Etruscan language - Knowledge

7347:. Extract: 'ueluti Romae nobis praesentibus uetus celebratusque homo in causis, sed repentina et quasi tumultuaria doctrina praeditus, cum apud praefectum urbi uerba faceret et dicere uellet inopi quendam miseroque uictu uiuere et furfureum panem esitare uinumque eructum et feditum potare. "hic", inquit, "eques Romanus apludam edit et flocces bibit". aspexerunt omnes qui aderant alius alium, primo tristiores turbato et requirente uoltu quidnam illud utriusque uerbi foret: post deinde, quasi nescio quid Tusce aut Gallice dixisset, uniuersi riserunt.' English translation: 'For instance in Rome in our presence, a man experienced and celebrated as a pleader, but furnished with a sudden and, as it were, hasty education, was speaking to the Prefect of the City, and wished to say that a certain man with a poor and wretched way of life ate bread from bran and drank bad and spoiled wine. "This Roman knight", he said, "eats apluda and drinks flocces." All who were present looked at each other, first seriously and with an inquiring expression, wondering what the two words meant; thereupon, as if he might have said something in, I don't know, Gaulish or Etruscan, all of them burst out laughing.' (based on Blom 2007: 183.) 1588: 1506: 1692: 40: 1847: 1284: 562: 1010:. Over the centuries many hypotheses on the Etruscan language have been developed, most of which have not been accepted or have been considered highly speculative since they were published. The major consensus among scholars is that Etruscan, and therefore all the languages of the Tyrrhenian family, is neither Indo-European nor Semitic, and may be a Pre–Indo-European and Paleo-European language. At present the major consensus is that Etruscan's only kinship is with the Raetic and Lemnian languages. 797: 882: 12016: 12571: 1668:, with about 120 letters. Only discovered in 2016, it is still in the process of being deciphered. As an example of difficulties in reading this badly damaged monument, here is Maggiani's attempt at a transliteration and translation of a bit from the beginning of the third block of text (III, 1–3): (vacat) tinaś: θ(?)anuri: unial(?)/ ẹ ṿ ị: zal / ame (akil??) "for Tinia in the xxxx of Uni/xxxx(objects) two / must (akil ?) be..." 573: 8315:, 3/4, 2005, 359–388. Quote from p. 371: ‘ suffice it to say that Alinei clears away all the combinatory work done on Etruscan (for grammar specially) to try to make Uralic inflections fit without ripping the seams. He completely ignores the aforesaid recent findings in phonology (and phoneme/grapheme relationships), returning to the obsolete but convenient theory that the handwriting changed and orthography was not consolidated'. 4674: 7573:

antecedents. As for linguistic relationships, Lydian is an Indo-European language. Lemnian, which is attested by a few inscriptions discovered near Kaminia on the island of Lemnos, was a dialect of Etruscan introduced to the island by commercial adventurers. Linguistic similarities connecting Etruscan with Raetic, a language spoken in the sub-Alpine regions of northeastern Italy, further militate against the idea of eastern origins.

2575: 2570: 2432: 2398: 2682: 2654: 2637: 2620: 2594: 2553: 2536: 2506: 2461: 2456: 2451: 2415: 2381: 2351: 2334: 2265: 2248: 2224: 2205: 2478: 1961:, an Etruscan city which became Roman, turned up about 118 cistae, one of which has been termed "the Praeneste cista" or "the Ficoroni cista" by art analysts, with special reference to the one manufactured by Novios Plutius and given by Dindia Macolnia to her daughter, as the archaic Latin inscription says. All of them are more accurately termed "the Praenestine cistae". 1629:, which probably functioned as a border marker, contains 46 lines and about 130 words. The cippus is assumed to be a text dedicating a legal contract between the Etruscan families of Velthina (from Perugia) and Afuna (from Chiusi), regarding the sharing or use of a property, including water rights, upon which there was a tomb belonging to the noble Velthinas. 997:". The lack of recent Anatolian-related admixture and Iranian-related ancestry among the Etruscans, who genetically joined firmly to the European cluster, might also suggest that the presence of a handful of inscriptions found at Lemnos, in a language related to Etruscan and Raetic, "could represent population movements departing from the Italian peninsula". 438: 8331:, 173–200, where Marcantonio states that "La tesi dell’Alinei è da rigettare senza alcuna riserva" ("Alinei's thesis must be rejected without any reservation"), criticizes his methodology and the fact that he ignored the comparison with Latin and Greek words in pnomastic and institutional vocabulary. Large quotes can be read at Melinda Tamás-Tarr " 1706:, from the modern perspective, is its tombs, all other public and private buildings having been dismantled and the stone reused centuries ago. The tombs are the main source of Etruscan portables, provenance unknown, in collections throughout the world. Their incalculable value has created a brisk black market in Etruscan 1266:. Alinei's proposal has been rejected by Etruscan experts such as Giulio M. Facchetti, Finno-Ugric experts such as Angela Marcantonio, and by Hungarian historical linguists such as Bela Brogyanyi. Another proposal, pursued mainly by a few linguists from the former Soviet Union, suggested a relationship with 1936:, which resolved to publish all the specula and set editorial standards for doing so. Since then, the committee has grown, acquiring local committees and representatives from most institutions owning Etruscan mirror collections. Each collection is published in its own fascicle by diverse Etruscan scholars. 1113:(book I), partly on the authority of Xanthus, a Lydian historian, who had no knowledge of the story, and partly on what he judged to be the different languages, laws, and religions of the two peoples. In 2006, Frederik Woudhuizen went further on Herodotus' traces, suggesting that Etruscan belongs to the 660:, monolingual monumental inscriptions in Etruscan are still seen in the first half of the 1st century BC, while the period of bilingual inscriptions appears to have stretched from the 3rd century to the late 1st century BC. The isolated last bilinguals are found at three northern sites. Inscriptions in 7320:

Freeman, Philip. Survival of Etruscan. p. 82: "How much longer may have Etruscan survived in isolated rural locations? The answer is impossible to say, given that we can only argue from evidence, not conjecture. But languages are notoriously tenacious, and the possibility of an Etruscan survival into

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used left to right. In the earliest inscriptions, the words are continuous. From the 6th century BC, they are separated by a dot or a colon, which might also be used to separate syllables. Writing was phonetic; the letters represented the sounds and not conventional spellings. On the other hand, many

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For many hundreds of years the classification of Etruscan remained problematic for historical linguists, though it was almost universally agreed upon that Etruscan was a language unlike any other in Europe. Before it gained currency as one of the Tyrrhenian languages, Etruscan was commonly treated as

1944:

A cista is a bronze container of circular, ovoid, or more rarely rectangular shape used by women for the storage of sundries. They are ornate, often with feet and lids to which figurines may be attached. The internal and external surfaces bear carefully crafted scenes usually from mythology, usually

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and Eteocretan on the other. It has also been proposed that this language family is related to the pre-Indo-European languages of Anatolia, based upon place name analysis. The relationship between Etruscan and Minoan, and hypothetical unattested pre-Indo-European languages of Anatolia, is considered

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The Etruscan alphabet is similar to the Greek one. Therefore, linguists have been able to read the inscriptions in the sense of knowing roughly how they would have been pronounced, but have not yet understood their meaning. A comparison between the Etruscan and Greek alphabets reveals how accurately

730:

in 408 AD, the protection of nearby Etruscan towns was attributed to Etruscan pagan priests who claimed to have summoned a raging thunderstorm, and they offered their services "in the ancestral manner" to Rome as well, but the devout Christians of Rome refused the offer, preferring death to help by

2906:—and two numbers: singular and a plural. Not all five cases are attested for every word. Nouns merge the nominative and accusative; pronouns do not generally merge these. Gender appears in personal names (masculine and feminine) and in pronouns (animate and inanimate); otherwise, it is not marked. 1973:

are the finely engraved gemstones set in patterned gold to form circular or ovoid pieces intended to go on finger rings. Around one centimeter in size, they are dated to the Etruscan apogee from the second half of the sixth to the first centuries BC. The two main theories of manufacture are native

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The date of extinction for Etruscan is held by scholarship to have been either in the late first century BC, or the early first century AD. Freeman's analysis of inscriptional evidence would appear to imply that Etruscan was still flourishing in the 2nd century BC, still alive in the first century

2016:

Etruscan coins were in gold, silver, and bronze, the gold and silver usually having been struck on one side only. The coins often bore a denomination, sometimes a minting authority name, and a cameo motif. Gold denominations were in units of silver; silver, in units of bronze. Full or abbreviated

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influence: "deviations from Luwian may plausibly be ascribed to the dialect of the indigenous population of Mysia." According to Woudhuizen, the Etruscans were initially colonizing the Latins, bringing the alphabet from Anatolia. For historical, archaeological, genetic, and linguistic reasons, a

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Schumacher, Stefan (1999) Die Raetischen Inschriften: Gegenwärtiger Forschungsstand, spezifische Probleme und Zukunfstaussichten in I Reti / Die Räter, Atti del simposio 23–25 settembre 1993, Castello di Stenico, Trento, Archeologia delle Alpi, a cura di G. Ciurletti – F. Marzatico Archaoalp pp.

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Wallace et al. include the following categories, based on the uses to which they were put, on their site: abecedaria (alphabets), artisans' texts, boundary markers, construction texts, dedications, didaskalia (instructional texts), funerary texts, legal texts, other/unclear texts, prohibitions,

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Italy was home to a number of languages in the Iron Age, some of them clearly Indo-European (Latin being the most obvious, although this was merely the language spoken in the Roman heartland, that is, Latium, and other languages such as Italic, Venetic or Ligurian were also present), while the

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Etruscan origins lie in the distant past. Despite the claim by Herodotus, who wrote that Etruscans migrated to Italy from Lydia in the eastern Mediterranean, there is no material or linguistic evidence to support this. Etruscan material culture developed in an unbroken chain from Bronze Age

977:, and that the Etruscan language, and therefore the other languages of the Tyrrhenian family, may be a surviving language of the ones that were widespread in Europe from at least the Neolithic period before the arrival of the Indo-European languages, as already argued by German geneticist 2002:

Etruscan-minted coins can be dated between the 5th and 3rd centuries BC. Use of the 'Chalcidian' standard, based on the silver unit of 5.8 grams, indicates that this custom, like the alphabet, came from Greece. Roman coinage later supplanted Etruscan, but the basic Roman coin, the

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relationship between Etruscan and the Indo-European Anatolian languages (Lydian or Luwian) and the idea that the Etruscans initially colonized the Latins, bringing the alphabet from Anatolia, have not been accepted, since the account by Herodotus is no longer considered reliable.

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centre-west and northwest were occupied by the people we call Etruscans, who spoke a language which was non-Indo-European and presumed to represent an ethnic and linguistic stratum which goes far back in time, perhaps even to the occupants of Italy prior to the spread of farming.

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pagans. Freeman notes that these events may indicate that a limited theological knowledge of Etruscan may have survived among the priestly caste much longer. One 19th-century writer argued in 1892 that Etruscan deities retained an influence on early modern Tuscan folklore.

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language with postpositions, but the word order was not strict and the orders OVS and OSV are, in fact, more frequent in commemorative inscriptions from the archaic period, presumably as a stylistic feature of the genre. Adjectives were usually placed after the noun.

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The writing system had two historical phases: the archaic from the seventh to fifth centuries BC, which used the early Greek alphabet, and the later from the fourth to first centuries BC, which modified some of the letters. In the later period, syncopation increased.

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terracotta lidded vase in the shape of a cockerel at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, ca. 650–600 BC. The full complement of 26 has been termed the model alphabet. The Etruscans did not use four letters of it, mainly because Etruscan did not have the voiced stops

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and various parts of the Italian peninsula. Scholars such as Norbert Oettinger, Michel Gras and Carlo De Simone think that Lemnian is the testimony of an Etruscan commercial settlement on the island that took place before 700 BC, not related to the Sea Peoples.

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in an anecdote. Freeman notes that although Gaulish was clearly still alive during Gellius' time, his testimony may not indicate that Etruscan was still alive because the phrase could indicate a meaning of the sort of "it's all Greek (incomprehensible) to me".

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No distinction is made between nominative and accusative of nouns. The nominative/accusative could act as the subject of transitive and intransitive verbs, but also as the object of transitive verbs, and it was also used to indicate duration of time (e.g.,

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The Etruscan consonant system primarily distinguished between aspirated and non-aspirated stops. There were no voiced stops. When words from foreign languages were borrowed into Etruscan, voiced stops typically became unvoiced stops; one example is Greek

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the late 1st century A.D. and beyond cannot be wholly dismissed. Oscan graffiti on the walls of Pompeii show that non-Latin languages well into the 1st century A.D., making rural survival of Etruscan more credible. But this is only speculation..."

656:), tomb markings show mixed Latin and Etruscan in the first half of the 1st century BC, with cases where two subsequent generations are inscribed in Latin and then the third, youngest generation, surprisingly, is transcribed in Etruscan. At 1647:, is believed to record a legal contract between Cusu family and Petru Scevas and his wife concerning a real estate settlement of some sort, with about 200 words. Discovered in 1992, this new tablet contributed the word for 'lake', 2917:, with some nouns bearing two or three agglutinated suffixes. For example, where Latin would have distinct nominative plural and dative plural endings, Etruscan would suffix the case ending to a plural marker: Latin nominative singular 672:

have also been dated to 15 BC. Freeman notes that in rural areas the language may have survived a bit longer, and that a survival into the late 1st century AD and beyond "cannot wholly be dismissed", especially given the revelation of

4445:, Albert Carnoy, Marcello Durante, Vladimir Georgiev, Alessandro Morandi and Massimo Pittau, have proposed a close phonetic proximity of the first ten Etruscan numerals to the corresponding numerals in other Indo-European languages. 4158:

Only a few hundred words of the Etruscan vocabulary are understood with some certainty. The exact count depends on whether the different forms and the expressions are included. Below is a table of some of the words grouped by topic.

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origin of the Etruscan cardinals. In the words of Larissa Bonfante (1990), "What these numerals show, beyond any shadow of a doubt, is the non-Indo-European nature of the Etruscan language". Conversely, other scholars, including

645:, Latin inscriptions coexisted with Etruscan inscriptions in wall paintings and grave markers for centuries, from the 3rd century BC until the early 1st century BC, after which Etruscan is replaced by the exclusive use of Latin. 1383:

inscriptions are highly abbreviated and often casually formed, so the identification of individual letters is sometimes difficult. Spelling might vary from city to city, probably reflecting differences of pronunciation.

1053:. This has been proposed by Giulio Mauro Facchetti, a researcher who has dealt with both Etruscan and Minoan, and supported by S. Yatsemirsky, referring to some similarities between Etruscan and Lemnian on one hand, and 7801:

It's likely that Basque, Paleo-Sardinian, Minoan, and Etruscan developed on the continent in the course of the Neolithic Revolution. Sadly, the true diversity of the languages that once existed in Europe will never be

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About 2,300 specula are known from collections all over the world. As they were popular plunderables, the provenance of only a minority is known. An estimated time window is 530–100 BC. Most probably came from tombs.

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The genitive case had two main functions in Etruscan: the usual meaning of possession (along with other forms of dependency such as family relations), and it could also mark the recipient (indirect object) in votive

2959:. Pallottino calls this phenomenon "morphological redetermination", which he defines as "the typical tendency ... to redetermine the syntactical function of the form by the superposition of suffixes." His example is 1956:

of the fourth and third centuries BC in Etruscan contexts. They may bear various short inscriptions concerning the manufacturer or owner or subject matter. The writing may be Latin, Etruscan, or both. Excavations at

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Massarelli, Riccardo (University of Perugia): "Etruscan lautun: A (very old) Italic loanword?'". Poster presented at the Second Pavia International Summer School for Indo-European Linguistics. 9–14 September 2013.

936:, but only a few lexical correspondences are documented, at least partly due to the scant number of Raetic and Lemnian texts. On the other hand, the Tyrsenian family, or Common Tyrrhenic, is often considered to be 722:, the last pagan Emperor, apparently had Etruscan soothsayers accompany him on his military campaigns with books on war, lightning and celestial events, but the language of these books is unknown. According to 2009:, is believed to have been based on the 2.5-denomination Etruscan coin. Etruscan coins have turned up in caches or individually in tombs and in excavations seemingly at random, and concentrated, of course, in 517:, a fourth set of Etruscan books existed, dealing with animal gods, but it is unlikely that any scholar living in that era could have read Etruscan. However, only one book (as opposed to inscription), the 513:, might have provided a key to Etruscan civilization: its wider scope embraced Etruscan standards of social and political life, as well as ritual practices. According to the 4th-century AD Latin writer 8342:, Nos. 53/54 (November–December/January–February 2006/2007), 67–73. Marcantonio is Associated Professor of Historical Linguistics and Finno-Ugric Studies at the University of Rome "La Sapienza" ( 553:

BC, and surviving in at least one location in the beginning of the first century AD; however, the replacement of Etruscan by Latin likely occurred earlier in southern regions closer to Rome.

8373:(2008), 3–15, who claims that Alinei shows a complete ignorance on Etruscan and Hungarian and that the thesis of a relation between Hungarian and Etruscan languages deserves no attention. 8217:

Even into the 1960s, new language links were proposed and disproven: Albanian as Etruscan This discredited idea was put forward in Z. Mayani, The Etruscans Begin to Speak (London, 1962).

1567:. Roughly 1,200 words of readable (but not fully translatable) text, mainly repetitious prayers probably comprising a kind of religious calendar, yielded about 50 lexical items. 10643:

Rodríguez Adrados, Francisco (2005). "El etrusco como indoeuropeo anatolio: viejos y nuevos argumentos" [Etruscan as an Indoeuropean Anatolian Language: Old and New Arguements].

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to the verb root produces a third-person singular active, which has been called variously a "past", a "preterite", a "perfect." In contrast to Indo-European, this form is not marked for

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A 2021 archeogenetic analysis of Etruscan individuals, who lived between 800 BC and 1 BC, concluded that the Etruscans were autochthonous and genetically similar to the Early Iron Age

1209:. A reviewer concluded that Stickel brought forward every possible argument which would speak for that hypothesis, but he proved the opposite of what he had attempted to do. In 1861, 277:. Attested from 700 BC to AD 50, the relation of Etruscan to other languages has been a source of long-running speculation and study, with it mostly being referred to as one of the 11688: 9523:

The words in this table come from the Glossaries of Bonfante (1990) and Pallottino. The latter also gives a grouping by topic on pages 275 following, the last chapter of the book.

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Despite the apparent extinction of Etruscan, it appears that Etruscan religious rites continued much later, continuing to use the Etruscan names of deities and possibly with some

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Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis. The Linen Book of Zagreb: A Comment on the Longest Etruscan Text. By L.B. VAN DER MEER. (Monographs on Antiquity.) Louvain: Peeters, 2007. pp. 171–172

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of the sixth–fourth centuries BC. About 200 painted tombs display murals of various scenes with call-outs and descriptions in Etruscan. Elaborately carved sarcophagi of marble,

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also view the aspirates as palatal rather than aspirated but these views are not shared by most Etruscologists. Rix supports his theories by means of variant spellings such as

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Besides the usual function as indirect object ('to/for'), this case could be used as the agent ('by') in passive clauses, and occasionally as a locative. The dative ending is

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the Etruscans preserved the Greek alphabet. The Etruscan alphabet contains letters that have since been dropped from the Greek alphabet, such as the digamma, sampi and qoppa.

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Etruscan had some influence on Latin, as a few dozen Etruscan words and names were borrowed by the Romans, some of which remain in modern languages, among which are possibly

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The badly damaged Saint Marinella lead sheet contains traces of 80 words, only half of which can be completely read with certainty, many of which can also be found in the

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van der Meer, B. "The Lead Plaque of Magliano" in: Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) p. 337

2878:, varying the endings of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and verbs with discrete endings for each function. It also had adverbs and conjunctions, whose endings did not vary. 1994:

at first and then scenes from Greek mythology, often with heroic personages called out in Etruscan. The gold setting of the bezel bears a border design, such as cabling.

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Carlo de Simone, La nuova Iscrizione 'Tirsenica' di Lemnos (Efestia, teatro): considerazioni generali, in Rasenna: Journal of the Center for Etruscan Studies, pp. 1–34.

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appear to have not been phonetically distinguished based on the nature of the writing system, as only one symbol is used to cover both in loans from Greek (e.g. Greek

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Schumacher, Stefan (2004) Die Raetischen Inschriften. Geschichte und heutiger Stand der Forschung Archaeolingua. Innsbrucker Beiträge zur Kulturwissenschaft. (German)

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engraved on three gold leaves, one for the Phoenician and two for the Etruscan. The Etruscan language portion has 16 lines and 37 words. The date is roughly 500 BC.

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proprietary texts (indicating ownership), religious texts, tesserae hospitales (tokens that establish "the claim of the bearer to hospitality when travelling").

704:. An episode where lightning struck an inscription with the name Caesar, turning it into Aesar, was interpreted to have been a premonition of the deification of 8745: 714:, meaning 'gods', although this indicates knowledge of a single word and not the language. Centuries later and long after Etruscan is thought to have died out, 8944: 4969:

girl or more likely a proper name (attested only once in a mirror, 400-350 BC from Vulci. Likely a proper name rendering of the accusative case of the Greek

3276:, 'son of', but the ordinary genitive might serve that purpose. In the genitive case, morphological redetermination becomes elaborate. Given two male names, 3249:

According to Rex Wallace, "A few nouns could be inflected with both types of endings without any difference in meaning. Consider, for example, the genitives

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The magnitude of the task involved in cataloguing them means that the total number of tombs is unknown. They are of many types. Especially plentiful are the

1710:– and equally brisk law enforcement effort, as it is illegal to remove any objects from Etruscan tombs without authorization from the Italian government. 477:

were both aware that highly specialized Etruscan religious rites were codified in several sets of books written in Etruscan under the generic Latin title

413:, as well as other alphabets in Italy and probably beyond. The Etruscan language is also believed to be the source of certain important cultural words of 12613: 762:; a separate dedication made by Claudius implies a knowledge from "diverse Etruscan sources", but it is unclear if any were fluent speakers of Etruscan. 8274: 9132: 12618: 7960: 9056: 8674: 3786:

are therefore called adverbial. If there is any such widespread system in Etruscan, it is not obvious from the relatively few surviving adverbs.

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Steinbauer says of Etruscan, "there can be more than one marker ... to design a case, and ... the same marker can occur for more than one case."

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The summary in this section is taken from the tables of the Bonfantes (2002) pp. 91–94, which go into considerably more detail, citing examples.

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Wallace, Rex. 2008. Zikh Rasna: A manual of the Etruscan language and inscriptions. Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press. P.52-53. Cited in:

9066: 1725:. The interior of these tombs represents a habitation of the living stocked with furniture and favorite objects. The walls may display painted 9497:

Wallace, Rex. 2008. Zikh Rasna: A manual of the Etruscan language and inscriptions. Ann Arbor, New York: Beech Stave Press. P. 95. Cited in:

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took place over time, with the loss and then re-establishment of word-internal vowels, possibly due to the effect of Etruscan's word-initial

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that have been found so far, only a small minority of which are of significant length; some bilingual inscriptions with texts also in Latin,

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52.6 (1980), 561–563. Supplements in 1984, 1991 and 1998. A 2nd revised edition by Enrico Benelli appeared in 2009; review by G. van Heems,

1675:. It was discovered during the 1963-1964 excavations at a sanctuary near Saint Marinella near Pyrgi, now in the Villa Giulia Museum in Rome. 11990: 11021: 9583:

Varronianus: A Critical and Historical Introduction to the Ethnography of Ancient Italy and to the Philological Study of the Latin Language

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period to about 100 BC, when presumably the cemeteries were abandoned in favor of Roman ones. Some of the major cemeteries are as follows:

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The lead foils of Punta della Vipera have about 40 legible words having to do with ritual formulae. It is dated to about 500 BC.

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Marcantonio, Angela (2004). "Un caso di 'fantalinguistica'. A proposito di Mario Alinei: 'Etrusco: una forma arcaica di ungherese'." In:

9115: 1105:, while others sailed away to take refuge in Italy, where they became known as Etruscans. This account draws on the well-known story by 637:), another southern Etruscan town on the coast 45 kilometers from Rome, appears to have shifted to Latin in the late 2nd century BC. In 8233: 1122: 17: 7191:, Carlo de Simone, Albi Mersini (Eds.), Gli scavi di Efestia e la nuova iscrizione 'tirsenica', Tripodes 11, 2009, pp. 3–58. (Italian) 4239:

In addition to words believed to have been borrowed into Etruscan from Indo-European or elsewhere, there is a corpus of words such as

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Etruscan also might have had consonants ʧ and ʧʰ, as they might be represented in the writing by using two letters, like in the word

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Breyer (1993) pp. 428–429 reports on an attempt to bring in Hittite and Gothic connecting it with a totally speculative root *-lst-.

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retained by walls; others are cut into cliffs. The Banditaccia necropolis contains more than 1,000 tumuli. Access is through a door.

12317: 11678: 6783: 4261: 1158:

The interest in Etruscan antiquities and the Etruscan language found its modern origin in a book by a Renaissance Dominican friar,

48:, a stone tablet bearing 46 lines of incised Etruscan text, one of the longest extant Etruscan inscriptions. 3rd or 2nd century BC. 9533: 1505: 1431:. Pallottino regarded this variation in vowels as "instability in the quality of vowels" and accounted for the second phase (e.g. 12071: 7426: 1587: 1580:) has about 300 readable words in 62 lines, dating to the fifth century BC. It again seems to be a religious calendar. 10118: 4141: 4129: 10972:. An extensive lexicon compiled from other lexicon sites. Links to the major Etruscan glossaries on the Internet are included. 10944: 10072: 9234: 8346: 8259: 12116: 10751: 10724: 10633: 10492: 10473: 10346: 10127: 10104: 10095: 10081: 10055: 9886: 9861: 9326: 9178: 8729: 8699: 8210: 8126: 8101: 8065: 8029: 7830: 7794: 7701: 7652: 7565: 7524: 7476: 7231: 7100: 7072: 6915: 1451:

The alphabet went on in modified form after the language disappeared. In addition to being the source of the Roman and early

12628: 12623: 12603: 10898: 8883: 8547: 8384: 2033:). Insignia are mainly heads of mythological characters or depictions of mythological beasts arranged in a symbolic motif: 1411:. This speech habit is one explanation of the Etruscan "impossible" consonant clusters. Some of the consonants, especially 10875: 12598: 11895: 7091:

Harding, Anthony H. (2014). "The later prehistory of Central and Northern Europe". In Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (eds.).

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contains 73 words, including many names of deities. It seems to be a series of dedications to various gods and ancestors.

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Many bear inscriptions naming the persons depicted in the scenes, so they are often called picture bilinguals. In 1979,

1691: 1041:. It has been proposed to possibly be part of a wider Paleo-European "Aegean" language family, which would also include 534:

noted that Etruscan was once widely taught to Roman boys, but had since become replaced by the teaching of Greek, while

39: 8463: 6705: 4691: 3811:'and, but' coordinated phrases and clauses, but phrases could also be coordinated without any conjunction (asyndetic). 2086:

In the tables below, conventional letters used for transliterating Etruscan are accompanied by likely pronunciation in

1636:, a bronze model of a sheep's liver representing the sky, has the engraved names of the gods ruling different sections. 1291:) made by Venel Apelinas (or Atelinas), and signed by the potter Euxitheos and the painter Oltos, on the bottom of an 10955: 9690: 10702: 10683: 10607: 10585: 10438: 10400: 10374: 10323: 10300: 10253: 10229: 10191: 9837: 8596: 4713: 2612: 228: 10153: 7134:

Schumacher, Stefan (1994) Neue 'raetische' Inschriften aus dem Vinschgau in Der Schlern Vol. 68 pp. 295-298 (German)

1986:

entering usage from the third to the first centuries BC, along with purely gold finger rings with a hollow engraved

1553:

According to Rix and his collaborators, only two unified (though fragmentary) long texts are available in Etruscan:

809:

Inscriptions have been found in northwest and west-central Italy, in the region that even now bears the name of the

11761: 11014: 10595:

Whatmough, M.M.T. (1997) "Studies in the Etruscan loanwords in Latin" (Biblioteca di 'Studi Etruschi' 33), Firenze.

3782:

adverbs are formed from the oblique cases, which become unproductive and descend to fixed forms. Cases such as the

2953:. Moreover, Etruscan nouns could bear multiple suffixes from the case paradigm alone: that is, Etruscan exhibited 2562: 2753:

Based on standard spellings by Etruscan scribes of words without vowels or with unlikely consonant clusters (e.g.

1865:(an offering?)." This seems to be a rare case from this early period of a female (Venalia) dedicating the votive. 1539:. The only new Etruscan word that could be extracted from close analysis of the tablets was the word for 'three', 12270: 10818: 7249:"Etruscan Language and Inscriptions | Essay | The Metropolitan Museum of Art | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History" 6711: 2240: 1489: 1337:

The Etruscans recognized a 26-letter alphabet, which makes an early appearance incised for decoration on a small

11603: 11591: 3485:('it'). The second person is uncertain but some scholars, such as the Bonfantes, have claimed a dative singular 12231: 10774: 4695: 9454: 8952: 4442: 4132:

agglutinative languages, Etruscan had postpositions rather than prepositions, each governing a specific case.

12066: 11818: 11808: 11803: 11668: 11496: 11280: 11275: 10842: 8281: 6164: 5976: 10917: 9661: 9197: 1254:(1913). In 1911, the French orientalist Baron Carra de Vaux suggested a connection between Etruscan and the 165: 12608: 12153: 12061: 11823: 11793: 11648: 10872:, the website of Dr. Dieter H. Steinbauer, in English. Covers origins, vocabulary, grammar and place names. 9627: 4437: 2528: 1608: 668:

there is one dated to just after 40 BC and a final one dated to 10–20 AD; coins with written Etruscan near

8642:

Roncalli, F. (1996) "Laris Pulenas and Sisyphus: Mortals, Heroes and Demons in the Etruscan Underworld,"

7122:

Schumacher, Stefan (1994) Studi Etruschi in Neufunde 'raetischer' Inschriften Vol. 59 pp. 307–320 (German)

2817: 2813: 2809: 2802: 2793: 2766: 1531:

The tablets were found in 1964 by Massimo Pallottino during an excavation at the ancient Etruscan port of

1078:

argued in 2002 that the people later known as the Lydians and Etruscans had originally lived in northwest

917:

has gained widespread acceptance among scholars, being confirmed by Stefan Schumacher, Norbert Oettinger,

12221: 11771: 11673: 11112: 11007: 10994: 10832: 9129: 7454:('Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica', 6), a cura di A. L. Prosdocimi, Roma, pp. 209–255. (Italian) 2586: 2197: 1857:

One example of an early (pre-fifth century BC) votive inscription is on a bucchero oinochoe (wine vase):

1170:

now remembered mainly for literary forgeries. In 1498, Annio published his antiquarian miscellany titled

941: 289: 8333:

Sulla scrittura degli Etruschi: «Ma è veramente una scrittura etrusca»? Cosa sappiamo degli Etruschi III

7957: 12593: 12216: 12142: 11985: 11440: 9082: 4395: 2629: 2498: 2373: 1846: 1559: 1110: 918: 9054: 8669: 754:(10 BC – AD 54) is considered to have possibly been able to read Etruscan, and authored the 12183: 12163: 12024: 12005: 11970: 11838: 11833: 11828: 11696: 11618: 11613: 11269: 11255: 11030: 10617: 10485:

Appunti di morfologia etrusca. Con un'appendice sulle questioni delle affinità genetiche dell'etrusco

9849: 8364:

Die ungarische alternative Sprachforschung und ihr ideologischer Hintergrund – Versuch einer Diagnose

8081: 6899: 2672: 2644: 2627: 2610: 2584: 2560: 2543: 2526: 2496: 2468: 2441: 2422: 2405: 2388: 2371: 2341: 2324: 2257: 2255: 2238: 2214: 2195: 1905:

handle fitted. The reflecting surface was created by polishing the flat side. A higher percentage of

1210: 914: 10975: 9064: 8363: 12360: 11663: 11608: 11379: 11209: 11098: 7586: 3517:, are used without distinction for 'that' or 'this'. The nominative–accusative singular forms are: 2407: 2216: 1514: 925: 514: 293: 8968:

A history of the tombs at Tarquinia and links to descriptions of the most famous ones is given at

8385:"Etruscan's genealogical linguistic relationship with Nakh–Daghestanian: a preliminary evaluation" 12380: 11888: 11477: 11372: 11322: 11301: 11292: 11174: 11091: 11051: 10885: 9101: 4684: 4246: 3779: 2910: 2443: 1679: 1331: 1270:(or Nakh-Daghestanian) languages. None of these theories has been accepted nor enjoys consensus. 1067: 937: 648:

In northern Etruria, Etruscan inscriptions continue after they disappear in southern Etruria. At

618: 426: 10515:

Maras, Daniele (2013). "Numbers and reckoning: A whole civilization founded upon divisions", in

7308: 843:. This range may indicate a maximum Italian homeland where the language was at one time spoken. 12201: 12196: 11633: 11628: 11393: 11365: 11356: 11315: 10924: 9261:, p. 470: "We believe that for the Archaic period, the /a/ was a back vowel (as in French 7395:

A summary of the locations of the inscriptions published in the EDP project, given below under

6957: 4319: 2875: 1509:

The Pyrgi Tablets, sheets of gold with a bilingual treatise in Etruscan (center and right) and

1038: 747: 394: 9170: 7516: 746:

At the time of its extinction, only a few educated Romans with antiquarian interests, such as

12206: 12111: 12041: 11904: 11785: 11658: 11638: 11386: 11181: 11119: 10863: 10295:. Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae. Vol. I (2nd ed.). Pisa/Rome: Fabrizio Serra Editore. 9512:

Rogers, Adelle, "Theories on the Origin of the Etruscan Language" (2018). Open Access Theses.

9499:

Rogers, Adelle, "Theories on the Origin of the Etruscan Language" (2018). Open Access Theses.

6722: 3669:

Though uninflected for number, adjectives were inflected for case, agreeing with their noun:

2601: 2326: 1703: 1263: 1237: 1196: 810: 599: 238: 12015: 10622: 8237: 6904: 1306:

owes its existence to the Etruscan alphabet, which was adapted for Latin in the form of the

1180:

and Etruscan languages were said to originate from a single source, the "Aramaic" spoken by

12443: 11766: 11756: 11746: 11596: 11450: 11263: 11147: 10241: 8616: 8332: 8045: 7734: 7557: 6062: 1910: 1145:

and asserts that Etruscan is modified Luwian. He accounts for the non-Luwian features as a

1050: 715: 384: 10860:, the Newsletter of the American Section of the Institute for Etruscan and Italic Studies. 8721: 8588: 8305: 7423:"Camunic : Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe : Blackwell Reference Online" 466:, etc.), most fairly short, but some of considerable length. They date from about 700 BC. 8: 12312: 12241: 12236: 11813: 11586: 11571: 11506: 11308: 11230: 11140: 11133: 11084: 11042: 9587: 8418:; Orel, Vladimir (1989). "Etruscan and North Caucasian". In Shevoroshkin, Vitaliy (ed.). 8144:

Das Etruskische durch Erklärung von Inschriften und Namen als semitische Sprache erwiesen

7789:]. Translated by Waight, Caroline (I ed.). New York: Random House. p. 217. 6798: 6760: 2674: 2519: 2487: 2470: 2390: 2343: 1525: 1510: 1392: 1267: 1206:

Das Etruskische durch Erklärung von Inschriften und Namen als semitische Sprache erwiesen

1114: 1075: 1071: 1046: 1019: 876: 763: 723: 719: 373: 278: 270: 105: 10901:

prepared by Murray Fowler and Richard George Wolfe. University of Wisconsin Press: 1965.

10837: 8630:"Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas, Known as "The Magistrate"; 3/4 view of proper left, Head" 8629: 7738: 7721:"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect" 4079:

Verbs formed participles in a variety of ways, among the most frequently attested being

1901:. Specula were cast in bronze as one piece or with a tang into which a wooden, bone, or 1415:, however, may have been syllabic, accounting for some of the clusters (see below under 12355: 12306: 11925: 11881: 11547: 11501: 11416: 11411: 11406: 10978:. A searchable Etruscan-to-English dictionary applet and a summary of Etruscan grammar. 10281: 10264: 9731: 9537: 9464: 9431: 9378: 8998: 8981:

Amann, Petra (5 November 2019). "Women and Votive Inscriptions in Etruscan Epigraphy".

8822: 8787: 7985: 7906: 7893: 7880: 7755: 7720: 7007: 6977: 6768: 6739: 4325: 3884: 3380:. Plurals for cases other than nominative are made by agglutinating the case ending on 2741:. Even in English, aspiration is often more important than voice in the distinction of 2730: 1925: 1640: 1468: 1374:

Writing was from right to left except in archaic inscriptions, which occasionally used

1283: 1241: 1163: 851: 347: 9511: 9498: 9017: 8746:"One of the most significant Etruscan discoveries in decades names female goddess Uni" 7821:

Bellelli, Vincenzo; Benelli, Enrico (2018). "Aspetti generali. 1.2 Lingua e origini".

4245:

which seem to have been borrowed into Latin from the older Etruscan civilization as a

2729:. Such a lack of voiced stops is not particularly unusual; it is found e.g. in modern 1909:

in the mirror improved its ability to reflect. The other side was convex and featured

181: 12570: 12403: 12350: 12259: 12136: 12101: 12051: 11751: 11728: 11723: 11701: 11643: 11421: 11344: 11237: 10770: 10747: 10720: 10698: 10679: 10629: 10603: 10581: 10562:. Eds. Judith Swaddling & Philip Perkins. London: British Museum, pp. 88–93. 10547: 10539: 10488: 10469: 10434: 10414: 10406: 10396: 10370: 10356: 10342: 10319: 10296: 10249: 10225: 10187: 10123: 10100: 10077: 10051: 10015: 9882: 9857: 9833: 9443: 9435: 9390: 9382: 9322: 9193:

Rex Wallace, Michael Shamgochian and James Patterson (eds.), Etruscan Texts Project,

9174: 9002: 8826: 8791: 8725: 8695: 8592: 8206: 8122: 8097: 8061: 8025: 7910: 7898: 7826: 7790: 7760: 7697: 7584: 7561: 7520: 7509: 7472: 7304: 7248: 7227: 7096: 7068: 6981: 6911: 6773: 6717: 4431: 4318:, 'sword belt'; the sole connection between this word and Etruscan is a statement by 4102:. These referred to activities that were contemporaneous with that of the main verb: 3840: 2738: 2364: 2310: 2300: 2091: 1307: 1218: 1214: 1192: 894: 561: 547: 455: 442: 402: 390: 129: 68: 10951: (archived December 13, 2002). A short, one-page glossary with numerals as well. 10318:]. Aelaw Booklet (in Italian). Zaragoza: Prensas de la Universidad de Zaragoza. 10186:

Tarabella, Massimo Morandi (2004). Prosopographia etrusca. L'Erma di Bretschneider.

9086: 7733:(39). Washington DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science: eabi7673. 1330:, two Euboean settlements in southern Italy. This system is ultimately derived from 12293: 12264: 12191: 12091: 12028: 11935: 11930: 11920: 11912: 11713: 11706: 11653: 11581: 11576: 11533: 11526: 11456: 11400: 11338: 11244: 11216: 11202: 11188: 11105: 11077: 11065: 11058: 10911: 10800: 10739: 10660: 10656: 10652: 10448: 10426: 10384: 10360: 10276: 9723: 9691:

https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/10121058/1/Studies_in_the_Etruscan_loanwo.pdf

9314: 9304: 9302: 9300: 9166: 9050: 8990: 8814: 8779: 8415: 8343: 8089: 8053: 7888: 7750: 7742: 7725: 7553: 7060: 6969: 6778: 6747: 4250: 2821: 2742: 2702:('great-nephew' or 'great-grandson'). However, this theory is not widely accepted. 2663: 2424: 2295: 1622: 1292: 1255: 1233: 1229: 1228:

Several theories from the late 19th and early 20th centuries connected Etruscan to

1167: 1159: 1109:(I, 94) of the Lydian origin of the Etruscans or Tyrrhenians, famously rejected by 1066:

Some have suggested that Tyrsenian languages may yet be distantly related to early

1007: 994: 945: 906: 902: 759: 739: 591: 494: 343: 305: 282: 196: 85: 45: 10767:

The Etruscan Verb. Morphosyntactical Research of the Forms Used in Verbal Function

9602: 9298: 9296: 9294: 9292: 9290: 9288: 9286: 9284: 9282: 9280: 8969: 8938:

Some popular Internet sites giving photographs and details of the necropolis are:

8694:

Jean MacIntosh Turfa (13 November 2014). The Etruscan World. Routledge. pp. 363–.

1615:, now residing in Museo Nazionale Archeologico (Tarquinia, Viterbo, Lazio, Italy). 1395:

by weakening of the remaining vowels, which then were not represented in writing:

12395: 12288: 12211: 12081: 12076: 11980: 11960: 11540: 11491: 11445: 11328: 11223: 11195: 11154: 11071: 10988: 10948: 10892: 10879: 10364: 9136: 9070: 9060: 9037: 8956: 8939: 8887: 8714: 8682: 8678: 8581: 8551: 8350: 8200: 7964: 7778: 7694:

The End of the Bronze Age: Changes in Warfare and the Catastrophe of ca. 1200 B.C

7226:. Blackwell textbooks in linguistics (Nachdr. ed.). Oxford: Blackwell Publ. 6788: 4307: 4228: 4211:'girl', that could have been transmitted by Phoenicians or by the Greeks (Greek: 3824: 3820: 2984: 2980: 2891: 2887: 2734: 2305: 1946: 1914: 1841: 1665: 1222: 1200: 1177: 1102: 1042: 1026: 990: 986: 982: 978: 893:

put forward the view that Etruscan is related to other extinct languages such as

588: 297: 261:

but was eventually completely superseded by it. The Etruscans left around 13,000

250: 97: 9209: 8880: 8685:

and the Archaeological Department of Southern Etruria of the Italian government.

8544: 8391: 7611: 7055:

Haarmann, Harald (2014). "Ethnicity and Language in the Ancient Mediterranean".

1611:, also known as The Magistrate, dating from the third century BC, discovered in 1195:

origins found supporters until this time. In 1858, the last attempt was made by

12418: 12299: 12226: 12056: 12036: 12000: 11718: 11486: 10999: 10763:

Il verbo etrusco. Ricerca morfosintattica delle forme usate in funzione verbale

10743: 10712: 10389: 9766: 9581: 9318: 9277: 8433: 7545: 6852: 6525: 4007:, with the force of commanding, or exhorting (within a subjunctive framework). 2955: 1953: 1799: 1633: 1572: 1315: 1083: 1034: 689: 674: 664:

include one dated to 40 BC followed by two with slightly later dates, while in

626: 414: 410: 406: 376: 246: 122: 10551: 10532: 10418: 9832:. Vol. 2. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter. 2000. p. 212 (footnote nr. 39). 9447: 9424: 9394: 9371: 9148: 7064: 1818:

is a bronze statue with a dedicatory inscription of about 13 words in Etruscan

885:

Tyrrhenian language family tree as proposed by de Simone and Marchesini (2013)

800:

Maximum extent of Etruscan civilization and the twelve Etruscan League cities.

12587: 12513: 12375: 12283: 12277: 12158: 11955: 10119:

Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice

10073:

Divining the Etruscan World: The Brontoscopic Calendar and Religious Practice

9110: 8017: 8013: 7902: 7653:"An 'Eteocretan' inscription from Prasos and the homeland of the Sea Peoples" 6973: 6755: 6731: 4224: 3828: 3441:

Personal pronouns refer to persons; demonstrative pronouns point out English

3351: 3329: 3092: 2914: 2903: 2895: 1987: 1874: 1810: 1795: 1672: 1521: 1472: 1436: 1375: 735: 519: 320: 266: 158: 10804: 9727: 8866:

Interpretando l'antico. Scritti di archeologia offerti a Maria Bonghi Jovino

7641:

Mellaart, James (1975), "The Neolithic of the Near East" (Thames and Hudson)

4257:

languages. Other words believed to have a possible Etruscan origin include:

4162:

Some words with corresponding Latin or other Indo-European forms are likely

796: 12574: 12493: 12385: 12365: 12046: 11995: 11623: 11431: 11165: 10959: 10558:

Penney, John H. (2009). "The Etruscan language and its Italic context", in

10019: 9049:

Representative examples can be found in the U.S. Epigraphy Project site of

9032: 8994: 8818: 8783: 7764: 7746: 7689: 7464: 4004: 3836: 1729:, the predecessor of wallpaper. Tombs identified as Etruscan date from the 1661: 1536: 1303: 1259: 1245: 910: 898: 584: 523:, survived, and only because the linen on which it was written was used as 380: 10976:

Paleoglot: Online Etruscan-English dictionary; summary of Etruscan grammar

10734:

Wallace, Rex E. (2016). "Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation".

9881:(in Italian). Vol. 1. Rome: L'Erma di Bretschneider. pp. 57–58. 9309:

Wallace, Rex E. (2016). "Language, Alphabet, and Linguistic Affiliation".

8805:

Maggiani, Adriano (1 January 2016). "The Vicchio Stele: The Inscription".

8770:

Warden, P. Gregory (1 January 2016). "The Vicchio Stele and Its Context".

8093: 8057: 7613: 2574: 2569: 2431: 2397: 2069:, bull, snake, eagle, or other creatures which had symbolic significance. 1599:(c. 300-270 BC), with the horizontal inscription between the lid and side 1363: 149: 12370: 12345: 11945: 10895:, the linguistlist.org site. Links to many other Etruscan language sites. 10869: 9198:

https://web.archive.org/web/20060912073432/http://etp.classics.umass.edu/

9081:

Paggi, Maddalena. "The Praenestine Cistae" (October 2004), New York: The

3933:

The imperative was formed with the simple, uninflected root of the verb:

3303: 3101:

Pallottino defines two declensions based on whether the genitive ends in

2899: 2681: 2653: 2636: 2619: 2593: 2552: 2535: 2505: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2414: 2380: 2350: 2333: 2264: 2247: 2223: 2204: 2188: 2181: 2164: 2135: 1991: 1806: 1778: 1749: 924:

Common features between Etruscan, Raetic, and Lemnian have been found in

881: 11873: 10177:

Facchetti, Giulio M. Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco. Firenze. 2000

9735: 9119:. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 566. 9100: 8432:

The alphabet can also be found with alternative forms of the letters at

7885:

Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua

7492:

Comrie, Bernard (15 April 2008). Mark Aronoff, Janie Rees-Miller (ed.).

7095:. Vol. 3. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 1912. 3684:

Adjectives fall into a number of types formed from nouns with a suffix:

1883:

is a circular or oval hand-mirror used predominantly by Etruscan women.

1391:

Speech featured a heavy stress on the first syllable of a word, causing

1191:

The 19th century saw numerous attempts to reclassify Etruscan. Ideas of

288:

The consensus among linguists and Etruscologists is that Etruscan was a

12327: 11798: 11517: 11467: 11333: 10613: 10573: 7412:. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft der Universität Innsbruck: Innsbruck. 6895: 6793: 4698: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 3832: 3373: 3265: 2317: 2231: 2169: 2150: 2026: 1958: 1815: 1773: 1730: 1134: 981:

who concluded that it is likely that the Etruscan language (as well as

953: 949: 890: 755: 701: 579: 490: 351: 335: 10941:, a vocabulary organized by topic by Dieter H. Steinbauer, in English. 10665: 9408: 8926: 7719:

Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021).

2090:

symbols within the square brackets, followed by examples of the early

1660:, found in the 21st season of excavation at the Etruscan Sanctuary at 12538: 12523: 12498: 12468: 12438: 12106: 11940: 10538:. Translated by Cremona, J. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. 7787:

Die Reise unserer Gene: Eine Geschichte über uns und unsere Vorfahren

7366: 4351: 2176: 2120: 2066: 2022: 2018: 1975: 1787: 1765: 1741: 1612: 1379: 1106: 1087: 929: 836: 638: 634: 504: 459: 362: 262: 174: 142: 78: 12413: 10857: 9812: 9810: 9808: 9806: 8583:

Lost languages : the enigma of the world's undeciphered scripts

4994: 4673: 12553: 12548: 12543: 12528: 12508: 12340: 12335: 12126: 12086: 11975: 9804: 9802: 9800: 9798: 9796: 9794: 9792: 9790: 9788: 9786: 8949: 8517: 8084:(2014). "Ethnicity and the Etruscans". In McInerney, Jeremy (ed.). 8048:(2017). "The Etruscans". In Farney, Gary D.; Bradley, Gary (eds.). 8024:. The Peoples of Europe. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 44. 6865: 6848: 6103: 4339: 4205:

At least one Etruscan word has an apparent Semitic/Aramaic origin:

4163: 3783: 3071:; or they may be the unmarked stem ending in a vowel or consonant: 2770: 2290: 2087: 2005: 1783: 1753: 1714: 1412: 1338: 1288: 1240:

brought up the idea of a genetic relationship between Etruscan and

1126: 1079: 1054: 1030: 1022: 961: 840: 751: 727: 693: 665: 603: 572: 447: 397:, and many of the few surviving Etruscan-language artifacts are of 366: 355: 339: 274: 10938: 9479: 6557:

vacil śipir śuri leθamsul ci tartiria /4 cim cleva acasri halχ tei

1029:

before he discovered that, in fact, the language behind the later

12488: 12483: 12478: 12473: 12463: 12458: 12448: 12423: 12121: 11950: 11034: 10519:. Ed. Jean MacIntosh Turfa. Abingdon: Routledge, pp. 478–91. 9586:(2 ed.). London, Cambridge: J. W. Parker & Son. p. 8841:

Authority and display in sixth-century Etruria: The Vicchio stele

8562: 8560: 8422:. Bochum Publications in Evolutionary Cultural Semiotics. Bochum. 6823: 6168: 4249:

influence. Some of these words still have widespread currency in

2054: 2042: 2010: 1970: 1851: 1824: 1757: 1722: 1644: 1626: 1596: 1456: 1439:, i.e., of the assimilation of vowels in neighboring syllables". 1319: 1185: 1176:(in 17 volumes) where he put together a theory in which both the 859: 847: 814: 685: 678: 657: 649: 614: 463: 242: 58: 11475: 10543: 10431:

The Etruscans: A New Investigation (Echoes of the ancient world)

10410: 9919: 9783: 9439: 9386: 9194: 8446: 8444: 8442: 8088:. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 405–422. 4369: 3290:

means 'Vel son of Avle'. This expression in the genitive become

2477: 1969:

Among the most plunderable portables from the Etruscan tombs of

1419:). In other cases, the scribe sometimes inserted a vowel: Greek 538:

noted that theatrical works had once been composed in Etruscan.

469:

The Etruscans had a rich literature, as noted by Latin authors.

12168: 12096: 11126: 9879:

Corpus speculorum Etruscorum: Italia. Bologna - Museo Civico. 1

9877:

Sassatelli, Giuseppe, ed. (1981). "Collezione Palagi Bologna".

9771: 6844: 6831: 6827: 5593: 4375: 4363: 2062: 2058: 2050: 2046: 2034: 2030: 1990:. The engravings, mainly cameo, but sometimes intaglio, depict 1791: 1769: 1745: 1600: 1464: 1460: 1459:

alphabets, it has been suggested that it passed northward into

1323: 1311: 1142: 1138: 1118: 1025:

scripts was taken into consideration as the main hypothesis by

974: 957: 933: 855: 828: 824: 705: 697: 661: 653: 474: 398: 369: 332: 309: 10717:

Zikh Rasna: A Manual of the Etruscan Language and Inscriptions

8716:

Lost Languages: The enigma of the world's undeciphered scripts

8557: 8493: 8481: 7585:

Simona Marchesini (translation by Melanie Rockenhaus) (2013).

7189:

La nuova iscrizione tirsenica di Efestia in Aglaia Archontidou

4202:

for which Etruscan origin has been proposed survive in Latin.

3001:

Common nouns use the unmarked root. Names of males may end in

1591:

Sarcophagus of Arnth Churcles, a magistrate holding the title

220: 12558: 12518: 12503: 12453: 12428: 12408: 12173: 12148: 12131: 11965: 9036:

article published online by the Allen Memorial Art Museum of

8439: 7612:

Kluge Sindy; Salomon Corinna; Schumacher Stefan (2013–2018).

6147: 6130: 6077: 5776: 5576: 5062: 4988: 4982: 4976: 4970: 4267: 4254: 4212: 3966:'take, steal' is found in so‐called anti‐theft inscriptions: 2712: 2115: 2103: 1979: 1902: 1805:

Inner walls and doors of tombs and sarcophagi, including the

1737: 1726: 1696: 1657: 1577: 1564: 1532: 1476: 1452: 1327: 1295: 1146: 1137:

in the early Iron Age, 750–675 BC, leaving some colonists on

1130: 1098: 1094: 1000: 956:, when Mycenaean rulers recruited groups of mercenaries from 832: 669: 642: 630: 535: 524: 258: 254: 7384:

Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin and the World It Created.

6735:– An Etruscan linen book that ended as mummy wraps in Egypt. 3113:

group are most noun stems ending in a vowel or a consonant:

1061: 12533: 12433: 10628:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. 10624:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

10005: 10003: 10001: 9999: 9997: 9995: 9993: 9991: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9983: 9981: 9979: 9977: 9975: 9973: 9971: 9969: 9967: 9965: 9963: 9252: 9161:

Mattingly, Harold; Rathbone, Dominic W. (2016). "Tessera".

8657:

I sarcofagi etruschi delle famiglie Partunu, Camna e Pulena

8306:"The Interpretation of Etruscan Texts and its Limits" (PDF) 6910:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 943–966. 6906:

The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the World's Ancient Languages

5944: 2038: 1983: 1794:

include identificatory and achievemental inscriptions. The

1718: 1695:

Tumulus on a street at Banditaccia, the main necropolis of

1664:, is believed to be connected with the cult of the goddess 1181: 622: 531: 470: 437: 361:

Etruscan appears to have had a cross-linguistically common

328: 324: 301: 9961: 9959: 9957: 9955: 9953: 9951: 9949: 9947: 9945: 9943: 9340: 9338: 8505: 7696:, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1995, p. 59, 7548:(2010). "Italy, Languages of". In Gagarin, Michael (ed.). 7373:, section 26.1; for the 20 books, same work, section 42.2. 6664:

marza in te hamaiθi ital sacri utus ecunza iti alχu scuvse

10928:, article by Rex Wallace displayed at the umass.edu site. 10791:

Carnoy, A. (1952). "La langue étrusque et ses origines".

10240:

Agostiniani, Luciano (2013). "The Etruscan Language". In

9714:

Carnoy, A. (1952). "LA LANGUE ÉTRUSQUE ET SES ORIGINES".

9651:

American Heritage Dictionary, New College Edition, p. 978

9099:

Murray, Alexander Stuart; Smith, Arthur Hamilton (1911).

7947:

For example, Steinbauer (1999), Rodríguez Adrados (2005).

5031: 5012: 4618: 4611: 1906: 1861:= "Venalia Ṡlarinaṡ gave me. Do not touch me (?), I (am) 1859:ṃiṇi mulvaṇịce venalia ṡlarinaṡ. en mipi kapi ṃi(r) ṇuṇai 1717:

or "underground" chambers or system of chambers cut into

211: 199: 7929: 7783:

A Short History of Humanity: A New History of Old Europe

7552:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 97–102. 7494:

Languages of the world, in "The handbook of linguistics"

6528:: (/ indicates line break; text from Alessandro Morandi 4406:, meaning 'bodyguard, attendant', perhaps from Etruscan 4322:

that it was of Etruscan origin. All else is speculation.

3234:. Otherwise, a vowel might be placed before the ending: 1225:, a theory regarded today as disproven and discredited. 9940: 9765:, vol. XXXV–XXXVI, 1994/1995 (1996), pp. 95–105. ( 9695: 9350: 9335: 9030:

For the dates, more pictures and descriptions, see the

8189:. Translation by Patrick Evans. London: Souvenir Press. 6632:

iśvei tule ilucve apirase leθamsul ilucu cuiesχu perpri

3326:. (Wallace uses the term 'pertinentive' for this case.) 1917:

scenes from mythology. The piece was generally ornate.

10769:] (in Italian). Rome: "L' Erma" di Bretschneider. 8846: 8611:

Hillary Wills Becker, "Political Systems and Law," in

7277: 7265: 6687: 6680: 6673: 6662: 6655: 6646: 6637: 6630: 6619: 6601: 6592: 6585: 6578: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6498: 6486: 6474: 6462: 6450: 6438: 6426: 6414: 6404: 6396: 6384: 6374: 6366: 6354: 6342: 6330: 6318: 6306: 6294: 6282: 6270: 6258: 6246: 6234: 6222: 6207: 6199: 6187: 6175: 6157: 6140: 6123: 6111: 6096: 6070: 6055: 6037: 6025: 6001: 5989: 5979: 5968: 5951: 5930: 5918: 5906: 5894: 5876: 5864: 5852: 5834: 5822: 5810: 5798: 5786: 5768: 5750: 5733: 5721: 5709: 5697: 5685: 5673: 5661: 5649: 5637: 5625: 5613: 5601: 5584: 5567: 5536: 5524: 5512: 5500: 5488: 5476: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5431: 5422: 5413: 5404: 5390: 5378: 5372: 5360: 5354: 5342: 5330: 5318: 5306: 5294: 5272: 5260: 5248: 5236: 5224: 5212: 5200: 5188: 5176: 5164: 5152: 5135: 5123: 5117: 5105: 5084: 5072: 5054: 5042: 5023: 5004: 4952: 4940: 4928: 4916: 4907: 4895: 4877: 4865: 4853: 4841: 4829: 4817: 4805: 4793: 4781: 4769: 4757: 4655: 4649: 4643: 4637: 4631: 4625: 4605: 4599: 4593: 4587: 4581: 4575: 4569: 4563: 4557: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4515: 4508: 4501: 4494: 4487: 4480: 4473: 4466: 4459: 4452: 4407: 4387: 4313: 4285: 4279: 4273: 4218: 4206: 4167: 4115: 4109: 4103: 4090: 4084: 4050: 4029: 4013: 3972: 3961: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3920: 3906: 3900: 3894: 3888: 3878: 3864: 3856: 3790: 3773: 3767: 3761: 3755: 3740: 3734: 3721: 3715: 3703: 3697: 3676: 3670: 3656: 3650: 3644: 3638: 3630: 3622: 3614: 3606: 3598: 3592: 3586: 3578: 3570: 3564: 3556: 3550: 3542: 3534: 3526: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3492: 3486: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3399: 3381: 3367: 3361: 3343: 3335: 3321: 3313: 3295: 3285: 3241: 3235: 3229: 3221: 3200: 3192: 3184: 3176: 3168: 3160: 3138: 3130: 3122: 3114: 3084: 3078: 3072: 3066: 3058: 3048: 3042: 3036: 3018: 3012: 3006: 2991: 2960: 2948: 2942: 2936: 2861: 2853: 2847: 2839: 2833: 2825: 2797: 2788: 2760: 2754: 2718: 2697: 2126: 1974:

Etruscan and Greek. The materials are mainly dark red

1896: 1890: 1648: 1540: 944:

in southern Europe. Several scholars believe that the

788: 782: 776: 770: 709: 10995:

Etruscan and Early Italic Fonts by James F. Patterson

10147: 10145: 8535:

Massimo Pallottino, Maristella Pandolfini Angeletti,

8086:

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

7917: 7825:(in Italian). Rome: Carocci editore. pp. 18–20. 7591:

Mnamon – Ancient Writing Systems in the Mediterranean

7057:

A Companion to Ethnicity in the Ancient Mediterranean

2029:), Velzu or Velznani (Volsinii) and Cha for Chamars ( 1487:

The corpus of Etruscan inscriptions is edited in the

1093:

1200 BC, leaving a remnant known in antiquity as the

862:. But by far the greatest concentration is in Italy. 229: 217: 214: 10866:, Center for Ancient Studies at New York University. 10339:

The Etruscans: The Script, the Language, the Society

9689:

PhD thesis, University College London. 2017. p.251.

8671:

The principle discoveries with Etruscan inscriptions

4350:'soldier'; either from Etruscan or related to Greek 4291: 4231: 1117:

branch of the Indo-European family, specifically to

285:, and a number of other less well-known hypotheses. 208: 205: 9848: 9430:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 9377:. Harmondsworth, Middlesex: Penguin Books. p. 8877:

Some Internet articles on the tombs in general are:

8864:van der Meer, B. "The Lead Plaque of Magliano" in: 3919:The third-person past passive is formed with -che: 3461:The first-person personal pronoun has a nominative 2808:Rix postulates several syllabic consonants, namely 2149:are used before respectively unrounded and rounded 1830: 1184:and his descendants, founders of the Etruscan city 1018:The idea of a relation between the language of the 993:) "developed on the continent in the course of the 401:or religious significance. Etruscan was written in 202: 10621: 10531: 10388: 10142: 9912: 9910: 9423: 9370: 8713: 8580: 7823:Gli Etruschi - La scrittura, la lingua, la società 7550:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece and Rome 7508: 7130: 7128: 6903: 6550:...vacil.../2ai savcnes satiriasa.../3...eri θuθcu 4436:Much debate has been carried out about a possible 4153: 3851:Etruscan used a verbal root with a zero suffix or 1798:at the Scatolini necropolis depicts scenes of the 1141:. He makes a number of comparisons of Etruscan to 10925:Etruscan Inscriptions in the Royal Ontario Museum 10642: 10335:Gli Etruschi: la scrittura, la lingua, la società 9235:"Theories on the Origin of the Etruscan Language" 9160: 7620:. Department of Linguistics, University of Vienna 7201: 7199: 7197: 7155: 7153: 7142: 7140: 7118: 7116: 4416:"as one of our securest Etruscan loans in Latin." 3294:. Pallottino's example of a three-suffix form is 1772:site: Approximately 6,000 graves dating from the 1358:was also not used. They innovated one letter for 1262:, emeritus professor of Italian languages at the 1013: 12585: 11029: 10899:Materials for the Study of the Etruscan Language 10355: 9925: 9816: 9777: 9485: 8868:. Milano 2013 (Quaderni di Acme 134) pp. 323-341 8566: 8523: 8499: 8487: 7977: 7874: 7872: 7870: 7868: 7866: 7864: 7862: 4556:For higher numbers, it has been determined that 3795:(for examples, see below in Imperative moods) . 766:, the emperor's first wife, had Etruscan roots. 10332: 10041: 10039: 10037: 10035: 10033: 10031: 10029: 9907: 8927:Etruscan Necropoleis of Cerveteri and Tarquinia 8913:, Monday, Mar. 26, 1973, displayed at time.com. 8902:, Monday, Feb. 25, 1957, displayed at time.com. 8012: 7993:. Rotterdam: Erasmus Universiteit. p. 139. 7860: 7858: 7856: 7854: 7852: 7850: 7848: 7846: 7844: 7842: 7820: 7718: 7183: 7181: 7125: 7050: 7048: 7046: 4193: 3143:. In the second are names of females ending in 2094:which would have corresponded to these sounds. 1776:(ninth and eighth centuries BC) distributed in 1322:and was in all probability transmitted through 1217:. Exactly 100 years later, a relationship with 1097:. A segment of this people moved south-west to 846:Outside Italy, inscriptions have been found in 432: 10602:. Innsbruck: Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. 10459:] (in Italian). Florence: Giunti Martello. 10369:. Manchester: University of Manchester Press. 10173: 10171: 8539:, Volume 1 (1978); review by A. J. Pfiffig in 8074: 7816: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7540: 7538: 7536: 7415: 7217: 7215: 7194: 7150: 7137: 7113: 7086: 7084: 7040:, Newton & Compton publishers, Rome, 1977. 4052:celi . huθiσ . zaθrumiσ . flerχva . neθunσl . 3256: 3250: 2106:consisted of four distinct vowels. The vowels 1850:Bronze plaque (300–100 BC) with dedication to 1563:, which was later used for mummy wrappings in 942:predate the arrival of Indo-European languages 870: 11889: 11015: 9856:. Florida: Archaeological News. p. 111. 9842: 9662:"satellite - Origin and meaning of satellite" 8414: 8227: 8225: 6890: 6888: 6886: 6884: 6045: 4630:mean 'once, twice, and thrice' respectively; 3726:, 'family/familiar' (in the sense of servant) 3473:('me'). The third person has a personal form 1386: 503:expounded the art of divination by observing 354:distinction between animate and inanimate in 11991:Arruns Tarquinius (son of Tarquin the Proud) 11859:Families with more than 30 languages are in 10395:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10333:Bellelli, Vincenzo; Benelli, Enrico (2018). 10151: 10122:. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 109. 10099:. UPenn Museum of Archaeology, 2006. p. 53. 10076:. Cambridge University Press, 2012. p. 108. 10026: 9015:For pictures and a description refer to the 8945:Chapter XXXIII CERVETRI.a – AGYLLA or CAERE. 8337:Osservatorio letterario. Ferrara e l’Altrove 7839: 7777: 7714: 7712: 7710: 7650: 7178: 7167: 7165: 7043: 7012:La langue étrusque Problèmes et perspectives 4187: 3974:mi χuliχna cupe.s. .a.l.θ.r.nas .e.i minipi 3261:. Why this should be the case is not clear." 1686: 1204: 1125:to the effect that the Tyrsenians came from 10529: 10341:] (in Italian). Rome: Carocci Editore. 10239: 10168: 9870: 9628:"military – Origin and meaning of military" 9258: 9098: 8921: 8919: 8511: 8110: 8080: 7807: 7533: 7332:Etruscan Roman Remains in Popular Tradition 7253:The Met’s Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History 7212: 7081: 6951: 6949: 6947: 6657:snuza in te hamaiθi civeis caθnis fan/10iri 6083: 6015: 6009: 5938: 5884: 5842: 5758: 5285: 5279: 5143: 4885: 4401: 4381: 4345: 4331: 4240: 4181: 4173: 3872: 3356:Nouns semantically had the plural marking 2930: 2924: 2918: 2724: 1884: 1287:Etruscan dedication to the "sons of Zeus" ( 1249: 1171: 818: 508: 498: 484: 478: 379:. The records of the language suggest that 12614:Languages attested from the 7th century BC 11896: 11882: 11022: 11008: 10673: 10447: 10425: 10009: 9876: 9421: 9368: 8222: 8121:. London: Reaktion Books. pp. 28–46. 7983: 7771: 7205:Carlo de Simone, Simona Marchesini (Eds), 6945: 6943: 6941: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6929: 6927: 6881: 4060:'On September twenty six, victims must be 2705: 1258:. The Hungarian connection was revived by 1001:Superseded theories and fringe scholarship 804: 726:, when Rome was faced with destruction by 700:noted the esteemed reputation of Etruscan 454:Etruscan literacy was widespread over the 11903: 10664: 10482: 10463: 10280: 10248:. Abingdon: Routledge. pp. 457–477. 10096:Etruscan Myth, Sacred History, and Legend 9579: 9561:, p. 123, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2012. 8947:, George Dennis at Bill Thayer's Website. 8906:Hot from the Tomb: The Antiquities Racket 8408: 8382: 8376: 8038: 7935: 7923: 7892: 7754: 7707: 7500: 7350: 7162: 7025:Introduction to the study of the Etruscan 4714:Learn how and when to remove this message 4296:, unknown Etruscan word as the basis for 3984:'I (am) the bowl of Cupe Althr̥na. Don’t 3855:without distinction to number or person: 3803:The two enclitic coordinate conjunctions 1062:Anatolian Indo-European family hypothesis 750:, could read Etruscan. The Roman emperor 606:, with detail of the Etruscan inscription 602:man of Roman senatorial rank engaging in 10920:A searchable database of Etruscan texts. 10383: 10262: 9763:Atti del Sodalizio Glottologico Milanese 9701: 9460: 9356: 9344: 9163:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics 8916: 8852: 8804: 8711: 8578: 8450: 8117:Shipley, Lucy (2017). "Where is home?". 8052:. Berlin: De Gruyter. pp. 637–672. 7984:Woudhuizen, Frederik Christiaan (2006). 7878: 7425:. Blackwellreference.com. Archived from 7283: 7271: 7054: 6784:List of English words of Etruscan origin 4262:List of English words of Etruscan origin 4172:'nephew', is probably from Latin (Latin 2072: 1945:intaglio, or rarely part intaglio, part 1845: 1690: 1586: 1504: 1427:by syncopation and then was expanded to 1282: 968: 880: 795: 436: 12619:Languages extinct in the 1st century BC 10876:Viteliu: The Languages of Ancient Italy 10733: 10711: 10692: 10309: 10290: 9603:"market - Origin and meaning of market" 9308: 9171:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.6302 8261:Etrusco: una forma arcaica di ungherese 8198: 8141: 8116: 7637: 7635: 7544: 7506: 7471:. Walter de Gruyter. pp. 111–112. 7090: 6958:"The Survival of the Etruscan Language" 6955: 6924: 6864:Etruria Campana: some areas of coastal 6804: 3491:('to thee') and an accusative singular 1964: 708:because of the resemblance to Etruscan 696:times, various Latin sources including 14: 12586: 10790: 10366:The Etruscan Language: an Introduction 10236:Available for preview on Google Books. 9713: 9687:Studies in Etruscan loanwords in Latin 9232: 9033:Hand Mirror with the Judgment of Paris 8940:Cisra (Roman Caere / Modern Cerveteri) 8769: 8681:, article published by the Borough of 8420:Explorations in Language Macrofamilies 8006: 7515:. Cambridge University Press. p. 7496:. Oxford: Blackwell/Wiley. p. 25. 7491: 7386:London: HarperPress, 2009, pp. 323 ff. 7224:Writing systems: a linguistic approach 7221: 7038:The "mystery" of the Etruscan language 5037:, 'free', 'pertaining to the people') 4420: 4336:, of obscure origin, perhaps Etruscan. 4140:Etruscan is considered to have been a 4098:Participles could also be formed with 3386:. Nouns semantically used the plural 2280: 1248:would approve in his exhaustive study 1213:proposed that Etruscan was related to 409:; this alphabet was the source of the 11877: 11003: 10760: 10466:L'enigma svelato della lingua etrusca 10312:Etrusco. Lingua, scrittura, epigrafia 10219: 10154:"Some comments on the Tabula Capuana" 9752:, Erre Emme (Roma, 1991), chapter IV. 8980: 8545:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2010.01.05 8205:. Reaktion Books. pp. 183, 251. 8044: 7463: 6603:vacil l/7eθamsul scuvune marzac saca⋮ 6580:vacil lunaśie vaca iχnac fuli/6nuśnes 5775:sparrow-hawk, falcon (possibly Greek 2886:Etruscan substantives had five cases— 2869: 1930:Istituto di Studi Etruschi ed Italici 1524:are a bilingual text in Etruscan and 1049:(possibly descended from Minoan) and 629:and repopulated by Romans in 396 BC. 458:shores, as evidenced by about 13,000 10914:A list of all texts in Trismegistos. 10503:Frammenti di diritto privato etrusco 10316:Etruscan. Language, Scipt, Epigraphy 10045: 8174:The Armenian origin of the Etruscans 7632: 7558:10.1093/acref/9780195170726.001.0001 7452:Lingue e dialetti dell'Italia antica 7356:Freeman. Survival of Etruscan. p. 78 7246: 4726: 4696:adding citations to reliable sources 4667: 1782:, the main one being the Monterozzi 497:from a sacrificed animal, while the 308:, attested in a few inscriptions on 10612: 10572: 10222:Bilingualism and the Latin Language 10014:. Penguin Books. pp. 225–234. 9761:Pittau, M., "I numerali Etruschi", 9021:article at mysteriousetruscans.com. 8176:. London: Parker, Son, & Bourn. 6894: 6689:eθ iśuma zuslevai apire nunθer/i... 6639:cipen apires /9 racvanies huθ zusle 6391:carry out a sacred act; consecrate 4044:referred to obligatory activities: 2965:, 'in the sanctuary of Juno', where 1607:The inscription of 59 words on the 823:'Etruscans'), as well as in modern 441:Drawing of the inscriptions on the 24: 10784: 10282:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.382 9750:Nuovi lineamenti di lingua etrusca 9534:"The Etruscan Language : CSA" 7894:10.36707/palaeohispanica.v0i20.382 7618:Thesaurus Inscriptionum Raeticarum 6996:The Linguistics Student's Handbook 6706:Combinatorial method (linguistics) 5519:priest of the citadel-s/hilltop-s 4663: 4166:to or from Etruscan. For example, 3928: 3649:'these/those'. Locative singular: 2913:, Etruscan noun endings were more 2816:as well as a labiovelar fricative 2748: 1584:Some additional longer texts are: 1310:. The Etruscan alphabet employs a 25: 12640: 10882: (archived December 7, 2002). 10812: 9937:Cassius Dio Roman History 56,29,4 8720:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 8668:Brief description and picture at 8587:. New York: McGraw-Hill. p. 8202:The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations 8119:The Etruscans: Lost Civilizations 5142:Etruria?, or equivalent to Latin 4448:The lower Etruscan numerals are: 4386:, 'mask', probably from Etruscan 3869:, 'he, she, we, you, they make'. 3846: 3479:('he' or 'she') and an inanimate 1625:, a stone slab (cippus) found at 1500: 1475:alphabet, the oldest form of the 1273: 1153: 1133:, whence they were driven by the 1086:, whence they were driven by the 897:, spoken in ancient times in the 865: 372:and an apparent contrast between 27:Extinct language of ancient Italy 12569: 12318:English words of Etruscan origin 12192:Battle of Alalia (540 BC–535 BC) 12014: 10932: 10453:Gli Etruschi: una nuova immagine 10196: 10180: 10133: 10110: 10087: 10064: 9931: 9895: 9822: 9755: 9742: 9707: 9679: 9654: 9645: 9620: 9595: 9580:Donaldson, John William (1852). 9573: 9564: 9551: 9526: 9517: 9504: 9491: 9470: 9415: 9401: 9362: 9268: 9226: 9210:"Etruscan alphabet and language" 9202: 9187: 9154: 9142: 9123: 9092: 9075: 9043: 9024: 8839:Maggiani, A. and Gregory, P. G. 8310:Journal of Indo-European Studies 8234:"Etruscans, Huns and Hungarians" 8231: 7987:The Ethnicity of the Sea Peoples 7879:Belfiore, Valentina (May 2020). 6571:m/5uluri zile picasri savlasieis 5061:foreigner, slave, client (Greek 4897:prumaθ, prumaθś, prumats, prumts 4672: 4648:'one by one', 'two by two'; and 4610:10, just as Proto-Indo-European 4123: 3925:, 'offers/offered/was offered'. 3569:. There is a genitive singular: 3500: 2680: 2652: 2635: 2618: 2592: 2573: 2568: 2551: 2534: 2504: 2476: 2459: 2454: 2449: 2430: 2413: 2396: 2379: 2349: 2332: 2263: 2246: 2222: 2203: 1831:Inscriptions on portable objects 1702:The main material repository of 905:, to which other scholars added 839:to the north of Etruria, and in 738:mentions Etruscan alongside the 734:Around 180 AD, the Latin author 617:, the first Etruscan site to be 571: 560: 195: 38: 12271:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 12072:Etruscan names for Greek heroes 10905: 10676:Neues Handbuch des Etruskischen 10213: 10046:Meer, L. Bouke van der (2007). 9009: 8974: 8962: 8932: 8871: 8858: 8833: 8798: 8763: 8738: 8705: 8688: 8662: 8649: 8636: 8622: 8605: 8572: 8529: 8456: 8426: 8356: 8318: 8298: 8267: 8252: 8192: 8179: 8166: 8150: 8142:Stickel, Johann Gustav (1858). 8135: 7997: 7950: 7941: 7683: 7674: 7644: 7605: 7578: 7511:The Ancient Languages of Europe 7485: 7457: 7440: 7402: 7389: 7376: 7359: 7337: 7324: 7314: 7289: 7240: 6712:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 6519: 4902:great-nephew or great-grandson 4683:needs additional citations for 4154:Borrowings from and to Etruscan 3994: 3914: 3798: 3257: 3251: 3147:and names of males that end in 1932:initiated the Committee of the 1889:is Latin; the Etruscan word is 1752:with streets and squares. Many 1548: 1490:Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum 1416: 1236:. In 1874, the British scholar 688:usage of the language. In late 319:Grammatically, the language is 12232:Battle of Lake Vadimo (310 BC) 12207:Battle of the Cremera (477 BC) 10674:Steinbauer, Dieter H. (1999). 10657:10.3989/emerita.2005.v73.i1.52 10620:. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). 10468:. Rome: Newton & Compton. 10224:. Cambridge University Press. 7209:, Pisa – Roma: 2013. (Italian) 7093:The Cambridge World Prehistory 7030: 7017: 7001: 6988: 6902:. In Woodard, Roger D. (ed.). 6858: 6837: 6816: 6682:ci zusle acun siricima nunθeri 4660:are 'double' and 'quadruple'. 4186:; this is a cognate of German 4074: 2765:'freeman'), it is likely that 1934:Corpus Speculorum Etruscanorum 1014:Pre-Greek substrate hypothesis 594:depicting Aule Metele (Latin: 13: 1: 10956:"Etruscan–English Dictionary" 10697:. London: Thames and Hudson. 10530:Pallottino, Massimo (1955a). 10483:Facchetti, Giulio M. (2002). 10464:Facchetti, Giulio M. (2000). 10291:Benelli, Enrico, ed. (2009). 9195:http://etp.classics.umass.edu 8646:vol. 3, article 3, pp. 45-64. 8146:. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. 7958:"The Origin of the Etruscans" 7446:M. G. Tibiletti Bruno. 1978. 6874: 5091:those who come next (that is 4848:of the grandfather, grandson 4598:any two in the series 70–90. 4547:may also mean 'twelve', with 4356:, 'assembled crowd' (compare 4284:, 'arena, sand' < archaic 4148: 3664: 2275: 12237:Battle of Populonia (282 BC) 12062:Corpus Speculorum Etruscorum 10843:Resources in other libraries 10736:A Companion to the Etruscans 10693:Torelli, Marco, ed. (2001). 10522:Pallottino, M. (ed.) (1954) 10457:The Etruscans: A new picture 10263:Belfiore, Valentina (2020). 10152:Van Der Meer, Bouke (2015). 10093:Thomson de Grummond, Nancy. 10010:Pallottino, Massimo (1955). 9926:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 9817:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 9778:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 9486:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 9422:Pallottino, Massimo (1955). 9369:Pallottino, Massimo (1955). 9311:A Companion to the Etruscans 8567:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 8524:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 8500:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 8488:Bonfante & Bonfante 2002 8187:The Etruscans Begin to Speak 8156:Gildemeister, Johannes. In: 8050:The Peoples of Ancient Italy 7887:(in Italian) (20): 199–262. 7295:Van der Meer, L. Bouke, ed. 6688: 6681: 6674: 6663: 6656: 6647: 6638: 6631: 6620: 6602: 6593: 6586: 6579: 6570: 6563: 6556: 6549: 6499: 6487: 6475: 6463: 6451: 6439: 6427: 6415: 6405: 6397: 6385: 6375: 6373:make (an offering) (compare 6367: 6355: 6343: 6331: 6319: 6307: 6295: 6283: 6271: 6259: 6247: 6235: 6223: 6208: 6200: 6188: 6176: 6158: 6141: 6124: 6112: 6097: 6071: 6056: 6038: 6026: 6002: 5990: 5980: 5969: 5952: 5931: 5919: 5907: 5895: 5877: 5865: 5853: 5835: 5823: 5811: 5799: 5787: 5769: 5751: 5734: 5722: 5710: 5698: 5686: 5674: 5662: 5650: 5638: 5626: 5614: 5602: 5585: 5568: 5537: 5525: 5513: 5501: 5489: 5477: 5465: 5456: 5447: 5438: 5432: 5423: 5414: 5405: 5391: 5379: 5373: 5361: 5355: 5343: 5331: 5319: 5307: 5295: 5273: 5261: 5249: 5237: 5225: 5213: 5201: 5189: 5177: 5165: 5153: 5136: 5124: 5118: 5106: 5085: 5073: 5055: 5043: 5024: 5005: 4995: 4983: 4971: 4953: 4941: 4929: 4917: 4908: 4896: 4878: 4866: 4854: 4842: 4830: 4818: 4806: 4794: 4782: 4770: 4758: 4656: 4650: 4644: 4638: 4632: 4626: 4606: 4600: 4594: 4588: 4582: 4576: 4570: 4564: 4558: 4549: 4543: 4537: 4531: 4525: 4516: 4509: 4502: 4495: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4460: 4453: 4412:. Whatmough considers Latin 4408: 4388: 4352: 4314: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4274: 4232: 4219: 4207: 4194: 4168: 4116: 4110: 4104: 4091: 4085: 4051: 4030: 4014: 3973: 3962: 3953: 3947: 3941: 3935: 3921: 3907: 3901: 3895: 3889: 3879: 3865: 3857: 3791: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3741: 3735: 3722: 3716: 3704: 3698: 3677: 3671: 3657: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3623: 3615: 3607: 3599: 3593: 3587: 3579: 3571: 3565: 3557: 3551: 3543: 3535: 3527: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3493: 3487: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3400: 3382: 3368: 3362: 3344: 3336: 3334:The locative ending is -θi: 3322: 3314: 3296: 3286: 3242: 3236: 3230: 3222: 3201: 3193: 3185: 3177: 3169: 3161: 3139: 3131: 3123: 3115: 3085: 3079: 3073: 3067: 3059: 3049: 3043: 3037: 3019: 3013: 3007: 2992: 2961: 2949: 2943: 2937: 2862: 2854: 2848: 2840: 2834: 2826: 2820:, and some scholars such as 2798: 2789: 2761: 2755: 2719: 2713: 2698: 2661: 2599: 2517: 2485: 2362: 2315: 2229: 2186: 2127: 2121: 2081: 1897: 1891: 1821:Engraved steles (tombstones) 1649: 1609:Sarcophagus of Laris Pulenas 1541: 1482: 789: 783: 777: 771: 710: 433:History of Etruscan literacy 425:, which do not have obvious 273:; and a few dozen purported 7: 12629:Extinct languages of Europe 12624:Language isolates of Europe 12604:Pre-Indo-European languages 12222:Capture of Fidenae (435 BC) 10989:Etruscan font download site 10918:ETP: Etruscan Texts Project 10524:Testimonia Linguae Etruscae 9854:A Guide to Etruscan Mirrors 9666:Online Etymology Dictionary 9632:Online Etymology Dictionary 9607:Online Etymology Dictionary 8971:on mysteriousetruscans.com. 8942:at mysteriousetruscans.com. 8891:at mysteriousetruscans.com. 7651:de Ligt, Luuk (2008–2009). 7448:Camuno, retico e pararetico 6699: 6564:vacil iceu śuni savlasie... 6403:make good, finish (compare 4425: 3981:(Cm 2.13; fifth century BC) 3731:cva, -chva, -cve, -χve, -ia 3652:calti, ceiθi, clθ(i), eclθi 3597:. The accusative singular: 3456: 3436: 3053:. Names of gods may end in 1471:lands, where it became the 1278: 871:Tyrsenian family hypothesis 758:, a (now lost) treatise on 10: 12645: 12599:Languages of ancient Italy 12227:Battle of Veii (c. 396 BC) 12217:Battle of Fidenae (437 BC) 12143:Sarcophagus of the Spouses 11986:Lucius Tarquinius Superbus 11679:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric 10851: 10744:10.1002/9781118354933.ch14 10510:Les cas locaux en étrusque 9850:Thomson De Grummond, Nancy 9319:10.1002/9781118354933.ch14 9083:Metropolitan Museum of Art 8537:Thesaurus linguae Etruscae 7781:; Trappe, Thomas (2021) . 7593:. Scuola Normale Superiore 7507:Woodard, Roger D. (2008). 7303:, vol. 4). Peeters, 2007, 7297:Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis 6751:– An Etruscan inscription. 6743:– An Etruscan inscription. 6148: 6131: 6078: 5777: 5063: 4989: 4977: 4429: 4259: 4213: 3893:'gives, dedicates' versus 3749: 3711:possession or reference, - 3372:, 'sons'. This shows both 2116: 2017:names are mainly Pupluna ( 1872: 1868: 1839: 1835: 1768:, Tarquinii or Corneto, a 1560:Liber Linteus Zagrabiensis 1495:Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae 1387:Complex consonant clusters 1111:Dionysius of Halicarnassus 1082:, with a coastline to the 948:could have arrived in the 874: 827:north of Rome, in today's 545: 237:) was the language of the 18:Thesaurus Linguae Etruscae 12567: 12394: 12326: 12250: 12182: 12164:Tomb of the Roaring Lions 12023: 12012: 12006:Titus Vestricius Spurinna 11971:Lucius Tarquinius Priscus 11911: 11847: 11784: 11737: 11687: 11567: 11560: 11515: 11466: 11430: 11355: 11291: 11254: 11164: 11041: 10864:Etruscan News back issues 10838:Resources in your library 9409:Etruscan Grammar: Summary 8712:Robinson, Andrew (2002). 8619:(Routledge, 2013), p. 355 8579:Robinson, Andrew (2002). 8326:Studi e Saggi Linguistici 8185:Mayani, Zacharie (1961). 7399:, is stated in its Guide. 7382:Ostler, Nicholas (2009). 7065:10.1002/9781118834312.ch2 6229:to make (an offering...) 6216: 6008:container (perhaps Latin 5962: 5757:northwind, eagle (Latin: 5744: 5561: 5396: 5267:nation, league, district 5226:tudthi, tuθiu, tuθi, tuti 5099: 4741: 4135: 2969:is a genitive ending and 2688: 2669: 2667: 2641: 2607: 2605: 2579: 2540: 2523: 2512: 2493: 2491: 2357: 2338: 2321: 2304: 2294: 2289: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2097: 1939: 1687:Inscriptions on monuments 1576:(the inscribed tile from 1442: 921:, and Simona Marchesini. 915:Tyrsenian language family 541: 374:aspirated and unaspirated 296:, closely related to the 241:in the ancient region of 172: 156: 140: 135: 119: 94: 84: 74: 64: 53: 37: 32: 12361:National Etruscan Museum 12212:Battle of Cumae (474 BC) 10991:with unicode information 10567:Die etruskische Sprache, 10508:Hadas-Lebel, J. (2016). 10310:Benelli, Enrico (2020). 9412:at Steinbauer's website. 9149:Ancient Coins of Etruria 8929:, a World Heritage site. 8275:"Giulio Mauro Facchetti" 7469:The Foundations of Latin 6974:10.1515/etst.1999.6.1.75 6956:Freeman, Philip (1999). 6809: 6624:) (starting on line 8): 6594:muluri zile picasri iane 6532:Rome, 1982, p. 40) 4114:'(while) invoking', and 3873:Past or preterite active 3835:. The past tense had an 3827:and others. Tenses were 3814: 3467:('I') and an accusative 3390:or one of its variants: 3023:(Titus); of females, in 2881: 2769:were sometimes syllabic 2717:, which became Etruscan 1997: 1928:, then president of the 1101:, becoming known as the 515:Maurus Servius Honoratus 12381:Tumulus of Montefortini 11856:have no living members. 11739:East and Southeast Asia 10982: 10870:Etruscology at Its Best 10805:10.3406/antiq.1952.3451 10116:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. 10070:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh. 10050:. Peeters. p. 42. 9728:10.3406/antiq.1952.3451 9274:J.H. Adams pp. 163–164. 9233:Rogers, Adelle (2018). 9116:Encyclopædia Britannica 9087:Timeline of Art History 8895:Scientific Tomb-Robbing 7301:Monographs on antiquity 7187:de Simone Carlo (2009) 7027:, Leo S. Olschki, 1991. 6843:Etruria Padana: modern 6612:Start of second section 6301:to place, lay, deposit 6046: 5033: 5014: 4620: 4613: 4523:It is unclear which of 4376: 4370: 4120:'(while) pouring (?)'. 3789:The negative adverb is 3675:'good' versus genitive 2911:Indo-European languages 2706:Absence of voiced stops 1680:Lead Plaque of Magliano 1643:, a bronze tablet from 1515:Etruscan Museum in Rome 1463:and from there through 1369: 1121:. Woudhuizen revived a 1070:, such as those of the 1068:Indo-European languages 805:Geographic distribution 300:that was spoken in the 294:Paleo-European language 12202:Siege of Rome (508 BC) 12197:Siege of Rome (509 BC) 10945:An Etruscan Vocabulary 10678:. Scripta Mercaturae. 10600:Rätisch und Etruskisch 10560:Etruscan by Definition 10451:; et al. (1984). 8995:10.1515/etst-2019-0003 8819:10.1515/etst-2016-0018 8784:10.1515/etst-2016-0017 8383:Robertson, Ed (2006). 8368:Sprache & Sprachen 8258:Alinei, Mario (2003). 8199:Shipley, Lucy (2023). 8172:Ellis, Robert (1861). 7747:10.1126/sciadv.abi7673 7410:Rätisch und Etruskisch 7222:Rogers, Henry (2009). 7173:Seevölker und Etrusker 6994:Bauer, Laurie (2007). 6084: 6016: 6010: 5939: 5885: 5843: 5759: 5286: 5280: 5144: 4886: 4627:θun-z, e-sl-z, ci-z(i) 4402: 4382: 4346: 4332: 4320:Marcus Terentius Varro 4241: 4188: 4182: 4174: 3999:Verbs with the suffix 3772:, 'at first' (compare 3754:Adverbs are unmarked: 3720:, 'Bacchus, Bacchic'; 2931: 2925: 2919: 2876:agglutinative language 2725: 1885: 1854: 1802:family with call-outs. 1756:are concealed beneath 1699: 1603: 1517: 1378:. An example found at 1299: 1250: 1221:was to be advanced by 1205: 1172: 886: 819: 801: 748:Marcus Terentius Varro 509: 499: 485: 479: 451: 257:. Etruscan influenced 12112:Monterozzi necropolis 11905:Etruscan civilization 10962:on September 27, 2007 10886:The Etruscan Language 10793:L'Antiquité classique 10719:. Beech Stave Press. 10565:Pfiffig, A.J. (1969) 10501:Facchetti, G. (2000) 10242:MacIntosh Turfa, Jean 10220:Adams, J. N. (2003). 9716:L'Antiquité Classique 9570:Breyer (1993) p. 259. 8304:Facchetti, Giulio M. 8264:. Il Mulino: Bologna. 8094:10.1002/9781118834312 8082:De Grummond, Nancy T. 8058:10.1515/9781614513001 8046:Turfa, Jean MacIntosh 8003:Woudhuizen 2006 p. 86 7969:Biblioteca Orientalis 7365:For Urgulanilla, see 7207:La lamina di Demlfeld 7036:Romolo A. Staccioli, 6759:– Bilingual Etruscan- 6723:Etruscan civilization 6337:make (a dedication?) 5433:maru, marunu, marniu, 4831:clan, clenar (plural) 4642:'first' and 'third'; 4604:is 100 (clearly < 4300:with Etruscan ending 3922:mena/mena-ce/mena-che 2759:'of this (gen.)' and 2073:Functional categories 1952:Cistae date from the 1873:Further information: 1849: 1748:site. Three complete 1704:Etruscan civilization 1694: 1590: 1508: 1286: 1264:University of Utrecht 1197:Johann Gustav Stickel 1173:Antiquitatum variarum 969:Archeogenetic studies 884: 811:Etruscan civilization 799: 440: 239:Etruscan civilization 12444:Civita di Bagnoregio 12117:Mythological figures 10858:Etruscan News Online 10761:Wylin, Koen (2000). 10738:. pp. 203–223. 10598:Rix, Helmut (1998). 10267:[Etruscan]. 10048:Linen Book of Zagreb 9828:Brown, John Parman. 9313:. pp. 203–223. 8950:Aerial photo and map 8617:Jean MacIntosh Turfa 8163:(1859), pp. 289–304. 7956:Beekes, Robert S. P. 7587:"Raetic (languages)" 7408:Rix, Helmut (1998). 6805:Notes and references 6325:(over)see; reflect? 6050:, a basin or basket 6020:'one-handled bowl') 4692:improve this article 4443:Francisco R. Adrados 4368:from Middle English 4108:'(while) speaking', 3739:: 'figure/figured'; 3505:The demonstratives, 2021:), Vatl or Veltuna ( 1965:Rings and ringstones 1653:, but not much else. 1332:West Semitic scripts 995:Neolithic Revolution 716:Ammianus Marcellinus 12609:Tyrsenian languages 12313:Tyrsenian languages 12242:Roman-Etruscan Wars 12154:Terracotta warriors 11497:Chukotko-Kamchatkan 11281:Northwest Caucasian 11276:Northeast Caucasian 10939:Etruscan Vocabulary 10202:Alessandro Morandi 8655:Cataldi, M. (1988) 8526:, pp. 117 ff.. 7739:2021SciA....7.7673P 7465:Baldi, Philip Baldi 7247:Huntsman, Theresa. 7171:Norbert Oettinger, 6799:Tyrsenian languages 6727:Etruscan documents 6289:to make, construct 6065:, a large wine-cup 5397:unknown magistrates 4421:Etruscan vocabulary 4028:(?) anything here ( 3899:'gave, dedicated'; 3681:'of (the) good...' 3255:'fortress (?)' and 2996:'for three years'). 2281:Table of consonants 2158: 1268:Northeast Caucasian 1076:Robert S. P. Beekes 877:Tyrsenian languages 764:Plautia Urgulanilla 720:Julian the Apostate 507:. A third set, the 340:gradation of vowels 279:Tyrsenian languages 12356:Monteleone Chariot 12307:Tabula Cortonensis 12087:Haruspex/Extispicy 11926:Villanovan culture 11762:Austronesian–Ongan 11561:Proposed groupings 10891:2012-02-11 at the 10517:The Etruscan World 10505:Florence: Olschki. 10357:Bonfante, Giuliano 10246:The Etruscan World 9259:Agostiniani (2013) 9135:2011-05-27 at the 9069:2006-09-04 at the 9059:2007-05-12 at the 8955:2007-09-29 at the 8886:2007-05-13 at the 8677:2007-07-03 at the 8613:The Etruscan World 8550:2013-10-22 at the 8362:Brogyanyi, Bela. " 8349:2015-02-14 at the 7963:2012-01-17 at the 7059:. pp. 17–33. 7023:Mauro Cristofani, 7008:Massimo Pallottino 6769:Etruscan mythology 6740:Tabula Cortonensis 6675:riθnai tu/11 l tei 6587:vacil savcnes itna 6505:to write, engrave 6481:to work, decorate 5704:August or summer? 5591:morning, day; cf. 5195:public boundaries 5044:lautniθa, lautnita 4879:neftś, nefś, nefiś 4374:, from Old French 3877:Adding the suffix 3422:(pig?)‐offering', 2870:Morphology/Grammar 2156: 1926:Massimo Pallottino 1855: 1700: 1641:Tabula Cortonensis 1604: 1518: 1300: 1251:La langue étrusque 887: 852:Gallia Narbonensis 802: 480:Etrusca Disciplina 452: 395:that of the Greeks 393:was influenced by 365:system, with four 342:. Nouns show five 12594:Etruscan language 12581: 12580: 12351:Impasto (pottery) 12102:Liver of Piacenza 12052:Chimera of Arezzo 11871: 11870: 11780: 11779: 11772:Sino-Austronesian 11556: 11555: 11031:Language families 10912:TM Texts Etruscan 10824:Etruscan language 10819:Library resources 10753:978-1-118-35274-8 10726:978-0-9747927-4-3 10635:978-0-521-56256-0 10578:Etruskische Texte 10494:978-88-222-5138-1 10487:. Rome: Olshcki. 10475:978-88-8289-458-0 10449:Cristofani, Mauro 10427:Cristofani, Mauro 10385:Bonfante, Larissa 10361:Bonfante, Larissa 10348:978-88-430-9309-0 10204:Epigrafia Italica 10128:978-1-139-53640-0 10105:978-1-931707-86-2 10082:978-1-139-53640-0 10057:978-90-429-2024-8 9888:978-88-7062-507-3 9863:978-0-943254-00-5 9830:Israel and Hellas 9559:Germania Semitica 9488:, pp. 91–94. 9328:978-1-118-35274-8 9239:Purdue University 9180:978-0-19-938113-5 8731:978-0-07-135743-2 8700:978-1-134-05523-4 8416:Starostin, Sergei 8397:on 10 August 2011 8212:978-1-78023-862-3 8128:978-1-78023-862-3 8103:978-1-4443-3734-1 8067:978-1-61451-520-3 8031:978-0-631-22038-1 7832:978-88-430-9309-0 7796:978-0-593-22942-2 7702:978-0-691-04811-6 7662:. XL–XLI: 151–172 7567:978-0-19-517072-6 7526:978-1-139-46932-6 7478:978-3-11-080711-0 7233:978-0-631-23464-7 7102:978-1-107-02379-6 7074:978-1-4443-3734-1 6917:978-0-521-56256-0 6774:Etruscan numerals 6718:Etruscan alphabet 6530:Epigrafia Italica 6516: 6515: 6509: 6508: 6433:establish, erect 6106:, a small bottle 5547: 5546: 5374:zil, zilac, zilc, 5011:gens, people (IE 4724: 4723: 4716: 4432:Etruscan numerals 3745:, 'slave/servile' 2739:Chinese languages 2694: 2693: 2273: 2272: 2147:⟨q⟩ 2143:⟨k⟩ 2139:⟨c⟩ 2092:Etruscan alphabet 1721:and covered by a 1318:using the letter 1308:Old Italic script 1074:. More recently, 583:(ca. 100 BC), an 548:Etruscan alphabet 486:Libri Haruspicini 443:Liver of Piacenza 405:derived from the 391:Etruscan religion 338:endings and some 290:Pre-Indo-European 281:, at times as an 188: 187: 130:Etruscan alphabet 69:Italian Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 12636: 12573: 12294:Lemnian language 12265:Cippus Perusinus 12184:Military history 12018: 11936:Founding of Rome 11931:Padanian Etruria 11898: 11891: 11884: 11875: 11874: 11839:Proto-Euphratean 11565: 11564: 11473: 11472: 11441:Great Andamanese 11024: 11017: 11010: 11001: 11000: 10971: 10969: 10967: 10958:. Archived from 10808: 10780: 10757: 10730: 10708: 10689: 10670: 10668: 10639: 10627: 10591: 10555: 10537: 10498: 10479: 10460: 10444: 10422: 10394: 10380: 10352: 10329: 10306: 10293:Indice lessicale 10286: 10284: 10259: 10235: 10207: 10206:Rome, 1982, p.40 10200: 10194: 10184: 10178: 10175: 10166: 10165: 10149: 10140: 10137: 10131: 10114: 10108: 10091: 10085: 10068: 10062: 10061: 10043: 10024: 10023: 10007: 9938: 9935: 9929: 9923: 9917: 9914: 9905: 9899: 9893: 9892: 9874: 9868: 9867: 9846: 9840: 9826: 9820: 9814: 9781: 9775: 9769: 9759: 9753: 9746: 9740: 9739: 9711: 9705: 9699: 9693: 9683: 9677: 9676: 9674: 9672: 9658: 9652: 9649: 9643: 9642: 9640: 9638: 9624: 9618: 9617: 9615: 9613: 9599: 9593: 9591: 9577: 9571: 9568: 9562: 9557:Theo Vennemann, 9555: 9549: 9548: 9546: 9545: 9536:. Archived from 9530: 9524: 9521: 9515: 9508: 9502: 9495: 9489: 9483: 9477: 9474: 9468: 9458: 9452: 9451: 9429: 9419: 9413: 9405: 9399: 9398: 9376: 9366: 9360: 9354: 9348: 9342: 9333: 9332: 9306: 9275: 9272: 9266: 9256: 9250: 9249: 9247: 9245: 9230: 9224: 9223: 9221: 9220: 9206: 9200: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9158: 9152: 9146: 9140: 9127: 9121: 9120: 9108: 9096: 9090: 9079: 9073: 9051:Brown University 9047: 9041: 9028: 9022: 9018:Etruscan Mirrors 9013: 9007: 9006: 8983:Etruscan Studies 8978: 8972: 8966: 8960: 8936: 8930: 8923: 8914: 8875: 8869: 8862: 8856: 8850: 8844: 8837: 8831: 8830: 8807:Etruscan Studies 8802: 8796: 8795: 8772:Etruscan Studies 8767: 8761: 8760: 8758: 8756: 8748:. SMU Research. 8742: 8736: 8735: 8719: 8709: 8703: 8692: 8686: 8666: 8660: 8653: 8647: 8644:Etruscan Studies 8640: 8634: 8633: 8626: 8620: 8609: 8603: 8602: 8586: 8576: 8570: 8564: 8555: 8533: 8527: 8521: 8515: 8512:Pallottino 1955a 8509: 8503: 8497: 8491: 8485: 8479: 8478: 8476: 8474: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8437: 8430: 8424: 8423: 8412: 8406: 8405: 8403: 8402: 8396: 8390:. Archived from 8389: 8380: 8374: 8360: 8354: 8344:personal website 8322: 8316: 8302: 8296: 8295: 8293: 8292: 8286: 8280:. Archived from 8279: 8271: 8265: 8256: 8250: 8249: 8247: 8245: 8240:on March 2, 2010 8236:. Archived from 8229: 8220: 8219: 8196: 8190: 8183: 8177: 8170: 8164: 8154: 8148: 8147: 8139: 8133: 8132: 8114: 8108: 8107: 8078: 8072: 8071: 8042: 8036: 8035: 8010: 8004: 8001: 7995: 7994: 7992: 7981: 7975: 7974:(2002), 206–242. 7954: 7948: 7945: 7939: 7933: 7927: 7921: 7915: 7914: 7896: 7876: 7837: 7836: 7818: 7805: 7804: 7779:Krause, Johannes 7775: 7769: 7768: 7758: 7726:Science Advances 7716: 7705: 7687: 7681: 7678: 7672: 7671: 7669: 7667: 7657: 7648: 7642: 7639: 7630: 7629: 7627: 7625: 7609: 7603: 7602: 7600: 7598: 7582: 7576: 7575: 7542: 7531: 7530: 7514: 7504: 7498: 7497: 7489: 7483: 7482: 7461: 7455: 7444: 7438: 7437: 7435: 7434: 7419: 7413: 7406: 7400: 7393: 7387: 7380: 7374: 7371:Life of Claudius 7363: 7357: 7354: 7348: 7341: 7335: 7328: 7322: 7318: 7312: 7293: 7287: 7281: 7275: 7269: 7263: 7262: 7260: 7259: 7244: 7238: 7237: 7219: 7210: 7203: 7192: 7185: 7176: 7169: 7160: 7157: 7148: 7147:334–369 (German) 7144: 7135: 7132: 7123: 7120: 7111: 7110: 7088: 7079: 7078: 7052: 7041: 7034: 7028: 7021: 7015: 7005: 6999: 6992: 6986: 6985: 6962:Etruscan Studies 6953: 6922: 6921: 6909: 6892: 6868: 6862: 6856: 6841: 6835: 6822:Etruria: modern 6820: 6779:Lemnian language 6748:Cippus perusinus 6691: 6684: 6677: 6666: 6659: 6650: 6641: 6634: 6623: 6605: 6596: 6589: 6582: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6502: 6490: 6478: 6466: 6454: 6442: 6430: 6418: 6409:"(proper) use") 6408: 6400: 6388: 6378: 6370: 6358: 6346: 6334: 6322: 6310: 6298: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6250: 6238: 6226: 6211: 6203: 6191: 6179: 6161: 6151: 6150: 6144: 6134: 6133: 6127: 6118:a small lechtum 6115: 6100: 6087: 6081: 6080: 6074: 6059: 6049: 6041: 6029: 6019: 6013: 6005: 5996:olive oil flask 5993: 5983: 5972: 5955: 5942: 5934: 5922: 5910: 5898: 5888: 5880: 5868: 5856: 5846: 5838: 5826: 5814: 5802: 5790: 5780: 5779: 5772: 5762: 5754: 5737: 5725: 5713: 5701: 5689: 5677: 5665: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5617: 5605: 5588: 5571: 5551: 5550: 5540: 5528: 5516: 5504: 5492: 5483:village priest? 5480: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5439:marunuχ, maruχva 5435: 5426: 5417: 5408: 5399:or magistracies 5394: 5382: 5376: 5364: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5322: 5310: 5298: 5296:spureni, spurana 5289: 5283: 5276: 5264: 5252: 5240: 5228: 5216: 5207:city boundaries 5204: 5192: 5180: 5168: 5156: 5147: 5139: 5127: 5121: 5109: 5088: 5076: 5066: 5065: 5058: 5046: 5036: 5027: 5017: 5008: 4998: 4992: 4991: 4986: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4956: 4944: 4932: 4923:maid, companion 4920: 4911: 4899: 4889: 4881: 4869: 4857: 4845: 4833: 4821: 4809: 4797: 4785: 4773: 4761: 4731: 4730: 4727: 4719: 4712: 4708: 4705: 4699: 4676: 4668: 4659: 4653: 4647: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4623: 4616: 4609: 4603: 4597: 4591: 4585: 4579: 4573: 4567: 4561: 4552: 4546: 4541:are 7, 8 and 9. 4540: 4534: 4528: 4519: 4512: 4505: 4498: 4491: 4484: 4477: 4470: 4463: 4456: 4411: 4405: 4391: 4385: 4379: 4373: 4355: 4349: 4335: 4317: 4295: 4289: 4283: 4277: 4255:Latin-influenced 4244: 4235: 4222: 4216: 4215: 4210: 4197: 4191: 4185: 4177: 4171: 4119: 4113: 4107: 4094: 4088: 4068:(?) to Nethuns.' 4057: 4040:Verbs ending in 4033: 4021: 3980: 3965: 3956: 3950: 3944: 3938: 3924: 3910: 3904: 3898: 3892: 3882: 3868: 3860: 3794: 3777: 3771: 3765: 3759: 3744: 3738: 3725: 3719: 3707: 3702:, 'god/divine'; 3701: 3680: 3674: 3660: 3654: 3648: 3642: 3634: 3626: 3618: 3610: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3582: 3574: 3568: 3560: 3554: 3546: 3538: 3530: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3496: 3490: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3385: 3371: 3365: 3347: 3339: 3325: 3317: 3299: 3289: 3260: 3259: 3254: 3253: 3245: 3239: 3233: 3225: 3204: 3196: 3188: 3180: 3172: 3164: 3142: 3134: 3126: 3118: 3088: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3062: 3052: 3046: 3040: 3022: 3016: 3010: 2995: 2964: 2952: 2946: 2940: 2934: 2929:, dative plural 2928: 2923:, 'son', plural 2922: 2874:Etruscan was an 2865: 2857: 2851: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2822:Mauro Cristofani 2819: 2815: 2811: 2804: 2801: 2795: 2792: 2768: 2764: 2758: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2701: 2684: 2678: 2656: 2650: 2639: 2633: 2622: 2616: 2596: 2590: 2577: 2572: 2566: 2555: 2549: 2538: 2532: 2508: 2502: 2480: 2474: 2463: 2458: 2453: 2447: 2434: 2428: 2417: 2411: 2400: 2394: 2383: 2377: 2353: 2347: 2336: 2330: 2285: 2284: 2267: 2261: 2250: 2244: 2226: 2220: 2207: 2201: 2159: 2155: 2148: 2144: 2140: 2130: 2124: 2119: 2118: 1900: 1894: 1888: 1652: 1623:Cippus Perusinus 1544: 1293:Attic red-figure 1256:Altaic languages 1253: 1244:, of which also 1234:Altaic languages 1208: 1175: 1160:Annio da Viterbo 1072:Anatolian branch 1008:language isolate 952:during the Late 946:Lemnian language 909:, spoken in the 907:Camunic language 822: 792: 786: 780: 774: 760:Etruscan history 740:Gaulish language 713: 592:bronze sculpture 575: 564: 512: 502: 500:Libri Fulgurales 495:reading entrails 488: 482: 306:Lemnian language 233: 227: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 210: 207: 204: 201: 184: 168: 152: 145: 125: 100: 46:Cippus Perusinus 42: 30: 29: 21: 12644: 12643: 12639: 12638: 12637: 12635: 12634: 12633: 12584: 12583: 12582: 12577: 12563: 12390: 12322: 12289:Raetic language 12246: 12178: 12082:Fanum Voltumnae 12077:Tiburtine Sibyl 12067:Etruscan League 12019: 12010: 11981:Servius Tullius 11961:Caelius Vibenna 11907: 11902: 11872: 11867: 11866: 11843: 11834:Paleo-Laplandic 11829:Pre-Finno-Ugric 11776: 11733: 11697:Greater Siangic 11683: 11669:Uralic–Yukaghir 11619:Ibero-Caucasian 11614:Elamo-Dravidian 11552: 11511: 11462: 11426: 11351: 11287: 11270:North Caucasian 11250: 11160: 11099:Paleo-Sardinian 11037: 11028: 10985: 10965: 10963: 10954: 10949:Wayback Machine 10935: 10908: 10893:Wayback Machine 10880:Wayback Machine 10854: 10849: 10848: 10847: 10827: 10826: 10822: 10815: 10787: 10785:Further reading 10777: 10754: 10727: 10713:Wallace, Rex E. 10705: 10686: 10636: 10588: 10495: 10476: 10441: 10403: 10377: 10349: 10326: 10303: 10275:(20): 199–262. 10269:Palaeohispanica 10256: 10232: 10216: 10211: 10210: 10201: 10197: 10185: 10181: 10176: 10169: 10150: 10143: 10138: 10134: 10115: 10111: 10092: 10088: 10069: 10065: 10058: 10044: 10027: 10008: 9941: 9936: 9932: 9924: 9920: 9915: 9908: 9900: 9896: 9889: 9875: 9871: 9864: 9847: 9843: 9827: 9823: 9815: 9784: 9776: 9772: 9760: 9756: 9747: 9743: 9712: 9708: 9700: 9696: 9684: 9680: 9670: 9668: 9660: 9659: 9655: 9650: 9646: 9636: 9634: 9626: 9625: 9621: 9611: 9609: 9601: 9600: 9596: 9578: 9574: 9569: 9565: 9556: 9552: 9543: 9541: 9532: 9531: 9527: 9522: 9518: 9509: 9505: 9496: 9492: 9484: 9480: 9475: 9471: 9459: 9455: 9420: 9416: 9406: 9402: 9367: 9363: 9355: 9351: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9307: 9278: 9273: 9269: 9257: 9253: 9243: 9241: 9231: 9227: 9218: 9216: 9208: 9207: 9203: 9192: 9188: 9181: 9159: 9155: 9147: 9143: 9137:Wayback Machine 9130:Beazley Archive 9128: 9124: 9097: 9093: 9080: 9076: 9071:Wayback Machine 9061:Wayback Machine 9048: 9044: 9038:Oberlin College 9029: 9025: 9014: 9010: 8979: 8975: 8967: 8963: 8959:at mapsack.com. 8957:Wayback Machine 8948: 8943: 8937: 8933: 8924: 8917: 8903: 8892: 8888:Wayback Machine 8878: 8876: 8872: 8863: 8859: 8851: 8847: 8838: 8834: 8803: 8799: 8768: 8764: 8754: 8752: 8744: 8743: 8739: 8732: 8710: 8706: 8693: 8689: 8683:Santa Marinella 8679:Wayback Machine 8667: 8663: 8654: 8650: 8641: 8637: 8628: 8627: 8623: 8610: 8606: 8599: 8577: 8573: 8565: 8558: 8552:Wayback Machine 8534: 8530: 8522: 8518: 8510: 8506: 8498: 8494: 8486: 8482: 8472: 8470: 8462: 8461: 8457: 8449: 8440: 8431: 8427: 8413: 8409: 8400: 8398: 8394: 8387: 8381: 8377: 8361: 8357: 8351:Wayback Machine 8323: 8319: 8303: 8299: 8290: 8288: 8284: 8277: 8273: 8272: 8268: 8257: 8253: 8243: 8241: 8230: 8223: 8213: 8197: 8193: 8184: 8180: 8171: 8167: 8155: 8151: 8140: 8136: 8129: 8115: 8111: 8104: 8079: 8075: 8068: 8043: 8039: 8032: 8011: 8007: 8002: 7998: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7965:Wayback Machine 7955: 7951: 7946: 7942: 7934: 7930: 7922: 7918: 7877: 7840: 7833: 7819: 7808: 7797: 7776: 7772: 7717: 7708: 7688: 7684: 7679: 7675: 7665: 7663: 7655: 7649: 7645: 7640: 7633: 7623: 7621: 7610: 7606: 7596: 7594: 7583: 7579: 7568: 7546:Wallace, Rex E. 7543: 7534: 7527: 7505: 7501: 7490: 7486: 7479: 7462: 7458: 7445: 7441: 7432: 7430: 7421: 7420: 7416: 7407: 7403: 7394: 7390: 7381: 7377: 7364: 7360: 7355: 7351: 7343:Aulus Gellius, 7342: 7338: 7330:Leland (1892). 7329: 7325: 7319: 7315: 7294: 7290: 7282: 7278: 7270: 7266: 7257: 7255: 7245: 7241: 7234: 7220: 7213: 7204: 7195: 7186: 7179: 7170: 7163: 7158: 7151: 7145: 7138: 7133: 7126: 7121: 7114: 7103: 7089: 7082: 7075: 7053: 7044: 7035: 7031: 7022: 7018: 7006: 7002: 6993: 6989: 6954: 6925: 6918: 6893: 6882: 6877: 6872: 6871: 6863: 6859: 6842: 6838: 6821: 6817: 6812: 6807: 6789:Raetic language 6702: 6648:rithnai tul tei 6522: 6517: 6349:to offer, give 6253:to make sacred 5740:unknown month? 5615:tiur, tivr, tiu 5436: 5398: 5377: 5359: 4918:snenaθ, snenath 4884:nephew (Latin: 4824:married couple 4720: 4709: 4703: 4700: 4689: 4677: 4666: 4664:Core vocabulary 4434: 4428: 4423: 4264: 4200:words and names 4198:). A number of 4156: 4151: 4138: 4126: 4077: 4054:σucri . θezeric 4026:should put/make 3997: 3960:The imperative 3931: 3929:Imperative mood 3917: 3905:'lives' versus 3875: 3849: 3825:imperative mood 3821:indicative mood 3817: 3801: 3766:, 'now, here'; 3752: 3708:, 'gold/golden' 3667: 3503: 3459: 3439: 3292:Vel-uś Avles-la 2985:accusative case 2935:, but Etruscan 2884: 2872: 2751: 2749:Syllabic theory 2735:Scottish Gaelic 2708: 2679: 2671: 2651: 2643: 2634: 2626: 2617: 2609: 2591: 2583: 2567: 2559: 2550: 2542: 2533: 2525: 2503: 2495: 2475: 2467: 2448: 2440: 2429: 2421: 2412: 2404: 2395: 2387: 2378: 2370: 2348: 2340: 2331: 2323: 2283: 2278: 2262: 2254: 2245: 2237: 2221: 2213: 2202: 2194: 2146: 2142: 2141:is used, while 2138: 2100: 2084: 2075: 2000: 1967: 1942: 1877: 1871: 1844: 1842:votive offering 1838: 1833: 1689: 1551: 1503: 1485: 1445: 1389: 1372: 1314:variant of the 1298:(c. 515–510 BC) 1281: 1276: 1223:Zecharia Mayani 1201:Jena University 1156: 1064: 1027:Michael Ventris 1016: 1003: 987:Paleo-Sardinian 979:Johannes Krause 971: 919:Carlo De Simone 879: 873: 868: 807: 611: 610: 609: 608: 607: 576: 567: 566: 565: 550: 544: 435: 381:phonetic change 346:, singular and 298:Raetic language 253:in what is now 251:Etruria Campana 231: 198: 194: 180: 164: 161: 148: 141: 126: 121: 115: 101: 98:Language family 96: 49: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 12642: 12632: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12579: 12578: 12568: 12565: 12564: 12562: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12436: 12431: 12426: 12421: 12416: 12411: 12406: 12400: 12398: 12392: 12391: 12389: 12388: 12383: 12378: 12373: 12368: 12363: 12358: 12353: 12348: 12343: 12338: 12332: 12330: 12324: 12323: 12321: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12303: 12300:Tabula Capuana 12296: 12291: 12286: 12281: 12274: 12267: 12262: 12256: 12254: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12239: 12234: 12229: 12224: 12219: 12214: 12209: 12204: 12199: 12194: 12188: 12186: 12180: 12179: 12177: 12176: 12171: 12166: 12161: 12156: 12151: 12146: 12139: 12134: 12129: 12124: 12119: 12114: 12109: 12104: 12099: 12094: 12089: 12084: 12079: 12074: 12069: 12064: 12059: 12054: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12037:Apollo of Veii 12033: 12031: 12021: 12020: 12013: 12011: 12009: 12008: 12003: 12001:Lars Tolumnius 11998: 11993: 11988: 11983: 11978: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11958: 11953: 11948: 11943: 11938: 11933: 11928: 11923: 11917: 11915: 11909: 11908: 11901: 11900: 11893: 11886: 11878: 11869: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11857: 11849: 11848: 11845: 11844: 11842: 11841: 11836: 11831: 11826: 11821: 11816: 11811: 11806: 11801: 11796: 11790: 11788: 11782: 11781: 11778: 11777: 11775: 11774: 11769: 11764: 11759: 11754: 11749: 11743: 11741: 11735: 11734: 11732: 11731: 11726: 11721: 11716: 11711: 11710: 11709: 11704: 11693: 11691: 11685: 11684: 11682: 11681: 11676: 11671: 11666: 11664:Uralo-Siberian 11661: 11656: 11651: 11649:Serbi–Mongolic 11646: 11641: 11636: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11616: 11611: 11609:Dravido-Korean 11606: 11604:Dené–Yeniseian 11601: 11600: 11599: 11594: 11592:Dené–Caucasian 11589: 11579: 11574: 11568: 11562: 11558: 11557: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11545: 11537: 11530: 11522: 11520: 11513: 11512: 11510: 11509: 11504: 11499: 11494: 11489: 11483: 11481: 11470: 11464: 11463: 11461: 11460: 11453: 11448: 11443: 11437: 11435: 11428: 11427: 11425: 11424: 11419: 11414: 11409: 11404: 11397: 11390: 11383: 11376: 11369: 11361: 11359: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11341: 11336: 11331: 11326: 11319: 11312: 11305: 11297: 11295: 11289: 11288: 11286: 11285: 11284: 11283: 11278: 11266: 11260: 11258: 11252: 11251: 11249: 11248: 11241: 11234: 11227: 11220: 11213: 11210:Hurro-Urartian 11206: 11199: 11192: 11185: 11178: 11170: 11168: 11162: 11161: 11159: 11158: 11151: 11144: 11137: 11130: 11123: 11116: 11109: 11102: 11095: 11092:Paleo-Corsican 11088: 11081: 11074: 11069: 11062: 11055: 11047: 11045: 11039: 11038: 11027: 11026: 11019: 11012: 11004: 10998: 10997: 10992: 10984: 10981: 10980: 10979: 10973: 10952: 10942: 10934: 10931: 10930: 10929: 10921: 10915: 10907: 10904: 10903: 10902: 10896: 10883: 10873: 10867: 10861: 10853: 10850: 10846: 10845: 10840: 10835: 10829: 10828: 10817: 10816: 10814: 10813:External links 10811: 10810: 10809: 10799:(2): 289–331. 10786: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10775: 10758: 10752: 10731: 10725: 10709: 10703: 10690: 10684: 10671: 10647:(in Spanish). 10640: 10634: 10610: 10596: 10593: 10586: 10570: 10563: 10556: 10527: 10520: 10513: 10506: 10499: 10493: 10480: 10474: 10461: 10445: 10439: 10423: 10401: 10381: 10375: 10353: 10347: 10330: 10324: 10307: 10301: 10288: 10271:(in Italian). 10260: 10254: 10237: 10230: 10215: 10212: 10209: 10208: 10195: 10179: 10167: 10158:Studi Etruschi 10141: 10132: 10109: 10086: 10063: 10056: 10025: 9939: 9930: 9928:, p. 106. 9918: 9906: 9894: 9887: 9869: 9862: 9841: 9821: 9819:, p. 111. 9782: 9770: 9754: 9741: 9722:(2): 289–331. 9706: 9694: 9685:Whatmough, M. 9678: 9653: 9644: 9619: 9594: 9572: 9563: 9550: 9525: 9516: 9503: 9490: 9478: 9469: 9453: 9414: 9400: 9361: 9349: 9334: 9327: 9276: 9267: 9251: 9225: 9201: 9186: 9179: 9153: 9141: 9122: 9111:Chisholm, Hugh 9091: 9074: 9042: 9023: 9008: 8989:(1–2): 39–64. 8973: 8961: 8931: 8915: 8881:Etruscan Tombs 8870: 8857: 8845: 8843:Edinburgh 2020 8832: 8813:(2): 220–224. 8797: 8778:(2): 208–219. 8762: 8737: 8730: 8704: 8687: 8661: 8648: 8635: 8621: 8604: 8597: 8571: 8556: 8528: 8516: 8514:, p. 261. 8504: 8492: 8480: 8455: 8438: 8425: 8407: 8375: 8355: 8317: 8297: 8266: 8251: 8232:Tóth, Alfréd. 8221: 8211: 8191: 8178: 8165: 8149: 8134: 8127: 8109: 8102: 8073: 8066: 8037: 8030: 8018:Rasmussen, Tom 8014:Barker, Graeme 8005: 7996: 7976: 7949: 7940: 7938:, p. 136. 7936:Facchetti 2002 7928: 7924:Facchetti 2000 7916: 7838: 7831: 7806: 7795: 7770: 7706: 7682: 7673: 7643: 7631: 7604: 7577: 7566: 7532: 7525: 7499: 7484: 7477: 7456: 7439: 7414: 7401: 7397:External links 7388: 7375: 7358: 7349: 7345:Noctes Atticae 7336: 7323: 7313: 7288: 7276: 7264: 7239: 7232: 7211: 7193: 7177: 7161: 7149: 7136: 7124: 7112: 7101: 7080: 7073: 7042: 7029: 7016: 7000: 6987: 6923: 6916: 6879: 6878: 6876: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6857: 6853:Emilia-Romagna 6836: 6814: 6813: 6811: 6808: 6806: 6803: 6802: 6801: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6771: 6766: 6765: 6764: 6763:golden leaves. 6752: 6744: 6736: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6708: 6701: 6698: 6697: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6692: 6685: 6671: 6670: 6669: 6668: 6667: 6660: 6644: 6643: 6642: 6609: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6599: 6598: 6597: 6583: 6576: 6575: 6574: 6560: 6553: 6526:Tabula Capuana 6521: 6518: 6514: 6513: 6507: 6506: 6503: 6495: 6494: 6491: 6483: 6482: 6479: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6459: 6458: 6455: 6447: 6446: 6443: 6435: 6434: 6431: 6423: 6422: 6419: 6411: 6410: 6401: 6393: 6392: 6389: 6381: 6380: 6371: 6363: 6362: 6361:invoke, offer 6359: 6351: 6350: 6347: 6339: 6338: 6335: 6327: 6326: 6323: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6303: 6302: 6299: 6291: 6290: 6287: 6279: 6278: 6277:(is) obtained 6275: 6267: 6266: 6263: 6255: 6254: 6251: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6231: 6230: 6227: 6219: 6218: 6214: 6213: 6204: 6196: 6195: 6192: 6184: 6183: 6180: 6172: 6171: 6167:, a vessel of 6162: 6154: 6153: 6145: 6137: 6136: 6128: 6120: 6119: 6116: 6108: 6107: 6101: 6093: 6092: 6075: 6067: 6066: 6060: 6052: 6051: 6042: 6034: 6033: 6030: 6022: 6021: 6006: 5998: 5997: 5994: 5986: 5985: 5973: 5965: 5964: 5960: 5959: 5956: 5948: 5947: 5935: 5927: 5926: 5923: 5915: 5914: 5911: 5903: 5902: 5899: 5891: 5890: 5881: 5873: 5872: 5869: 5861: 5860: 5857: 5849: 5848: 5839: 5831: 5830: 5827: 5819: 5818: 5815: 5807: 5806: 5803: 5795: 5794: 5791: 5783: 5782: 5773: 5765: 5764: 5755: 5747: 5746: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5730: 5729: 5726: 5718: 5717: 5714: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5682: 5681: 5678: 5670: 5669: 5666: 5658: 5657: 5654: 5646: 5645: 5644:at the age of 5642: 5634: 5633: 5630: 5622: 5621: 5618: 5610: 5609: 5606: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5581: 5580: 5572: 5564: 5563: 5559: 5558: 5555: 5548: 5545: 5544: 5541: 5533: 5532: 5531:local priest? 5529: 5526:cepen cnticn-θ 5521: 5520: 5517: 5514:cepen cilθ-cva 5509: 5508: 5505: 5497: 5496: 5493: 5485: 5484: 5481: 5473: 5472: 5469: 5461: 5460: 5452: 5451: 5443: 5442: 5428: 5427: 5419: 5418: 5410: 5409: 5401: 5400: 5395: 5387: 5386: 5383: 5369: 5368: 5365: 5356:tenve, tenine, 5351: 5350: 5349:regal, palace 5347: 5339: 5338: 5335: 5327: 5326: 5323: 5315: 5314: 5311: 5303: 5302: 5299: 5291: 5290: 5277: 5269: 5268: 5265: 5257: 5256: 5253: 5245: 5244: 5241: 5233: 5232: 5229: 5221: 5220: 5217: 5209: 5208: 5205: 5197: 5196: 5193: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5173: 5172: 5169: 5161: 5160: 5157: 5149: 5148: 5140: 5132: 5131: 5128: 5114: 5113: 5110: 5102: 5101: 5097: 5096: 5089: 5081: 5080: 5077: 5069: 5068: 5059: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5039: 5038: 5028: 5020: 5019: 5009: 5001: 5000: 4967: 4961: 4960: 4957: 4949: 4948: 4945: 4937: 4936: 4933: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4913: 4912: 4904: 4903: 4900: 4892: 4891: 4882: 4874: 4873: 4870: 4862: 4861: 4858: 4850: 4849: 4846: 4843:papals, papacs 4838: 4837: 4834: 4826: 4825: 4822: 4814: 4813: 4810: 4802: 4801: 4798: 4790: 4789: 4786: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4766: 4765: 4762: 4754: 4753: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4739: 4738: 4735: 4725: 4722: 4721: 4704:September 2020 4680: 4678: 4671: 4665: 4662: 4624:10). Further, 4521: 4520: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4492: 4485: 4478: 4471: 4464: 4457: 4430:Main article: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4418: 4417: 4398: 4393: 4366: 4361: 4342: 4337: 4328: 4323: 4310: 4305: 4270: 4260:Main article: 4155: 4152: 4150: 4147: 4137: 4134: 4125: 4122: 4076: 4073: 4072: 4071: 4070: 4069: 4058: 4038: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4022: 4003:indicated the 3996: 3993: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3989: 3982: 3930: 3927: 3916: 3913: 3874: 3871: 3848: 3847:Present active 3845: 3816: 3813: 3800: 3797: 3751: 3748: 3747: 3746: 3742:etera/etera-ia 3727: 3709: 3705:zamaθi/zamθi-c 3666: 3663: 3555:; the plural: 3502: 3499: 3458: 3455: 3438: 3435: 3434: 3433: 3376:and an ending 3354: 3349: 3332: 3327: 3306: 3301: 3297:Arnθ-al-iśa-la 3262: 3247: 3099: 3095: 3090: 3083:(Bacchus), or 3047:(Minerva), or 2998: 2997: 2987: 2956:Suffixaufnahme 2883: 2880: 2871: 2868: 2750: 2747: 2737:, and in most 2707: 2704: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2687: 2685: 2668: 2666: 2660: 2659: 2657: 2640: 2623: 2606: 2604: 2598: 2597: 2580: 2578: 2556: 2539: 2522: 2516: 2515: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2492: 2490: 2484: 2483: 2481: 2464: 2437: 2435: 2418: 2401: 2384: 2367: 2361: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2337: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2282: 2279: 2277: 2274: 2271: 2270: 2268: 2251: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2210: 2208: 2191: 2185: 2184: 2179: 2173: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2125:> Etruscan 2099: 2096: 2083: 2080: 2074: 2071: 1999: 1996: 1966: 1963: 1954:Roman Republic 1941: 1938: 1870: 1867: 1837: 1834: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1827: 1822: 1819: 1813: 1803: 1762: 1761: 1688: 1685: 1684: 1683: 1676: 1669: 1654: 1637: 1634:Piacenza Liver 1630: 1619: 1616: 1582: 1581: 1573:Tabula Capuana 1568: 1550: 1547: 1502: 1501:Bilingual text 1499: 1484: 1481: 1444: 1441: 1388: 1385: 1371: 1368: 1316:Greek alphabet 1280: 1277: 1275: 1274:Writing system 1272: 1155: 1154:Other theories 1152: 1084:Sea of Marmara 1063: 1060: 1015: 1012: 1002: 999: 970: 967: 938:Paleo-European 875:Main article: 872: 869: 867: 866:Classification 864: 806: 803: 625:, when it was 596:Aulus Metellus 577: 570: 569: 568: 559: 558: 557: 556: 555: 546:Main article: 543: 540: 510:Libri Rituales 462:(dedications, 434: 431: 415:Western Europe 411:Latin alphabet 407:Greek alphabet 348:plural numbers 247:Etruria Padana 186: 185: 178: 170: 169: 162: 157: 154: 153: 146: 138: 137: 136:Language codes 133: 132: 127: 123:Writing system 120: 117: 116: 114: 113: 104: 102: 95: 92: 91: 88: 82: 81: 76: 72: 71: 66: 62: 61: 55: 54:Native to 51: 50: 43: 35: 34: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12641: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12591: 12589: 12576: 12572: 12566: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12514:San Giovenale 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12435: 12432: 12430: 12427: 12425: 12422: 12420: 12417: 12415: 12412: 12410: 12407: 12405: 12402: 12401: 12399: 12397: 12393: 12387: 12384: 12382: 12379: 12377: 12376:Tomb of Orcus 12374: 12372: 12369: 12367: 12364: 12362: 12359: 12357: 12354: 12352: 12349: 12347: 12344: 12342: 12339: 12337: 12334: 12333: 12331: 12329: 12325: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12308: 12304: 12302: 12301: 12297: 12295: 12292: 12290: 12287: 12285: 12284:Pyrgi Tablets 12282: 12280: 12279: 12278:Liber Linteus 12275: 12273: 12272: 12268: 12266: 12263: 12261: 12258: 12257: 12255: 12253: 12249: 12243: 12240: 12238: 12235: 12233: 12230: 12228: 12225: 12223: 12220: 12218: 12215: 12213: 12210: 12208: 12205: 12203: 12200: 12198: 12195: 12193: 12190: 12189: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12175: 12172: 12170: 12167: 12165: 12162: 12160: 12159:Titus Larcius 12157: 12155: 12152: 12150: 12147: 12145: 12144: 12140: 12138: 12135: 12133: 12130: 12128: 12125: 12123: 12120: 12118: 12115: 12113: 12110: 12108: 12105: 12103: 12100: 12098: 12095: 12093: 12090: 12088: 12085: 12083: 12080: 12078: 12075: 12073: 12070: 12068: 12065: 12063: 12060: 12058: 12055: 12053: 12050: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12034: 12032: 12030: 12026: 12022: 12017: 12007: 12004: 12002: 11999: 11997: 11994: 11992: 11989: 11987: 11984: 11982: 11979: 11977: 11974: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11957: 11956:Aulus Vibenna 11954: 11952: 11949: 11947: 11944: 11942: 11939: 11937: 11934: 11932: 11929: 11927: 11924: 11922: 11919: 11918: 11916: 11914: 11910: 11906: 11899: 11894: 11892: 11887: 11885: 11880: 11879: 11876: 11862: 11858: 11855: 11851: 11850: 11846: 11840: 11837: 11835: 11832: 11830: 11827: 11825: 11822: 11820: 11817: 11815: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11805: 11802: 11800: 11797: 11795: 11792: 11791: 11789: 11787: 11783: 11773: 11770: 11768: 11765: 11763: 11760: 11758: 11755: 11753: 11750: 11748: 11745: 11744: 11742: 11740: 11736: 11730: 11727: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11708: 11705: 11703: 11700: 11699: 11698: 11695: 11694: 11692: 11690: 11686: 11680: 11677: 11675: 11674:Eskimo–Uralic 11672: 11670: 11667: 11665: 11662: 11660: 11657: 11655: 11652: 11650: 11647: 11645: 11642: 11640: 11637: 11635: 11632: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11620: 11617: 11615: 11612: 11610: 11607: 11605: 11602: 11598: 11595: 11593: 11590: 11588: 11585: 11584: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11575: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11566: 11563: 11559: 11549: 11546: 11543: 11542: 11538: 11536: 11535: 11531: 11529: 11528: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11519: 11514: 11508: 11505: 11503: 11500: 11498: 11495: 11493: 11490: 11488: 11485: 11484: 11482: 11479: 11478:Paleosiberian 11474: 11471: 11469: 11465: 11459: 11458: 11454: 11452: 11449: 11447: 11444: 11442: 11439: 11438: 11436: 11433: 11429: 11423: 11420: 11418: 11415: 11413: 11410: 11408: 11405: 11403: 11402: 11398: 11396: 11395: 11391: 11389: 11388: 11384: 11382: 11381: 11377: 11375: 11374: 11373:Austroasiatic 11370: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11362: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11347: 11346: 11342: 11340: 11337: 11335: 11332: 11330: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11323:Austroasiatic 11320: 11318: 11317: 11313: 11311: 11310: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11302:Indo-European 11299: 11298: 11296: 11294: 11290: 11282: 11279: 11277: 11274: 11273: 11272: 11271: 11267: 11265: 11262: 11261: 11259: 11257: 11253: 11247: 11246: 11242: 11240: 11239: 11235: 11233: 11232: 11228: 11226: 11225: 11221: 11219: 11218: 11214: 11212: 11211: 11207: 11205: 11204: 11200: 11198: 11197: 11193: 11191: 11190: 11186: 11184: 11183: 11179: 11177: 11176: 11175:Indo-European 11172: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11157: 11156: 11152: 11150: 11149: 11145: 11143: 11142: 11138: 11136: 11135: 11131: 11129: 11128: 11124: 11122: 11121: 11117: 11115: 11114: 11110: 11108: 11107: 11103: 11101: 11100: 11096: 11094: 11093: 11089: 11087: 11086: 11082: 11080: 11079: 11075: 11073: 11070: 11068: 11067: 11063: 11061: 11060: 11056: 11054: 11053: 11052:Indo-European 11049: 11048: 11046: 11044: 11040: 11036: 11032: 11025: 11020: 11018: 11013: 11011: 11006: 11005: 11002: 10996: 10993: 10990: 10987: 10986: 10977: 10974: 10961: 10957: 10953: 10950: 10946: 10943: 10940: 10937: 10936: 10933:Lexical items 10927: 10926: 10922: 10919: 10916: 10913: 10910: 10909: 10900: 10897: 10894: 10890: 10887: 10884: 10881: 10877: 10874: 10871: 10868: 10865: 10862: 10859: 10856: 10855: 10844: 10841: 10839: 10836: 10834: 10831: 10830: 10825: 10820: 10806: 10802: 10798: 10794: 10789: 10788: 10778: 10772: 10768: 10764: 10759: 10755: 10749: 10745: 10741: 10737: 10732: 10728: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10710: 10706: 10704:9780500510339 10700: 10696: 10695:The Etruscans 10691: 10687: 10685:3-89590-080-X 10681: 10677: 10672: 10667: 10662: 10658: 10654: 10650: 10646: 10641: 10637: 10631: 10626: 10625: 10619: 10615: 10611: 10609: 10608:3-85124-670-5 10605: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10589: 10587:3-8233-4240-1 10583: 10579: 10575: 10571: 10568: 10564: 10561: 10557: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10541: 10536: 10535: 10534:The Etruscans 10528: 10525: 10521: 10518: 10514: 10511: 10507: 10504: 10500: 10496: 10490: 10486: 10481: 10477: 10471: 10467: 10462: 10458: 10454: 10450: 10446: 10442: 10440:0-85613-259-4 10436: 10433:. Orbis Pub. 10432: 10428: 10424: 10420: 10416: 10412: 10408: 10404: 10402:0-520-07118-2 10398: 10393: 10392: 10386: 10382: 10378: 10376:0-7190-5540-7 10372: 10368: 10367: 10362: 10358: 10354: 10350: 10344: 10340: 10336: 10331: 10327: 10325:9788413400556 10321: 10317: 10313: 10308: 10304: 10302:9788862271356 10298: 10294: 10289: 10283: 10278: 10274: 10270: 10266: 10261: 10257: 10255:9781138060357 10251: 10247: 10243: 10238: 10233: 10231:0-521-81771-4 10227: 10223: 10218: 10217: 10205: 10199: 10193: 10192:88-8265-304-8 10189: 10183: 10174: 10172: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10148: 10146: 10136: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10120: 10113: 10106: 10102: 10098: 10097: 10090: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10074: 10067: 10059: 10053: 10049: 10042: 10040: 10038: 10036: 10034: 10032: 10030: 10021: 10017: 10013: 10012:The Etruscans 10006: 10004: 10002: 10000: 9998: 9996: 9994: 9992: 9990: 9988: 9986: 9984: 9982: 9980: 9978: 9976: 9974: 9972: 9970: 9968: 9966: 9964: 9962: 9960: 9958: 9956: 9954: 9952: 9950: 9948: 9946: 9944: 9934: 9927: 9922: 9913: 9911: 9904: 9898: 9890: 9884: 9880: 9873: 9865: 9859: 9855: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9838:3-11-014233-3 9835: 9831: 9825: 9818: 9813: 9811: 9809: 9807: 9805: 9803: 9801: 9799: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9791: 9789: 9787: 9780:, p. 96. 9779: 9774: 9767: 9764: 9758: 9751: 9748:Morandi, A., 9745: 9737: 9733: 9729: 9725: 9721: 9717: 9710: 9704:, p. 22. 9703: 9702:Bonfante 1990 9698: 9692: 9688: 9682: 9667: 9663: 9657: 9648: 9633: 9629: 9623: 9608: 9604: 9598: 9589: 9585: 9584: 9576: 9567: 9560: 9554: 9540:on 2015-06-02 9539: 9535: 9529: 9520: 9513: 9507: 9500: 9494: 9487: 9482: 9473: 9466: 9462: 9461:Bonfante 1990 9457: 9449: 9445: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9428: 9427: 9426:The Etruscans 9418: 9411: 9410: 9404: 9396: 9392: 9388: 9384: 9380: 9375: 9374: 9373:The Etruscans 9365: 9359:, p. 19. 9358: 9357:Bonfante 1990 9353: 9347:, p. 20. 9346: 9345:Bonfante 1990 9341: 9339: 9330: 9324: 9320: 9316: 9312: 9305: 9303: 9301: 9299: 9297: 9295: 9293: 9291: 9289: 9287: 9285: 9283: 9281: 9271: 9264: 9260: 9255: 9240: 9236: 9229: 9215: 9211: 9205: 9199: 9196: 9190: 9182: 9176: 9172: 9168: 9164: 9157: 9150: 9145: 9138: 9134: 9131: 9126: 9118: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9105: 9104:Etruscan Gems 9095: 9088: 9084: 9078: 9072: 9068: 9065: 9062: 9058: 9055: 9052: 9046: 9039: 9035: 9034: 9027: 9020: 9019: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8970: 8965: 8958: 8954: 8951: 8946: 8941: 8935: 8928: 8922: 8920: 8912: 8909:, article in 8908: 8907: 8901: 8898:, article in 8897: 8896: 8890: 8889: 8885: 8882: 8874: 8867: 8861: 8855:, p. 28. 8854: 8853:Bonfante 1990 8849: 8842: 8836: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8816: 8812: 8808: 8801: 8793: 8789: 8785: 8781: 8777: 8773: 8766: 8751: 8747: 8741: 8733: 8727: 8723: 8718: 8717: 8708: 8701: 8697: 8691: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8673: 8672: 8665: 8658: 8652: 8645: 8639: 8631: 8625: 8618: 8614: 8608: 8600: 8598:0-07-135743-2 8594: 8590: 8585: 8584: 8575: 8569:, p. 58. 8568: 8563: 8561: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8538: 8532: 8525: 8520: 8513: 8508: 8502:, p. 56. 8501: 8496: 8490:, p. 55. 8489: 8484: 8469: 8465: 8459: 8452: 8451:Bonfante 1990 8447: 8445: 8443: 8435: 8429: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8393: 8386: 8379: 8372: 8369: 8365: 8359: 8352: 8348: 8345: 8341: 8338: 8334: 8330: 8327: 8321: 8314: 8311: 8307: 8301: 8287:on 2011-07-20 8283: 8276: 8270: 8263: 8262: 8255: 8239: 8235: 8228: 8226: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8204: 8203: 8195: 8188: 8182: 8175: 8169: 8162: 8159: 8153: 8145: 8138: 8130: 8124: 8120: 8113: 8105: 8099: 8095: 8091: 8087: 8083: 8077: 8069: 8063: 8059: 8055: 8051: 8047: 8041: 8033: 8027: 8023: 8022:The Etruscans 8019: 8015: 8009: 8000: 7989: 7988: 7980: 7973: 7970: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7953: 7944: 7937: 7932: 7925: 7920: 7912: 7908: 7904: 7900: 7895: 7890: 7886: 7882: 7875: 7873: 7871: 7869: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7861: 7859: 7857: 7855: 7853: 7851: 7849: 7847: 7845: 7843: 7834: 7828: 7824: 7817: 7815: 7813: 7811: 7803: 7798: 7792: 7788: 7784: 7780: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7757: 7752: 7748: 7744: 7740: 7736: 7732: 7728: 7727: 7722: 7715: 7713: 7711: 7703: 7699: 7695: 7691: 7686: 7677: 7661: 7654: 7647: 7638: 7636: 7619: 7615: 7608: 7592: 7588: 7581: 7574: 7569: 7563: 7559: 7555: 7551: 7547: 7541: 7539: 7537: 7528: 7522: 7518: 7513: 7512: 7503: 7495: 7488: 7480: 7474: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7453: 7449: 7443: 7429:on 2018-07-23 7428: 7424: 7418: 7411: 7405: 7398: 7392: 7385: 7379: 7372: 7368: 7362: 7353: 7346: 7340: 7333: 7327: 7317: 7310: 7306: 7302: 7298: 7292: 7286:, p. 10. 7285: 7284:Bonfante 1990 7280: 7274:, p. 12. 7273: 7272:Bonfante 1990 7268: 7254: 7250: 7243: 7235: 7229: 7225: 7218: 7216: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7198: 7190: 7184: 7182: 7174: 7168: 7166: 7156: 7154: 7143: 7141: 7131: 7129: 7119: 7117: 7109: 7104: 7098: 7094: 7087: 7085: 7076: 7070: 7066: 7062: 7058: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7039: 7033: 7026: 7020: 7013: 7009: 7004: 6997: 6991: 6983: 6979: 6975: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6928: 6919: 6913: 6908: 6907: 6901: 6897: 6891: 6889: 6887: 6885: 6880: 6867: 6861: 6854: 6850: 6846: 6840: 6833: 6829: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6800: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6772: 6770: 6767: 6762: 6758: 6757: 6756:Pyrgi Tablets 6753: 6750: 6749: 6745: 6742: 6741: 6737: 6734: 6733: 6732:Liber Linteus 6729: 6728: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713: 6709: 6707: 6704: 6703: 6690: 6686: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6672: 6665: 6661: 6658: 6654: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6640: 6636: 6635: 6633: 6629: 6628: 6627: 6626: 6625: 6622: 6617: 6613: 6604: 6600: 6595: 6591: 6590: 6588: 6584: 6581: 6577: 6572: 6568: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6547: 6546: 6545: 6544: 6543: 6542:(lines 1–7): 6541: 6538:probably for 6537: 6536:First section 6533: 6531: 6527: 6512: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6492: 6489: 6485: 6484: 6480: 6477: 6473: 6472: 6468: 6465: 6461: 6460: 6456: 6453: 6449: 6448: 6444: 6441: 6437: 6436: 6432: 6429: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6417: 6413: 6412: 6407: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6387: 6383: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6364: 6360: 6357: 6353: 6352: 6348: 6345: 6341: 6340: 6336: 6333: 6329: 6328: 6324: 6321: 6317: 6316: 6312: 6309: 6305: 6304: 6300: 6297: 6293: 6292: 6288: 6285: 6281: 6280: 6276: 6273: 6269: 6268: 6264: 6261: 6257: 6256: 6252: 6249: 6245: 6244: 6240: 6237: 6233: 6232: 6228: 6225: 6221: 6220: 6217:Common verbs 6215: 6210: 6206:derived from 6205: 6202: 6198: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6186: 6185: 6181: 6178: 6174: 6173: 6170: 6166: 6163: 6160: 6156: 6155: 6146: 6143: 6139: 6138: 6129: 6126: 6122: 6121: 6117: 6114: 6110: 6109: 6105: 6102: 6099: 6095: 6094: 6091: 6086: 6076: 6073: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6061: 6058: 6054: 6053: 6048: 6043: 6040: 6036: 6035: 6031: 6028: 6024: 6023: 6018: 6012: 6007: 6004: 6000: 5999: 5995: 5992: 5991:aska eleivana 5988: 5987: 5982: 5978: 5974: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5950: 5949: 5946: 5941: 5936: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5924: 5921: 5917: 5916: 5912: 5909: 5905: 5904: 5900: 5897: 5893: 5892: 5887: 5883:bull (Latin: 5882: 5879: 5875: 5874: 5870: 5867: 5863: 5862: 5858: 5855: 5851: 5850: 5845: 5841:lion (Latin: 5840: 5837: 5833: 5832: 5828: 5825: 5821: 5820: 5816: 5813: 5809: 5808: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5796: 5792: 5789: 5785: 5784: 5774: 5771: 5767: 5766: 5761: 5756: 5753: 5749: 5748: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5732: 5731: 5727: 5724: 5720: 5719: 5715: 5712: 5708: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5691: 5688: 5684: 5683: 5679: 5676: 5672: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5652: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5640: 5636: 5635: 5631: 5628: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5616: 5612: 5611: 5607: 5604: 5600: 5599: 5596: 5595: 5590: 5587: 5583: 5582: 5579: 5578: 5573: 5570: 5566: 5565: 5560: 5556: 5553: 5552: 5549: 5543:arch-priest? 5542: 5539: 5535: 5534: 5530: 5527: 5523: 5522: 5518: 5515: 5511: 5510: 5506: 5503: 5499: 5498: 5494: 5491: 5487: 5486: 5482: 5479: 5475: 5474: 5470: 5467: 5463: 5462: 5458: 5454: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5444: 5440: 5434: 5430: 5429: 5425: 5421: 5420: 5416: 5412: 5411: 5407: 5403: 5402: 5393: 5389: 5388: 5384: 5381: 5380:zilaχ, zilath 5375: 5371: 5370: 5366: 5363: 5357: 5353: 5352: 5348: 5345: 5341: 5340: 5337:king, prince 5336: 5333: 5329: 5328: 5324: 5321: 5317: 5316: 5312: 5309: 5305: 5304: 5300: 5297: 5293: 5292: 5288: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5271: 5270: 5266: 5263: 5259: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5246: 5242: 5239: 5238:tuθin, tuθina 5235: 5234: 5230: 5227: 5223: 5222: 5218: 5215: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5203: 5199: 5198: 5194: 5191: 5187: 5186: 5182: 5179: 5178:tular, tularu 5175: 5174: 5170: 5167: 5163: 5162: 5158: 5155: 5151: 5150: 5146: 5141: 5138: 5134: 5133: 5129: 5126: 5120: 5116: 5115: 5111: 5108: 5104: 5103: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5087: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5075: 5071: 5070: 5060: 5057: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5045: 5041: 5040: 5035: 5030:freedman (IE 5029: 5026: 5022: 5021: 5016: 5010: 5007: 5006:lautun, lautn 5003: 5002: 4997: 4985: 4973: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4962: 4958: 4955: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4943: 4939: 4938: 4934: 4931: 4927: 4926: 4922: 4919: 4915: 4914: 4910: 4906: 4905: 4901: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4888: 4883: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4868: 4864: 4863: 4859: 4856: 4852: 4851: 4847: 4844: 4840: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4828: 4827: 4823: 4820: 4816: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4804: 4803: 4799: 4796: 4792: 4791: 4787: 4784: 4780: 4779: 4775: 4772: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4760: 4756: 4755: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4745: 4740: 4736: 4733: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4718: 4715: 4707: 4697: 4693: 4687: 4686: 4681:This section 4679: 4675: 4670: 4669: 4661: 4658: 4652: 4646: 4640: 4634: 4628: 4622: 4615: 4608: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4551: 4545: 4539: 4533: 4527: 4518: 4514: 4511: 4507: 4504: 4500: 4497: 4493: 4490: 4486: 4483: 4479: 4476: 4472: 4469: 4465: 4462: 4458: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4439: 4438:Indo-European 4433: 4415: 4410: 4404: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4390: 4384: 4380:, from Latin 4378: 4372: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4359: 4354: 4348: 4343: 4341: 4338: 4334: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4309: 4306: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4288: 4282: 4278:'arena' < 4276: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4265: 4263: 4258: 4256: 4252: 4248: 4243: 4237: 4234: 4230: 4226: 4225:false cognate 4223:'house' is a 4221: 4209: 4203: 4201: 4196: 4190: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4170: 4165: 4160: 4146: 4143: 4133: 4131: 4124:Postpositions 4121: 4118: 4112: 4106: 4101: 4096: 4093: 4087: 4082: 4067: 4063: 4059: 4056: 4055: 4049: 4048: 4047: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4032: 4027: 4023: 4020: 4018: 4012: 4011: 4010: 4009: 4008: 4006: 4002: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3977: 3971: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3967: 3964: 3958: 3955: 3951:'speak!' and 3949: 3943: 3939:'dedicate!', 3937: 3926: 3923: 3912: 3909: 3903: 3897: 3891: 3886: 3881: 3870: 3867: 3863: 3859: 3854: 3844: 3842: 3841:passive voice 3838: 3834: 3830: 3826: 3822: 3819:Verbs had an 3812: 3810: 3806: 3796: 3793: 3787: 3785: 3781: 3780:Indo-European 3778:'one'). Most 3776: 3770: 3764: 3758: 3743: 3737: 3736:sren/sren-cva 3732: 3729:collective, - 3728: 3724: 3718: 3714: 3713:na, -ne, -ni: 3710: 3706: 3700: 3695: 3691: 3687: 3686: 3685: 3682: 3679: 3673: 3662: 3659: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3637: 3633: 3629: 3625: 3621: 3617: 3613: 3609: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3589: 3585: 3581: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3563: 3559: 3553: 3549: 3545: 3541: 3537: 3533: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3501:Demonstrative 3498: 3495: 3489: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3454: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3431: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3364: 3359: 3355: 3353: 3352:Plural number 3350: 3346: 3342: 3338: 3333: 3331: 3330:Locative case 3328: 3324: 3320: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3305: 3302: 3298: 3293: 3288: 3283: 3279: 3275: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3248: 3244: 3238: 3232: 3228: 3224: 3219: 3215: 3212: 3208: 3203: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3163: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3141: 3137: 3133: 3129: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3112: 3108: 3104: 3100: 3098:inscriptions. 3096: 3094: 3093:Genitive case 3091: 3087: 3081: 3075: 3069: 3065: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3039: 3034: 3030: 3026: 3021: 3015: 3009: 3004: 3000: 2999: 2994: 2988: 2986: 2982: 2979: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2972: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2957: 2951: 2945: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2916: 2915:agglutinative 2912: 2907: 2905: 2901: 2897: 2893: 2889: 2879: 2877: 2867: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2842: 2836: 2832: 2828: 2823: 2806: 2800: 2791: 2786: 2785: 2779: 2778: 2773:(cf. English 2772: 2763: 2757: 2746: 2744: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2727: 2721: 2715: 2703: 2700: 2690: 2686: 2683: 2676: 2665: 2662: 2658: 2655: 2648: 2638: 2631: 2624: 2621: 2614: 2603: 2600: 2595: 2588: 2581: 2576: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2554: 2547: 2537: 2530: 2521: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2500: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2445: 2438: 2436: 2433: 2426: 2419: 2416: 2409: 2402: 2399: 2392: 2385: 2382: 2375: 2368: 2366: 2363: 2359: 2355: 2352: 2345: 2335: 2328: 2319: 2316: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2286: 2269: 2266: 2259: 2252: 2249: 2242: 2235: 2233: 2230: 2225: 2218: 2211: 2209: 2206: 2199: 2192: 2190: 2187: 2183: 2180: 2178: 2175: 2174: 2171: 2166: 2160: 2154: 2152: 2137: 2132: 2129: 2123: 2113: 2109: 2105: 2102:The Etruscan 2095: 2093: 2089: 2079: 2070: 2068: 2064: 2060: 2056: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2025:), Velathri ( 2024: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2008: 2007: 1995: 1993: 1989: 1988:bezel setting 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1948: 1937: 1935: 1931: 1927: 1922: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1908: 1904: 1899: 1893: 1887: 1882: 1876: 1875:Bronze mirror 1866: 1864: 1860: 1853: 1848: 1843: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817: 1814: 1812: 1811:Tomb of Orcus 1808: 1804: 1801: 1797: 1796:Tomb of Orcus 1793: 1789: 1785: 1781: 1780: 1775: 1771: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1739: 1736: 1735: 1734: 1732: 1728: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1711: 1709: 1705: 1698: 1693: 1681: 1677: 1674: 1673:Liber Linteus 1670: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1646: 1642: 1638: 1635: 1631: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1617: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1589: 1585: 1579: 1575: 1574: 1569: 1566: 1562: 1561: 1556: 1555: 1554: 1546: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1529: 1527: 1523: 1522:Pyrgi Tablets 1516: 1512: 1507: 1498: 1496: 1492: 1491: 1480: 1478: 1474: 1473:Elder Futhark 1470: 1466: 1462: 1458: 1454: 1449: 1440: 1438: 1437:vowel harmony 1434: 1430: 1426: 1422: 1418: 1414: 1410: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1394: 1384: 1381: 1377: 1376:boustrophedon 1367: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1340: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1297: 1294: 1290: 1285: 1271: 1269: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1252: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1202: 1198: 1194: 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1174: 1169: 1165: 1161: 1151: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1073: 1069: 1059: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1039:Greek dialect 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1021: 1011: 1009: 998: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 966: 963: 959: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 935: 931: 927: 922: 920: 916: 912: 908: 904: 900: 896: 892: 883: 878: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 842: 838: 834: 830: 826: 821: 816: 812: 798: 794: 791: 785: 779: 773: 767: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 744: 741: 737: 736:Aulus Gellius 732: 729: 725: 721: 718:reports that 717: 712: 707: 703: 699: 695: 691: 687: 682: 680: 676: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 644: 640: 636: 632: 628: 624: 620: 616: 605: 601: 597: 593: 590: 586: 582: 581: 574: 563: 554: 549: 539: 537: 533: 528: 526: 522: 521: 520:Liber Linteus 516: 511: 506: 501: 496: 492: 487: 481: 476: 472: 467: 465: 461: 457: 456:Mediterranean 450: 449: 444: 439: 430: 428: 427:Indo-European 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 388: 386: 382: 378: 375: 371: 368: 364: 359: 357: 353: 349: 345: 341: 337: 334: 330: 326: 322: 321:agglutinating 317: 313: 311: 307: 304:, and to the 303: 299: 295: 291: 286: 284: 280: 276: 272: 268: 264: 260: 256: 252: 248: 244: 240: 236: 235: 225: 192: 183: 179: 177: 176: 171: 167: 163: 160: 159:Linguist List 155: 151: 147: 144: 139: 134: 131: 128: 124: 118: 112: 109: 108: 107: 103: 99: 93: 89: 87: 83: 80: 77: 73: 70: 67: 63: 60: 56: 52: 47: 41: 36: 31: 19: 12494:Poggio Colla 12386:Vicus Tuscus 12366:Negau helmet 12305: 12298: 12276: 12269: 12251: 12141: 12042:Architecture 11996:Lars Porsena 11860: 11853: 11852:Families in 11809:Pre-Goidelic 11804:Pre-Germanic 11634:Indo-Semitic 11629:Indo-Pacific 11624:Indo-Hittite 11539: 11532: 11525: 11455: 11432:Indian Ocean 11399: 11394:Austronesian 11392: 11385: 11378: 11371: 11366:Sino-Tibetan 11364: 11343: 11321: 11316:Sino-Tibetan 11314: 11307: 11300: 11268: 11243: 11236: 11229: 11222: 11215: 11208: 11201: 11194: 11187: 11180: 11173: 11153: 11146: 11139: 11132: 11125: 11120:North Picene 11118: 11111: 11104: 11097: 11090: 11083: 11076: 11064: 11057: 11050: 10964:. Retrieved 10960:the original 10923: 10906:Inscriptions 10833:Online books 10823: 10796: 10792: 10766: 10762: 10735: 10716: 10694: 10675: 10651:(1): 45–56. 10648: 10644: 10623: 10599: 10577: 10566: 10559: 10533: 10523: 10516: 10509: 10502: 10484: 10465: 10456: 10452: 10430: 10390: 10365: 10338: 10334: 10315: 10311: 10292: 10272: 10268: 10245: 10221: 10214:Bibliography 10203: 10198: 10182: 10161: 10157: 10135: 10117: 10112: 10094: 10089: 10071: 10066: 10047: 10011: 9933: 9921: 9897: 9878: 9872: 9853: 9844: 9829: 9824: 9773: 9762: 9757: 9749: 9744: 9719: 9715: 9709: 9697: 9686: 9681: 9669:. Retrieved 9665: 9656: 9647: 9635:. Retrieved 9631: 9622: 9610:. Retrieved 9606: 9597: 9582: 9575: 9566: 9558: 9553: 9542:. Retrieved 9538:the original 9528: 9519: 9506: 9493: 9481: 9472: 9456: 9425: 9417: 9407: 9403: 9372: 9364: 9352: 9310: 9270: 9262: 9254: 9242:. Retrieved 9238: 9228: 9217:. Retrieved 9213: 9204: 9189: 9162: 9156: 9144: 9125: 9114: 9103: 9094: 9077: 9045: 9031: 9026: 9016: 9011: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8964: 8934: 8910: 8904: 8899: 8893: 8879: 8873: 8865: 8860: 8848: 8840: 8835: 8810: 8806: 8800: 8775: 8771: 8765: 8753:. Retrieved 8750:blog.smu.edu 8749: 8740: 8715: 8707: 8690: 8670: 8664: 8656: 8651: 8643: 8638: 8624: 8615:, edited by 8612: 8607: 8582: 8574: 8540: 8536: 8531: 8519: 8507: 8495: 8483: 8471:. Retrieved 8468:Khan Academy 8467: 8458: 8453:, chapter 2. 8428: 8419: 8410: 8399:. Retrieved 8392:the original 8378: 8370: 8367: 8358: 8339: 8336: 8328: 8325: 8320: 8312: 8309: 8300: 8289:. Retrieved 8282:the original 8269: 8260: 8254: 8242:. Retrieved 8238:the original 8216: 8201: 8194: 8186: 8181: 8173: 8168: 8160: 8157: 8152: 8143: 8137: 8118: 8112: 8085: 8076: 8049: 8040: 8021: 8008: 7999: 7986: 7979: 7971: 7968: 7952: 7943: 7931: 7919: 7884: 7822: 7800: 7786: 7782: 7773: 7730: 7724: 7693: 7690:Robert Drews 7685: 7676: 7664:. Retrieved 7659: 7646: 7622:. Retrieved 7617: 7607: 7595:. Retrieved 7590: 7580: 7571: 7549: 7510: 7502: 7493: 7487: 7468: 7459: 7451: 7447: 7442: 7431:. Retrieved 7427:the original 7417: 7409: 7404: 7396: 7391: 7383: 7378: 7370: 7361: 7352: 7344: 7339: 7331: 7326: 7316: 7300: 7296: 7291: 7279: 7267: 7256:. Retrieved 7252: 7242: 7223: 7206: 7188: 7172: 7106: 7092: 7056: 7037: 7032: 7024: 7019: 7011: 7003: 6998:. Edinburgh. 6995: 6990: 6968:(1): 75–84. 6965: 6961: 6905: 6860: 6839: 6818: 6754: 6746: 6738: 6730: 6710: 6615: 6611: 6610: 6539: 6535: 6534: 6529: 6523: 6520:Sample texts 6510: 6265:to dedicate 6182:small qutum 6159:qutun, qutum 6142:pruχ, pruχum 6089: 5937:sun (Latin: 5829:screech-owl 5620:month, moon 5592: 5575: 5507:tomb priest 5495:tomb priest 5466:cepen, cipen 5448:purθ, purθne 5367:hold office 5362:tenu, tenθas 5313:sovereignty 5262:meχl, meθlum 5202:tular spural 5190:tular rasnal 5092: 5056:etera, eteri 5034:h₁léwdʰ-eros 5018:, 'people') 4964: 4800:grandmother 4776:grandfather 4771:papa, papacs 4747: 4710: 4701: 4690:Please help 4685:verification 4682: 4645:θunur, zelur 4617:100 is from 4565:cealχ/*cialχ 4555: 4522: 4447: 4435: 4413: 4357: 4301: 4297: 4290:< Sabine 4238: 4217:). The word 4204: 4192:, Old Norse 4178: 4161: 4157: 4139: 4127: 4099: 4097: 4089:'dead' from 4080: 4078: 4065: 4061: 4053: 4041: 4039: 4025: 4016: 4005:jussive mood 4000: 3998: 3995:Other modals 3985: 3975: 3959: 3957:'invoke!'). 3932: 3918: 3915:Past passive 3887:. Examples: 3876: 3861: 3852: 3850: 3837:active voice 3818: 3808: 3804: 3802: 3799:Conjunctions 3788: 3753: 3730: 3723:laut/laut-ni 3717:paχa/paχa-na 3712: 3693: 3689: 3683: 3668: 3658:caiti, ceiθi 3635: 3627: 3619: 3611: 3603: 3583: 3575: 3561: 3547: 3539: 3531: 3523: 3504: 3460: 3450: 3446: 3442: 3440: 3432:‐offerings'. 3429: 3395: 3391: 3387: 3377: 3366:, 'son', as 3357: 3340: 3318: 3309: 3291: 3281: 3277: 3273: 3269: 3226: 3217: 3213: 3210: 3206: 3197: 3189: 3181: 3173: 3165: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3135: 3127: 3119: 3110: 3106: 3102: 3063: 3054: 3032: 3028: 3024: 3017:(Achilles), 3011:(Hercules), 3002: 2975: 2973:a locative. 2970: 2966: 2954: 2908: 2885: 2873: 2858: 2844: 2830: 2812:and palatal 2807: 2783: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2752: 2743:fortis-lenis 2709: 2695: 2136:front vowels 2133: 2131:'pitcher'). 2111: 2107: 2104:vowel system 2101: 2085: 2076: 2015: 2004: 2001: 1968: 1951: 1943: 1933: 1929: 1923: 1919: 1880: 1878: 1862: 1858: 1856: 1777: 1712: 1708:objets d'art 1707: 1701: 1662:Poggio Colla 1656:The Vicchio 1592: 1583: 1571: 1558: 1552: 1549:Longer texts 1537:Santa Severa 1530: 1519: 1494: 1488: 1486: 1450: 1446: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1390: 1373: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1336: 1304:Latin script 1301: 1260:Mario Alinei 1246:Jules Martha 1238:Isaac Taylor 1227: 1211:Robert Ellis 1190: 1157: 1129:, including 1090: 1065: 1017: 1004: 972: 923: 911:Central Alps 899:eastern Alps 888: 845: 831:west of the 817:(from Latin 808: 768: 745: 733: 683: 647: 613:In southern 612: 595: 578: 551: 529: 518: 468: 460:inscriptions 453: 446: 422: 418: 389: 363:phonological 360: 336:inflectional 318: 314: 287: 263:inscriptions 190: 189: 173: 110: 12371:Portonaccio 12346:Etruscology 11946:Tyrrhenians 11659:Ural-Altaic 11639:Indo-Uralic 11451:Sentinelese 11182:Afroasiatic 11148:Eteocypriot 10614:Rix, Helmut 10580:. G. Narr. 10574:Rix, Helmut 9244:November 6, 6896:Rix, Helmut 6830:, northern 5984:'wineskin' 5735:Masan, Masn 5502:cepen θaurχ 5490:cepen ceren 5478:cepen tutin 5183:boundaries 5145:res publica 5137:meχl Rasnal 5130:Etruscans? 5049:freedwoman 4993:, Aramaic: 4553:for 'ten'. 4400:from Latin 4344:from Latin 4330:from Latin 4247:superstrate 4128:Typical of 4075:Participles 3760:, 'again'; 3591:and plural 3345:Tarχna-l-θi 3304:Dative case 3264:There is a 3240:instead of 3216:instead of 2950:clen-ar-aśi 2909:Unlike the 2602:Approximant 2151:back vowels 2134:Before the 1807:Golini Tomb 1779:necropoleis 1750:necropoleis 1393:syncopation 1168:orientalist 1058:unfounded. 1051:Eteocypriot 1033:script was 781:'trumpet', 775:'vulture', 702:soothsayers 677:writing in 527:wrappings. 489:dealt with 403:an alphabet 90:after AD 50 12588:Categories 12404:Acquarossa 12328:Archeology 11799:Pre-Celtic 11767:East Asian 11757:Austro-Tai 11747:Andamanese 11597:Eurasiatic 11518:North Asia 11468:North Asia 11380:Hmong–Mien 11334:Burushaski 11293:South Asia 11264:Kartvelian 11231:Philistine 11141:Eteocretan 11085:Tartessian 10776:8882650847 10666:10261/7115 10618:"Etruscan" 10552:1034661909 10526:. Firenze. 10419:1285554699 10164:: 149–175. 9544:2014-09-26 9463:, p. 9448:1034661909 9395:1034661909 9219:2023-11-06 8464:"Bucchero" 8401:2009-07-13 8291:2010-10-15 7433:2018-05-26 7258:2024-04-11 6900:"Etruscan" 6875:References 6826:, western 6794:Helmut Rix 6761:Phoenician 6457:officiate 6201:θina, tina 6088:, English 6014:'take' or 6003:cape, capi 5716:September 5538:cepen χuru 5274:spur, śpur 5079:ancestors 4783:ati, ativu 4149:Vocabulary 4066:sacrificed 3807:'and' and 3805:‐ka/‐ca/‐c 3699:ais/ais-iu 3688:quality, - 3665:Adjectives 3497:('thee'). 3266:patronymic 3077:(Apollo), 2981:Nominative 2892:accusative 2888:nominative 2814:/lʲ,rʲ,nʲ/ 2723:and Latin 2276:Consonants 2027:Volaterrae 1840:See also: 1816:The Orator 1774:Villanovan 1731:Villanovan 1526:Phoenician 1511:Phoenician 1493:(CIE) and 1417:Consonants 1401:Alexandros 1324:Pithecusae 1135:Cimmerians 1123:conjecture 1047:Eteocretan 954:Bronze Age 950:Aegean Sea 926:morphology 891:Helmut Rix 793:'people'. 787:'sheath', 756:Tyrrhenika 692:and early 690:Republican 686:liturgical 681:'s walls. 580:The Orator 530:By 30 BC, 491:divination 271:Phoenician 12539:Vetulonia 12524:Tarquinia 12499:Populonia 12469:Fescennia 12439:Cerveteri 12396:Key sites 12107:Mezentius 11941:Tyrrhenus 11824:Pre-Vedic 11814:Pre-Greek 11786:Substrata 11689:Arunachal 11587:Nostratic 11572:Alarodian 11507:Yeniseian 11357:East Asia 11309:Dravidian 11166:West Asia 11134:Tyrsenian 10265:"Etrusco" 9003:208140836 8925:Refer to 8827:191760189 8792:132587666 7911:243365116 7903:1578-5386 7881:"Etrusco" 7614:"Raetica" 7367:Suetonius 7309:1781-9458 6982:191436488 6152:, a ewer 6135:, a bowl 6113:leχtumuza 6082:or Latin 5574:day; cf. 5554:Etruscan 5424:macstreve 5219:contract 5093:posterity 4981:. Greek: 4947:children 4860:daughter 4855:sec, sech 4795:ati nacna 4764:paternal 4734:Etruscan 4396:satellite 4392:, 'mask'. 4236:'house'. 4164:loanwords 3911:'lived'. 3655:; plural 3643:; plural 3410:'years'; 3287:Vel Avleś 3220:appears: 3109:. In the 2962:Uni-al-θi 2810:/l,r,m,n/ 2803:/ˈlɑwtn̩/ 2771:sonorants 2767:/m,n,l,r/ 2731:Icelandic 2726:triumphus 2714:thriambos 2520:Fricative 2488:Affricate 2177:unrounded 2082:Phonology 2067:hippocamp 2023:Vetulonia 2019:Populonia 1976:carnelian 1959:Praeneste 1825:ossuaries 1788:alabaster 1766:Tarquinia 1742:Cerveteri 1613:Tarquinia 1513:, at the 1483:Epigraphy 1467:into the 1413:resonants 1380:Cerveteri 1242:Hungarian 1115:Anatolian 1107:Herodotus 1088:Phrygians 930:phonology 889:In 1998, 837:Po Valley 835:, in the 639:Tarquinia 635:Cerveteri 627:destroyed 619:Latinized 505:lightning 350:, with a 275:loanwords 175:Glottolog 143:ISO 639-3 106:Tyrsenian 79:Etruscans 75:Ethnicity 12554:Volterra 12549:Volsinii 12544:Vie Cave 12529:Tuscania 12509:Rusellae 12341:Cuniculi 12336:Bucchero 12260:Alphabet 12252:Language 12137:Religion 12127:Poppilia 11976:Tanaquil 11819:Vasconic 11794:Atlantic 11548:Eskaleut 11502:Yukaghir 11417:Koreanic 11412:Tungusic 11407:Mongolic 11345:Harappan 11256:Caucasus 11238:Sumerian 11113:Ligurian 10889:Archived 10715:(2008). 10616:(2004). 10576:(1991). 10544:56000053 10429:(1979). 10411:90031371 10391:Etruscan 10387:(1990). 10363:(2002). 9852:(1982). 9736:41643730 9671:15 March 9637:15 March 9612:15 March 9514:P.27-28. 9440:56000053 9387:56000053 9214:Omniglot 9133:Archived 9067:Archived 9057:Archived 8953:Archived 8884:Archived 8755:15 March 8675:Archived 8548:Archived 8473:15 March 8434:Omniglot 8347:Archived 8244:June 17, 8020:(2000). 7961:Archived 7765:34559560 7467:(2002). 6898:(2004). 6866:Campania 6849:Lombardy 6700:See also 6493:to live 6469:to give 6421:to live 6212:'water' 6194:chalice 6177:qutumuza 6044:Umbrian 5963:Vessels 5854:pulumχva 5728:October 5651:Velcitna 5608:at noon 5557:English 5385:praetor 5344:lauχumna 5325:to rule 5100:Society 5086:nacnvaia 5015:h₁lewdʰ- 4872:brother 4819:tusurθir 4737:English 4651:zelarve- 4614:dḱm̥tom- 4586:60, and 4426:Numerals 4414:satteles 4403:satelles 4340:military 4333:mercātus 4111:nunθen‐θ 4064:(?) and 4024:'No one 4015:ein θui 3945:'put!', 3784:ablative 3457:Personal 3437:Pronouns 3425:zusle-va 3407:avil-χva 3404:'year', 3360: : 3268:ending: 3205:. After 3186:Laris-al 3140:ramtha-ś 3041:(Juno), 2904:locative 2896:genitive 2863:aranθiia 2787:). Thus 2720:triumpus 2291:Bilabial 2006:sesterce 1911:intaglio 1898:malstria 1886:Speculum 1881:speculum 1809:and the 1800:Spurinna 1715:hypogeal 1593:marunuch 1469:Germanic 1433:Herecele 1429:Herecele 1421:Hēraklēs 1397:Alcsntre 1339:bucchero 1289:Dioscuri 1279:Alphabet 1232:or even 1219:Albanian 1215:Armenian 1164:cabalist 1127:Anatolia 1095:Tyrsenoi 1080:Anatolia 1035:Mycenean 1031:Linear B 1023:Linear A 962:Sardinia 913:. Rix's 841:Campania 752:Claudius 694:Augustan 666:Volterra 604:rhetoric 600:Etruscan 464:epitaphs 448:haruspex 419:military 417:such as 367:phonemic 356:pronouns 333:suffixed 331:showing 191:Etruscan 182:etru1241 111:Etruscan 57:Ancient 33:Etruscan 12489:Perusia 12484:Orvieto 12479:Norchia 12474:Fidenae 12464:Falerii 12459:Etruria 12449:Clusium 12424:Bologna 12419:Baratti 12122:Persius 12092:Jewelry 12029:society 12025:Culture 11951:Tarchon 11921:Origins 11913:History 11854:italics 11752:Austric 11729:Kho-Bwa 11724:Hrusish 11702:Siangic 11644:Karasuk 11544: ? 11457:Kenaboi 11422:Japonic 11387:Kra–Dai 11348: ? 11339:Kusunda 11245:Elamite 11217:Kassite 11203:Kaskian 11106:Camunic 11078:Iberian 11035:Eurasia 10947:at the 10878:at the 10852:General 10645:Emerita 10592:2 vols. 10512:. Rome. 10244:(ed.). 10020:1061432 9113:(ed.). 9106:" 9102:"Gem § 8659:, Roma. 8366:". In: 8335:". In: 7756:8462907 7735:Bibcode 7666:13 June 7660:Talanta 7624:26 July 7597:26 July 7175:, 2010. 7014:, 1978. 6824:Tuscany 6621:apirase 6445:to say 6379:above) 6368:pi-cas- 6313:to die 6169:Laconia 6149:πρόχоυς 6104:λήκυθος 6057:culiχna 6039:cletram 5943:); Cf. 5805:falcon 5793:monkey 5745:Nature 5723:Chosfer 5663:c-Apre- 5471:priest 5287:populus 5281:civitas 5255:people 5243:public 5119:Rasenna 4996:talitha 4984:Talitha 4788:mother 4752:father 4742:Family 4595:cezpalχ 4589:semφalχ 4571:*huθalχ 4562:is 20, 4383:persōna 4377:persone 4371:persone 4353:homilos 4315:balteus 4251:English 4242:familia 4227:to the 4208:talitha 4183:nepōtis 4095:'die'. 4062:offered 3908:sval-ce 3880:-(a)ce' 3829:present 3750:Adverbs 3323:Tita-si 3237:Arnθ-al 3202:Arnθ-al 3060:Fufluns 2993:ci avil 2944:clen-ar 2932:fili-is 2920:fili-us 2849:larθial 2835:amφiare 2745:pairs. 2699:prumaθś 2439:c, k, q 2365:Plosive 2311:Glottal 2301:Palatal 2182:rounded 2157:Vowels 2061:, male 2055:griffin 2043:Culsans 2011:Etruria 1992:scarabs 1978:, with 1971:Etruria 1869:Mirrors 1852:Culsans 1836:Votives 1784:hypogea 1754:hypogea 1723:tumulus 1645:Cortona 1627:Perugia 1597:Norchia 1497:(TLE). 1457:Umbrian 1423:became 1320:digamma 1312:Euboean 1203:in his 1193:Semitic 1186:Viterbo 1103:Lydians 940:and to 903:Lemnian 860:Balkans 848:Corsica 815:Tuscany 790:populus 724:Zosimus 679:Pompeii 658:Perugia 650:Clusium 615:Etruria 585:Etrusco 429:roots. 323:, with 283:isolate 243:Etruria 86:Extinct 59:Etruria 12575:Portal 12414:Aleria 12169:Vegoia 12097:Lausus 11714:Mijiic 11707:Digaro 11654:Pontic 11582:Borean 11577:Altaic 11541:Rouran 11534:Turkic 11527:Uralic 11516:Other 11401:Turkic 11329:Nihali 11224:Gutian 11196:Hattic 11189:Turkic 11155:Minoan 11127:Sicani 11072:Basque 11066:Turkic 11059:Uralic 11043:Europe 10966:May 1, 10821:about 10773: 10750: 10723: 10701: 10682: 10632: 10606: 10584: 10550: 10542: 10491: 10472: 10437: 10417: 10409: 10399: 10373: 10345: 10322: 10299: 10252: 10228: 10190: 10126: 10103: 10080: 10054: 10018: 9885: 9860: 9836: 9734: 9501:27-28. 9446: 9438: 9393: 9385: 9325: 9177: 9001: 8825: 8790: 8728: 8698: 8595: 8541:Gnomon 8308:. In: 8209: 8125: 8100: 8064: 8028: 7967:. In: 7909: 7901: 7829: 7802:known. 7793: 7763: 7753: 7700: 7564: 7523: 7475: 7307: 7230: 7099: 7071: 6980: 6914: 6845:Veneto 6832:Latium 6828:Umbria 6511: 6428:thamu- 6376:a-cas- 6356:nunθe- 6241:to be 6132:πατάνη 6098:leχtum 6047:kletra 5975:Greek 5925:water 5886:taurus 5878:thevru 5871:horse 5866:thamna 5859:stars 5812:falatu 5760:aquila 5675:Ampile 5668:April 5656:March 5603:uslane 5594:Thesan 5457:tamera 5415:parniχ 5406:ceχase 5392:camthi 5332:lauχum 5320:lucair 5301:civic 5231:state 5171:stone 5064:ἕτερος 5025:lautni 4990:ταλιθα 4965:taliθa 4942:husiur 4935:youth 4887:nepot- 4639:*kisna 4577:muvalχ 4559:zaθrum 4535:, and 4409:satnal 4389:phersu 4364:person 4358:homily 4326:market 4293:fasēna 4287:hasēna 4281:harēna 4229:Coptic 4214:ταλιθα 4136:Syntax 4117:heχσ‐θ 4105:trin‐θ 3954:nunθen 3896:tur-ce 3885:person 3839:and a 3809:-um/‐m 3690:u, -iu 3678:mlakas 3383:clenar 3374:umlaut 3369:clenar 3337:Tarχna 3243:Arnθ-l 3231:Vel-us 3170:ati-al 3132:ramtha 3124:fler-ś 3044:Menrva 3008:Hercle 2926:fili-i 2902:, and 2900:dative 2841:larθal 2827:amφare 2664:Rhotic 2296:Dental 2122:kōthōn 2098:Vowels 2063:sphinx 2059:gorgon 2051:Hermes 2047:Athena 2035:Apollo 2031:Camars 1940:Cistae 1892:malena 1792:nenfro 1790:, and 1770:UNESCO 1758:tumuli 1746:UNESCO 1727:murals 1601:relief 1535:, now 1465:Raetia 1461:Veneto 1443:Phases 1435:) as " 1425:Hercle 1409:Rasena 1354:; the 1230:Uralic 1178:Hebrew 1147:Mysian 1143:Luwian 1139:Lemnos 1119:Luwian 1055:Minoan 1043:Minoan 1020:Minoan 991:Minoan 983:Basque 975:Latins 958:Sicily 934:syntax 932:, and 901:, and 895:Raetic 858:, the 856:Greece 829:Umbria 825:Latium 784:vagina 772:voltur 728:Alaric 706:Caesar 698:Cicero 662:Arezzo 654:Chiusi 598:), an 542:Demise 483:. The 475:Cicero 445:; see 423:person 399:votive 385:stress 370:vowels 352:gender 310:Lemnos 65:Region 12559:Vulci 12519:Spina 12504:Pyrgi 12454:Cumae 12429:Caere 12409:Adria 12174:Vulca 12149:Tages 12132:Raeti 12057:Coins 11966:Capys 11492:Nivkh 11446:Ongan 10765:[ 10569:Graz. 10455:[ 10337:[ 10314:[ 9732:JSTOR 9109:. 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