342:
indicate that Roma engaged in criminal activities, or those associated with them and with a good knowledge of their language, were using cant, but as a separate vocabulary - Angloromani was used for day to day matters, while cant was used for criminal activities. A thief in 1839 claimed that the cant he had seen in print was nothing like the cant then used by Roma, thieves and beggars. He also said that each of these used distinct vocabularies, which overlapped; the Roma having a cant word for everything, and the beggars using a lower style than the thieves.
22:
341:
There is doubt as to the extent to which the words in canting literature were taken from street usage, or were adopted by those wishing to show that they were part of a real or imagined criminal underworld. The transmission has almost certainly been in both directions. The
Winchester Confessions
281:
The influence of this work can be seen from the independent life taken on by the "Beggar King Clause", who appears as a real character in later literature. The ceremony for anointing the new king was taken from Thomas Harman and described as being used by
297:
in 1745, claimed to have been chosen to succeed "Clause Patch" as King of the
Beggars, and many editions of his work included a canting dictionary. Such dictionaries, often based on Harman's, remained popular, including
2022:
326:. Etymological research now suggests a substantial correlation between Romany words and cant, and equivalents, in many European languages. However, in England, Scotland, and Wales this does not apply. The
2062:
2042:
2100:
170:. He also called it "pedlars' French" or "pelting speech", and was told that it had been invented as a secret language some 30 years earlier. The earliest records of canting words are included in
2067:
2077:
2072:
2057:
2047:
2027:
2017:
2037:
2032:
2012:
2082:
2052:
577:
330:, as they were known, were a separate group from the standard vagabonds, and cant was fully developed within 50 years of their first arrival in England. Comparison of Romany words in the
310:
338:
show high commonality. This record also distinguished between Romany and Cant words and again the attributions of the words to the different categories is consistent with later records.
2339:
2007:
1736:
331:
1964:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2332:
1973:
2365:
1109:
854:""He said he was going on the scamp": Thieves' cant, enregisterment and the representation of the social margins in the Old Bailey Sessions Papers"
2583:
2477:
2360:
802:
266:, first performed in 1622, but possibly written c. 1614. The play remained popular for two centuries, and the canting section was extracted as
2372:
482:- a pickpocketing technique in which conversation and deception are used to steal a purse from a victim; also someone who uses this technique
300:
220:(1612). Cant was included together with descriptions of the social structure of beggars, the techniques of thieves including coney-catching,
239:
which was copied by Thomas Dekker and other writers. That such words were known to a wide audience is evidenced by the use of cant words in
2518:
2282:
1957:
2485:
2105:
1826:
3234:
2845:
1926:
638:
1688:
158:
692:
1034:
1950:
741:
Ribton-Turner, C. J. 1887 Vagrants and
Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging, London, 1887, p. 245, quoting an examination taken at
2850:
2813:
2491:
1931:
778:
672:
2243:
1102:
240:
2576:
770:
Strange vernaculars : how eighteenth-century slang, cant, provincial languages, and nautical jargon became
English
1051:
964:
2685:
1135:
1016:
3071:
3058:
2612:
2401:
2197:
1921:
1095:
1046:
3269:
2637:
2344:
1901:
1766:
89:, although individual terms continue to be used in the criminal subcultures of Britain and the United States.
3392:
3229:
3194:
2835:
2627:
2569:
2510:
1647:
1426:
1388:
1338:
184:. Copland and Harman were used as sources by later writers. A spate of rogue literature started in 1591 with
2825:
2778:
2622:
1896:
1796:
185:
2537:
1637:
1587:
742:
3207:
2753:
2708:
2642:
2617:
2406:
2327:
2260:
2253:
2248:
1776:
1516:
1396:
1127:
1041:
Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue. A Dictionary of
Buckish Slang, University Wit and Pickpocket Eloquence
259:
2926:
2855:
2713:
2698:
2396:
1861:
1461:
1368:
1208:
853:
77:, cryptolect, or argot which was formerly used by thieves, beggars, and hustlers of various kinds in
3239:
2931:
2865:
2830:
2416:
2411:
1786:
700:
3387:
3083:
2976:
2946:
2911:
2703:
2647:
2632:
2472:
2456:
2277:
1431:
1358:
1213:
2561:
3337:
3124:
2941:
2840:
2272:
1677:
1521:
1456:
1118:
2958:
2951:
2860:
2773:
2768:
2377:
2304:
1652:
1632:
1567:
1451:
1233:
607:
287:
3327:
3189:
3099:
3078:
2988:
2981:
2725:
2448:
2309:
2299:
2294:
1816:
1726:
1525:
1486:
1218:
323:
205:
153:
86:
664:
Becoming
Criminal: Transversal Performance and Cultural Dissidence in Early Modern England
8:
3317:
3224:
3202:
3159:
3144:
3109:
3053:
2998:
2993:
2872:
2758:
2735:
2680:
2289:
2238:
1866:
1856:
1706:
1662:
1496:
1273:
1188:
586: â Any system of slang in which a word is replaced with a phrase that rhymes with it
3214:
3023:
2968:
2963:
2918:
2877:
2670:
2596:
2542:
2185:
2180:
2155:
2092:
1977:
1716:
1612:
1607:
1531:
1506:
1308:
1293:
1258:
881:
796:
725:
3114:
488:- pickpocketing by slashing and palming a purse; also a person who uses this technique
29:
3342:
3307:
3292:
3276:
3264:
3249:
3219:
3179:
3149:
3129:
3119:
3063:
3043:
3033:
3018:
3003:
2898:
2893:
2820:
2790:
2785:
2763:
2745:
2740:
2730:
2720:
2267:
2130:
1682:
1602:
1441:
1323:
1063:
970:
960:
873:
784:
774:
717:
668:
610: â Variety of mixed languages mainly spoken in the townships of Gauteng province
163:
885:
3322:
3254:
3244:
3184:
3174:
3169:
3154:
3139:
3134:
3048:
3038:
2906:
2800:
2693:
2675:
2665:
2190:
2175:
2145:
2140:
1746:
1657:
1481:
1476:
1278:
1040:
996:
865:
709:
500:- a person who identifies and manoeuvres a victim so that their purse can be stolen
435:
263:
255:
250:
221:
197:
101:
82:
145:
137:
3368:
3332:
3312:
3297:
3259:
3164:
3104:
3028:
3013:
3008:
2808:
2795:
2388:
2170:
2150:
1891:
1806:
1562:
1541:
1491:
1471:
1411:
1378:
1333:
1328:
1288:
1173:
662:
613:
595:
271:
105:
97:
74:
1942:
141:
124:
to have been devised around 1530 by two vagabond leaders - Giles Hather, of the
3347:
3302:
2165:
2160:
2135:
1642:
1597:
1421:
1353:
1223:
1068:
193:
175:
51:
1228:
3381:
1886:
1501:
1406:
1401:
1363:
1283:
1263:
1238:
1203:
877:
788:
721:
583:
283:
149:
78:
3369:
Vocabulum, or, The rogue's lexicon: compiled from the most authentic sources
1069:
Vocabulum, or, The rogue's lexicon: compiled from the most authentic sources
1047:
Transcription of canting terms from 1736 and published then by Nathan Bailey
189:
1627:
1622:
1577:
1536:
1446:
1348:
1303:
1298:
1268:
1253:
1248:
1082:
974:
869:
335:
305:
768:
2464:
2440:
2430:
1871:
1836:
1756:
1582:
1373:
1313:
1198:
1183:
1087:
639:"The Tongues of Rogues: How secret languages develop in closed societies"
560:
514:
by striking them on their right breast, so that their purse may be stolen
129:
954:
542:
2502:
1876:
1667:
1511:
1466:
1343:
1318:
1243:
1178:
291:
236:
133:
121:
713:
2592:
1908:
1617:
1557:
1436:
1416:
1168:
1163:
1143:
693:"An early vocabulary of British Romany (1616): A linguistic analysis"
554:
113:
1035:
A caveat or warning for common cursetors, vulgarly called vagabonds.
578:
A New
Dictionary of the Terms Ancient and Modern of the Canting Crew
50:) It is one of the earliest examples of the use of thieves' cant in
1881:
1572:
1193:
1153:
589:
548:
530:
229:
225:
1025:, Volume 41 Page 118 - October 1999 (commenting on Becker-Ho, A.,
2591:
1592:
1148:
1043:. 1811 edition of a dictionary compiled by Captain Grose in 1785.
524:
125:
117:
109:
520:- a person who breaks into houses to allow entry for their gang.
85:
countries. It is now mostly obsolete and used in literature and
1737:
An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
1672:
956:
The canting crew : London's criminal underworld, 1550-1700
601:
37:
33:
959:. New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. p. 100.
1158:
564:
536:
275:
167:
162:, first published in 1566. He collected his information from
21:
907:
278:
he published for performance at markets, fairs and camps.
232:
of the kind which have always been popular in literature.
16:
Cant used by various peoples in
English-speaking countries
924:
922:
897:
895:
835:
833:
831:
829:
827:
825:
2340:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
2008:
Countries by the number of recognized official languages
934:
919:
892:
822:
618:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
128:, and Cock Lorell, of the "Quartern of Knaves" - at
196:. These were continued by other writers, including
322:It was commonly believed that cant developed from
1972:
3379:
748:
667:. Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 33.
525:Equivalent of thieves' cant in other languages
148:might not so easily be perceived and known".
2577:
2492:PaĂses Africanos de LĂngua Oficial Portuguesa
1958:
1103:
301:The Canting Academy, or Devils Cabinet opened
243:theatre. Middleton and Dekker included it in
2519:International Organization of Turkic Culture
452:- hands; also goods that are probably stolen
26:
2584:
2570:
2486:Community of Portuguese Language Countries
2101:Countries and capitals in native languages
1965:
1951:
1827:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
1117:
1110:
1096:
801:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
636:
1072:, a dictionary of American thieves' cant.
1010:A History of Cant and Slang Dictionaries
952:
940:
928:
913:
901:
839:
817:A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursetors
766:
686:
684:
660:
598: â Isolate language spoken in India
592: â Argot of Buenos Aires, Argentina
446:- a person who will receive stolen goods
378:â water; as a verb, penal transportation
372:- a house that will receive stolen goods
159:A Caveat or Warning for Common Cursitors
20:
657:Martin Markall, the Beadle of Bridewell
3380:
1005:, provided analysis of the literature.
1001:Aydelotte, F., (1913, reprinted 1967)
858:Journal of Historical Sociolinguistics
690:
506:- an instruction by a pickpocket to a
2565:
2218:
1989:
1946:
1091:
991:Judges, A.V., (1930, reprinted 1974)
773:. Princeton, New Jersey. p. 28.
681:
637:Mikanowski, Jacob (5 December 2013).
1083:18th and 19th Century Thieves' Cant
851:
754:
360:- a house that can easily be robbed
247:(1611). It was used extensively in
245:The Roaring Girl, or Moll Cut-Purse
156:, included examples in his account
32:et le Petit. Son Codicille avec le
13:
2106:Country names in various languages
1057:
14:
3404:
1076:
1003:Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds
440:- a person who buys stolen goods
228:tricks, and the descriptions of
81:and to a lesser extent in other
3360:
2402:List of Indo-European languages
2198:Languages of the European Union
985:
946:
188:'s series of five pamphlets on
172:The Highway to the Spitalfields
166:he interrogated at his home in
1767:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
845:
809:
760:
735:
649:
630:
311:Dictionary of the Canting Crew
1:
2511:Organization of Turkic States
2219:
1990:
1648:Principle of compositionality
623:
476:- a knife with a curved blade
178:
44:
2361:By number of native speakers
1797:Philosophical Investigations
616: â secret language game
7:
2814:Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect
2373:By number of total speakers
1638:Modality (natural language)
1052:The Lexicon of Thieves Cant
995:includes the main works of
993:The Elizabethan Underworld,
570:
504:bulk the cull to the right!
345:
286:in the nineteenth century.
10:
3409:
2407:List of Mongolic languages
1777:Language, Truth, and Logic
1517:Theological noncognitivism
1402:Contrast theory of meaning
1397:Causal theory of reference
1128:Index of language articles
953:McMullan, John L. (1984).
334:taken in 1616 with modern
317:
235:Harman included a canting
92:
3285:
3092:
2886:
2658:
2603:
2530:
2427:
2386:
2353:
2320:
2229:
2225:
2214:
2091:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1917:
1862:Philosophy of information
1849:
1698:
1550:
1462:Mediated reference theory
1387:
1134:
1125:
136:, "to the end that their
2417:List of Uralic languages
2412:List of Turkic languages
2333:by country and territory
1787:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
767:Sorensen, Janet (2017).
661:Reynolds, Bryan (2002).
268:The Beggars Commonwealth
2846:Regional North American
2473:Three Linguistic Spaces
2457:Commonwealth of Nations
1588:Useâmention distinction
1432:Direct reference theory
214:Lantern and Candlelight
100:is a common feature of
30:Maistre Françoys Villon
3270:Dialects and varieties
2841:Received Pronunciation
2686:American Sign Language
1522:Theory of descriptions
1457:Linguistic determinism
1119:Philosophy of language
870:10.1515/jhsl-2017-1001
691:Bakker, Peter (2002).
332:Winchester Confessions
55:
27:
2378:Languages in censuses
2001:By official languages
1633:Mental representation
1568:Linguistic relativity
1452:Inquisitive semantics
1027:Les Princes du Jargon
1012:, Volume 1: 1567-1784
852:But, Roxanne (2017).
608:Tsotsitaal and Camtho
604: â Form of slang
288:Bampfylde Moore Carew
210:The Bellman of London
24:
3393:English-based argots
2449:Dutch Language Union
2093:Endonyms and exonyms
1817:Naming and Necessity
1727:De Arte Combinatoria
1526:Definite description
1487:Semantic externalism
1008:Coleman, J., (2004)
655:Rid, Samuel (1610).
494:- a young pickpocket
290:, who published his
154:justice of the peace
120:. It was claimed by
87:fantasy role-playing
3195:Proto-Indo-European
2851:White South African
2468:(Romance languages)
2345:Number of languages
1867:Philosophical logic
1857:Analytic philosophy
1663:Sense and reference
1542:Verification theory
1497:Situation semantics
458:- to cheat or cozen
28:Le Grant Testament
2543:Category:Languages
2538:Lists of languages
2522:(Turkic languages)
2514:(Turkic languages)
2328:Official languages
1717:Port-Royal Grammar
1613:Family resemblance
1532:Theory of language
1507:Supposition theory
1032:Harman, T. (1814)
1023:Critical Quarterly
916:, pp. 28, 50.
731:on 4 October 2011.
56:
3356:
3355:
2856:Standard Canadian
2597:world's languages
2559:
2558:
2555:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2397:Language families
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
1940:
1939:
1442:Dynamic semantics
1064:George W. Matsell
1029:(1990 & 1993)
780:978-1-4008-8516-9
714:10.3828/rs.2002.4
674:978-0-8018-7675-2
308:(1673), and BE's
3400:
3373:
3364:
3208:Kerkrade dialect
2831:General American
2586:
2579:
2572:
2563:
2562:
2523:
2515:
2507:
2497:
2482:
2469:
2461:
2453:
2445:
2227:
2226:
2216:
2215:
1998:
1997:
1987:
1986:
1967:
1960:
1953:
1944:
1943:
1902:Formal semantics
1850:Related articles
1842:
1832:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1782:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1732:
1722:
1712:
1482:Relevance theory
1477:Phallogocentrism
1112:
1105:
1098:
1089:
1088:
997:rogue literature
979:
978:
950:
944:
938:
932:
926:
917:
911:
905:
899:
890:
889:
849:
843:
837:
820:
819:(1814, ), p. 65.
815:Harman, Thomas.
813:
807:
806:
800:
792:
764:
758:
752:
746:
739:
733:
732:
730:
724:. Archived from
697:
688:
679:
678:
653:
647:
646:
634:
619:
264:Philip Massinger
256:Francis Beaumont
198:Thomas Middleton
183:
180:
130:The Devil's Arse
102:rogue literature
83:English-speaking
71:peddler's French
49:
46:
42:
3408:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3378:
3377:
3376:
3372:at Google Books
3365:
3361:
3357:
3352:
3281:
3235:Scottish Gaelic
3088:
2942:Standard Modern
2882:
2694:Modern Standard
2654:
2599:
2590:
2560:
2547:
2526:
2521:
2513:
2505:
2495:
2480:
2467:
2459:
2451:
2443:
2433:
2429:
2423:
2389:language family
2382:
2349:
2316:
2231:
2221:
2202:
2087:
2023:Dutch/Afrikaans
1992:
1981:
1971:
1941:
1936:
1913:
1892:School of Names
1845:
1840:
1830:
1820:
1810:
1807:Of Grammatology
1800:
1790:
1780:
1770:
1760:
1750:
1740:
1730:
1720:
1710:
1694:
1546:
1492:Semantic holism
1472:Non-cognitivism
1412:Conventionalism
1383:
1130:
1121:
1116:
1079:
1060:
1058:Further reading
988:
983:
982:
967:
951:
947:
939:
935:
927:
920:
912:
908:
900:
893:
850:
846:
838:
823:
814:
810:
794:
793:
781:
765:
761:
753:
749:
740:
736:
728:
695:
689:
682:
675:
659:, as quoted in
654:
650:
635:
631:
626:
617:
573:
527:
348:
320:
272:Francis Kirkman
181:
106:Elizabethan era
95:
61:(also known as
47:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3406:
3396:
3395:
3390:
3388:Cant languages
3375:
3374:
3358:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3350:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3289:
3287:
3283:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3274:
3273:
3272:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3240:Serbo-Croatian
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3212:
3211:
3210:
3205:
3197:
3192:
3187:
3182:
3177:
3172:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3102:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3089:
3087:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3075:
3074:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2971:
2966:
2961:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2936:
2935:
2934:
2929:
2921:
2916:
2915:
2914:
2909:
2901:
2896:
2890:
2888:
2884:
2883:
2881:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2782:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2766:
2761:
2756:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2717:
2716:
2711:
2706:
2701:
2696:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2655:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2615:
2610:
2604:
2601:
2600:
2589:
2588:
2581:
2574:
2566:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2545:
2540:
2534:
2532:
2528:
2527:
2525:
2524:
2516:
2508:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2483:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2454:
2446:
2437:
2435:
2428:Language-based
2425:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2393:
2391:
2384:
2383:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2369:
2368:
2357:
2355:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2336:
2335:
2324:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2315:
2314:
2313:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2292:
2287:
2286:
2285:
2283:Southeast Asia
2280:
2275:
2265:
2264:
2263:
2258:
2257:
2256:
2241:
2235:
2233:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2204:
2203:
2201:
2200:
2195:
2194:
2193:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2148:
2143:
2138:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2103:
2097:
2095:
2089:
2088:
2086:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2004:
2002:
1994:
1993:
1983:
1982:
1970:
1969:
1962:
1955:
1947:
1938:
1937:
1935:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1911:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1851:
1847:
1846:
1844:
1843:
1833:
1823:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1783:
1773:
1763:
1753:
1743:
1733:
1723:
1713:
1702:
1700:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1655:
1650:
1645:
1643:Presupposition
1640:
1635:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1560:
1554:
1552:
1548:
1547:
1545:
1544:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1514:
1509:
1504:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1454:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1424:
1422:Deconstruction
1419:
1414:
1409:
1404:
1399:
1393:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1381:
1376:
1371:
1366:
1361:
1356:
1351:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1316:
1311:
1306:
1301:
1296:
1291:
1286:
1281:
1276:
1271:
1266:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1206:
1201:
1196:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1146:
1140:
1138:
1132:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1122:
1115:
1114:
1107:
1100:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1078:
1077:External links
1075:
1074:
1073:
1059:
1056:
1055:
1054:
1049:
1044:
1038:
1030:
1013:
1006:
999:
987:
984:
981:
980:
965:
945:
943:, p. 101.
933:
918:
906:
891:
864:(2): 151â171.
844:
842:, p. 100.
821:
808:
779:
759:
747:
734:
701:Romani Studies
680:
673:
648:
628:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
611:
605:
599:
593:
587:
581:
572:
569:
568:
567:
558:
552:
546:
540:
534:
526:
523:
522:
521:
515:
510:to distract a
501:
495:
489:
483:
477:
471:
465:
459:
453:
447:
441:
433:
427:
421:
415:
409:
403:
397:
391:
385:
379:
373:
367:
361:
355:
347:
344:
319:
316:
274:as one of the
202:The Black Book
194:coney-catching
176:Robert Copland
94:
91:
63:thieves' argot
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3405:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3371:
3370:
3363:
3359:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3278:
3275:
3271:
3268:
3267:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3200:
3198:
3196:
3193:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3097:
3095:
3091:
3085:
3084:Luxembourgish
3082:
3080:
3077:
3073:
3072:Maastrichtian
3070:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2974:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2965:
2962:
2960:
2957:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2924:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2891:
2889:
2885:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2765:
2762:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2663:
2661:
2657:
2649:
2646:
2644:
2641:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2613:Orthographies
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2573:
2568:
2567:
2564:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2533:
2529:
2520:
2517:
2512:
2509:
2504:
2501:
2494:
2493:
2489:
2488:
2487:
2484:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2466:
2463:
2458:
2455:
2450:
2447:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2436:
2434:organizations
2432:
2426:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2399:
2398:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2390:
2385:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2367:
2364:
2363:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2356:
2354:By population
2352:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2338:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2311:
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2298:
2297:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2288:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2262:
2261:South America
2259:
2255:
2252:
2251:
2250:
2249:North America
2247:
2246:
2245:
2242:
2240:
2237:
2236:
2234:
2232:and subregion
2228:
2224:
2217:
2213:
2199:
2196:
2192:
2189:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2179:
2177:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2149:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2134:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2108:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2098:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2084:
2081:
2079:
2076:
2074:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2005:
2003:
1999:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1979:
1975:
1968:
1963:
1961:
1956:
1954:
1949:
1948:
1945:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1903:
1900:
1899:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Scholasticism
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1852:
1848:
1839:
1838:
1834:
1829:
1828:
1824:
1819:
1818:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1804:
1799:
1798:
1794:
1789:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1778:
1774:
1769:
1768:
1764:
1758:
1754:
1749:
1748:
1744:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1729:
1728:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1714:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1703:
1701:
1697:
1691:
1690:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1644:
1641:
1639:
1636:
1634:
1631:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1559:
1556:
1555:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1540:
1538:
1535:
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1518:
1515:
1513:
1510:
1508:
1505:
1503:
1502:Structuralism
1500:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1458:
1455:
1453:
1450:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
1438:
1435:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1427:Descriptivism
1425:
1423:
1420:
1418:
1415:
1413:
1410:
1408:
1407:Contrastivism
1405:
1403:
1400:
1398:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1386:
1380:
1377:
1375:
1372:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1360:
1357:
1355:
1352:
1350:
1347:
1345:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1335:
1332:
1330:
1327:
1325:
1322:
1320:
1317:
1315:
1312:
1310:
1307:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1297:
1295:
1292:
1290:
1287:
1285:
1282:
1280:
1277:
1275:
1272:
1270:
1267:
1265:
1262:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1157:
1155:
1152:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1142:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1106:
1101:
1099:
1094:
1093:
1090:
1084:
1081:
1080:
1071:
1070:
1065:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1050:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1019:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
998:
994:
990:
989:
976:
972:
968:
966:0-8135-1022-8
962:
958:
957:
949:
942:
941:McMullan 1984
937:
931:, p. 48.
930:
929:Sorensen 2017
925:
923:
915:
914:Sorensen 2017
910:
904:, p. 28.
903:
902:Sorensen 2017
898:
896:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
863:
859:
855:
848:
841:
840:McMullan 1984
836:
834:
832:
830:
828:
826:
818:
812:
804:
798:
790:
786:
782:
776:
772:
771:
763:
756:
751:
744:
738:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
708:(2): 75â101.
707:
703:
702:
694:
687:
685:
676:
670:
666:
665:
658:
652:
644:
640:
633:
629:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:Rhyming slang
582:
580:
579:
575:
574:
566:
562:
559:
556:
553:
550:
547:
544:
541:
538:
535:
533:, Netherlands
532:
529:
528:
519:
516:
513:
509:
505:
502:
499:
496:
493:
490:
487:
484:
481:
478:
475:
472:
470:- to run away
469:
466:
463:
460:
457:
454:
451:
448:
445:
444:fencing cully
442:
439:
438:
434:
431:
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
404:
401:
398:
395:
392:
389:
386:
383:
380:
377:
374:
371:
368:
365:
362:
359:
356:
353:
350:
349:
343:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
312:
307:
303:
302:
296:
293:
289:
285:
284:Romani people
279:
277:
273:
269:
265:
261:
260:John Fletcher
257:
253:
252:
251:Beggars' Bush
246:
242:
238:
233:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Thomas Dekker
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
186:Robert Greene
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:Thomas Harman
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
123:
119:
115:
111:
107:
103:
99:
90:
88:
84:
80:
79:Great Britain
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:Thieves' cant
53:
41:
39:
35:
31:
23:
19:
3367:
3362:
3338:West Frisian
3125:Massachusett
2638:Prepositions
2607:
2496:(Portuguese)
2490:
2478:Francophonie
2431:geopolitical
2230:By continent
1835:
1825:
1815:
1805:
1795:
1785:
1775:
1765:
1745:
1735:
1725:
1715:
1705:
1687:
1628:Metalanguage
1623:Logical form
1578:Truth-bearer
1537:Unilalianism
1447:Expressivism
1274:Wittgenstein
1219:von Humboldt
1136:Philosophers
1067:
1033:
1026:
1022:
1017:
1009:
1002:
992:
986:Bibliography
955:
948:
936:
909:
861:
857:
847:
816:
811:
769:
762:
750:
737:
726:the original
705:
704:. Series 5.
699:
663:
656:
651:
642:
632:
576:
517:
511:
507:
503:
497:
491:
485:
479:
473:
467:
461:
455:
449:
443:
436:
429:
423:
417:
411:
405:
399:
393:
387:
381:
375:
370:stauling ken
369:
363:
357:
351:
340:
336:Welsh Romani
327:
321:
309:
306:Richard Head
299:
294:
280:
267:
254:, a play by
248:
244:
234:
222:gull-groping
217:
216:(1608), and
213:
209:
201:
171:
157:
132:, a cave in
96:
70:
67:rogues' cant
66:
62:
58:
57:
52:modern times
18:
3068:Limburgish
2959:Greenlandic
2836:New Zealand
2769:Northern Wu
2628:Determiners
2608:Phonologies
2593:Phonologies
2465:Latin Union
2441:Arab League
1872:Linguistics
1837:Limited Inc
1757:On Denoting
1583:Proposition
1234:de Saussure
1199:Ibn Khaldun
1018:Romany Rise
1015:Green, J.,
474:cuttle-bung
364:boozing ken
182: 1536
126:"Egyptians"
48: 1500
3382:Categories
3328:Vietnamese
3199:Ripuarian
3190:Portuguese
3100:Macedonian
3079:Lithuanian
2989:Hindustani
2826:Australian
2779:Historical
2726:Belarusian
2623:Adjectives
2503:Hispanidad
2321:By country
2305:Micronesia
2278:South Asia
2063:Portuguese
2043:Hindustani
1932:Discussion
1927:Task Force
1877:Pragmatics
1668:Speech act
1598:Categories
1512:Symbiosism
1467:Nominalism
1379:Watzlawick
1259:Bloomfield
1179:Chrysippus
624:References
614:Ĺ atrovaÄki
426:- a victim
366:â alehouse
292:picaresque
237:dictionary
218:O per se O
146:villainies
134:Derbyshire
122:Samuel Rid
112:, in both
3366:See also
3318:Ukrainian
3225:Sardinian
3203:Colognian
3160:Old Saxon
3145:Norwegian
3110:Maldivian
3054:Latgalian
2999:Icelandic
2994:Hungarian
2873:Esperanto
2759:Cantonese
2736:Bulgarian
2709:Levantine
2681:Afrikaans
2506:(Spanish)
2460:(English)
2310:Polynesia
2300:Melanesia
2273:East Asia
2254:Caribbean
2220:Languages
2186:Sri Lanka
2181:Singapore
2156:Indonesia
1991:Countries
1978:languages
1974:Countries
1909:Semiotics
1897:Semantics
1747:Alciphron
1683:Statement
1618:Intension
1558:Ambiguity
1437:Dramatism
1417:Cratylism
1169:Eubulides
1164:Aristotle
1144:Confucius
878:2199-2894
797:cite book
789:985451914
722:1528-0748
557:, Germany
555:Rotwelsch
432:- a purse
328:Egyptians
230:low-lifes
164:vagabonds
142:knaveries
138:cozenings
114:pamphlets
3215:Romanian
3024:Japanese
2982:Biblical
2969:Hawaiian
2964:Gujarati
2927:Standard
2919:Galician
2907:Parisian
2878:Estonian
2809:Standard
2754:Mandarin
2750:Chinese
2714:Tunisian
2699:Egyptian
2671:Acehnese
2643:Pronouns
2618:Grammars
2531:See also
2481:(French)
2444:(Arabic)
2244:Americas
2131:Cambodia
2068:Romanian
1922:Category
1882:Rhetoric
1707:Cratylus
1678:Sentence
1653:Property
1573:Language
1551:Concepts
1389:Theories
1354:Strawson
1339:Davidson
1329:Hintikka
1324:Anscombe
1269:Vygotsky
1224:Mauthner
1194:Averroes
1184:Zhuangzi
1174:Diodorus
1154:Cratylus
1066:(1859),
886:64940066
755:But 2017
590:Lunfardo
571:See also
551:, Poland
549:Grypsera
543:GermanĂa
539:, Russia
531:Bargoens
400:darkmans
396:â church
390:â priest
346:Examples
314:(1699).
241:Jacobean
212:(1608),
190:cozenage
38:Ballades
3343:Yiddish
3308:Turkish
3293:Tagalog
3277:Swedish
3265:Spanish
3250:Slovene
3220:Russian
3180:Persian
3150:Occitan
3130:Medumba
3120:Marathi
3064:Latvian
3044:Kurdish
3034:Konkani
3019:Italian
3004:Ingrian
2973:Hebrew
2947:Ancient
2932:Bernese
2923:German
2903:French
2899:Finnish
2894:Faroese
2821:English
2791:Cornish
2786:Chukchi
2764:Hokkien
2746:Catalan
2741:Burmese
2731:Bengali
2721:Avestan
2690:Arabic
2595:of the
2452:(Dutch)
2295:Oceania
2191:Vietnam
2176:Myanmar
2146:Iceland
2141:Germany
2078:Spanish
2073:Russian
2058:Persian
2048:Italian
2028:English
2018:Chinese
1689:more...
1593:Concept
1334:Dummett
1309:Gadamer
1304:Chomsky
1289:Derrida
1279:Russell
1264:Bergson
1249:Tillich
1209:Leibniz
1149:Gorgias
975:9619815
743:Salford
545:, Spain
492:knuckle
450:fambles
414:â woman
406:glymmer
402:â night
388:patrico
358:bob ken
354:â house
318:Sources
118:theatre
110:England
104:of the
93:History
73:) is a
36:et ses
3323:Uyghur
3255:Somali
3245:Slovak
3185:Polish
3175:Pashto
3170:Ottawa
3155:Ojibwe
3140:Nepali
3135:Navajo
3049:Kyrgyz
3039:Korean
2977:Modern
2938:Greek
2912:Quebec
2866:Middle
2805:Dutch
2801:Danish
2704:Hejazi
2676:Adyghe
2666:Abkhaz
2366:Europe
2290:Europe
2239:Africa
2171:Kosovo
2038:German
2033:French
2013:Arabic
1841:(1988)
1831:(1982)
1821:(1980)
1811:(1967)
1801:(1953)
1791:(1951)
1781:(1936)
1771:(1921)
1761:(1905)
1751:(1732)
1741:(1668)
1731:(1666)
1721:(1660)
1711:(n.d.)
1673:Symbol
1374:Searle
1364:Putnam
1314:Kripke
1299:Austin
1284:Carnap
1229:RicĹur
1214:Herder
1204:Hobbes
973:
963:
884:
876:
787:
777:
720:
671:
602:Polari
596:Nihali
468:scowre
464:- meat
408:â fire
384:â good
324:Romany
276:drolls
226:gaming
224:, and
34:Jargon
3333:Welsh
3313:Ubykh
3298:Tamil
3260:Sotho
3230:Scots
3165:Oromo
3115:MÄori
3105:Malay
3059:Latin
3029:Kiowa
3014:Irish
3009:Inuit
2952:Koine
2796:Czech
2648:Verbs
2633:Nouns
2166:Korea
2161:Japan
2151:India
2136:China
2083:Tamil
2053:Malay
1980:lists
1699:Works
1608:Class
1369:Lewis
1359:Quine
1344:Grice
1294:Whorf
1254:Sapir
1239:Frege
1189:Xunzi
1159:Plato
882:S2CID
729:(PDF)
696:(PDF)
643:Slate
565:Chile
537:Fenya
518:budge
512:cully
508:stall
498:stall
437:fence
424:cully
420:â man
394:autem
304:, by
208:, in
200:, in
168:Essex
69:, or
3348:Zuni
3303:Taos
2268:Asia
1976:and
1658:Sign
1563:Cant
1349:Ryle
1319:Ayer
1244:Boas
971:OCLC
961:ISBN
874:ISSN
803:link
785:OCLC
775:ISBN
745:Gaol
718:ISSN
669:ISBN
480:foin
462:prog
456:bite
430:bung
418:cove
412:mort
382:bene
295:Life
262:and
249:The
204:and
192:and
152:, a
144:and
116:and
98:Cant
75:cant
3286:TâZ
3093:MâS
2887:FâL
2861:Old
2774:Old
2659:AâE
2387:By
2126:QâZ
2121:JâP
2116:DâI
2111:AâC
1603:Set
866:doi
710:doi
561:Coa
486:nip
376:lag
352:ken
270:by
174:by
108:in
43:" (
3384::
1759:"
1021:,
969:.
921:^
894:^
880:.
872:.
860:.
856:.
824:^
799:}}
795:{{
783:.
716:.
706:12
698:.
683:^
641:.
563:,
258:,
179:c.
140:,
65:,
45:c.
2585:e
2578:t
2571:v
1966:e
1959:t
1952:v
1755:"
1528:)
1524:(
1111:e
1104:t
1097:v
977:.
888:.
868::
862:3
805:)
791:.
757:.
712::
677:.
645:.
54:.
40:.
25:"
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
