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wooden auger to move material horizontally; the Hopper Boy, a device for stirring and cooling the newly ground flour; the Drill, a horizontal elevator with flaps instead of buckets (similar to the use of a conveyor but easier to build); and the
Descender, an endless strap (leather or flannel) in a trough that is angled downward, the strap helps to move the ground flour in the trough. Most importantly, he integrated these into a single continuous process, the overall design later becoming known as the Automatic (or Automated) mill. In 1790 he received the third Federal patent for his process. In 1795 he published "The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide" which fully described the process.
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576:. The different milling techniques produce visibly different results, but can be made to produce nutritionally and functionally equivalent output. Stone-ground flour is preferred by many bakers and natural food advocates because of its texture, nutty flavour, and the belief that it is nutritionally superior and has a better baking quality than steel-roller-milled flour. It is claimed that, as the stones grind relatively slowly, the wheat germ is not exposed to the sort of excessive temperatures that could cause the fat from the germ portion to
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215:, but had the disadvantage that the speed of rotation of the stone was dependent on the volume and flow of water available and was, therefore, only suitable for use in mountainous regions with fast-flowing streams. This dependence on the volume and speed of flow of the water also meant that the speed of rotation of the stone was highly variable and the optimum grinding speed could not always be maintained.
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ground for himself (what would be generally called barter or custom milling). In his book, Evans describes a system that allows the sequential milling of these grists, noting that "a mill, thus constructed, might grind grists in the day time, and do merchant-work at night." Over time, any small, older style flour mill became generally known as a gristmill (as a distinction from large factory flour mills).
162:
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375:) to a proportion on all grain processed in the community. Later, mills were supported by farming communities and the miller received the "miller's toll" in lieu of wages. Most towns and villages had their own mill so that local farmers could easily transport their grain there to be milled. These communities were dependent on their local mill as bread was a staple part of the diet.
496:
In order to prevent vibrations from the millstones shaking the building apart, they were usually placed on a separate timber foundation, not attached to the mill walls, known as a husk. This foundation isolated the building from vibrations coming from the stones and main gearing and also allowed for
517:
revolutionized the labor-intensive process of early mills at the end of the eighteenth century when he automated the process of making flour. His inventions included the
Elevator, wood or tin buckets on a vertical endless leather belt, used to move grain and flour vertically upward; the Conveyor, a
366:
Although the terms "gristmill" or "corn mill" can refer to any mill that grinds grain, the terms were used historically for a local mill where farmers brought their own grain and received ground meal or flour, minus a percentage called the "miller's toll". Early mills in
England were almost always
300:
gives a precise count of
England's water-powered flour mills: there were 5,624, or about one for every 300 inhabitants, and this was probably typical throughout western and southern Europe. From this time onward, water wheels began to be used for purposes other than grist milling. In England, the
521:
Evans himself did not use the term gristmill to describe his automatic flour mill, which was purpose designed as a merchant mill (he used the more general term "water-mill"). In his book his only reference to "grist" (or "grists") is to the small batches of grain a farmer would bring in to have
449:
to refine the flour, or turning a wooden drum to wind up a chain used to hoist sacks of grain to the top of the mill house. The distance between the stones can be varied to produce the grade of flour required; moving the stones closer together produces finer flour. This process, which may be
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229:. The rotating mill is considered "one of the greatest discoveries of the human race". It was a very physically demanding job for workers, where the slave workers were considered little different from animals, the miseries of which were depicted in iconography and
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473:) from which it falls into a hole in the center of the runner stone. The milled grain (flour) is collected as it emerges through the grooves in the runner stone from the outer rim of the stones and is fed down a chute to be collected in
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connects the runner's spindle to the main shaft, and this can be moved out of the way to disconnect the stone and stop it turning, leaving the main shaft turning to drive other machinery. This might include driving a mechanical
580:
and become rancid, which would destroy some of the vitamin content. Stone-milled flour has been found to be relatively high in thiamin, compared to roller-milled flour, especially when milled from hard wheat.
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Modern mills are usually "merchant mills" that are either privately owned and accept money or trade for milling grains or are owned by corporations that buy unmilled grain and then own the flour produced.
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the easy re-leveling of the foundation to keep the millstones perfectly horizontal. The lower bedstone was placed in an inset in the husk with the upper runner stone above the level of the husk.
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running vertically from the bottom to the top of the building. This system of gearing ensures that the main shaft turns faster than the water wheel, which typically rotates at around 10
726:
129:
Senenu
Grinding Grain, c. 1352–1336 BC. The royal scribe Senenu appears here bent over a large grinding stone. This unusual sculpture seems to be an elaborate version of a
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called the "runner stone". The turning force produced by the water on the paddles was transferred directly to the runner stone, causing it to grind against a stationary "
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to make it turn. In most watermills the water wheel was mounted vertically, i.e., edge-on, in the water, but in some cases horizontally (the tub wheel and so-called
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247:, giving a grinding capacity estimated at 28 tons per day. Water mills seem to have remained in use during the post-Roman period.
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203:", as many were found in Scandinavia. The paddle wheel was attached to a shaft which was, in turn, attached to the centre of the
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572:. The endosperm is ground to create white flour, which may be recombined with the bran and germ to create whole grain or
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gristmills were built in the 9th and 10th centuries in what are now
Afghanistan, Pakistan and Iran. The Egyptian town of
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in 1202. The
Cistercians were known for their use of this technology in Western Europe in the period 1100 to 1350.
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From the late 10th century onwards, there was an expansion of grist-milling in
Northern Europe. In England, the
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465:. The sacks are then emptied into bins, where the grain falls down through a hopper to the millstones on the
608:. Moth larvae produce a web-like material that clogs machinery, sometimes causing grain mills to shut down.
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1377:"NUTRITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS of ORGANIC, FRESHLY STONE-GROUND, SOURDOUGH & - CONVENTIONAL BREADS"
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had a grain-processing factory that produced an estimated 300 tons of flour and grain per day.
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number of mills in operation followed population growth, and peaked at around 17,000 by 1300.
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The early mills had horizontal paddle wheels, an arrangement which later became known as the "
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1243:. The University of Chicago - Department of Romance Languages and Literature. Archived from
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is mounted on the same axle as the water wheel and this drives a smaller gear-wheel, the
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have previously been removed, but historically some mills also housed equipment for
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below. The flow of grain is regulated by shaking it in a gently sloping trough (the
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305:
258:
170:
1458:. Technology and Change in History. Vol. 2. Leiden: Brill. pp. 371–400.
641:, Virginia, 1938. Grain was funneled through the hopper to a grinding stone below.
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from the 3rd century AD onwards, and then the widespread expansion of large-scale
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438:, is mounted on a separate spindle, driven by the main shaft. A wheel called the
285:. Gristmills in the Islamic world were powered by both water and wind. The first
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Manually operated mills utilizing a crank-and-connecting rod were used in the
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Greek and Roman mechanical water-lifting devices: the history of a technology
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to spin heavy steel, or cast iron, serrated and flat rollers to separate the
539:
345:
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1445:(1985). "Archaeological Evidence for Early Water-Mills. An Interim Report".
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211:", a stone of a similar size and shape. This simple arrangement required no
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from the 8th century onwards. Geared gristmills were built in the medieval
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133:, a funerary figurine placed in the tomb to work in place of the deceased.
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Limited extant examples of gristmills can be found in Europe from the
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The basic anatomy of a millstone; this diagram depicts a runner stone.
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Wikander, Örjan (2000). "The Water-Mill". In
Wikander, Örjan (ed.).
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a water-powered grain-mill to have existed near the palace of king
1374:
1142:(1996). "Engineering". In Rashed, Roshdi; Morelon, Régis (eds.).
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281:, which were used for grinding grain and other seeds to produce
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by the end of the first century BC, and these were described by
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International
Symposium on History of Machines and Mechanisms
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and these were sometimes refitted into the old wheel mills.
394:). Later designs incorporated horizontal steel or cast iron
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Gristmills only grind "clean" grains from which stalks and
308:. An extant well-preserved waterwheel and gristmill on the
212:
1431:"Mingus Mill in the Smokies - Grist Mill Near Cherokee NC"
1170:
Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology
401:
In most wheel-driven mills, a large gear-wheel called the
625:
Gristmill with water wheel, Skyline Drive, Virginia, 1938
1527:
1360:, Oliver Evans, Philadelphia, 1795, Chapter II, pp.88-90
1199:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
1111:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
1047:
A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times
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gate is opened to allow water to flow onto, or under, a
901:
Denny, Mark (4 May 2007). "Waterwheels and Windmills".
688:
Remnants of some of the scores of flour mills built in
323:
1267:
The History of Bread from Pre-historic to Modern Times
1407:"Mediterranean Flour Moth (Department of Entomology)"
1375:
Campbell, Judy; Mechtild Hauser; Stuart Hill (1991).
1297:
Practical Treatise on the Law of Landlord and Tenant
1081:. Springer Science and Business Media. p. 236.
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floor. A similar process is used for grains such as
902:
432:, is fixed to the floor, while the top stone, the
1509:History of Cannon River Mills in Southern MN, USA
1383:. Ecological Agriculture Projects. Archived from
1265:Ashton, John (1904). "The miller and his tolls".
450:automatic or controlled by the miller, is called
19:Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see
1534:
1411:Department of Entomology (Penn State University)
1344:"Old Stone Mill - History of the Old Stone Mill"
732:"Slipper" feeding corn into the grindstones of
257:There was an expansion of grist-milling in the
243:where water with a 19-metre fall drove sixteen
239:. The peak of Roman technology is probably the
1483:(London, Simpkin, Marshall and company, 1898).
905:Ingenium: five machines that changed the world
1145:Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science
986:Apuleius and Antonine Rome: Historical Essays
424:The millstones themselves turn at around 120
1491:Volume 1 - Handstone, Slave and Cattle Mills
1381:Ecological Agriculture Projects Publications
692:between 1850 and 1900. Note the underground
604:One common pest found in flour mills is the
34:Allied Mills flour mill on the banks of the
1500:Volume 3 - Feudal Laws and customs of Mills
747:Old turbine wheel at the old grist mill in
696:that powered mills on the west side of the
592:, sorting, and cleaning prior to grinding.
538:, the largest grain milling company in the
560:Modern mills typically use electricity or
371:and had the exclusive right (the right of
314:Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda
88:is grain that has been separated from its
1528:The Society for Preservation of Old Mills
1241:"ARTFL Project: Webster Dictionary, 1913"
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1358:The Young Mill-Wright and Miller’s Guide
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16:Apparatus that grinds grain into flour
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900:
716:Wheel of the 1840s-era Grist Mill at
500:
358:, a 17th-century operational mill in
165:The old water mill at Decew Falls in
1456:Handbook of Ancient Water Technology
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1138:
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1014:Erskine, Andrew (26 December 2012).
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324:Classical British and American mills
1504:Volume 4 - Some famous feudal mills
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378:Classical mill designs are usually
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1479:Richard Bennett & John Elton.
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269:milling installations across the
121:List of early medieval watermills
1449:. Vol. 10. pp. 151–79.
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1496:Volume 2 - Water and Wind Mills
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1148:. Routledge. pp. 751–795.
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1017:A Companion to Ancient History
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911:Johns Hopkins University Press
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461:at the top of the mill on the
1:
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734:George Washington's Gristmill
153:Grinding mechanism in an old
720:in Sturbridge, Massachusetts
7:
1316:Windmills and millwrighting
1271:The Religious Tract Society
1230:, Gollanz, 1976, Chapter 1.
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675:Shediac Cape, New Brunswick
653:Gristmill drive machinery,
25:Flour Mill (disambiguation)
10:
1574:
673:Pedal powered wheat mill,
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241:Barbegal aqueduct and mill
117:List of ancient watermills
114:
108:
99:
18:
1003:. Bloomsbury. p. 75.
955:. Springer. p. 373.
21:Cornmill (disambiguation)
1314:Freese, Stanley (1971).
1001:Paul, the Fool of Christ
606:Mediterranean flour moth
599:
1481:History of corn milling
1293:Harrison, Samuel Bealey
485:to make flour, and for
298:Domesday survey of 1086
1543:Agricultural buildings
1299:(7 ed.). London:
1140:Hill, Donald Routledge
1020:. Wiley. p. 493.
768:Sudbury, Massachusetts
762:The grist mill at the
718:Old Sturbridge Village
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186:Mithradates VI Eupator
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176:The Greek geographer
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36:Manchester Ship Canal
33:
1228:The Medieval Machine
1054:. pp. 163–164.
1387:on 18 February 2003
1303:. pp. iv, 561.
1301:Sweet & Maxwell
1168:Adam Lucas (2006),
367:built by the local
252:Western Han dynasty
221:were in use in the
92:in preparation for
984:Bradley, Keith R.
949:Oleson, John Peter
835:List of watermills
809:Jarrell Plantation
637:Gristmill hopper,
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513:American inventor
511:
501:The automatic mill
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356:Stretton Watermill
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40:North West England
1320:David and Charles
1155:978-0-415-12410-2
1088:978-1-4020-9484-2
924:978-0-8018-8586-0
749:Thorp, Washington
702:St. Anthony Falls
698:Mississippi River
477:on the ground or
369:lord of the manor
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157:-based flour mill
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1558:Renewable energy
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1385:the original
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850:Unifine Mill
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562:fossil fuels
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534:Interior in
526:Modern mills
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1548:Flour mills
1523:Mill photos
1391:15 December
930:15 December
913:. pp.
786:bevel gears
764:Wayside Inn
690:Minneapolis
655:Thomas Mill
467:stone floor
392:Norse wheel
388:water wheel
342:Wayside Inn
201:Norse wheel
1537:Categories
1416:2017-11-14
1269:. London:
1251:2006-09-28
971:9027716935
866:References
840:Hammermill
782:Grain mill
536:Tartu Mill
459:sack floor
415:driveshaft
310:Ebro River
194:Asia Minor
115:See also:
59:flour mill
51:grist mill
1295:(1856) .
1204:Routledge
1172:, p. 65,
1116:Routledge
1052:Routledge
855:Ship mill
845:Tide mill
794:Dordrecht
694:Mill race
590:threshing
570:endosperm
568:from the
491:corn meal
452:tentering
441:stone nut
404:pit wheel
362:, England
275:Near East
227:Vitruvius
205:millstone
182:Geography
111:Watermill
82:middlings
69:) grinds
63:feed mill
55:corn mill
47:gristmill
1196:(2013).
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829:See also
489:to make
410:wallower
396:turbines
373:mulcture
360:Cheshire
231:Apuleius
94:grinding
67:feedmill
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612:Gallery
578:oxidize
471:slipper
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267:factory
100:History
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155:Sweden
131:shabti
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784:with
600:Pests
586:chaff
487:maize
483:wheat
475:sacks
463:hoist
447:sieve
283:meals
213:gears
90:chaff
86:Grist
78:flour
76:into
74:grain
1460:ISBN
1393:2009
1324:ISBN
1275:OCLC
1208:ISBN
1178:ISBN
1150:ISBN
1120:ISBN
1083:ISBN
1056:ISBN
1022:ISBN
967:ASIN
957:ISBN
932:2009
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479:meal
277:and
261:and
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