952:
discoverer might equivalently have worded the assertion, "Whoever killed Smith is insane." Now consider another speaker: suppose Jones, though innocent, has been arrested for the murder of Smith, and is now on trial. When a reporter sees Jones talking to himself outside the courtroom, and describes what she sees by saying, "Smith's murderer is insane", we may understand this as the referring use of the definite description, for we may equivalently reword the reporter's assertion thus: "That person who I see talking to himself, and who I believe murdered Smith, is insane." In this case, we should not accept
Russell's analysis as correctly representing the reporter's assertion. On Russell's analysis, the sentence is to be understood as an existential quantification of the conjunction of three components:
794:"The morning star rises in the morning" no longer needs to be thought of as having the subject-predicate form. It is instead analysed as "there is one unique thing such that it is the morning star and it rises in the morning". Thus, strictly speaking, the two expressions "the morning star..." and "the evening star..." are not synonymous, so it makes sense that they cannot be substituted (the analysed description of the evening star is "there is one unique thing such that it is the evening star and it rises in the evening"). This solves
1662:
392:
1903:
634:: the morning star is the planet Venus seen in the morning sky and the evening star is the planet Venus seen in the evening sky), how is it that someone can think that the morning star rises in the morning but the evening star does not? This is apparently problematic because although the two expressions seem to denote the same thing, one cannot substitute one for the other, which one ought to be able to do with identical or synonymous expressions.
948:, there are two distinct ways we may use a definite description such as "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray", and thus makes his distinction between the referential and the attributive use of a definite description. He argues that both Russell and Strawson make the mistake of attempting to analyse sentences removed from their context. We can mean different and distinct things while using the same sentence in different situations.
923:
books". Under
Russell's theory, for such a sentence to be true there would have to be only one table in all of existence. But by uttering a phrase such as "the table is covered with books", the speaker is referring to a particular table: for instance, one that is in the vicinity of the speaker. Two broad responses have been constructed to this failure: a semantic and a pragmatic approach. The semantic approach of philosophers like
682:
similarly to indefinite descriptions, except that the individual is now uniquely specified. Take as an example of a definite description the sentence "the current
Emperor of Kentucky is gray". Russell analyses this phrase into the following component parts (with 'x' and 'y' representing variables):
658:
requires that one of the following propositions, for example, must be true: either "the current
Emperor of Kentucky is gray" or "it is not the case that the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray". Normally, propositions of the subject-predicate form are said to be true if and only if the subject is in
1029:
is bald" involves two questions: (1) Is anybody at the moment a
President of Sealand ? (2) Are there at the moment different people each of whom is a President of Sealand? Unless the answer to 4 is affirmative and the answer to 5 negative, the affirmative answer " yes, the President of Sealand
551:
architecture. While descriptions may seem like fairly uncontroversial phrases, Russell argued that providing a satisfactory analysis of the linguistic and logical properties of a description is vital to clarity in important philosophical debates, particularly in semantic arguments, epistemology and
1055:
argues that
Russell's theory intrinsically applies solely to one extraordinary subclass of singular terms but an adequate solution to the puzzles must be generalized. His theory merely addresses the principal use of the definite article "the", but fails to deal with plural uses or the generic use.
975:
Thus the same sentence, "Smith's murderer is insane", can be used to mean quite different things in different contexts. There are, accordingly, contexts in which "the current
Emperor of Kentucky is not gray" is false because no one is the current Emperor of Kentucky, and contexts in which it is a
971:
If this analysis of the reporter's assertion were correct, then since Jones is innocent, we should take her to mean what the discoverer of Smith's body meant, that whoever murdered Smith is insane. We should then take her observation of Jones talking to himself to be irrelevant to the truth of her
697:
Thus, a definite description (of the general form 'the F is G') becomes the following existentially quantified phrase in classic symbolic logic (where 'x' and 'y' are variables and 'F' and 'G' are predicates ā in the example above, F would be "is an emperor of
Kentucky", and G would be "is gray"):
663:
of the predicate. But, there is currently no
Emperor of Kentucky. So, since the subject does not exist, it is not in the extension of either predicate (it is not on the list of gray people or non-gray people). Thus, it appears that this is a case in which the law of excluded middle is violated,
914:
argued that
Russell had failed to correctly represent what one means when one says a sentence in the form of "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray." According to Strawson, this sentence is not contradicted by "No one is the current Emperor of Kentucky", for the former sentence contains not an
897:
This analysis, according to Russell, solves the second problem noted above as related to indefinite descriptions. Since the phrase "some dog is annoying" is not a referring expression, according to Russell's theory, it need not refer to a mysterious non-existent entity. Furthermore, the law of
922:
Another kind of counter-example that Strawson and philosophers since have raised concerns that of "incomplete" definite descriptions, that is sentences which have the form of a definite description but which do not uniquely denote an object. Strawson gives the example "the table is covered with
951:
For example, suppose Smith has been brutally murdered. When the person who discovers Smith's body says, "Smith's murderer is insane", we may understand this as the attributive use of the definite description "Smith's murderer", and analyse the sentence according to Russell. This is because the
801:
Since the phrase "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray" is not a referring expression, according to Russell's theory it need not refer to a mysterious non-existent entity. Russell says that if there are no entities X with property F, the proposition "X has property G" is false for
1062:
argues that the theory of descriptions must be rejected because according to the theory of descriptions, 'the present king of France is bald' and 'the present king of France is not bald' are both false and not contradictories otherwise the law of excluded middle would be violated.
609:
Phrases which denote one definite object, for example "the present President of the U.S.A." We need not know which object the phrase refers to for it to be unambiguous, for example "the cutest kitten" is a unique individual but his or her actual identity is
1000:
did not murder Smith, she will admit that her use of the name was incorrect. Kripke defends Russell's analysis of definite descriptions, and argues that Donnellan does not adequately distinguish meaning from use, or, speaker's meaning from sentence meaning.
898:
excluded middle need not be violated (i.e. it remains a law), because "some dog is annoying" comes out true: there is a thing that is both a dog and annoying. Thus, Russell's theory seems to be a better analysis insofar as it solves several problems.
927:
suggests that the sentence does in fact have the appropriate meaning as to make it true. Such meaning is added to the sentence by the particular context of the speakerāthat, say, the context of standing next to a table "completes" the sentence.
642:, that has the property of being annoying (similar considerations go for "some dog", "every dog", "a dog", and so on). Likewise, by "the current Emperor of Kentucky is gray" it is not meant that there is some individual, namely
637:
The problem of non-referring expressions is that certain expressions that are meaningful do not truly refer to anything. For example, by "any dog is annoying" it is not meant that there is a particular individual dog, namely
1009:
The theory of descriptions is regarded as a redundant and cumbersome method. The theory claims that āThe present King of France is baldā means āOne and only one entity is the present King of France, and that one is baldā.
810:
Russell says that all propositions in which the Emperor of Kentucky has a primary occurrence are false. The denials of such propositions are true, but in these cases the Emperor of Kentucky has a secondary occurrence (the
935:
Pragmatist responses deny this intuition and say instead that the sentence itself, following Russell's analysis, is not true but that the act of uttering the false sentence communicated true information to the listener.
1014:
suggests that if āthatā is used referentially, āthat one is baldā is logically equivalent to the entire conjunction. Hence, the conjunction of three propositions is unnecessary as one proposition is already adequate.
782:
843:
Thus, an indefinite description (of the general form 'a D is A') becomes the following existentially quantified phrase in classic symbolic logic (where 'x' and 'y' are variables and 'D' and 'A' are predicates):
919:"the current Emperor of Kentucky" as a referring (or denoting) phrase. Since there is no current Emperor of Kentucky, the phrase fails to refer to anything, and so the sentence is neither true nor false.
623:
Russell put forward his theory of descriptions to solve a number of problems in the philosophy of language. The two major problems are (1) co-referring expressions and (2) non-referring expressions.
932:
suggests that this approach treats "definite descriptions as harboring hidden indexical expressions, so that whatever descriptive meaning alone leaves unfinished its context of use can complete".
630:
as the problem of informative identities. For example, if the morning star and the evening star are the same planet in the sky seen at different times of day (indeed, they are both the planet
567:
have given notable, well known criticisms of the theory. Most recently, RTD has been defended by various philosophers and even developed in promising ways to bring it into harmony with
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argues that while Donnellan is correct to point out two uses of the phrase, it does not follow that the phrase is ambiguous between two meanings. For example, when the reporter
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1541:
559:", RTD has been hugely influential and well-received within the philosophy of language. However, it has not been without its critics. In particular, the philosophers
646:, who has the property of being gray; Kentucky was never a monarchy, so there is currently no Emperor. Thus, what Russell wants to avoid is admitting mysterious
1429:
Bradford, MIT Press. (Includes Donnellan (1966), Kripke (1977), Chapter 3 of Neale (1990), Russell (1905), Chapter 16 of Russell (1919). and Strawson (1950).)
510:
787:
Informally, this reads as follows: something exists with the property F, there is only one such thing, and this unique thing also has the property G.
1534:
1939:
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sentence referring to a person whom the speaker takes to be the current Emperor of Kentucky, true or false according to the hair of the pretender.
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form of descriptions (phrases that took the form of "The aardvark" and "An aardvark") is misleading, as it does not correlate their logical and/or
1857:
1037:
contends that Russell's analysis involves an error in the truth value that all sentences can be either true or false. Russell's nonacceptance of
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the sentence "some dog is annoying". Russell analyses this phrase into the following component parts (with 'x' and 'y' representing variables):
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Bertrand Russell's theory of descriptions was initially put forth in his 1905 essay "On Denoting", published in the journal of philosophy
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602:. Russell's theory is focused on the logical form of expressions involving denoting phrases, which he divides into three groups:
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1049:, namely āindeterminateā or āundefinedā should be accepted in the event that both truth and falsity are absent or inapplicable.
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for every x and every y, if both x and y are emperors of Kentucky, then y is x (i.e. there is at most one emperor of Kentucky).
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makes himself unable to assign a proper truth value to unverifiable and unfalsifiable sentences and causes the puzzle of the
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celebrating the 100th anniversary of Russell's "On Denoting" in which the theory of descriptions was first presented.
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is bald " is not false but indeterminate. In addition, Russell's theory involves unnecessary logical complications.
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constitute Russell's third group. Descriptions most frequently appear in the standard subjectāpredicate form.
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This analysis, according to Russell, solves the two problems noted above as related to definite descriptions:
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Lepore, Ernie (2004). "Abuse of Context in Semantics". In Reimer, Marga; Bezuidenhout, Anne (eds.).
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of the proposition is not a function of the truth of the existence of the Emperor of Kentucky).
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Informally, this reads as follows: there is something such that it is D and A.
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777:{\displaystyle \exists x((Fx\land \forall y(Fy\rightarrow x=y))\land Gx)}
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Kripke, Saul. (1977). "Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference",
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Since the first development of the theory in Russell's 1905 paper "
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The problem of co-referring expressions originated primarily with
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1978:
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Donnellan, Keith. (1966). "Reference and Definite Descriptions",
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An Essay Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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1988:
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there is no y, y not equal x, such that y murdered Smith; and
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613:
Phrases which denote ambiguously, for example, "an Aardvark".
1345:(1953). "Logic, Existence, and the Theory of Descriptions".
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which is also an indication that something has gone wrong.
1384:, second edition. New York: Cambridge University Press.
1321:(2 ed.). New York: Routledge. pp. 19, 27ā29.
1234:(1936). "Language, Truth and Logic by Alfred J. Ayer".
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there is an x such that x is an emperor of Kentucky.
1319:
Philosophy of Language: A Contemporary Introduction
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1172:The book contains Kripke's previously unpublished
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883:
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1559:British philosopher, logician, and social critic
1290:(2022). "Applicability of the Laws of Thought".
693:anything that is an emperor of Kentucky is gray.
1858:Henrietta Stanley, Baroness Stanley of Alderley
1608:
1491:ā at Oxford University's Introduction to Logic.
1025:. Such a sentence as "The present President of
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1933:
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1511:
504:
364:
1258:(1950). "Russell's Theory of Descriptions".
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1021:maintains that Russell's theory commits the
996:that Jones, the person she has been calling
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2657:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
1947:
1940:
1926:
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1542:
1528:
1418:Neale, Stephen (2005). "A Century Later",
1298:(1). London: Honcques Lausās Press: 4ā14.
1189:Reimer, M., & Bezuidenhout, A., eds.,
972:assertion. This clearly misses her point.
818:
511:
497:
371:
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1458:Strawson, P. F. (1950). "On Referring",
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667:
531:'s most significant contribution to the
1840:Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley
1718:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
1475:ā section 2 of Ludlow's article on the
1453:Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
1446:Augsburg University of Applied Sciences
1403:The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1401:Ludlow, Peter. (2005). "Descriptions",
1224:
1152:. Oxford University Press. p. 43.
1109:Julia Langkau, Christian Nimtz (eds.),
915:existential assertion, but attempts to
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1750:In Praise of Idleness and Other Essays
1382:The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy
1147:
1921:
1523:
1510:
1316:
1310:
1215:Metaphysics, Mathematics, and Meaning
1141:
1122:
884:{\displaystyle \exists x(Dx\land Ax)}
798:'s problem of informative identities.
543:). In short, Russell argued that the
1726:Free Thought and Official Propaganda
1549:
1380:. (1999). "Theory of Descriptions",
1248:
1908:Category: Works by Bertrand Russell
1477:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy
1335:
1004:
13:
1100:, Walter de Gruyter, 2003, p. 107.
939:
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729:
708:
14:
2805:
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1455:, London: George Allen and Unwin.
906:
1902:
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1822:Conrad Russell, 5th Earl Russell
1660:
1495:Russell's Theory of Descriptions
1489:Russell's theory of descriptions
1483:Russell's Theory of Descriptions
1473:Russell's Theory of Descriptions
1440:14, pp. 479ā493. Online at
644:the current Emperor of Kentucky
537:Russell's theory of descriptions
390:
1834:John Russell, Viscount Amberley
1828:Frank Russell, 2nd Earl Russell
1766:A History of Western Philosophy
1427:Definite Descriptions: A Reader
1127:. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
1098:Introducing Analytic Philosophy
902:Criticism of Russell's analysis
2597:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
1852:John Russell, 1st Earl Russell
1816:John Russell, 4th Earl Russell
1372:References and further reading
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2478:Principle of compositionality
1678:The Principles of Mathematics
1425:Ostertag, Gary (ed.). (1998)
1396:Midwest Studies in Philosophy
1023:fallacy of too many questions
2627:Philosophical Investigations
1774:My Philosophical Development
1758:Power: A New Social Analysis
1432:Russell, Bertrand. (1905). "
1111:New Perspectives on Concepts
7:
2468:Modality (natural language)
1890:Professorship of Philosophy
1451:Russell, Bertrand. (1919).
1217:(Oxford: Clarendon, 2005),
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593:
439:Professorship of Philosophy
10:
2810:
2607:Language, Truth, and Logic
2347:Theological noncognitivism
2232:Contrast theory of meaning
2227:Causal theory of reference
1958:Index of language articles
1702:The Problems of Philosophy
1618:RussellāEinstein Manifesto
1317:Lycan, William G. (2008).
671:
656:law of the excluded middle
575:'s sense, particularly by
464:RussellāEinstein Manifesto
303:Predicate transformational
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2692:Philosophy of information
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823:Take as an example of an
586:(not to be confused with
539:(commonly abbreviated as
2617:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
1734:Why I Am Not a Christian
1581:CoplestonāRussell debate
1083:
956:There is an x such that:
831:There is an x such that:
459:CoplestonāRussell debate
399:This article is part of
2418:Useāmention distinction
2262:Direct reference theory
1411:Neale, Stephen (1990).
1391:, 75, pp. 281ā304.
1191:Descriptions and Beyond
1150:Descriptions and Beyond
1123:Neale, Stephen (1990).
1113:, Rodopi, 2010, p. 236.
986:Reference and Existence
819:Indefinite descriptions
618:Indefinite descriptions
552:metaphysical elements.
325:Abstract semantic graph
320:Abstract interpretation
2352:Theory of descriptions
2287:Linguistic determinism
1949:Philosophy of language
1875:Appointment court case
1860:(maternal grandmother)
1854:(paternal grandfather)
1643:PeanoāRussell notation
1596:Theory of descriptions
1485:ā by Thomas C Ryckman.
1422:114, pp. 809ā871.
1398:, 2, pp. 255ā276.
1361:10.1093/analys/13.5.97
1292:Honcques Laus's Review
1274:10.1093/analys/10.4.84
885:
825:indefinite description
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588:propositional calculus
584:propositional analysis
533:philosophy of language
525:theory of descriptions
479:Theory of descriptions
454:PeanoāRussell notation
444:Appointment court case
144:Theory of descriptions
113:Context (language use)
2463:Mental representation
2398:Linguistic relativity
2282:Inquisitive semantics
1694:Principia Mathematica
1462:59, pp. 320ā344.
1039:multiple-valued logic
886:
779:
680:definite descriptions
668:Definite descriptions
535:. It is also known as
244:programming languages
2794:Theories of language
2647:Naming and Necessity
2557:De Arte Combinatoria
2356:Definite description
2317:Semantic externalism
1415:Bradford, MIT Press.
1389:Philosophical Review
851:
839:x is being annoying.
705:
674:Definite description
654:. Furthermore, the
648:non-existent objects
188:Semantic file system
2697:Philosophical logic
2687:Analytic philosophy
2493:Sense and reference
2372:Verification theory
2327:Situation semantics
1810:Edith Finch Russell
1792:Alys Pearsall Smith
1742:Marriage and Morals
1573:Views on philosophy
1174:John Locke Lectures
1078:Sense and reference
527:is the philosopher
424:Views on philosophy
208:Semantic similarity
2547:Port-Royal Grammar
2443:Family resemblance
2362:Theory of language
2337:Supposition theory
1405:, E. Zalta (ed.).
1232:Stebbing, L. Susan
1096:Herbert Hochberg,
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569:generative grammar
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2272:Dynamic semantics
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1794:(wife, 1894ā1921)
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1648:Russell's paradox
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1497:special issue of
1328:978-0-415-95751-9
1047:third truth value
1012:L. Susan Stebbing
961:x murdered Smith;
678:Russell analyzes
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1885:Peace Foundation
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1804:Patricia Russell
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1053:William G. Lycan
1005:Other Objections
998:Smith's murderer
890:
888:
887:
882:
783:
781:
780:
775:
529:Bertrand Russell
513:
506:
499:
474:Russell's teapot
469:Russell Tribunal
433:Peace Foundation
429:Views on society
412:
411:
409:
408:Bertrand Russell
402:
394:
387:
386:
383:
382:
373:
366:
359:
251:
250:
203:Semantic parsing
193:Semantic desktop
171:Machine-learning
134:Semantic feature
121:Prototype theory
108:Compositionality
50:
49:
21:
20:
2809:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2799:
2798:
2779:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2771:
2766:
2743:
2722:School of Names
2675:
2670:
2660:
2650:
2640:
2637:Of Grammatology
2630:
2620:
2610:
2600:
2590:
2580:
2570:
2560:
2550:
2540:
2524:
2376:
2322:Semantic holism
2302:Non-cognitivism
2242:Conventionalism
2213:
1960:
1951:
1946:
1916:
1911:
1894:
1863:
1812:(wife, 1952ā70)
1806:(wife, 1936ā51)
1800:(wife, 1921ā35)
1780:
1665:
1652:
1627:
1600:
1586:Logical atomism
1560:
1553:
1548:
1513:
1469:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1340:
1336:
1329:
1315:
1311:
1285:
1281:
1253:
1249:
1244:(179): 355ā364.
1229:
1225:
1209:
1205:
1188:
1184:
1171:
1167:
1160:
1146:
1142:
1135:
1121:
1117:
1108:
1104:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1073:Russellian view
1069:
1043:laws of thought
1007:
982:
946:Keith Donnellan
942:
940:Keith Donnellan
909:
904:
852:
849:
848:
836:x is a dog; and
821:
706:
703:
702:
676:
670:
596:
565:Keith Donnellan
517:
488:
484:Logical atomism
407:
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243:
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90:
44:
17:
12:
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5:
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2473:Presupposition
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2274:
2269:
2264:
2259:
2254:
2252:Deconstruction
2249:
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2239:
2234:
2229:
2223:
2221:
2215:
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2212:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2196:
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2156:
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2041:
2036:
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2026:
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2016:
2011:
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2001:
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
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1961:
1956:
1953:
1952:
1945:
1944:
1937:
1930:
1922:
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1899:
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1524:
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1492:
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1480:
1468:
1467:External links
1465:
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1430:
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1409:
1399:
1392:
1385:
1373:
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1334:
1327:
1309:
1288:Laus, Honcques
1279:
1247:
1223:
1203:
1182:
1165:
1158:
1140:
1133:
1115:
1102:
1088:
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1033:Furthermore,
1006:
1003:
981:
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969:
968:
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912:P. F. Strawson
908:
907:P. F. Strawson
905:
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615:
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611:
607:
595:
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561:P. F. Strawson
519:
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493:
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476:
471:
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417:
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401:a series about
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217:
215:
213:Semantic query
210:
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182:
181:
177:
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168:
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126:Force dynamics
123:
117:
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97:
96:
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89:
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83:
78:
64:
58:
55:
54:
46:
45:
43:
42:
37:
31:
28:
27:
16:Russelian view
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2806:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
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2763:
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2720:
2718:
2717:Scholasticism
2715:
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2703:
2700:
2698:
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2335:
2333:
2332:Structuralism
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2318:
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2313:
2310:
2308:
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2283:
2280:
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2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2257:Descriptivism
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2245:
2243:
2240:
2238:
2237:Contrastivism
2235:
2233:
2230:
2228:
2225:
2224:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
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2177:
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2172:
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2120:
2117:
2115:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
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2087:
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2037:
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2032:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1975:
1972:
1971:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1950:
1943:
1938:
1936:
1931:
1929:
1924:
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1920:
1910:
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1897:
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1888:
1886:
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1739:
1736:
1735:
1731:
1728:
1727:
1723:
1720:
1719:
1715:
1712:
1711:
1710:Why Men Fight
1707:
1704:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
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1688:
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1397:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1383:
1379:
1378:Bertolet, Rod
1376:
1375:
1362:
1358:
1355:(5): 97ā111.
1354:
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1211:Salmon, N. U.
1207:
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1044:
1040:
1036:
1035:Honcques Laus
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1002:
999:
995:
991:
987:
977:
973:
966:
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960:
959:
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953:
949:
947:
944:According to
937:
933:
931:
926:
925:Stephen Neale
920:
918:
913:
899:
895:
875:
872:
869:
866:
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857:
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846:
845:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
828:
826:
816:
814:
805:
800:
797:
796:Gottlob Frege
793:
792:
791:
788:
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753:
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747:
741:
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732:
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723:
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629:
628:Gottlob Frege
624:
621:
619:
612:
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605:
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601:
591:
589:
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577:Stephen Neale
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226:Semantic wiki
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166:Computational
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62:Computational
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26:
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2575:
2565:
2555:
2545:
2535:
2517:
2458:Metalanguage
2453:Logical form
2408:Truth-bearer
2367:Unilalianism
2351:
2277:Expressivism
2104:Wittgenstein
2049:von Humboldt
1966:Philosophers
1900:
1880:Earl Russell
1798:Dora Russell
1772:
1764:
1756:
1748:
1740:
1732:
1724:
1716:
1708:
1700:
1692:
1684:
1676:
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1426:
1419:
1413:Descriptions
1412:
1402:
1395:
1388:
1381:
1352:
1346:
1337:
1318:
1312:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1268:(4): 84ā88.
1265:
1259:
1256:Geach, P. T.
1250:
1241:
1235:
1226:
1214:
1206:
1190:
1185:
1168:
1149:
1143:
1125:Descriptions
1124:
1118:
1110:
1105:
1097:
1092:
1058:
1051:
1032:
1017:
1008:
997:
993:
985:
983:
974:
970:
967:x is insane.
950:
943:
934:
930:Ernie Lepore
921:
916:
910:
896:
893:
842:
824:
822:
809:
806:values of X.
803:
789:
786:
696:
677:
643:
639:
636:
625:
622:
617:
616:
599:
597:
583:
581:
573:Noam Chomsky
554:
540:
536:
524:
522:
478:
288:Denotational
242:Semantics of
221:Semantic Web
180:Applications
143:
139:Semantic gap
18:
2702:Linguistics
2667:Limited Inc
2587:On Denoting
2413:Proposition
2064:de Saussure
2029:Ibn Khaldun
1848:(godfather)
1697:(1910ā1913)
1686:On Denoting
1636:Mathematics
1434:On Denoting
1407:Online text
1343:Pap, Arthur
1199:pp. 422ā423
1019:P. T. Geach
990:Saul Kripke
980:Saul Kripke
813:truth value
557:On Denoting
345:Linguistics
298:Operational
283:Concurrency
278:Categorical
81:Statistical
2783:Categories
2762:Discussion
2757:Task Force
2707:Pragmatics
2498:Speech act
2428:Categories
2342:Symbiosism
2297:Nominalism
2209:Watzlawick
2089:Bloomfield
2009:Chrysippus
1565:Philosophy
1442:Wikisource
1159:019927052X
1134:0262140454
1060:Arthur Pap
672:See also:
86:Structural
75:lexicology
35:Linguistic
2739:Semiotics
2727:Semantics
2577:Alciphron
2513:Statement
2448:Intension
2388:Ambiguity
2267:Dramatism
2247:Cratylism
1999:Eubulides
1994:Aristotle
1974:Confucius
1830:(brother)
1304:2755-1636
1197:, 2004),
1195:Clarendon
1193:(Oxford:
994:finds out
870:∧
855:∃
763:∧
745:→
730:∀
727:∧
709:∃
661:extension
650:into his
545:syntactic
273:Axiomatic
268:Algebraic
53:Subfields
25:Semantics
2752:Category
2712:Rhetoric
2537:Cratylus
2508:Sentence
2483:Property
2403:Language
2381:Concepts
2219:Theories
2184:Strawson
2169:Davidson
2159:Hintikka
2154:Anscombe
2099:Vygotsky
2054:Mauthner
2024:Averroes
2014:Zhuangzi
2004:Diodorus
1984:Cratylus
1842:(mother)
1836:(father)
1348:Analysis
1261:Analysis
1180:in 1973.
1067:See also
652:ontology
610:unknown.
594:Overview
549:semantic
340:Language
152:Analysis
103:Analysis
2519:more...
2423:Concept
2164:Dummett
2139:Gadamer
2134:Chomsky
2119:Derrida
2109:Russell
2094:Bergson
2079:Tillich
2039:Leibniz
1979:Gorgias
1868:Related
1027:Sealand
640:any dog
67:Lexical
40:Logical
2671:(1988)
2661:(1982)
2651:(1980)
2641:(1967)
2631:(1953)
2621:(1951)
2611:(1936)
2601:(1921)
2591:(1905)
2581:(1732)
2571:(1668)
2561:(1666)
2551:(1660)
2541:(n.d.)
2503:Symbol
2204:Searle
2194:Putnam
2144:Kripke
2129:Austin
2114:Carnap
2059:RicÅur
2044:Herder
2034:Hobbes
1906:
1785:Family
1777:(1959)
1769:(1945)
1761:(1938)
1753:(1935)
1745:(1929)
1737:(1927)
1729:(1922)
1721:(1919)
1713:(1916)
1705:(1912)
1689:(1905)
1681:(1903)
1325:
1302:
1219:p. 295
1178:Oxford
1156:
1131:
1045:. The
312:Theory
263:Action
161:Latent
95:Topics
2529:Works
2438:Class
2199:Lewis
2189:Quine
2174:Grice
2124:Whorf
2084:Sapir
2069:Frege
2019:Xunzi
1989:Plato
1824:(son)
1818:(son)
1670:Works
1084:Notes
632:Venus
254:Types
71:lexis
2488:Sign
2393:Cant
2179:Ryle
2149:Ayer
2074:Boas
1500:Mind
1460:Mind
1444:and
1438:Mind
1420:Mind
1323:ISBN
1300:ISSN
1237:Mind
1154:ISBN
1129:ISBN
659:the
600:Mind
563:and
523:The
293:Game
2433:Set
1436:",
1357:doi
1270:doi
1242:XLV
1176:at
984:In
917:use
804:all
590:).
571:in
541:RTD
2785::
2589:"
1353:13
1351:.
1294:.
1266:10
1264:.
1240:.
1213:,
988:,
73:,
2585:"
2358:)
2354:(
1941:e
1934:t
1927:v
1543:e
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1529:v
1479:.
1448:.
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1359::
1331:.
1306:.
1296:I
1276:.
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1201:.
1162:.
1137:.
879:)
876:x
873:A
867:x
864:D
861:(
858:x
772:)
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760:)
757:)
754:y
751:=
748:x
742:y
739:F
736:(
733:y
724:x
721:F
718:(
715:(
712:x
512:e
505:t
498:v
435:)
431:(
372:e
365:t
358:v
77:)
69:(
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