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will depend upon their meaning, and so logicians cannot completely avoid the need to provide some treatment of the meaning of these sentences. The semantics of logic refers to the approaches that logicians have introduced to understand and determine that part of meaning in which they are interested;
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outfitted with such a semantics. The truth conditions for quantified formulas are given purely in terms of truth with no appeal to domains whatsoever (and hence its name
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and has been shown equivalent to and a natural generalization of truth-value semantics. Like truth-value semantics, it is also non-referential in nature.
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are generally seen as the founders of this approach; it is heavily influenced by
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The main modern approaches to semantics for formal languages are the following:
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Study of the semantics, or interpretations, of formal and natural languages
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Socratic
Epistemology: Explorations of Knowledge-Seeking by Questioning
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An Essay
Towards a Real Character, and a Philosophical Language
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616:'s later philosophy, especially his aphorism "meaning is use".
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introduces innovations, but is broadly in the
Tarskian mold.
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usually trying to capture the pre-theoretic notion of
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has given some results in the areas of adequacy for
98:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
576:is given by a mapping from terms to a universe of
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764:The Cartesian Semantics of the Port Royal Logic
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197:. There might be a discussion about this on
636:in the early 1960s and later championed by
61:Learn how and when to remove these messages
3268:Wittgenstein on Rules and Private Language
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564:, and is one of the founding concepts of
497:of various sentences we may encounter in
235:Learn how and when to remove this message
217:Learn how and when to remove this message
158:Learn how and when to remove this message
748:, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
676:, which were originally investigated by
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96:adding citations to reliable sources
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3419:Formal semantics (natural language)
728:Formal semantics (natural language)
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758:, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
509:Until the advent of modern logic,
469:is the study of the semantics, or
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312:Semantics (programming languages)
42:This article has multiple issues.
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674:partially ordered quantification
668:made a resurgence mainly due to
250:For the linguistics branch, see
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83:needs additional citations for
50:or discuss these issues on the
3208:Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus
624:(also commonly referred to as
531:problem of multiple generality
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1:
3089:Principle of compositionality
2473:History of mathematical logic
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626:substitutional quantification
3238:Philosophical Investigations
2398:Primitive recursive function
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3079:Modality (natural language)
756:Critical Scientific Realism
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582:truth-conditional semantics
574:first-order predicate logic
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397:Programming language theory
392:Natural language processing
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3218:Language, Truth, and Logic
2958:Theological noncognitivism
2843:Contrast theory of meaning
2838:Causal theory of reference
2569:Index of language articles
1462:SchröderâBernstein theorem
1189:Monadic predicate calculus
848:Foundations of mathematics
666:game-theoretical semantics
256:Semantics (disambiguation)
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3303:Philosophy of information
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2903:Mediated reference theory
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417:Automated theorem proving
402:Computational linguistics
3228:Two Dogmas of Empiricism
558:semantic theory of truth
18:Formal semantics (logic)
3029:Useâmention distinction
2873:Direct reference theory
2145:Self-verifying theories
1966:Tarski's axiomatization
917:Tarski's undefinability
912:incompleteness theorems
761:John N. Martin (2019),
689:Probabilistic semantics
672:for logics of (finite)
477:and (idealizations of)
3404:Philosophy of language
2963:Theory of descriptions
2898:Linguistic determinism
2560:Philosophy of language
2519:Mathematics portal
2130:Proof of impossibility
1778:propositional variable
1088:Propositional calculus
529:, needed to solve the
377:Propositional calculus
254:. For other uses, see
3414:Theories of deduction
3074:Mental representation
3009:Linguistic relativity
2893:Inquisitive semantics
2388:Kolmogorov complexity
2341:Computably enumerable
2241:Model complete theory
2033:Principia Mathematica
1093:Propositional formula
922:BanachâTarski paradox
654:truth-value semantics
621:Truth-value semantics
537:, attempting to find
387:Mathematical notation
3258:Naming and Necessity
3168:De Arte Combinatoria
2967:Definite description
2928:Semantic externalism
2336:ChurchâTuring thesis
2323:Computability theory
1532:continuum hypothesis
1050:Square of opposition
908:Gödel's completeness
187:confusing or unclear
107:"Semantics of logic"
92:improve this article
3308:Philosophical logic
3298:Analytic philosophy
3104:Sense and reference
2983:Verification theory
2938:Situation semantics
2490:Mathematical object
2381:P versus NP problem
2346:Computable function
2140:Reverse mathematics
2066:Logical consequence
1943:primitive recursive
1938:elementary function
1711:Free/bound variable
1564:TarskiâGrothendieck
1083:Logical connectives
1013:Logical equivalence
863:Logical consequence
723:Algebraic semantics
628:) was advocated by
614:Ludwig Wittgenstein
483:logical consequence
412:Formal verification
327:Well-formed formula
195:clarify the article
3394:Mathematical logic
3158:Port-Royal Grammar
3054:Family resemblance
2973:Theory of language
2948:Supposition theory
2288:Transfer principle
2251:Semantics of logic
2236:Categorical theory
2212:Non-standard model
1726:Logical connective
853:Information theory
802:Mathematical logic
682:Henkin quantifiers
650:intensional logics
630:Ruth Barcan Marcus
522:De Interpretatione
463:semantics of logic
337:Regular expression
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2458:Abstract category
2261:Theories of truth
2071:Rule of inference
2061:Natural deduction
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1103:Many-valued logic
1078:Boolean functions
961:Russell's paradox
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833:First-order logic
715:Philosophy portal
548:The archetype of
479:natural languages
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307:Semantics (logic)
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2468:History of logic
2463:Category of sets
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1974:Boolean algebras
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2293:Truth predicate
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2115:Complete theory
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638:J. Michael Dunn
610:Michael Dummett
602:Gerhard Gentzen
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1780:
1775:
1770:
1760:
1759:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1707:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1681:
1676:
1674:Formation rule
1671:
1666:
1665:
1664:
1659:
1649:
1648:
1647:
1637:
1632:
1627:
1622:
1616:
1610:
1593:Formal systems
1589:
1588:
1585:
1584:
1582:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1536:
1535:
1534:
1529:
1518:
1516:
1512:
1511:
1509:
1508:
1507:
1506:
1496:
1491:
1490:
1489:
1482:Large cardinal
1479:
1474:
1469:
1464:
1459:
1445:
1444:
1443:
1438:
1433:
1418:
1416:
1406:
1405:
1403:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1380:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1360:
1355:
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1319:
1317:
1310:
1309:
1307:
1306:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1270:
1269:
1264:
1254:
1249:
1247:Extensionality
1244:
1242:Ordinal number
1239:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1222:
1211:
1205:
1199:
1198:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1134:
1132:
1126:
1125:
1123:
1122:
1121:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1095:
1090:
1085:
1080:
1075:
1069:
1067:
1061:
1060:
1058:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1042:
1037:
1032:
1027:
1026:
1025:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
995:
990:
984:
982:
973:
967:
966:
964:
963:
958:
953:
948:
943:
938:
926:Cantor's
924:
919:
914:
904:
902:
889:
888:
886:
885:
880:
875:
870:
865:
860:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
830:
825:
824:
823:
812:
810:
806:
805:
798:
797:
790:
783:
775:
769:
768:
759:
749:
735:
732:
731:
730:
725:
719:
718:
702:
699:
698:
697:
685:
680:, who studied
661:Game semantics
657:
617:
593:
570:interpretation
527:quantification
490:
487:
453:
452:
450:
449:
442:
435:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
414:
409:
404:
399:
394:
389:
384:
379:
374:
372:Formal methods
368:
364:
363:
362:
359:
358:
355:
354:
352:Atomic formula
349:
344:
339:
334:
329:
324:
322:Formation rule
319:
317:Formal grammar
314:
309:
304:
299:
294:
288:
284:
283:
282:
279:
278:
272:
271:
246:
243:
242:
225:
224:
182:
180:
173:
166:
165:
80:
78:
71:
66:
40:
39:
37:
30:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3431:
3420:
3417:
3415:
3412:
3410:
3407:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3391:
3389:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3351:
3348:
3344:
3341:
3340:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Scholasticism
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3295:
3293:
3289:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3265:
3260:
3259:
3255:
3250:
3249:
3245:
3240:
3239:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3225:
3220:
3219:
3215:
3210:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3195:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3180:
3179:
3175:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3160:
3159:
3155:
3150:
3149:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2959:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2949:
2946:
2944:
2943:Structuralism
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2931:
2929:
2926:
2924:
2921:
2919:
2916:
2914:
2911:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2868:Descriptivism
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2848:Contrastivism
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2827:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2726:
2723:
2721:
2718:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2574:
2570:
2565:
2561:
2554:
2549:
2547:
2542:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2531:
2521:
2520:
2515:
2507:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2466:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2455:
2452:
2450:
2447:
2445:
2442:
2440:
2437:
2435:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2408:Recursive set
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2358:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2263:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2218:
2217:of arithmetic
2215:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2201:
2198:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2188:
2186:
2183:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2165:
2164:
2161:
2160:
2158:
2156:
2152:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2124:from ZFC
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2107:
2104:
2103:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2053:
2051:
2049:
2045:
2035:
2034:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2023:non-Euclidean
2021:
2017:
2014:
2012:
2009:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1977:
1976:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1964:
1963:
1962:
1958:
1954:
1951:
1949:
1946:
1944:
1941:
1939:
1936:
1934:
1931:
1929:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1916:
1911:
1905:
1900:Example
1897:
1889:
1884:
1883:
1882:
1879:
1877:
1874:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1851:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1819:
1818:
1815:
1811:
1808:
1806:
1803:
1801:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1792:
1791:
1788:
1786:
1783:
1779:
1776:
1774:
1771:
1769:
1766:
1765:
1764:
1761:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1705:
1702:
1700:
1697:
1695:
1692:
1690:
1687:
1686:
1685:
1682:
1680:
1677:
1675:
1672:
1670:
1667:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:by definition
1655:
1654:
1653:
1650:
1646:
1643:
1642:
1641:
1638:
1636:
1633:
1631:
1628:
1626:
1623:
1621:
1618:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1600:
1594:
1590:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1560:
1557:
1555:
1552:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1544:KripkeâPlatek
1542:
1540:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1528:
1525:
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1517:
1513:
1505:
1502:
1501:
1500:
1497:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1434:
1432:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1419:
1417:
1415:
1411:
1407:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1388:constructible
1386:
1385:
1384:
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1359:
1356:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1268:
1265:
1263:
1260:
1259:
1258:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1248:
1245:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1213:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1200:
1190:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1158:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1150:
1146:
1141:
1140:
1139:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1127:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1105:
1104:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1091:
1089:
1086:
1084:
1081:
1079:
1076:
1074:
1071:
1070:
1068:
1066:
1065:Propositional
1062:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
1041:
1038:
1036:
1033:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1006:
1004:
1001:
999:
996:
994:
993:Logical truth
991:
989:
986:
985:
983:
981:
977:
974:
972:
968:
962:
959:
957:
954:
952:
949:
947:
944:
942:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
909:
906:
905:
903:
901:
895:
890:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
869:
866:
864:
861:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
829:
826:
822:
819:
818:
817:
814:
813:
811:
807:
803:
796:
791:
789:
784:
782:
777:
776:
773:
766:
765:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
746:
741:
738:
737:
729:
726:
724:
721:
720:
716:
705:
695:
691:
690:
686:
683:
679:
675:
671:
667:
663:
662:
658:
655:
651:
647:
643:
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:
594:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
554:Alfred Tarski
551:
547:
546:
545:
542:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
523:
519:, especially
518:
517:
512:
507:
505:
500:
496:
486:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
448:
443:
441:
436:
434:
429:
428:
426:
425:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
405:
403:
400:
398:
395:
393:
390:
388:
385:
383:
380:
378:
375:
373:
370:
369:
361:
360:
353:
350:
348:
345:
343:
340:
338:
335:
333:
330:
328:
325:
323:
320:
318:
315:
313:
310:
308:
305:
303:
300:
298:
295:
293:
292:Formal system
290:
289:
281:
280:
277:
274:
273:
269:
268:
263:
262:
257:
253:
239:
236:
221:
218:
210:
207:December 2022
200:
199:the talk page
196:
190:
188:
183:This article
181:
172:
171:
162:
159:
151:
140:
137:
133:
130:
126:
123:
119:
116:
112:
109: â
108:
104:
103:Find sources:
97:
93:
87:
86:
81:This article
79:
75:
70:
69:
64:
62:
55:
54:
49:
48:
43:
38:
29:
28:
19:
3399:Model theory
3276:
3266:
3256:
3246:
3236:
3226:
3216:
3206:
3186:
3176:
3166:
3156:
3146:
3128:
3069:Metalanguage
3064:Logical form
3019:Truth-bearer
2978:Unilalianism
2888:Expressivism
2715:Wittgenstein
2660:von Humboldt
2577:Philosophers
2510:
2308:Ultraproduct
2250:
2155:Model theory
2120:Independence
2056:Formal proof
2048:Proof theory
2031:
2004:
1961:real numbers
1933:second-order
1844:Substitution
1721:Metalanguage
1662:conservative
1635:Axiom schema
1579:Constructive
1549:MorseâKelley
1515:Set theories
1494:Aleph number
1487:inaccessible
1393:Grothendieck
1277:intersection
1164:Higher-order
1152:Second-order
1098:Truth tables
1055:Venn diagram
838:Formal proof
767:, Routledge.
762:
755:
743:
694:Hartry Field
687:
665:
659:
653:
646:James Garson
634:modal logics
625:
619:
595:
566:model theory
549:
543:
520:
514:
508:
492:
466:
462:
456:
365:Applications
306:
285:Key concepts
266:
231:
213:
204:
193:Please help
184:
154:
145:
135:
128:
121:
114:
102:
90:Please help
85:verification
82:
58:
51:
45:
44:Please help
41:
3313:Linguistics
3278:Limited Inc
3198:On Denoting
3024:Proposition
2675:de Saussure
2640:Ibn Khaldun
2418:Type theory
2366:undecidable
2298:Truth value
2185:equivalence
1864:non-logical
1477:Enumeration
1467:Isomorphism
1414:cardinality
1398:Von Neumann
1363:Ultrafilter
1328:Uncountable
1262:equivalence
1179:Quantifiers
1169:Fixed-point
1138:First-order
1018:Consistency
1003:Proposition
980:Traditional
951:Lindström's
941:Compactness
883:Type theory
828:Cardinality
678:Leon Henkin
642:Nuel Belnap
606:Dag Prawitz
578:individuals
504:proposition
3388:Categories
3373:Discussion
3368:Task Force
3318:Pragmatics
3109:Speech act
3039:Categories
2953:Symbiosism
2908:Nominalism
2820:Watzlawick
2700:Bloomfield
2620:Chrysippus
2229:elementary
1922:arithmetic
1790:Quantifier
1768:functional
1640:Expression
1358:Transitive
1302:identities
1287:complement
1220:hereditary
1203:Set theory
734:References
535:term logic
342:Production
189:to readers
148:April 2011
118:newspapers
47:improve it
3409:Semantics
3350:Semiotics
3338:Semantics
3188:Alciphron
3124:Statement
3059:Intension
2999:Ambiguity
2878:Dramatism
2858:Cratylism
2610:Eubulides
2605:Aristotle
2585:Confucius
2500:Supertask
2403:Recursion
2361:decidable
2195:saturated
2173:of models
2096:deductive
2091:axiomatic
2011:Hilbert's
1998:Euclidean
1979:canonical
1902:axiomatic
1834:Signature
1763:Predicate
1652:Extension
1574:Ackermann
1499:Operation
1378:Universal
1368:Recursive
1343:Singleton
1338:Inhabited
1323:Countable
1313:Types of
1297:power set
1267:partition
1184:Predicate
1130:Predicate
1045:Syllogism
1035:Soundness
1008:Inference
998:Tautology
900:paradoxes
511:Aristotle
499:arguments
252:Semantics
53:talk page
3363:Category
3323:Rhetoric
3148:Cratylus
3119:Sentence
3094:Property
3014:Language
2992:Concepts
2830:Theories
2795:Strawson
2780:Davidson
2770:Hintikka
2765:Anscombe
2710:Vygotsky
2665:Mauthner
2635:Averroes
2625:Zhuangzi
2615:Diodorus
2595:Cratylus
2485:Logicism
2478:timeline
2454:Concrete
2313:Validity
2283:T-schema
2276:Kripke's
2271:Tarski's
2266:semantic
2256:Strength
2205:submodel
2200:spectrum
2168:function
2016:Tarski's
2005:Elements
1992:geometry
1948:Robinson
1869:variable
1854:function
1827:spectrum
1817:Sentence
1773:variable
1716:Language
1669:Relation
1630:Automata
1620:Alphabet
1604:language
1458:-jection
1436:codomain
1422:Function
1383:Universe
1353:Infinite
1257:Relation
1040:Validity
1030:Argument
928:theorem,
754:(1999),
742:(2007),
701:See also
562:T-schema
489:Overview
297:Alphabet
267:a series
264:Part of
3130:more...
3034:Concept
2775:Dummett
2750:Gadamer
2745:Chomsky
2730:Derrida
2720:Russell
2705:Bergson
2690:Tillich
2650:Leibniz
2590:Gorgias
2427:Related
2224:Diagram
2122: (
2101:Hilbert
2086:Systems
2081:Theorem
1959:of the
1904:systems
1684:Formula
1679:Grammar
1595: (
1539:General
1252:Forcing
1237:Element
1157:Monadic
932:paradox
873:Theorem
809:General
539:calculi
516:Organon
185:may be
132:scholar
3282:(1988)
3272:(1982)
3262:(1980)
3252:(1967)
3242:(1953)
3232:(1951)
3222:(1936)
3212:(1921)
3202:(1905)
3192:(1732)
3182:(1668)
3172:(1666)
3162:(1660)
3152:(n.d.)
3114:Symbol
2815:Searle
2805:Putnam
2755:Kripke
2740:Austin
2725:Carnap
2670:RicĆur
2655:Herder
2645:Hobbes
2190:finite
1953:Skolem
1906:
1881:Theory
1849:Symbol
1839:String
1822:atomic
1699:ground
1694:closed
1689:atomic
1645:ground
1608:syntax
1504:binary
1431:domain
1348:Finite
1113:finite
971:Logics
930:
878:Theory
461:, the
302:Syntax
134:
127:
120:
113:
105:
3140:Works
3049:Class
2810:Lewis
2800:Quine
2785:Grice
2735:Whorf
2695:Sapir
2680:Frege
2630:Xunzi
2600:Plato
2180:Model
1928:Peano
1785:Proof
1625:Arity
1554:Naive
1441:image
1373:Fuzzy
1333:Empty
1282:union
1227:Class
868:Model
858:Lemma
816:Axiom
473:, of
459:logic
139:JSTOR
125:books
3099:Sign
3004:Cant
2790:Ryle
2760:Ayer
2685:Boas
2303:Type
2106:list
1910:list
1887:list
1876:Term
1810:rank
1704:open
1598:list
1410:Maps
1315:sets
1174:Free
1144:list
894:list
821:list
632:for
608:and
493:The
111:news
3044:Set
1990:of
1972:of
1920:of
1452:Sur
1426:Map
1233:Ur-
1215:Set
664:or
572:of
556:'s
552:is
513:'s
465:or
457:In
94:by
3390::
3200:"
2376:NP
2000::
1994::
1924::
1601:),
1456:Bi
1448:In
656:).
640:,
604:,
588:.
485:.
270:on
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