiian Leaders"
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Mauna Kea, the most sacred mountain to native Hawaiians was the site of ongoing religious ritual practice.
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In March 2017, the BLNR hearing officer, retired judge Riki May Amano, finished six months of hearings in
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inside a protected conservation refuge which hosts at least three archeological sites of the indigenous
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In November 2021, Fengchuan Liu was appointed the Project Manager of TMT and moved his office to Hilo.
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Ellerbroek, Brent; Adkins, Sean; Andersen, David; Atwood, Jennifer; Browne, Steve; et al. (2010).
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1478:"Why are Jason Momoa and other Native Hawaiians protesting a telescope on Mauna Kea? What's at stake?"
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telescope viewing and is home to 13 other telescopes built at the summit of the mountain, within the
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4393:"Mauna Kea's Thirty Meter Telescope Is the Latest Front in the New Fight for Indigenous Sovereignty"
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On April 7, 2015, the construction was halted for one week at the request of Hawaii state governor
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3762:"TMT project headed back to court: 4 appeal denial of contested case hearing request for sublease"
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Mauna Kea is sacred to the Native Hawaiians and is the zenith of their ancestral ties to creation.
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India announced on 2 December that it will become a full partner in the Thirty Meter Telescope....
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2550:"Canadian astronomers contend with issue of Indigenous consent over Hawaiian telescope project"
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4329:"Hawaiian Elders Arrested as Standoff Continues Over a Telescope Slated for a Sacred Mountain"
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Ellerbroek, Brent L.; Boyer, C.; Bradley, C.; Britton, M. C.; Browne, S.; et al. (2006).
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1723:"Stalled in Hawaii, giant telescope faces roadblocks at its backup site in the Canary Islands"
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2223:"Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation Commits $ 200 Million Support for Thirty-Meter Telescope"
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Inverted flag being flown next to Mauna Kea access road as a sign of protest, September 2023
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A 3.1-metre (10 ft) secondary mirror is to produce an unobstructed field-of-view of 20
4719:"Speaker Saiki Announces National Science Foundation's Outreach for Thirty Meter Telescope"
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4005:"Protesters just blocked the construction of a revolutionary scientific instrument – again"
3789:"Board of regents vote in favor of mauna kea sublease plan despite lawsuit, demonstrations"
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4150:"Hawaii Supreme Court Revokes Construction Permit for Thirty Meter Telescope on Mauna Kea"
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4057:"APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE THIRD CIRCUIT(CAAP-14-0000873; CIV. NO. 13-1-0349)"
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2104:"Hearing on Hawaii Thirty Meter Telescope to continue next week – Pacific Business News"
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1436:"'We put everything into it.' Modest telescope could have big impact on Turkish science"
4453:"For years, Yale's Astro Dept. has conducted research on Native Hawaiian cultural site"
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3032:. In Ellerbroek, Brent L; Hart, Michael; Hubin, Norbert; Wizinowich, Peter L (eds.).
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2014-2015: First blockade, construction halts, State Supreme Court invalidates permit
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images over a 30-arc-second diameter field-of-view, which means that the core of the
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Kevin H. Baines; F. Michael Flasar; Norbert Krupp; Tom Stallard (December 6, 2018).
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Gawronski, W. (2005). "Control and pointing challenges of antennas and telescopes".
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1580:"UPDATE: Notice to Proceed Granted for Thirty Meter Telescope | Big Island Now"
4370:"Telescopes in Hawaii reopen after deal with protesters | Science | AAAS"
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3027:"First light adaptive optics systems and components for the Thirty Meter Telescope"
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2936:
2841:
2791:
2752:
2661:
2639:"Servo design and analysis for the Thirty Meter Telescope primary mirror actuators"
1945:
1928:
1866:
1105:
722:
693:
670:
344:
218:
51:
3306:"This giant telescope may taint sacred land. Here's why we should build it anyway"
2309:
1507:"The Heart of the Hawaiian Peoples' Arguments Against the Telescope on Mauna Kea"
854:
549:
521:
515:
485:
428:
364:
321:
213:
4569:"In major deal, TMT protesters agree to temporarily clear Mauna Kea Access Road"
4416:"Astronomy Faces A Field-Defining Choice In Choosing The Next Steps For The TMT"
2435:"India to Start Manufacturing Key Components for Thirty Meter Telescope Project"
1060:
By 2023, TIO has addressed all protests and they are clear to build there now.
3862:"Thirty Meter Telescope protesters continue to block construction on Mauna Kea"
2881:
1572:
1301:
1025:
848:
625:
617:
476:
389:
4125:
4100:
3003:
4965:
4607:
4476:"Hawaii's Space Telescope Controversy Is Reopening Old Wounds | Inverse"
4283:"State Supreme Court rules in favor of Thirty Meter Telescope's construction"
3651:
3217:
3059:
2948:
2853:
2795:
2764:
2673:
1995:. Science, journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1972:. Science, journal of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
1880:
1780:
Exploring the Cosmic Frontier: Astrophysical Instruments for the 21st Century
1776:
1279:
1215:, TMT Observatory Corporation, September 12, 2007, p. 29, archived from
674:
633:
629:
508:, United States (This site was chosen and approval was granted in April 2013)
4958:
Should the Thirty Meter Telescope Be Built? (air-date video; April 30, 2015)
2940:
2732:"A conceptual design for the Thirty Meter Telescope adaptive optics systems"
2583:"World's Largest Telescope Faces Opposition from Native Hawaiian Protesters"
2335:
1558:"Governor David Ige announces major changes in the stewardship of Mauna Kea"
4544:"OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR — Statement by Governor David Ige on Mauna Kea/TMT"
4134:
1117:
919:
913:
788:
761:
Three instruments are planned to be available for scientific observations:
669:
with a 30-metre (98 ft) diameter primary mirror. This mirror is to be
203:
4361:
2970:
Hippler, Stefan (2019). "Adaptive Optics for Extremely Large Telescopes".
1532:"Astronomers to restart construction of controversial telescope in Hawaii"
35:
4693:"Construction of Thirty Meter Telescope probably won't resume until 2021"
3540:
1777:
A.P. Lobanov; J.A. Zensus; C. Cesarsky; Ph. Diamond (February 15, 2007).
1366:
1029:
986:
903:
769:
685:
416:
348:
324:. The TMT would become the largest visible-light telescope on Mauna Kea.
4191:"Giant Telescope Atop Hawaii's Mauna Kea Should Be Approved, Judge Says"
294:
3277:
1899:"Canada's economic issues might affect Thirty Meter Telescope's future"
1450:"Controversy over giant telescope roils astronomy conference in Hawaii"
946:
791:
at near-infrared wavelengths (0.8–2.5 μm). Principal investigators are
741:
718:
681:
384:
An alternate site for the Thirty Meter Telescope has been proposed for
120:
3209:
3051:
2845:
2756:
2665:
2486:"Canada finally commits its share of funds for Thirty Meter Telescope"
1606:"Construction Permits Revoked on the Thirty-Meter Telescope in Hawaii"
1492:"'This is our last stand.' Protesters on Mauna Kea dig in their heels"
4815:
4801:
3196:. SPIE Conference Series. Vol. 6272. pp. 62721H–62721H–13.
2743:. SPIE Conference Series. Vol. 6272. pp. 62720D–62720D–14.
1454:
1247:"Path forward for Thirty Meter Telescope, Mauna Kea begins to emerge"
1041:
1033:
885:
610:
545:
501:
369:
317:
229:
81:
4498:"Petition on change.org calls for impeachment of Governor David Ige"
4218:
Proposed Findings of Fact, Conclusions of Law and Decision and Order
3161:
1950:
1923:
363:
The proposed location on Mauna Kea has been controversial among the
2986:
2076:
1049:
1021:
896:
606:
472:
441:
420:
385:
352:
4526:"Gov. David Ige decries death threats over Thirty Meter Telescope"
4088:
09/28/17 – Board of Land and Natural Resources Approves TMT Permit
2923:
2698:
721:
by observing a combination of natural (real) stars and artificial
464:, the TMT project completed a multi-year evaluation of six sites:
2305:"Titanic Thirty Meter Telescope Will See Deep Space More Clearly"
1394:
569:
340:
3467:
1670:"Hawaii top court approves controversial Thirty Meter Telescope"
1367:
Govert Schilling; Lars Lindberg Christensen (December 7, 2011).
4776:
4661:"Decadal Survey on Astronomy and Astrophysics 2020 (Astro2020)"
4420:
3492:"Final Environmental Imapact Statement, volume II, section 8.0"
2380:"Construction of 30-meter optical telescope to begin next year"
1753:
State of the Universe 2008: New Images, Discoveries, and Events
906:
was not followed when the Board approved the permit before the
844:
654:
644:
590:
In 2010, a consortium of Indian Astronomy Research Institutes (
525:
505:
281:
89:
4831:"Still blocked from Hawaii peak, telescope seeks Spain permit"
3952:"Amid controversy, construction of telescope in Hawaii halted"
3185:"The laser guide star facility for the Thirty Meter Telescope"
3024:
2635:
855:
2010-2014: Initial approval, permit and contested case hearing
177:
2.5 m × 3.5 m (8.2 ft × 11.5 ft)
4946:
4856:"Spain judge nixes backup site for disputed Hawaii telescope"
4822:
3982:
2729:
1418:"Controversial telescope to be built on sacred Hawaiian peak"
1017:
595:
480:
4885:"US environmental study launched for Thirty Meter Telescope"
3939:
Hawaii Court Rescinds Permit to Build Thirty Meter Telescope
3425:"Protest against Thirty Meter Telescope spreading worldwide"
2524:"Thirty Meter Telescope dispute puts focus on Canada's role"
2460:"World's largest telescope stalled by Canadian funding woes"
424:
356:
4633:
4502:
3918:"Police, TMT Issue Statements on Mass Arrests on Mauna Kea"
3865:
3689:"Protesters arrested blocking road to giant telescope site"
3642:
Beatty, J. Kelly. "Work begins on Thirty Metre Telescope".
3182:
2907:
1970:"Thirty Meter Telescope Gets Small Grant to Make Big Plans"
4306:"Thirty Meter Telescope Construction Will Start Next Week"
4101:"Hawaiian court revokes permit for planned mega-telescope"
3531:"Hawaii Supreme Court voids Thirty Meter Telescope permit"
2877:"Rise of the Super Telescopes: The Thirty Meter Telescope"
2788:
Proceedings of the 2005, American Control Conference, 2005
2605:"Thirty Meter Telescope Detailed Science Case : 2007"
1362:
1360:
1112:
4666:
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine
4596:"American Astronomy's Future Goes on Trial in Washington"
3839:"OHA trustee calls for moratorium on Mauna Kea telescope"
3128:
717:(MCAO) system. This MCAO system will measure atmospheric
579:
In 2008, the National Astronomical Observatory of Japan (
4828:
4327:
Kelleher, Jennifer Sinco; Jones, Caleb (July 18, 2019).
3018:
2723:
1176:[79.03] The Thirty Meter Telescope (TMT) Project
914:
2017-2019: BLNR hearings, Court validates revised permit
4939:
3739:"A day after arrests Mauna Kea telescope protest grows"
3621:"Protesters disrupt telescope groundbreaking in Hawaii"
3594:"Protesters disrupt Mauna Kea telescope groundbreaking"
2826:
1357:
3087:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 242.
1756:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 165.
495:
Cerro Tolanchar, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
4372:. American Association for the Advancement of Science
3529:
Stewart, Colin M.; Burnett, John (December 3, 2015).
1783:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24.
1089:
744:
of 2.2 micrometers, almost ten times better than the
2901:
2358:"China, India to jump forward with Hawaii telescope"
1370:
Eyes on the Skies: 400 Years of Telescopic Discovery
4777:"TMT Appoints Dr. Fengchuan Liu as Project Manager"
4351:"DLNR releases names of those arrested on Maunakea"
3176:
1011:
783:mounted on the observatory MCAO system, capable of
3468:"Mauna Kea - The Office of Hawaiian Affairs (OHA)"
3443:"Mauna Kea | Indigenous Religious Traditions"
872:hearing that could then be appealed to the court.
665:The centerpiece of the TMT Observatory is to be a
498:Cerro Tolar, Antofagasta Region, Republic of Chile
3891:"Clash in Hawaii Between Science and Sacred Land"
3416:
2629:
2072:"World's largest telescope to be built in Hawaii"
1770:
240:
4963:
4951:Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources
3101:
2820:
1745:
1743:
994:meaningful, and culturally appropriate process.
813:
568:has committed US$ 200 million for construction.
415:The telescope is designed for observations from
1664:
1662:
4176:Hou v. Board of the Land and Natural Resources
3528:
2830:Advanced Software and Control for Astronomy II
2041:"TMT opening ceremony interrupted by protests"
929:
768:provides a seeing limit that goes down to the
328:(26 ft) mirrors working as one unit. The
260:
4829:Joseph Wilson; Caleb Jones (August 5, 2019).
4326:
3996:
3979:"Thirty Meter Telescope construction delayed"
3596:. KITV4 News. October 7, 2014. Archived from
3344:. IBT Media Inc. International Business Times
3038:. Vol. 7736. pp. 773604–773604–14.
2832:. Vol. 7019. pp. 70190X–70190X–12.
2779:
2548:Bellrichard, Chantelle (September 27, 2020).
1990:
1967:
1797:
1740:
1598:
1085:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
751:
4303:
3816:"Indigenous religious traditions: Mauna Kea"
3399:. Sterling Publishing Company. p. 254.
3074:
2406:"China, India to work for largest telescope"
2334:. Tmt.org. November 17, 2009. Archived from
2248:"India Joins Thirty Meter Telescope Project"
1855:"The Challenge of Big Data and Data Science"
1824:
1659:
1209:Thirty Meter Telescope Construction Proposal
648:The Thirty Meter Telescope design, late 2007
440:(GMT). Each night, the TMT would collect 90
4297:
3691:. KITV4 News. April 2, 2015. Archived from
3114:. Cambridge University Press. p. 431.
2911:Journal of the Optical Society of America B
2547:
2350:
1991:Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (January 3, 2012).
1892:
1890:
1810:. Cambridge University Press. p. 440.
1343:. Cambridge University Press. p. 345.
1330:
1294:
756:
559:
40:An artist's rendering of proposed telescope
3884:
3882:
3237:
3235:
3081:Moorwood, Alan F. M. (November 21, 2008).
1968:Bhattacharjee, Yudhijit (March 19, 2013).
1916:
1526:
1524:
1272:"Thirty Meter Telescope Selects Mauna Kea"
740:will have a size of 0.015 arc-second at a
554:Hawaii Board of Land and Natural Resources
186:
133:Construction began 2014, halted since 2015
64:
62:US Extremely Large Telescope Program
50:
4124:
4002:
3943:
3736:
3422:
3361:
3359:
3303:
2985:
2922:
2785:
2198:. Tmt.org. April 13, 2013. Archived from
2015:"Ladakh to get world's largest telescope"
1993:"Giant Telescopes Face NSF Funding Delay"
1949:
1870:
1803:
1749:
1637:"Massive telescope to be built in Hawaii"
1240:
1238:
1236:
936:Opposition to the Mauna Kea Observatories
807:Infrared Multi-object Spectrometer (IRMS)
725:. Based on these measurements, a pair of
125:Near UV, visible, and Mid-IR (0.31–28 μm)
3791:. The Hawaii Independent. Archived from
3565:
3386:
3134:
3080:
2646:Ground-based and Airborne Telescopes III
2521:
2502:
2280:. Tmt.org. April 1, 2009. Archived from
1887:
1830:
1686:
1631:
1629:
1627:
1336:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1196:
960:
847:mountain in Hawaiian culture as well as
823:
704:
643:
451:
143:
4593:
4188:
4028:
3879:
3716:"DLNR makes additional protest arrests"
3664:
3646:(83). Odysseus Publishing Pty Ltd: 11.
3396:Sacred Earth: Places of Peace and Power
3335:
3333:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3268:
3266:
3264:
3232:
3164:. Irlab.astro.ucla.edu. October 5, 2010
2973:Journal of Astronomical Instrumentation
2969:
2562:from the original on September 27, 2020
2172:. Hawaii Tribune Herald. Archived from
1521:
1300:
1244:
1172:
981:On August 13, 2020, the Speaker of the
692:platforms. The telescope is to have an
16:Future observatory in the United States
4964:
4879:
4877:
4850:
4848:
4450:
4413:
3786:
3759:
3713:
3618:
3524:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3516:
3365:
3356:
3318:from the original on February 18, 2019
3304:Dickerson, Kelly (November 18, 2015).
2574:
2069:
2034:
2032:
1750:Ratcliffe, Martin (February 1, 2008).
1612:from the original on December 12, 2015
1504:
1233:
851:held in trust by the state of Hawaii.
766:Wide Field Optical Spectrometer (WFOS)
4390:
4367:
4304:Hofschneider, Anita (July 10, 2019).
4147:
4098:
3949:
3915:
3888:
3859:
3836:
3814:Saks, Dominique (November 19, 2011).
2874:
2711:from the original on January 31, 2018
2693:
2691:
2580:
2372:
2220:
2214:
1872:10.1146/annurev-polisci-090216-023229
1852:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1624:
1415:
1373:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 45.
1337:Perryman, Michael (August 31, 2018).
1193:
1173:Sanders, Gary H. (January 11, 2005),
447:
4977:Astronomical observatories in Hawaii
4473:
4179:, 363 P.3d 224, 136 Haw. 376 (2015).
4029:Overbye, Dennis (December 3, 2015).
3976:
3841:. Honolulu Civil Beat and KITV4 News
3813:
3787:Hussey, Ikaika (February 20, 2014).
3667:"VIDEO: Why block TMT on Mauna Kea?"
3392:
3339:
3330:
3292:
3261:
2302:
1936:(7530): 148–149. December 11, 2014.
1896:
1853:Brady, Henry Eugene (May 11, 2019).
781:Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (IRIS)
406:California Extremely Large Telescope
337:University of California, Santa Cruz
4874:
4845:
4285:. Hawaii News Now. October 31, 2018
4069:from the original on April 29, 2016
3932:
3764:. West Hawaii Today. Archived from
3570:. Big Island Weekly. Archived from
3568:"The Uncertain Future of Mauna Kea"
3513:
3368:"Who Owns the Rights to Mauna Kea?"
3340:Zara, Christopher (April 4, 2015).
3084:Science with the VLT in the ELT Era
2038:
2029:
1836:"The Billion-Dollar Telescope Race"
1264:
869:Board of Land and Natural Resources
775:natural (uncorrected) seeing images
374:Board of Land and Natural Resources
13:
4673:from the original on June 13, 2024
4641:from the original on June 13, 2024
4594:Overbye, Dennis (March 18, 2020).
4428:from the original on June 13, 2024
4391:Funes, Yessenia (August 9, 2019).
4257:"Hawai'i BLNR Approves TMT Permit"
4003:Dickerson, Kelly (June 25, 2015).
3641:
3619:Hodges, Lauren (October 8, 2014).
3366:Nelson, Jonathan (June 29, 2015).
2688:
2581:Worth, Katie (February 20, 2015).
2106:. Bizjournals.com. August 19, 2011
2084:from the original on June 13, 2024
2017:. timesofindia.com. March 26, 2016
1859:Annual Review of Political Science
1706:
1560:. Governor of Hawaii. May 26, 2015
1509:. Smithsonian.com. Smithsonian.com
1318:from the original on March 8, 2024
700:
469:Roque de los Muchachos Observatory
376:approved the TMT project, but the
269:Location of Thirty Meter Telescope
198:655 m (7,050 sq ft)
14:
4998:
4931:
4757:from the original on June 2, 2023
4368:Clery, Daniel (August 13, 2019).
4189:Overbye, Dennis (July 28, 2017).
3860:Davis, Chelsea (March 26, 2015).
3714:Epping, Jamilia (April 3, 2015).
3566:Winpenny, Jamie (June 26, 2013).
3423:Gutierrez, Ben (April 10, 2015).
2555:Canadian Broadcasting Corporation
1897:Moon, Mariella (March 18, 2015).
991:National Science Foundation (NSF)
799:of Caltech. Project scientist is
713:Integral to the observatory is a
566:Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation
185:2,650 t (2,650,000 kg)
4903:
4808:
4794:
4769:
4737:
4711:
4685:
4653:
4621:
4587:
4561:
4536:
4518:
4490:
4451:Peryer, Marisa (July 27, 2019).
4414:Siegel, Ethan (August 9, 2019).
4343:
4320:
4275:
4249:
4227:
4211:
4182:
4168:
4148:Knapp, Alex (December 3, 2015).
4141:
4092:
4081:
4049:
4022:
3737:Gutierrez, Ben (April 4, 2015).
2889:from the original on May 6, 2017
2522:Semeniuk, Ivan (July 22, 2019).
2503:Semeniuk, Ivan (April 6, 2015).
2303:Mann, Adam (November 16, 2009).
2221:Perry, Jill (December 5, 2007).
2070:McAvoy, Audrey (July 22, 2009).
1804:Whitelock, Patricia Ann (2006).
1643:. April 15, 2013. Archived from
1245:Zastrow, Mark (March 29, 2023).
1147:
1135:
1123:
1111:
1099:
1012:Opposition in the Canary Islands
628:together with Industry Minister
280:
259:
252:
34:
4816:"TMT International Observatory"
4802:"TMT International Observatory"
4474:Hess, Peter (August 13, 2019).
3970:
3909:
3853:
3830:
3807:
3780:
3760:Callis, Tom (August 29, 2014).
3753:
3730:
3707:
3681:
3665:Beittel, Lynn (April 1, 2015).
3658:
3635:
3612:
3586:
3559:
3484:
3154:
2963:
2868:
2597:
2541:
2515:
2496:
2478:
2452:
2398:
2324:
2296:
2270:
2254:. June 24, 2010. Archived from
2240:
2188:
2162:
2140:
2118:
2096:
2063:
2007:
1984:
1961:
1846:
1680:
1582:. Big Island now. June 20, 2019
1550:
1505:Herman, Doug (April 23, 2015).
1498:
1484:
1470:
1428:
1397:. TMT International Observatory
1278:. July 21, 2009. Archived from
983:Hawaii House of Representatives
820:Thirty Meter Telescope protests
715:Multi-Conjugate Adaptive Optics
427:wavelengths). In addition, its
412:being built in northern Chile.
410:Extremely Large Telescope (ELT)
330:US National Academy of Sciences
3977:Yoro, Sarah (April 11, 2015).
3950:Jones, Caleb (April 7, 2015).
3889:Jones, Caleb (April 3, 2015).
3644:Australian Sky & Telescope
3193:Advances in Adaptive Optics II
2740:Advances in Adaptive Optics II
1416:Jones, Caleb (June 20, 2019).
1409:
1387:
1166:
971:Giant Magellan Telescope (GMT)
316:(ELT) proposed to be built on
1:
4987:Telescopes under construction
3837:Blair, Chad (April 4, 2015).
3427:. Honolulu: Hawaii News Now.
2875:Gough, Evan (March 7, 2017).
2039:Xin, Ling (October 9, 2014).
1480:. USA today. August 21, 2019.
1160:
814:Approval process and protests
535:European Southern Observatory
395:
115:4,050 m (13,290 ft)
107:TMT International Observatory
3956:U.S. News & World Report
3895:U.S. News & World Report
3623:. NPR: National Public Radio
1182:, p. 17, archived from
660:
7:
4750:National Science Foundation
2126:"Summit Ecosystems — KAHEA"
1276:TMT Observatory Corporation
1063:
969:Early in 2020, TMT and the
930:2019 blockade and aftermath
787:imaging and integral-field
99:19°49'57.7"N, 155°28'53.8"W
10:
5003:
4335:. AP Press. Archived from
3111:Saturn in the 21st Century
3035:Adaptive Optics Systems II
2148:"Sacred Landscape — KAHEA"
1842:. New York: NautilusThink.
933:
817:
773:The spectrometer will use
752:Scientific instrumentation
667:Ritchey-Chrétien telescope
153:Ritchey–Chrétien telescope
18:
4126:10.1038/nature.2015.18944
4111:(7581). Nature.com: 176.
4099:Witze, Alexandra (2015).
3004:10.1142/S2251171719500016
2610:. Tmt.org. Archived from
1438:. Science. March 4, 2020.
1070:Extremely Large Telescope
732:This system will produce
639:
434:Large Binocular Telescope
314:extremely large telescope
291:
278:
247:
235:
224:
212:
202:
194:
181:
173:
165:
157:
149:
137:
129:
119:
111:
103:
95:
73:
58:
45:
33:
4745:"Thirty Meter Telescope"
4031:"Contested case hearing"
3243:"Thirty Meter Telescope"
3142:. Mikeroniek. p. 14
3137:"www.maunakeaandtmt.org"
2796:10.1109/ACC.2005.1470558
2332:"Thirty Meter Telescope"
2278:"Thirty Meter Telescope"
1080:Giant Magellan Telescope
956:
757:Early-light capabilities
574:University of California
560:Partnerships and funding
438:Giant Magellan Telescope
286:Related media on Commons
19:Not to be confused with
3920:. Big Island Video News
3916:Staff (April 2, 2015).
3669:. Big Island Video News
3135:Kamphues, Fred (2016).
2941:10.1364/JOSAB.29.002176
2528:www.theglobeandmail.com
2170:"Hawaii Tribune Herald"
1687:Brestovansky, Michael.
838:Mauna Kea Observatories
622:Dynamic Structures Ltd.
378:Supreme Court of Hawaii
169:3.1 m (10 ft)
166:Secondary diameter
78:Mauna Kea Observatories
4972:Thirty Meter Telescope
4956:INSIGHTS ON PBS HAWAII
4833:. The Associated press
2790:. pp. 3758–3769.
2704:Thirty Meter Telescope
2252:Thirty Meter Telescope
1340:The Exoplanet Handbook
966:
908:contested case hearing
865:contested case hearing
832:
746:Hubble Space Telescope
710:
649:
457:
306:Thirty Meter Telescope
174:Tertiary diameter
161:30 m (98 ft)
46:Alternative names
29:Thirty Meter Telescope
4629:"2020 Decadal Survey"
4532:. September 13, 2019.
4395:. Gizmodo Media Group
4355:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
3393:Gray, Martin (2007).
3280:on September 25, 2015
2585:. Scientific American
1693:Hawaii Tribune-Herald
1494:. CNN. July 22, 2019.
964:
829:Cultural practitioner
827:
738:point spread function
708:
647:
632:and Science Minister
455:
4723:hawaiihousedemocrats
4263:. September 28, 2017
4237:. September 29, 2017
4224:TMK (3) 4-4-015:009.
4037:. The New York Times
3718:. Big Island Now.com
2652:: 77332F–77332F–14.
2176:on September 6, 2011
1647:on February 16, 2016
1282:on September 1, 2014
1075:Very Large Telescope
890:Mauna Kea Anaina Hou
460:In cooperation with
195:Collecting area
150:Telescope style
4575:. December 26, 2019
4548:governor.hawaii.gov
4117:2015Natur.528..176W
3547:on December 8, 2015
3445:. November 18, 2011
3202:2006SPIE.6272E..1HJ
3044:2010SPIE.7736E..04E
2996:2019JAI.....850001H
2933:2012JOSAB..29.2176R
2838:2008SPIE.7019E..0XS
2749:2006SPIE.6272E..0DE
2658:2010SPIE.7733E..2FT
2617:on October 13, 2014
2051:on October 10, 2014
1942:2014Natur.516..148.
1676:. October 31, 2018.
1536:news.sciencemag.org
1424:. Associated Press.
989:announced that the
785:diffraction-limited
734:diffraction-limited
684:in diameter with a
675:controlled actively
492:, Republic of Chile
30:
4600:The New York Times
4196:The New York Times
4035:The New York Times
3958:. Associated Press
3897:. Associated Press
3818:. Colorado College
3249:on August 10, 2010
2980:(2): 1950001–322.
2466:. October 10, 2013
2412:. January 13, 2012
2386:. January 23, 2013
2384:The Economic Times
2360:. Associated Press
2202:on August 22, 2013
1924:"Megascope member"
1834:(March 13, 2014).
1458:. January 16, 2020
1311:The New York Times
1038:galactic formation
967:
833:
727:deformable mirrors
711:
650:
490:Antofagasta Region
458:
448:Proposed locations
335:Scientists at the
208:f/15 (450 metres )
28:
21:IRAM 30m telescope
4862:. August 25, 2021
4725:. August 19, 2020
4455:. Yale Daily News
4339:on July 18, 2019.
3795:on April 16, 2015
3768:on April 17, 2015
3741:. Hawaii News Now
3695:on April 10, 2015
3600:on April 16, 2015
3536:West Hawaii Today
3406:978-1-4027-4737-3
3374:. economics21.org
3210:10.1117/12.670070
3121:978-1-107-10677-2
3094:978-1-4020-9190-2
3052:10.1117/12.856503
2846:10.1117/12.789974
2757:10.1117/12.669422
2666:10.1117/12.857371
2258:on August 6, 2012
1817:978-0-521-85608-9
1790:978-3-540-39756-4
1763:978-0-387-73998-4
1380:978-3-527-65705-6
1350:978-1-108-32966-8
1304:(March 8, 2024).
1222:on March 24, 2016
849:conservation land
723:laser guide stars
322:island of Hawai'i
302:
301:
4994:
4943:
4942:
4940:Official website
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4907:
4901:
4900:
4898:
4896:
4881:
4872:
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4869:
4867:
4852:
4843:
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4826:
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4806:
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4798:
4792:
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4787:
4773:
4767:
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4762:
4741:
4735:
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4730:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
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4689:
4683:
4682:
4680:
4678:
4657:
4651:
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4648:
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4625:
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4591:
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4582:
4580:
4565:
4559:
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4554:
4540:
4534:
4533:
4522:
4516:
4515:
4513:
4511:
4494:
4488:
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4485:
4483:
4471:
4465:
4464:
4462:
4460:
4448:
4442:
4441:
4435:
4433:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4402:
4400:
4388:
4382:
4381:
4379:
4377:
4365:
4359:
4358:
4357:. July 26, 2019.
4347:
4341:
4340:
4324:
4318:
4317:
4315:
4313:
4301:
4295:
4294:
4292:
4290:
4279:
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4225:
4215:
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4186:
4180:
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4145:
4139:
4138:
4128:
4096:
4090:
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4079:
4078:
4076:
4074:
4068:
4061:
4053:
4047:
4046:
4044:
4042:
4026:
4020:
4019:
4017:
4015:
4009:Business Insider
4000:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3974:
3968:
3967:
3965:
3963:
3947:
3941:
3936:
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3902:
3886:
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3872:
3857:
3851:
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3828:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3811:
3805:
3804:
3802:
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3784:
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3777:
3775:
3773:
3757:
3751:
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3748:
3746:
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3725:
3723:
3711:
3705:
3704:
3702:
3700:
3685:
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3674:
3662:
3656:
3655:
3639:
3633:
3632:
3630:
3628:
3616:
3610:
3609:
3607:
3605:
3590:
3584:
3583:
3581:
3579:
3574:on June 29, 2013
3563:
3557:
3556:
3554:
3552:
3543:. Archived from
3526:
3511:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3496:
3488:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3474:
3464:
3458:
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3439:
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3390:
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3381:
3379:
3363:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3337:
3328:
3327:
3325:
3323:
3311:Business Insider
3301:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3276:. Archived from
3270:
3259:
3258:
3256:
3254:
3245:. Archived from
3239:
3230:
3229:
3189:
3180:
3174:
3173:
3171:
3169:
3162:"IRIS Home Page"
3158:
3152:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3141:
3132:
3126:
3125:
3105:
3099:
3098:
3078:
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3022:
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3015:
2989:
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2926:
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2824:
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2783:
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2718:
2716:
2695:
2686:
2685:
2643:
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2624:
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2616:
2609:
2601:
2595:
2594:
2592:
2590:
2578:
2572:
2571:
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2567:
2545:
2539:
2538:
2536:
2534:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2500:
2494:
2493:
2482:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2431:
2422:
2421:
2419:
2417:
2402:
2396:
2395:
2393:
2391:
2376:
2370:
2369:
2367:
2365:
2354:
2348:
2347:
2345:
2343:
2338:on March 1, 2012
2328:
2322:
2321:
2319:
2317:
2300:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2289:
2284:on March 1, 2012
2274:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2263:
2244:
2238:
2237:
2235:
2233:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2192:
2186:
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2166:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2144:
2138:
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2135:
2133:
2122:
2116:
2115:
2113:
2111:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2047:. Archived from
2036:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2000:
1988:
1982:
1981:
1979:
1977:
1965:
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1958:
1953:
1920:
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1909:
1894:
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1801:
1795:
1794:
1774:
1768:
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1747:
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1735:
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1719:
1704:
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1701:
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1684:
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1633:
1622:
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1619:
1617:
1602:
1596:
1595:
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1570:
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1565:
1554:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1528:
1519:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1502:
1496:
1495:
1488:
1482:
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1474:
1468:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1446:
1440:
1439:
1432:
1426:
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1413:
1407:
1406:
1404:
1402:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1364:
1355:
1354:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1325:
1323:
1298:
1292:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1268:
1262:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1242:
1231:
1230:
1229:
1227:
1221:
1214:
1204:
1191:
1190:
1189:on July 19, 2011
1188:
1181:
1170:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1140:
1139:
1138:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1116:
1115:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1095:
895:The TMT company
803:of UC San Diego.
537:is building the
512:San Pedro Mártir
417:near-ultraviolet
349:near-ultraviolet
345:Keck Observatory
295:edit on Wikidata
284:
263:
262:
256:
243:
219:Altazimuth mount
190:
145:
139:First light
69:
68:
54:
38:
31:
27:
5002:
5001:
4997:
4996:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4991:
4962:
4961:
4938:
4937:
4934:
4929:
4919:
4917:
4909:
4908:
4904:
4894:
4892:
4891:. July 19, 2022
4883:
4882:
4875:
4865:
4863:
4854:
4853:
4846:
4836:
4834:
4827:
4823:
4814:
4813:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4795:
4785:
4783:
4775:
4774:
4770:
4760:
4758:
4743:
4742:
4738:
4728:
4726:
4717:
4716:
4712:
4702:
4700:
4699:. July 15, 2020
4697:Hawaii News Now
4691:
4690:
4686:
4676:
4674:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4644:
4642:
4627:
4626:
4622:
4612:
4610:
4592:
4588:
4578:
4576:
4573:Hawaii News Now
4567:
4566:
4562:
4552:
4550:
4542:
4541:
4537:
4530:STAR-ADVERTISER
4524:
4523:
4519:
4509:
4507:
4506:. July 19, 2019
4496:
4495:
4491:
4481:
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4472:
4468:
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4456:
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4398:
4396:
4389:
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4200:
4187:
4183:
4173:
4169:
4159:
4157:
4146:
4142:
4097:
4093:
4086:
4082:
4072:
4070:
4066:
4059:
4055:
4054:
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4038:
4027:
4023:
4013:
4011:
4001:
3997:
3987:
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3961:
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3948:
3944:
3937:
3933:
3923:
3921:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3887:
3880:
3870:
3868:
3858:
3854:
3844:
3842:
3835:
3831:
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3812:
3808:
3798:
3796:
3785:
3781:
3771:
3769:
3758:
3754:
3744:
3742:
3735:
3731:
3721:
3719:
3712:
3708:
3698:
3696:
3687:
3686:
3682:
3672:
3670:
3663:
3659:
3640:
3636:
3626:
3624:
3617:
3613:
3603:
3601:
3592:
3591:
3587:
3577:
3575:
3564:
3560:
3550:
3548:
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3502:
3494:
3490:
3489:
3485:
3472:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3461:
3448:
3446:
3441:
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3436:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3391:
3387:
3377:
3375:
3364:
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3345:
3338:
3331:
3321:
3319:
3302:
3293:
3283:
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3252:
3250:
3241:
3240:
3233:
3187:
3181:
3177:
3167:
3165:
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3159:
3155:
3145:
3143:
3139:
3133:
3129:
3122:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3079:
3075:
3029:
3023:
3019:
2968:
2964:
2906:
2902:
2892:
2890:
2873:
2869:
2825:
2821:
2806:
2784:
2780:
2734:
2728:
2724:
2714:
2712:
2697:
2696:
2689:
2641:
2634:
2630:
2620:
2618:
2614:
2607:
2603:
2602:
2598:
2588:
2586:
2579:
2575:
2565:
2563:
2546:
2542:
2532:
2530:
2520:
2516:
2501:
2497:
2484:
2483:
2479:
2469:
2467:
2458:
2457:
2453:
2443:
2441:
2433:
2432:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2404:
2403:
2399:
2389:
2387:
2378:
2377:
2373:
2363:
2361:
2356:
2355:
2351:
2341:
2339:
2330:
2329:
2325:
2315:
2313:
2301:
2297:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2261:
2259:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2231:
2229:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2179:
2177:
2168:
2167:
2163:
2153:
2151:
2146:
2145:
2141:
2131:
2129:
2124:
2123:
2119:
2109:
2107:
2102:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2068:
2064:
2054:
2052:
2037:
2030:
2020:
2018:
2013:
2012:
2008:
1998:
1996:
1989:
1985:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1962:
1951:10.1038/516148a
1922:
1921:
1917:
1907:
1905:
1895:
1888:
1851:
1847:
1832:Anderson, Margo
1829:
1825:
1818:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1775:
1771:
1764:
1748:
1741:
1731:
1729:
1727:www.science.org
1721:
1720:
1707:
1697:
1695:
1685:
1681:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1650:
1648:
1635:
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1613:
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1603:
1599:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1577:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1541:
1539:
1538:. June 21, 2015
1530:
1529:
1522:
1512:
1510:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1489:
1485:
1476:
1475:
1471:
1461:
1459:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1434:
1433:
1429:
1414:
1410:
1400:
1398:
1393:
1392:
1388:
1381:
1365:
1358:
1351:
1335:
1331:
1321:
1319:
1302:Overbye, Dennis
1299:
1295:
1285:
1283:
1270:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1243:
1234:
1225:
1223:
1219:
1212:
1206:
1205:
1194:
1186:
1179:
1171:
1167:
1163:
1158:
1148:
1146:
1136:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1110:
1100:
1098:
1090:
1066:
1014:
959:
938:
932:
916:
878:
857:
822:
816:
759:
754:
703:
701:Adaptive optics
663:
642:
562:
550:Native Hawaiian
516:Baja California
486:Cerro Armazones
450:
429:adaptive optics
398:
365:Native Hawaiian
312:) is a planned
298:
274:
273:
272:
271:
270:
266:
265:
264:
239:
63:
41:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
5000:
4990:
4989:
4984:
4979:
4974:
4960:
4959:
4953:
4947:Mauna Kea page
4944:
4933:
4932:External links
4930:
4928:
4927:
4902:
4873:
4844:
4821:
4807:
4793:
4768:
4736:
4710:
4684:
4652:
4620:
4586:
4560:
4535:
4517:
4489:
4466:
4443:
4406:
4383:
4360:
4342:
4319:
4296:
4274:
4261:Big Island Now
4248:
4226:
4210:
4181:
4167:
4140:
4091:
4080:
4048:
4021:
3995:
3969:
3942:
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3908:
3878:
3852:
3829:
3806:
3779:
3752:
3729:
3706:
3680:
3657:
3634:
3611:
3585:
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3512:
3483:
3459:
3434:
3415:
3405:
3385:
3355:
3329:
3291:
3260:
3231:
3175:
3153:
3127:
3120:
3100:
3093:
3073:
3017:
2962:
2900:
2882:Universe Today
2867:
2819:
2804:
2778:
2722:
2687:
2628:
2596:
2573:
2540:
2514:
2509:Globe and Mail
2495:
2477:
2451:
2423:
2397:
2371:
2349:
2323:
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2269:
2239:
2213:
2187:
2161:
2139:
2117:
2095:
2062:
2028:
2006:
1983:
1960:
1926:. Seven Days.
1915:
1886:
1865:(1): 297–323.
1845:
1823:
1816:
1796:
1789:
1769:
1762:
1739:
1705:
1679:
1658:
1623:
1597:
1571:
1549:
1520:
1497:
1483:
1469:
1441:
1427:
1408:
1395:"What is TMT?"
1386:
1379:
1356:
1349:
1329:
1293:
1263:
1232:
1192:
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1156:
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1062:
1026:Canary Islands
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4199:. p. A13
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3501:. May 8, 2010
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2016:
2010:
1994:
1987:
1971:
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634:Kirsty Duncan
631:
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627:
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551:
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436:(LBT) or the
435:
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86:Hawaii County
83:
79:
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61:
57:
53:
48:
44:
37:
32:
26:
22:
4918:. Retrieved
4914:
4905:
4893:. Retrieved
4888:
4864:. Retrieved
4859:
4835:. Retrieved
4824:
4810:
4796:
4784:. Retrieved
4780:
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4759:. Retrieved
4748:
4739:
4727:. Retrieved
4722:
4713:
4701:. Retrieved
4696:
4687:
4675:. Retrieved
4664:
4655:
4643:. Retrieved
4632:
4623:
4611:. Retrieved
4599:
4589:
4577:. Retrieved
4572:
4563:
4551:. Retrieved
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4510:December 11,
4508:. Retrieved
4501:
4492:
4480:. Retrieved
4469:
4457:. Retrieved
4446:
4437:
4430:. Retrieved
4419:
4409:
4397:. Retrieved
4386:
4374:. Retrieved
4363:
4354:
4345:
4337:the original
4332:
4322:
4310:. Retrieved
4308:. Civil Beat
4299:
4287:. Retrieved
4277:
4265:. Retrieved
4260:
4251:
4239:. Retrieved
4229:
4221:
4213:
4201:. Retrieved
4194:
4184:
4175:
4170:
4160:December 19,
4158:. Retrieved
4156:. Forbes.com
4153:
4143:
4108:
4104:
4094:
4083:
4071:. Retrieved
4051:
4041:December 18,
4039:. Retrieved
4034:
4024:
4012:. Retrieved
4008:
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3986:. Retrieved
3972:
3960:. Retrieved
3955:
3945:
3934:
3922:. Retrieved
3911:
3899:. Retrieved
3894:
3869:. Retrieved
3855:
3843:. Retrieved
3832:
3820:. Retrieved
3809:
3797:. Retrieved
3793:the original
3782:
3770:. Retrieved
3766:the original
3755:
3743:. Retrieved
3732:
3720:. Retrieved
3709:
3697:. Retrieved
3693:the original
3683:
3671:. Retrieved
3660:
3643:
3637:
3625:. Retrieved
3614:
3602:. Retrieved
3598:the original
3588:
3576:. Retrieved
3572:the original
3561:
3551:December 19,
3549:. Retrieved
3545:the original
3534:
3503:. Retrieved
3498:
3486:
3478:
3473:February 13,
3471:. Retrieved
3462:
3454:
3449:February 13,
3447:. Retrieved
3437:
3428:
3418:
3410:
3395:
3388:
3378:December 20,
3376:. Retrieved
3371:
3348:December 20,
3346:. Retrieved
3320:. Retrieved
3309:
3282:. Retrieved
3278:the original
3251:. Retrieved
3247:the original
3192:
3178:
3166:. Retrieved
3156:
3144:. Retrieved
3130:
3110:
3103:
3083:
3076:
3034:
3020:
2977:
2971:
2965:
2914:
2910:
2903:
2891:. Retrieved
2880:
2870:
2829:
2822:
2787:
2781:
2739:
2725:
2713:. Retrieved
2703:
2702:
2699:"TMT Optics"
2649:
2645:
2631:
2619:. Retrieved
2612:the original
2599:
2587:. Retrieved
2576:
2564:. Retrieved
2553:
2543:
2531:. Retrieved
2527:
2517:
2508:
2498:
2489:
2480:
2468:. Retrieved
2463:
2454:
2442:. Retrieved
2438:
2414:. Retrieved
2409:
2400:
2388:. Retrieved
2383:
2374:
2362:. Retrieved
2352:
2340:. Retrieved
2336:the original
2326:
2314:. Retrieved
2308:
2298:
2286:. Retrieved
2282:the original
2272:
2260:. Retrieved
2256:the original
2251:
2242:
2230:. Retrieved
2226:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2190:
2178:. Retrieved
2174:the original
2164:
2152:. Retrieved
2142:
2130:. Retrieved
2120:
2108:. Retrieved
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2075:
2065:
2053:. Retrieved
2049:the original
2044:
2019:. Retrieved
2009:
1997:. Retrieved
1986:
1974:. Retrieved
1963:
1955:
1933:
1927:
1918:
1906:. Retrieved
1902:
1862:
1858:
1848:
1839:
1826:
1806:
1799:
1779:
1772:
1752:
1730:. Retrieved
1726:
1696:. Retrieved
1692:
1682:
1673:
1649:. Retrieved
1645:the original
1640:
1614:. Retrieved
1600:
1591:
1584:. Retrieved
1574:
1562:. Retrieved
1552:
1540:. Retrieved
1535:
1511:. Retrieved
1500:
1486:
1472:
1462:February 13,
1460:. Retrieved
1453:
1444:
1430:
1421:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1389:
1369:
1339:
1332:
1320:. Retrieved
1309:
1296:
1284:. Retrieved
1280:the original
1275:
1266:
1254:. Retrieved
1250:
1224:, retrieved
1217:the original
1208:
1184:the original
1175:
1168:
1154:Solar System
1059:
1055:
1046:
1015:
1002:
999:
996:
980:
976:
968:
951:
943:
939:
924:
920:Hilo, Hawaii
917:
901:
894:
883:
879:
862:
858:
842:
834:
806:
795:of UCLA and
793:James Larkin
789:spectroscopy
780:
765:
760:
731:
712:
679:
664:
651:
615:
604:
589:
578:
563:
543:
531:
459:
423:(0.31 to 28
421:mid-infrared
414:
403:
399:
383:
362:
355:(0.31 to 28
353:mid-infrared
334:
326:
309:
305:
303:
204:Focal length
104:Organization
25:
4289:October 31,
4267:November 1,
4241:November 1,
4073:December 3,
3541:Black Press
3284:December 3,
3274:"About TMT"
2917:(8): 2176.
2533:December 7,
2416:January 13,
2390:January 23,
2364:January 12,
2316:October 18,
2150:. Kahea.org
2128:. Kahea.org
2055:October 10,
1616:October 21,
1564:January 16,
1142:Outer space
1130:Spaceflight
1030:water vapor
987:Scott Saiki
904:due process
770:ultraviolet
694:alt-azimuth
686:focal ratio
96:Coordinates
74:Location(s)
4982:Telescopes
4966:Categories
4915:www.boe.es
4837:August 21,
4729:October 3,
4703:October 3,
4613:October 3,
4579:October 3,
4553:October 3,
4482:August 21,
4459:August 21,
4432:August 21,
4399:August 21,
4376:August 21,
4154:Forbes.com
3505:August 22,
3499:Hawaii.gov
3253:August 29,
3146:August 21,
2987:1808.02693
2444:August 24,
1593:restored."
1586:August 24,
1256:October 4,
1161:References
1034:exoplanets
1020:island of
947:Change.org
797:Anna Moore
742:wavelength
719:turbulence
682:arcminutes
396:Background
228:Spherical
121:Wavelength
4895:March 14,
4866:March 14,
4786:August 8,
4608:0362-4331
4478:. Inverse
3988:April 15,
3652:1832-0457
3578:March 11,
3226:123191350
3218:0277-786X
3060:0277-786X
3012:119505402
2949:0740-3224
2924:1203.5900
2854:0277-786X
2773:120741170
2765:0277-786X
2674:0277-786X
2621:March 11,
2589:August 6,
2410:The Hindu
2342:August 6,
2288:August 6,
2262:August 6,
2232:April 30,
1932:(paper).
1881:1094-2939
1732:March 14,
1651:April 15,
1641:3 News NZ
1455:Space.com
1251:Astronomy
1106:Astronomy
1042:cosmology
1004:Astronomy
886:David Ige
671:segmented
661:Telescope
653:eighteen-
611:Bengaluru
546:Mauna Kea
502:Mauna Kea
442:terabytes
370:David Ige
320:, on the
318:Mauna Kea
225:Enclosure
82:Mauna Kea
4920:July 23,
4761:June 13,
4755:Archived
4677:June 13,
4671:Archived
4645:June 13,
4639:Archived
4426:Archived
4312:July 10,
4203:July 29,
4135:26659163
4064:Archived
4014:June 28,
3962:April 7,
3924:April 4,
3901:April 4,
3871:April 4,
3845:April 4,
3822:April 4,
3799:April 4,
3772:April 4,
3745:April 4,
3722:April 4,
3699:April 4,
3673:April 4,
3627:April 4,
3604:April 4,
3322:June 13,
3316:Archived
3168:July 31,
3068:55477536
2957:13072542
2893:June 13,
2887:Archived
2862:17768964
2814:13452336
2715:June 13,
2709:Archived
2682:34865540
2560:Archived
2490:CBC News
2470:April 4,
2464:CBC News
2439:The Wire
2206:July 31,
2180:July 31,
2154:July 31,
2132:July 31,
2110:July 31,
2088:June 13,
2082:Archived
2077:Phys.org
2021:July 31,
1999:April 6,
1976:April 6,
1908:April 4,
1903:Engadget
1840:Nautilus
1698:July 13,
1674:BBC News
1610:Archived
1542:June 24,
1401:July 27,
1322:March 8,
1316:Archived
1286:July 24,
1226:July 24,
1064:See also
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