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to allow to be purchased by the persons subject to the same: Be it therefore enacted, that if any inhabitant or inhabitants of such town, burgh, village or place, shall be desirous to purchase an exemption from the said servitude of thirlage, and all and every the services and prestations incident thereto, to which the whole town, burgh, village or place is liable, from the proprietor of such mill or mills entitled to the same, it shall be lawful and competent to them to apply in manner above mentioned to the sheriff or steward depute of the county in which such town, burgh, village or place is situate, who shall take such proceedings and summon a jury in such manner as is herein-before particularly directed, which jury shall by their verdict fix and determine the full value in money of such right of thirlage in perpetuity; on which verdict and determination the said sheriff or steward depute or substitute shall pronounce decreet against the person or persons so petitioning or applying to him as aforesaid for the sum so fixed and determined by such jury; on payment of which to the proprietor of the mill, such town, burgh, village or place, or such inhabitant or inhabitants thereof, formerly subject to such thirlage, shall thenceforth be for ever freed and relieved from the same.
288:
179:
241:
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207:' denoted the payment to a miller's servant amounting to a handful of meal, in addition to that given as knaveship, this being a handful of cereal from each load milled. After the abolition of thirlage the term 'lick of goodwill' or 'lock' was the term for the miller's payment for grinding the cereal, etc.
362:
And whereas there is a kind of thirlage known in the law and practice of
Scotland, called a thirlage of the invecta et illata, to which sundry towns, burghs, burghs of barony, villages or other places in that part of the kingdom and the inhabitants thereof are subject, which thirlage it is expedient
379:
Under thirlage the suckeners had to convey new millstones to their thirled mill, sometimes over significant distances. The width of some of the first roads was determined by the requirement to have at least two people on either side of a new grindstone being transported, with a wooden axle called a
189:
The 'sucken' was the area over which a mill held thirlage over tenants and a 'suckener' (or 'in-sucken multurer') was a tenant thirled to a particular mill. The millers were obliged to enforce the adherence of tenants to the thirlage laws, since the income of the miller was based on that portion of
202:
Multure (or mulcture), pronounced 'mooter', was the name for the mill toll: a fixed proportion of the tenant's grain, paid to the miller by the suckener to grind the corn. The term 'dry multure' was often used, indicating the multure that a tenant had to pay, whether the grain was to be ground or
231:
was used for a bag hung near the millstones into which a dishonest miller would slip a handful of meal now and then. The 'mill-ring' is the space between the millstones and the wooden frame. This space inevitably collected meal and was enlarged by unscrupulous millers to increase the amount that
130:
Thirlage was the feudal law by which the laird (superior) could force all those vassals living on his lands to bring their grain to his mill to be ground. The law ensured that all the grain the vassals produced could be measured and thus taxed. Vassals had to carry out repairs on the mill,
218:
This was the payment, amounting to a year's rent, for a miller to enter into rights under the law of thirlage. This was a significant sum, and the miller was often forced to insist on his rights of multure to make a reasonable living. By 1811 grassum was almost unknown in
Ayrshire.
718:
264:. Querns allow free grinding at home to gain independence from thirlage. Many quern-stones were intentionally broken. This is maybe after having been broken purposely according to thirlage law. However, there are various ceremonial explanations.
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the tenants' grain that the miller was legally entitled to take for the act of milling the grain. The legal term 'astricted' was applied to a tenant who was thirled or bonded to a particular mill. The term
595:
General View of The
Agriculture of the County of Ayr; observations on the means of its improvement; drawn up for the consideration of the Board of Agriculture, and Internal Improvements, with Beautiful
146:. c. 55) and after this many mills fell out of use as competition and unsubsidised running costs took their toll. This explains why so many mills ceased to be marked on maps after this date.
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owned by the feudal superior. People so thirled were called suckeners and were obliged to pay customary dues for use of the mill and help maintain it.
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The
Structured Deposition of Querns: The Contexts of Use and Deposition of Querns in the South-West of England from the Neolithic to the Iron Age
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Suckeners would place a small amount of grain in a bag at the mill which would be used to help feed the poor or those suffering hard times.
466:
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in
Ayrshire and apart from the weir and some other indications, it has entirely vanished, most likely because it was the thirlage mill for
397:
94:
The obligations of thirlage eventually ceased to apply, but thirlage in
Scotland was only formally and totally abolished on 28 November (
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not. Failure to take grain to the thirled mill was termed 'abstracted multure' and could result in the suckener being fined. The term '
358:
The Act allowed those suckeners bound by thirlage to make a one-off payment that 'bought' them out of the various legal requirements:
87:) and indicates subservience to the feudal superior and feudal laws, the situation being not that far removed from the conditions of
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An Act for encouraging the improvement of lands subject to the servitude of thirlage in that part of Great
Britain called Scotland.
790:
310:
626:
Observations on a Tour through the
Highlands and part of the Western Isles of Scotland, particularly Staff and Icolmkill.
719:"Broken Bones and Broken Stones: Exploring Fragmentation in Middle and Late Bronze Age Settlement Contexts in Ireland"
612:
575:
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Aiton records in 1811 that barley, wheat, peas, beans, and every form of green crop were exempt from multure.
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77:', which was a body servant, retainer, or vassal to a noble or chief. The term is interchangeable with Scots
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Early
Scottish multurers' duty to use their baron's mill could be legally enforced by the miller breaking
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693:
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accumulated to their benefit. The term 'ring the mill' was used in common discourse to mean a 'cheat'.
759:
Ancient Things in Angus: A Series of
Articles on Ancient Things, Manners, and Customs, in Forfarshire
447:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000 (Commencement No. 2) (Appointed Day) Order 2003
59:
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An identical feudal astriction existed and was enforced actively in feudal western Europe, e.g.
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maintaining the lade and weir as well as conveying new millstones to the site. Such trees as
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was applied to a mill which ground corn from outside its sucken for whatever reason.
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698:(Doctor of Philosophy in Archaeology thesis). University of Exeter. p. 26
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as in force today (including any amendments) within the United Kingdom, from
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were grown as a crop to provide the necessary wood for the mill machinery.
484:"Les classes rurales en Bretagne, du XVIe siècle à la Révolution (suite)"
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tenants in the milling of their grain for personal or other uses.
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Warrack, Alexander (1982)."Chambers Scots Dictionary". Chambers.
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abolished the last vestiges of thirlage as of 28 November 2004.
74:
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was previously thirled to the Blair Estate in North Ayrshire.
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640:"Extractive Poetics: Marine Energies in Scottish Literature"
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Archiv für die neueste Gesetzgebung aller deutschen Staaten
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The Thirlage Act was repealed by the Thirlage Act 1799 (
568:
A Miller's Tale: The Life and Times of Dalgarven Mill
421:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
380:'mill-wand' passed through the hole in the centre.
369:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
100:
Abolition of Feudal Tenure etc. (Scotland) Act 2000
776:A Researcher's Guide to Local History terminology
667:20.500.11820/cee30c13-dba7-4017-973c-93f26ba49823
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488:Annales de Bretagne et des pays de l'Ouest
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170:mill after the Thirlage Act was repealed.
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717:Cleary, Kerri (2 November 2017).
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723:European Journal of Archaeology
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791:Feudalism in the British Isles
518:(in German). Kupferberg. 1832.
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540:The Scottish Miller 1700–1900
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346:Text of the Thirlage Act 1799
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762:. Thomas Buncle. p. 29.
42:were thirled to their local
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293:Parliament of Great Britain
256:A hand quern being operated
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272:United Kingdom legislation
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69:'thralldom', derived from
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162:and its business went to
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150:for example was on the
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26:(or astriction) under
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424:as amended (see also
418:Scottish Parliament.
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121:in the Netherlands,
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598:. Glasgow. Page 173
482:Sée, Henri (1905).
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30:restricting
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124:Mühlenzwang
115:in France,
644:Humanities
596:Engravings
404:References
301:Long title
229:mill-bitch
223:Dishonesty
60:metathesis
50:Background
743:1461-9571
702:27 August
676:2076-0787
650:(1): 15.
316:39 Geo. 3
192:outsucken
156:Stewarton
144:39 Geo. 3
107:mill soke
96:Martinmas
67:thrillage
54:The term
28:Scots law
24:servitude
785:Category
467:Archived
428:), from
392:See also
311:Citation
164:Lainshaw
137:hornbeam
118:banmolen
56:thirlage
32:manorial
17:Thirlage
318:. c. 55
214:Grassum
205:bannock
198:Multure
89:slavery
36:Vassals
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174:Sucken
75:thrall
21:feudal
19:was a
323:Dates
154:near
133:beech
84:churl
71:thril
64:Scots
58:is a
38:in a
739:ISSN
704:2024
672:ISSN
609:ISBN
572:ISBN
544:ISBN
79:carl
44:mill
731:doi
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