875:
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40:
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wide-field camera for the near-infrared (0.97 to 2.41 μm), its special feature is its cryogenic
Configurable Slit Unit (CSU) that is reconfigurable by remote control in under six minutes without any thermal cycling. Bars move in from each side to form up to 46 short slits. When the bars are removed,
612:
The largest and most mechanically complex of the Keck
Observatory's main instruments, the High Resolution Echelle Spectrometer breaks up incoming light into its component colors to measure the precise intensity of each of thousands of color channels. Its spectral capabilities have resulted in many
408:
gave $ 70 million to fund the construction of the Keck I telescope, which began in
September 1985. First light occurred on November 24, 1990, using 9 of the eventual 36 segments. When construction of the first telescope was well advanced, further donations allowed the construction of a second
681:
The Long
Wavelength Spectrometer for the Keck I telescope is and imaging, grating spectrometer working in the wavelength range of 3-25 microns. Like NIRC, the LWS was a forward-CASS instrument, and was used for studying cometary, planetary, and extragalactic objects. The LWS is now retired from
596:(Caltech), and the project was managed by WMKO Instrument Program Manager Sean Adkins. MOSFIRE was funded in part by the Telescope System Instrumentation Program (TSIP), operated by AURA and funded by the National Science Foundation; and by a private donation to WMKO by Gordon and Betty Moore.
432:
as a single, contiguous mirror. A mirror of similar size cast of a single piece of glass could not be made rigid enough to hold its shape precisely; it would sag microscopically under its own weight as it was turned to different positions, causing aberrations in the optical path. In the Keck
456:, which uses extremely rigid support structures in combination with three actuators under each segment. During observation, the computer-controlled system of sensors and actuators dynamically adjusts each segment's position relative to its neighbors, keeping a surface shape accuracy of four
554:
Spectroscopic capabilities of Keck
Observatory instruments as of late 2019. Instrument modes appear as color-coded boxes with spectral resolution (resolving power) and wavelength coverage. Non-spectroscopic (i.e. imaging-only) instruments are not
714:
The second generation Near
Infrared Camera works with the Keck Adaptive Optics system to produce the highest-resolution ground-based images and spectroscopy in the 1–5 micrometers (μm) range. Typical programs include mapping surface features on
471:. Altazimuth mounting provides the greatest strength and stiffness with the least amount of steel, which, for Keck Observatory, totals about 270 tons per telescope, bringing each telescope's total weight to more than 300 tons. Two
662:
is a faint-light instrument capable of taking spectra and images of the most distant known objects in the universe. The instrument is equipped with a red arm and a blue arm to explore stellar populations of distant galaxies,
770:
for use with the Keck I adaptive optics system. OSIRIS takes spectra in a small field of view to provide a series of images at different wavelengths. The instrument allows astronomers to ignore wavelengths at which the
534:, Keck Telescope project scientist, contributed to later multi-mirror projects until his death in June 2017. He conceived one of the Kecks' innovations, a reflecting surface of multiple thin segments acting as one mirror.
854:: The summit of Mauna Kea is considered one of the world's most important astronomical viewing sites. The twin Keck telescopes are among the largest optical/near-infrared instruments currently in use around the world.
433:
telescopes, each primary mirror is made of 36 hexagonal segments that work together as a unit. Each segment is 1.8 meters wide and 7.5 centimeters thick and weighs half a ton. The mirrors were made in
606:
is capable of gathering spectra from 130 galaxies or more in a single exposure. In "Mega Mask" mode, DEIMOS can take spectra of more than 1,200 objects at once, using a special narrow-band filter.
894:
797:
at 2.2 μm, and 24 mas at 10 μm. Several back-end instruments allowed the interferometer to operate in a variety of modes, operating in H, K, and L-band near infrared, as well as
1430:
1435:
3171:
779:) molecules, thus allowing the detection of objects 10 times fainter than previously available. Originally installed on Keck II, in January 2012 OSIRIS was moved to the Keck I telescope.
2577:
1667:
475:
for the next generation 30 and 40 m telescopes use the same basic technology pioneered at Keck
Observatory: a hexagonal mirror array coupled with an altazimuth mounting.
998:
Very Large
Telescopes and Their Instrumentation, ESO Conference and Workshop Proceedings, Proceedings of a ESO Conference on Very Large Telescopes and Their Instrumentation
460:. As the telescope moves, this twice-per-second adjustment counters the effects of gravity and other environmental and structural effects that can affect mirror shape.
3191:
1642:
1577:
567:), a third-generation instrument, was delivered to Keck Observatory on February 8, 2012; first light was obtained on the Kecks I telescope on April 4, 2012. A
3053:
1724:
1662:
409:
telescope starting in 1991. The Keck I telescope began science observations in May 1993, while first light for Keck II occurred on
October 23, 1996.
3201:
3196:
2535:
761:
1248:
2416:
1445:
528:, and the University of California accept proposals from their own researchers; NASA accepts proposals from researchers based in the United States.
1147:
478:
Each of the two telescopes has a primary mirror with an equivalent diameter of 10 meters (32.8 ft or 394 in), slightly smaller than the
2423:
1707:
1517:
1466:
904:
1622:
1497:
376:. Both telescopes have 10 m (33 ft) aperture primary mirrors, and, when completed in 1993 (Keck I) and 1996 (Keck II), they were the
1203:
3186:
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3166:
899:
518:
377:
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1360:
1053:
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1355:
1020:
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785:
The
Interferometer allowed the light from both Keck telescopes to be combined into an 85-metre (279 ft) baseline, near infrared,
305:
816:. The equipment is the first AO system operational on a large telescope and has been constantly upgraded to expand its capability.
1213:
Photos of Keck telescopes and other Mauna Kea observatories from "A Gentle Rain of Starlight: The Story of Astronomy on Mauna Kea"
2794:
2528:
2135:
1348:
1343:
1313:
1308:
725:
The Near-Infrared Echellette Spectrometer is a spectrograph that provides simultaneous coverage of wavelengths from 0.94 to 2.45
688:
The Near Infrared Camera for the Keck I telescope is so sensitive it could detect the equivalent of a single candle flame on the
337:
3206:
1607:
1388:
1241:
96:
2673:
1383:
1288:
1125:
573:
1092:
1318:
585:
467:. Most current 8–10 m class telescopes use altazimuth designs for their reduced structural requirements compared to older
3181:
1714:
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1587:
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1303:
1298:
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theory. The radial velocity precision is up to one meter per second (1.0 m/s). The instrument detection limit at 1
3097:
2691:
2685:
2521:
1719:
1582:
1572:
1273:
389:
1212:
3161:
3075:
3022:
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1557:
1234:
1220:
3140:
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2254:
1522:
1507:
1440:
1293:
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17:
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1487:
1278:
1750:
1702:
1567:
1393:
1328:
693:
3069:
2358:
1532:
692:. This sensitivity makes it ideal for ultra-deep studies of galactic formation and evolution, the search for
3135:
2995:
2679:
2582:
2024:
397:
2654:
1151:
645:
513:. Construction of the telescopes was made possible through private grants of over $ 140 million from the
3112:
2799:
2501:
2409:
2191:
1983:
1697:
1647:
1537:
1155:
767:
501:
The Keck Observatory is managed by the California Association for Research in Astronomy, a non-profit
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2938:
2617:
2544:
2430:
2247:
2212:
2205:
2052:
1743:
1527:
884:
568:
531:
393:
3117:
2944:
2742:
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2219:
1257:
971:
510:
479:
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361:
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bodies, searching for planets around other stars, and analyzing the morphology of remote galaxies.
72:
3102:
2950:
2661:
2588:
2314:
2100:
1959:
1938:
1897:
1861:
1829:
909:
184:
146:
66:
400:
had been developing the technology necessary to build a large, ground-based telescope. In 1985,
2870:
2814:
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2643:
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2233:
2156:
1950:
874:
798:
786:
736:
664:
472:
2955:
2819:
2337:
2031:
1969:
1822:
1792:
1612:
1027:
772:
514:
405:
3130:
3048:
2977:
2920:
2898:
2864:
2832:
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2780:
2635:
2329:
2261:
2079:
2017:
1808:
1785:
1778:
1617:
1001:
924:
525:
438:
178:
1093:"MOSFIRE, the Multi-Object Spectrometer For Infra-Red Exploration at the Keck Observatory"
8:
2883:
2728:
2566:
2559:
2460:
2402:
2198:
2149:
2045:
1992:
1815:
1597:
813:
751:
701:
1005:
993:
364:
with two telescopes at an elevation of 4,145 meters (13,600 ft) near the summit of
258:
243:
213:
138:
2489:
2388:
2093:
2063:
2010:
1945:
1893:
1868:
889:
790:
614:
593:
292:
221:
125:
945:
2858:
2763:
2735:
2624:
2605:
2395:
2381:
2180:
2165:
2142:
2086:
1854:
1216:
1018:
914:
622:
424:
The key advance that allowed the construction of the Keck telescopes was the use of
3001:
2962:
2300:
2279:
2114:
2107:
1409:
919:
806:
801:. As of mid-2012 the Keck Interferometer has been discontinued for lack of funding.
668:
468:
464:
429:
417:
1133:
696:
and images of quasar environments. It has provided ground-breaking studies of the
55:
2905:
2852:
2826:
2773:
2696:
2446:
2121:
2038:
1976:
1931:
1875:
1207:
1099:
809:
743:
697:
542:
521:
joined the partnership in October 1996 when Keck II commenced observations.
3017:
2984:
2972:
2915:
2875:
2293:
2226:
2128:
794:
705:
493:
that allow observations across much of the visible and near-infrared spectrum.
401:
388:
With a concept first proposed in 1977, telescope designers Terry Mast, of the
3155:
2893:
2845:
2838:
2351:
490:
453:
445:
425:
111:
98:
2513:
2757:
2750:
2307:
2286:
1904:
1226:
750:, the nuclear regions of dusty starburst galaxies, active galactic nuclei,
739:
716:
659:
630:
603:
251:
1192:
842:
412:
2374:
1632:
1547:
747:
1078:
972:"Keck Revolution in Telescope Design Pioneered at Lawrence Berkeley Lab"
895:
List of astronomical interferometers at visible and infrared wavelengths
572:
MOSFIRE becomes a wide-field imager. It was developed by teams from the
2344:
2321:
1801:
369:
833:
524:
Telescope time is allocated by the partner institutions. Caltech, the
380:
in the world. They have been the third and fourth largest since 2006.
346:
2709:
2702:
2630:
2439:
1766:
649:
457:
449:
365:
505:
organization whose board of directors includes representatives from
39:
2910:
2593:
2572:
776:
618:
550:
1180:
3032:
2809:
2599:
1186:
1019:
Hans F. Morian; Peter Hartmann; Ralf Jedamzik; Hartmut W. Höneß.
994:"Keck Telescope Primary Mirror Segments: Fabrication and Support"
581:
506:
482:
whose primary mirror has an equivalent diameter of 10.4 meters.
442:
859:: The night sky and Keck Observatory laser for adaptive optics.
2927:
2469:
1000:. Garching, Germany: European Southern Observatory (ESO): 411.
992:
Mast, T. S.; Nelson, J. E. (1988). Ulrich, Marie-Helene (ed.).
726:
672:
502:
486:
452:. On the telescope, each segment is kept stable by a system of
373:
333:
285:
84:
2768:
1735:
588:, (UCSC). Its co-principal investigators are Ian S. McLean (
3172:
California Institute of Technology buildings and structures
3092:
2804:
1129:
824:
755:
689:
589:
577:
789:. This long baseline gave the interferometer an effective
1911:
1054:"In Memoriam: Jerry Nelson, Legendary Telescope Designer"
766:
The OH-Suppressing Infrared Imaging Spectrograph is a
708:. NIRC was retired from science observations in 2010.
519:
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)
1126:"Kepler Discoveries - About Follow-up Observations"
805:Both Keck Observatory telescopes are equipped with
613:breakthrough discoveries, such as the detection of
565:
Multi-Object Spectrometer for Infra-Red Exploration
1148:"The NASA-UC Eta-Earth Survey At Keck Observatory"
742:, the motions and types of stars located near the
3192:Buildings and structures in Hawaii County, Hawaii
3153:
905:List of largest optical telescopes historically
312:
2543:
2529:
1751:
1431:Telecommunications and Information Technology
1242:
900:List of largest optical reflecting telescopes
648:operating at wavelengths between 350 and 560
1256:
735:The Near Infrared Spectrometer studies very
602:The Deep Extragalactic Imaging Multi-Object
485:The telescopes are equipped with a suite of
969:
580:), the California Institute of Technology (
3202:Buildings and structures completed in 1996
3197:Buildings and structures completed in 1993
2536:
2522:
1758:
1744:
1249:
1235:
991:
291:
271:
257:
242:
228:
212:
198:
183:
137:
124:
71:
54:
38:
812:, which compensate for the blurring from
44:The Keck observatory domes atop Mauna Kea
1021:"ZERODUR for Large Segmented Telescopes"
873:
549:
541:
411:
946:"In Memoriam: Terry Mast (1943 - 2016)"
617:and direct evidence for a model of the
14:
3154:
1098:. irlab.astro.ucla.edu. Archived from
775:shines brightly from emissions of OH (
2674:Multi-angle imaging spectroradiometer
2517:
1739:
1230:
574:University of California, Los Angeles
378:largest optical reflecting telescopes
3187:Astronomical observatories in Hawaii
3177:Astronomy institutes and departments
3167:University of California, Santa Cruz
2497:
1079:"MOSFIRE science based capabilities"
586:University of California, Santa Cruz
985:
256:17.5 m (57 ft 5 in)
226:0.04 arcsecond, 0.4 arcsecond
211:10 m (32 ft 10 in)
24:
2686:Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer
1154:. October 16, 2010. Archived from
878:Size comparison of primary mirrors
863:: W. M. Keck Observatory at sunset
758:physics, and Solar System science.
416:The Keck II telescope showing the
390:University of California, Berkeley
321:Location of W. M. Keck Observatory
27:Astronomical observatory in Hawaii
25:
3218:
3076:Mars Astrobiology Explorer-Cacher
3023:Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope
1174:
1051:
644:The Keck Cosmic Web Imager is an
3141:Space Flight Operations Facility
2933:Shuttle Radar Topography Mission
2496:
2485:
2484:
2255:Southern African Large Telescope
1327:
1123:
1058:Scientific American Blog Network
841:
832:
823:
615:planets outside our solar system
332:
311:
304:
241:76 m (820 sq ft)
2990:Wide Field and Planetary Camera
1673:Saint Francis Memorial Hospital
1436:Information Technology Research
463:Each Keck telescope sits on an
1200:Revolution in telescope design
1193:Keck Observatory Archive (KOA)
1140:
1117:
1085:
1071:
1045:
1012:
963:
938:
537:
193:Number of telescopes
136:4,145 m (13,599 ft)
13:
1:
3207:1990 establishments in Hawaii
3070:Astrobiology Field Laboratory
1765:
1026:. SCHOTT Glas. Archived from
931:
496:
3136:Near-Earth Asteroid Tracking
2996:Wide Field Infrared Explorer
2680:Soil Moisture Active Passive
2583:Atmospheric infrared sounder
700:, and is also used to study
398:Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory
159:, October 23, 1996
7:
2655:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter
1152:Chinese Academy of Sciences
869:
658:The Low Resolution Imaging
646:integral field spectrograph
526:University of Hawaii System
383:
151:November 24, 1990
10:
3223:
3182:Interferometric telescopes
3113:Table Mountain Observatory
1698:California Digital Library
1623:East Campus Medical Center
1206:December 22, 2017, at the
768:near-infrared spectrograph
3126:
3085:
3062:
3041:
3028:Near-Earth Asteroid Scout
3010:
2939:Solar Mesosphere Explorer
2721:
2618:Large Binocular Telescope
2551:
2545:Jet Propulsion Laboratory
2479:
2271:
2248:Large Binocular Telescope
2213:Extremely Large Telescope
2206:Extremely large telescope
2179:
2062:
2002:
1923:
1885:
1846:
1839:
1773:
1690:
1678:St. Mary's Medical Center
1631:
1608:Medical Center, Hillcrest
1596:
1546:
1506:
1486:
1479:
1459:
1423:
1402:
1376:
1369:
1336:
1325:
1266:
885:Extremely large telescope
569:multi-object spectrograph
343:
330:
299:
280:
265:
250:
237:
220:
207:
192:
170:
145:
132:
90:
80:
62:
49:
37:
3162:University of California
3118:Solar System Ambassadors
2945:Spaceborne Imaging Radar
2220:Gran Telescopio Canarias
1446:Quantitative Biosciences
1259:University of California
546:Keck Observatory closeup
511:University of California
480:Gran Telescopio Canarias
435:Lexington, Massachusetts
362:astronomical observatory
338:Related media on Commons
175:astronomical observatory
3103:NASA Deep Space Network
2951:Spitzer Space Telescope
2871:Mars Exploration Rovers
2662:Mars Science Laboratory
2589:Deep Space Atomic Clock
2315:Astrology and astronomy
2025:Gravitational radiation
1198:Lawrence Berkeley Lab,
1187:Mauna Kea Observatories
910:Mauna Kea Observatories
67:Mauna Kea Observatories
2668:Microwave limb sounder
2234:Hubble Space Telescope
1467:Natural Reserve System
1181:W. M. Keck Observatory
879:
814:atmospheric turbulence
799:nulling interferometry
787:optical interferometer
665:active galactic nuclei
556:
547:
448:by the German company
421:
358:W. M. Keck Observatory
50:Alternative names
33:W. M. Keck Observatory
3086:Related organizations
2338:Astroparticle physics
2073:Australian Aboriginal
1613:Jacobs Medical Center
877:
795:milliarcseconds (mas)
682:science observations.
553:
545:
415:
406:W. M. Keck Foundation
112:19.8263°N 155.47441°W
3131:JPL Science Division
2865:Mars Global Surveyor
2833:Mars Climate Orbiter
2330:Astronomers Monument
2262:Very Large Telescope
1809:Astronomical symbols
1215:by Michael J. West.
970:Lynn Yarris (1992).
925:Very Large Telescope
706:star-forming regions
702:protoplanetary disks
515:W.M. Keck Foundation
439:Itek Optical Systems
269:spherical dome
238:Collecting area
179:reflecting telescope
171:Telescope style
2403:List of astronomers
1816:Astronomical object
1653:Children's Hospital
1583:Children's Hospital
1361:Student Association
1006:1988ESOC...30..411M
782:Keck Interferometer
428:to operate smaller
117:19.8263; -155.47441
108: /
34:
2389:Physical cosmology
1725:Student newspapers
1389:Lawrence Livermore
950:UC Santa Cruz News
890:Gemini Observatory
880:
791:angular resolution
773:Earth's atmosphere
594:Charles C. Steidel
557:
548:
469:equatorial designs
422:
222:Angular resolution
32:
3149:
3148:
3108:Goldstone Complex
3063:Canceled missions
3042:Proposed missions
2859:Mars Polar Lander
2511:
2510:
2396:Quantum cosmology
2382:Planetary geology
2175:
2174:
1886:Celestial subject
1733:
1732:
1686:
1685:
1475:
1474:
1384:Lawrence Berkeley
1136:on July 21, 2011.
1105:on March 23, 2015
915:Navigator Program
669:galactic clusters
354:
353:
16:(Redirected from
3214:
3011:Planned missions
3002:Lunar Flashlight
2613:Keck observatory
2552:Current missions
2538:
2531:
2524:
2515:
2514:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2492:
2488:
2487:
2472:
2463:
2456:
2449:
2442:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2417:Medieval Islamic
2412:
2405:
2398:
2391:
2384:
2377:
2370:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2333:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2301:Astroinformatics
2296:
2289:
2282:
2280:Archaeoastronomy
2264:
2257:
2250:
2243:
2241:Keck Observatory
2236:
2229:
2222:
2215:
2208:
2201:
2194:
2168:
2159:
2152:
2145:
2138:
2136:Medieval Islamic
2131:
2124:
2117:
2110:
2103:
2096:
2089:
2082:
2075:
2055:
2048:
2041:
2034:
2027:
2020:
2013:
1995:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1965:
1963:
1955:
1953:
1941:
1934:
1914:
1907:
1900:
1878:
1871:
1864:
1857:
1844:
1843:
1832:
1825:
1818:
1811:
1804:
1795:
1788:
1781:
1760:
1753:
1746:
1737:
1736:
1658:Women's Hospital
1635:
1600:
1578:Neuropsychiatric
1550:
1510:
1490:
1484:
1483:
1374:
1373:
1331:
1260:
1251:
1244:
1237:
1228:
1227:
1168:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1144:
1138:
1137:
1132:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1110:
1104:
1097:
1089:
1083:
1082:
1075:
1069:
1068:
1066:
1064:
1049:
1043:
1042:
1040:
1038:
1033:on July 31, 2009
1032:
1025:
1016:
1010:
1009:
989:
983:
982:
980:
978:
967:
961:
960:
958:
956:
942:
920:Subaru Telescope
845:
836:
827:
807:laser guide star
746:, the nature of
704:, and high-mass
628:
473:proposed designs
465:altazimuth mount
347:edit on Wikidata
336:
315:
314:
308:
295:
290:
287:
276:
275:
261:
246:
233:
232:
216:
203:
202:
188:
187:
166:
164:
158:
156:
147:First light
141:
128:
123:
122:
120:
119:
118:
113:
109:
106:
105:
104:
101:
76:
75:
58:
42:
35:
31:
21:
18:Keck Observatory
3222:
3221:
3217:
3216:
3215:
3213:
3212:
3211:
3152:
3151:
3150:
3145:
3122:
3081:
3058:
3037:
3006:
2853:Mars Pathfinder
2730:Cassini-Huygens
2717:
2697:Voyager program
2547:
2542:
2512:
2507:
2495:
2483:
2475:
2468:
2459:
2452:
2447:X-ray telescope
2445:
2438:
2429:
2422:
2415:
2408:
2401:
2394:
2387:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2350:
2343:
2336:
2327:
2320:
2313:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2278:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2246:
2239:
2232:
2225:
2218:
2211:
2204:
2197:
2190:
2182:
2171:
2164:
2155:
2148:
2141:
2134:
2127:
2120:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2092:
2085:
2078:
2071:
2058:
2053:Multi-messenger
2051:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2023:
2016:
2009:
1998:
1991:
1982:
1975:
1968:
1961:
1958:
1949:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1919:
1910:
1903:
1892:
1881:
1876:Space telescope
1874:
1867:
1860:
1853:
1835:
1828:
1821:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1791:
1784:
1777:
1769:
1764:
1734:
1729:
1682:
1668:Fetal Treatment
1648:Cancer Hospital
1633:
1627:
1598:
1592:
1548:
1542:
1523:Fountain Valley
1508:
1502:
1488:
1471:
1455:
1419:
1398:
1365:
1332:
1323:
1262:
1258:
1255:
1208:Wayback Machine
1189:(official site)
1183:(official site)
1177:
1172:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1158:on July 4, 2011
1146:
1145:
1141:
1122:
1118:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1086:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1062:
1060:
1052:Lewis, Hilton.
1050:
1046:
1036:
1034:
1030:
1023:
1017:
1013:
990:
986:
976:
974:
968:
964:
954:
952:
944:
943:
939:
934:
929:
872:
867:
866:
865:
864:
855:
848:
847:
846:
838:
837:
829:
828:
810:adaptive optics
744:Galactic Center
698:Galactic Center
636:
633:
626:
540:
499:
430:mirror segments
386:
350:
326:
325:
324:
323:
322:
318:
317:
316:
286:keckobservatory
284:
270:
227:
197:
182:
177:
162:
160:
154:
152:
116:
114:
110:
107:
102:
99:
97:
95:
94:
70:
53:Keck telescope
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3220:
3210:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3169:
3164:
3147:
3146:
3144:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3127:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3089:
3087:
3083:
3082:
3080:
3079:
3073:
3066:
3064:
3060:
3059:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3045:
3043:
3039:
3038:
3036:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3018:Europa Clipper
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2993:
2987:
2982:
2975:
2973:TOPEX/Poseidon
2970:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2942:
2936:
2930:
2925:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2896:
2891:
2890:
2889:
2881:
2868:
2861:
2856:
2849:
2842:
2836:
2829:
2824:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2785:
2784:
2783:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2754:
2747:
2740:
2733:
2725:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2715:
2714:
2713:
2706:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2677:
2671:
2665:
2659:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2641:
2628:
2621:
2615:
2610:
2603:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2563:
2555:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2541:
2540:
2533:
2526:
2518:
2509:
2508:
2506:
2505:
2493:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:
2466:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2436:
2435:
2434:
2427:
2420:
2413:
2399:
2392:
2385:
2378:
2371:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2348:
2341:
2334:
2325:
2318:
2311:
2304:
2297:
2294:Astrochemistry
2290:
2283:
2275:
2273:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2265:
2258:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2230:
2227:Hale Telescope
2223:
2216:
2209:
2202:
2195:
2187:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2172:
2170:
2169:
2162:
2161:
2160:
2146:
2139:
2132:
2125:
2118:
2111:
2104:
2097:
2090:
2083:
2076:
2068:
2066:
2060:
2059:
2057:
2056:
2049:
2042:
2035:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2006:
2004:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1973:
1966:
1960:Visible-light
1956:
1942:
1935:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1920:
1918:
1917:
1916:
1915:
1901:
1889:
1887:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1872:
1865:
1858:
1850:
1848:
1841:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1826:
1819:
1812:
1805:
1798:
1797:
1796:
1782:
1774:
1771:
1770:
1763:
1762:
1755:
1748:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1711:
1710:
1700:
1694:
1692:
1688:
1687:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Medical Center
1639:
1637:
1629:
1628:
1626:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1544:
1543:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1530:
1525:
1520:
1518:Medical Center
1514:
1512:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1500:
1498:Medical Center
1494:
1492:
1481:
1477:
1476:
1473:
1472:
1470:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1457:
1456:
1454:
1453:
1448:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1427:
1425:
1421:
1420:
1418:
1417:
1412:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1391:
1386:
1380:
1378:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1352:
1351:
1349:Student regent
1340:
1338:
1334:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1263:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1239:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1210:
1195:
1190:
1184:
1176:
1175:External links
1173:
1170:
1169:
1139:
1116:
1084:
1070:
1044:
1011:
984:
962:
936:
935:
933:
930:
928:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
897:
892:
887:
881:
871:
868:
850:
849:
840:
839:
831:
830:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
803:
802:
783:
780:
764:
759:
740:radio galaxies
733:
730:
723:
720:
712:
709:
694:proto-galaxies
686:
683:
679:
676:
656:
653:
642:
639:
634:
631:
610:
607:
600:
597:
561:
539:
536:
498:
495:
420:primary mirror
402:Howard B. Keck
385:
382:
352:
351:
344:
341:
340:
328:
327:
320:
319:
310:
309:
303:
302:
301:
300:
297:
296:
282:
278:
277:
267:
263:
262:
254:
248:
247:
239:
235:
234:
224:
218:
217:
209:
205:
204:
194:
190:
189:
172:
168:
167:
149:
143:
142:
134:
130:
129:
92:
88:
87:
82:
78:
77:
64:
60:
59:
51:
47:
46:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3219:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3193:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3159:
3157:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3125:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3077:
3074:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3049:Europa Lander
3047:
3046:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2997:
2994:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2980:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2958:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2937:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2880:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2854:
2850:
2848:
2847:
2846:Mars Observer
2843:
2840:
2839:Mars Cube One
2837:
2835:
2834:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2822:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2776:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2759:
2755:
2753:
2752:
2748:
2746:
2745:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2724:
2722:Past missions
2720:
2712:
2711:
2707:
2705:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2687:
2684:
2681:
2678:
2675:
2672:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2646:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2626:
2622:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2608:
2604:
2602:
2601:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2562:
2561:
2557:
2556:
2554:
2550:
2546:
2539:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2525:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2503:
2494:
2491:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2471:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2451:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2437:
2432:
2428:
2425:
2421:
2418:
2414:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2372:
2369:
2365:
2360:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2352:Constellation
2349:
2346:
2342:
2339:
2335:
2332:
2331:
2326:
2323:
2319:
2316:
2312:
2309:
2305:
2302:
2298:
2295:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2276:
2274:
2270:
2263:
2259:
2256:
2252:
2249:
2245:
2242:
2238:
2235:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2221:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2207:
2203:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2178:
2167:
2163:
2158:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2133:
2130:
2126:
2123:
2119:
2116:
2112:
2109:
2105:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2091:
2088:
2084:
2081:
2077:
2074:
2070:
2069:
2067:
2065:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2047:
2043:
2040:
2036:
2033:
2029:
2026:
2022:
2019:
2015:
2012:
2008:
2007:
2005:
2003:Other methods
2001:
1994:
1990:
1985:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1957:
1952:
1947:
1943:
1940:
1939:Submillimetre
1936:
1933:
1929:
1928:
1926:
1922:
1913:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1899:
1898:Extragalactic
1895:
1891:
1890:
1888:
1884:
1877:
1873:
1870:
1866:
1863:
1862:Observational
1859:
1856:
1852:
1851:
1849:
1845:
1842:
1838:
1831:
1827:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1810:
1806:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1790:
1789:
1787:
1783:
1780:
1776:
1775:
1772:
1768:
1761:
1756:
1754:
1749:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1726:
1723:
1721:
1718:
1716:
1713:
1709:
1706:
1705:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1663:Cancer Center
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1640:
1638:
1636:
1630:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1618:Cancer Center
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1601:
1595:
1589:
1588:Cancer Center
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1558:Ronald Reagan
1556:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1545:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1505:
1499:
1496:
1495:
1493:
1491:
1485:
1482:
1478:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1449:
1447:
1444:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1413:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1405:
1403:Observatories
1401:
1395:
1392:
1390:
1387:
1385:
1382:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1350:
1347:
1346:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1330:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1314:Santa Barbara
1312:
1310:
1309:San Francisco
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1252:
1247:
1245:
1240:
1238:
1233:
1232:
1229:
1222:
1221:0-931548-99-3
1218:
1214:
1211:
1209:
1205:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1194:
1191:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1157:
1153:
1149:
1143:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1120:
1101:
1094:
1088:
1080:
1074:
1059:
1055:
1048:
1029:
1022:
1015:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
988:
973:
966:
951:
947:
941:
937:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
888:
886:
883:
882:
876:
862:
858:
853:
844:
835:
826:
817:
815:
811:
808:
800:
796:
792:
788:
784:
781:
778:
774:
769:
765:
763:
760:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
738:
737:high redshift
734:
731:
728:
724:
721:
718:
713:
710:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
684:
680:
677:
674:
670:
666:
661:
657:
654:
651:
647:
643:
640:
637:
624:
620:
616:
611:
608:
605:
601:
598:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
570:
566:
562:
559:
558:
552:
544:
535:
533:
529:
527:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
494:
492:
491:spectrometers
488:
483:
481:
476:
474:
470:
466:
461:
459:
455:
454:active optics
451:
447:
446:glass-ceramic
444:
440:
436:
431:
427:
426:active optics
419:
414:
410:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
381:
379:
375:
371:
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2758:Deep Space 2
2756:
2751:Deep Space 1
2749:
2743:
2736:
2729:
2708:
2701:
2653:
2644:
2637:Perseverance
2636:
2625:Mars Odyssey
2623:
2612:
2606:
2598:
2565:
2558:
2328:
2308:Astrophysics
2287:Astrobiology
2240:
1951:Far-infrared
1905:Local system
1840:Astronomy by
1830:... in space
1563:Santa Monica
1533:Los Alamitos
1451:Oceanography
1414:
1377:National Lab
1199:
1162:February 21,
1160:. Retrieved
1156:the original
1142:
1134:the original
1119:
1109:November 13,
1107:. Retrieved
1100:the original
1087:
1073:
1061:. Retrieved
1057:
1047:
1035:. Retrieved
1028:the original
1014:
997:
987:
975:. Retrieved
965:
953:. Retrieved
949:
940:
860:
856:
851:
804:
752:interstellar
748:brown dwarfs
717:Solar System
660:Spectrograph
604:Spectrograph
564:
532:Jerry Nelson
530:
523:
500:
484:
477:
462:
423:
394:Jerry Nelson
387:
357:
355:
252:Focal length
29:
2885:Opportunity
2744:Deep Impact
2375:Planetarium
2032:High-energy
2018:Cosmic rays
1970:Ultraviolet
1441:NanoSystems
1289:Los Angeles
754:chemistry,
538:Instruments
115: /
103:155°28′28″W
91:Coordinates
81:Location(s)
3156:Categories
2781:spacecraft
2647:helicopter
2368:Photometry
2345:Binoculars
2322:Astrometry
2183:telescopes
2080:Babylonian
1924:EM methods
1802:Astronomer
1715:Television
1573:Olive View
1424:Institutes
1415:W. M. Keck
1394:Los Alamos
1337:Governance
1319:Santa Cruz
977:October 7,
932:References
584:) and the
497:Management
458:nanometers
370:U.S. state
163:1996-10-23
155:1990-11-24
100:19°49′35″N
2764:Explorers
2710:Voyager 2
2703:Voyager 1
2645:Ingenuity
2631:Mars 2020
2440:Telescope
2046:Spherical
1993:Gamma-ray
1962:(optical)
1767:Astronomy
1720:Libraries
1538:Placentia
1304:San Diego
1299:Riverside
1037:April 17,
563:MOSFIRE (
503:501(c)(3)
450:Schott AG
418:segmented
366:Mauna Kea
266:Enclosure
2963:Surveyor
2957:Stardust
2911:QuikSCAT
2821:Magellan
2800:Herschel
2594:GRACE-FO
2573:ACRIMSAT
2490:Category
2199:Category
2094:Egyptian
2011:Neutrino
1946:Infrared
1894:Galactic
1869:Sidewalk
1823:Glossary
1793:Timeline
1708:journals
1528:Lakewood
1370:Research
1274:Berkeley
1267:Campuses
1204:Archived
1063:June 16,
955:July 28,
870:See also
777:hydroxyl
619:Big Bang
509:and the
384:Overview
208:Diameter
133:Altitude
3098:Caltech
3078:(MAX-C)
3054:FINESSE
3033:SPHEREx
2979:Ulysses
2922:Rosetta
2906:Pioneer
2900:Phoenix
2841:(MarCO)
2827:Mariner
2810:Jason-1
2789:Genesis
2775:Galileo
2600:InSight
2502:Commons
2454:history
2424:Russian
2272:Related
2181:Optical
2166:Tibetan
2150:Serbian
2143:Persian
2087:Chinese
2064:Culture
1984:History
1855:Amateur
1786:History
1779:Outline
1344:Regents
1002:Bibcode
756:stellar
732:NIRSPEC
727:microns
673:quasars
582:Caltech
560:MOSFIRE
507:Caltech
487:cameras
443:Zerodur
404:of the
368:in the
281:Website
196:2
161: (
153: (
63:Part of
2998:(WIRE)
2992:(WFPC)
2985:Viking
2935:(SRTM)
2928:Seasat
2916:Ranger
2877:Spirit
2815:Kepler
2682:(SMAP)
2676:(MISR)
2585:(AIRS)
2567:Psyche
2560:Euclid
2470:Zodiac
2410:French
2115:Indian
2108:Hebrew
1847:Manner
1568:Harbor
1480:Health
1356:Police
1294:Merced
1284:Irvine
1219:
1124:NASA.
857:Middle
762:OSIRIS
711:NIRC-2
671:, and
629:
599:DEIMOS
592:) and
555:shown.
517:. The
392:, and
374:Hawaii
360:is an
331:
181:
85:Hawaii
69:
3072:(AFL)
2968:SVLBI
2947:(SIR)
2941:(SME)
2894:NSCAT
2887:rover
2879:rover
2795:GRACE
2769:GALEX
2688:(TES)
2670:(MLS)
2664:(MSL)
2658:(MRO)
2639:rover
2620:(LBT)
2578:ASTER
2461:lists
2431:Women
2122:Inuit
2101:Greek
2039:Radar
1977:X-ray
1932:Radio
1912:Solar
1703:Press
1691:Media
1460:Other
1279:Davis
1103:(PDF)
1096:(PDF)
1031:(PDF)
1024:(PDF)
861:Right
793:of 5
722:NIRES
609:HIRES
441:from
345:[
3093:NASA
2805:IRAS
2737:Dawn
2692:SWOT
2607:Juno
2192:List
2157:folk
2129:Maya
1634:UCSF
1599:UCSD
1549:UCLA
1410:Lick
1217:ISBN
1164:2015
1130:NASA
1111:2019
1065:2017
1039:2009
979:2016
957:2019
852:Left
690:Moon
685:NIRC
655:LRIS
641:KCWI
590:UCLA
578:UCLA
489:and
356:The
288:.org
2359:IAU
1509:UCI
1489:UCD
678:LWS
627:0.2
625:is
437:by
396:of
372:of
3158::
1896:/
1150:.
1128:.
1056:.
996:.
948:.
667:,
650:nm
623:AU
2537:e
2530:t
2523:v
1954:)
1948:(
1759:e
1752:t
1745:v
1250:e
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1004::
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638:.
635:J
632:M
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349:]
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20:)
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