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practice was insufficient to pay for his morning cup of coffee. His reputation quickly grew however; Billroth had an infectious personality, attracting both students and surgical trainees to his ranks. He was loved by his students, and was an effective undergraduate as well as graduate teacher. Students flocked to his lectures, and with the cooperation of energetic colleagues, he was able to raise the
Medical Faculty of Zurich to a prominent position among German speaking schools in only a few years.
414:. He had radical ideas on surgical training, advocating a prolonged surgical apprenticeship on completion of medical studies consisting of preliminary work in hospitals followed by performing operations on cadavers and experimental animals. This would be followed by a 2-3 year assistantship in a surgical department with studies of the surgical literature and the acquisition of advanced practical skills. Among his disciples were the notable surgeons
458:'s piano concerto and his own works in Zurich. After Billroth had moved to Vienna in 1867 they became close friends and shared many musical insights. Brahms frequently sent Billroth his original manuscripts in order to get his opinion before publication, and Billroth participated as a musician in trial rehearsals of many of Brahms' chamber works before their first performances. Brahms dedicated his first two string quartets, Opus 51, to Billroth.
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392:. On January 29, 1881, after many ill-fated attempts, Billroth performed the first successful resection for antral carcinoma on Therese Heller, who lived for almost 4 months and died of liver metastases. He accomplished this operation by closing the greater curvature side of the stomach and anastomosing the lesser curvature to the duodenum, in an operation that is still known as the Billroth I to this day.
340:(Vienna General Hospital). Though he laid the foundation of his fame at Zurich, it was in Vienna, a larger and more conspicuous theater, that he established himself as the power that he was in the surgical world. A speech he gave in 1875, protesting influxes of Jewish medical students, has been counted as one of the first events in the development of Viennese political anti-Semitism.
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Billroth passed his restless intellectual spirit to numerous distinguished students, creating the "Billroth School" of followers. No aspect of his profession seemed to escape his intense scrutiny, be it research, teaching, administration, or nursing. He not only had something valuable to say about
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He was so impressed by the horrors of war that he was ever afterwards an ardent advocate of peace. On
December 3, 1891, he delivered an address on the care of the wounded in war which made a profound sensation and led to large sums of money being voted by the Austrian legislative chambers for the
317:
to become the Chair of
Clinical Surgery, becoming director of the surgical hospital and clinic in Zurich. The beginning of his career in Switzerland was unpromising: during his first semester of teaching, he had only ten students, and he himself said that the income he received from his private
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techniques in his surgical practice, and the number of surgical patients afflicted with wound fever greatly decreased. With the threat of fatal surgical infections lessened through his work and others’, Billroth proceeded to turn his attention to surgery and the pioneering field of altering or
384:, completely excising a cancerous larynx. He was the first surgeon to excise a rectal cancer and by 1876, he had performed 33 such operations. By 1881, Billroth had made intestinal surgery seem almost commonplace. But his most famous accomplishment is unquestionably the first successful
500:, Billroth never saw science and music as being in conflict. On the contrary, he considered the two to complement each other. "It is one of the superficialities of our time to see in science and in art two opposites," he wrote in a letter. "Imagination is the mother of both."
480:
Billroth started an essay called "Wer ist musikalisch?" ("Who is musical?"), which was published posthumously by
Hanslick. It was one of the earliest attempts to apply scientific methods to musicality. In the essay, Billroth identifies different types of amusicality
343:
During the Franco-Prussian War, Billroth did excellent work in the military hospital at
Mannheim and Weissenburg, treating a variety of horrific battlefield injuries with aggressive and ambitious surgeries; he embodied his experience of war surgery in his
329:) (1863). At the same time he introduced the concept of audits, publishing all results, good and bad, which automatically resulted in honest discussion on morbidity, mortality, and techniques – with resultant improvements in patient selection.
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each but often saw to it that his ideas became concrete reality. In all the spheres he sought to influence, he was guided by a belief in the unity of science and art, and by confidence in his own ability to effect change.
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degree in 1848. Billroth was an indifferent student, and spent more time practicing piano than studying. Torn between a career as a musician or as a physician, he acceded to his mother's wishes and enrolled himself at the
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Billroth's literary activity was widespread, with the total number of published books and papers of which he was the author numbering about one hundred and forty. He collaborated with
352:
He did not limit himself to surgery only, and conducted extensive research on an ailment that affected many surgery patients at the time: wound fever. His treatise on wound fever,
403:(1882). To this, Billroth contributed the section on Scrofulosis and Tuberculosis, Injuries and Diseases of the Breast, Instruments and Operations, Burns, Frostbites, etc.
477:, Billroth supported Brahms, but was always fair and measured in his comments. "Wagner was indeed a very considerable talent in many directions," he wrote in 1888.
516:"; a distinction rarely bestowed on members of the medical profession. In 1888, Theodor Billroth was elected member of the German Academy of Sciences Leopoldina.
1121:
1116:
717:
Gussenbauer, Karl (1874). "Ăśber die erste durch Th. Billroth am ausgefĂĽhrte
Kehlkopf-Extirpation und die Anwendung eines kĂĽnstlichen Kehlkopfes".
485:, rhythm-deafness and harmony-deafness) that suggest some of the different cognitive skills involved in the perception of music. Billroth died in
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376:), Billroth was directly responsible for a number of landmarks in surgery; in 1872, he was the first to conduct an
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380:, removing a section of the oesophagus and joining the remaining parts together. In 1873, he performed the first
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in 1867, in succession to Franz Schuh; there, he practiced surgery as chief of the Second
Surgical Clinic at the
270:
884:
Roses, Daniel F. (1989-01-01). "Review of The
Surgeon's Surgeon: Theodor Billroth 1829–1894, Vol. 3".
988:
218:, a leading patron of the Viennese musical scene, and one of the first to attempt a scientific analysis of
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790:
Weil, Peter H.; Buchberger, Robert (1999-07-01). "From
Billroth to PCV: A Century of Gastric Surgery".
539:
266:
262:
104:
442:
Billroth was a talented amateur pianist and violinist. During his time in Zurich he regularly played
682:
Hardy, Susan; Corones, Anthony (2015). "Dressed to Heal: The
Changing Semiotics of Surgical Dress".
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to study medicine, but gave up the whole of his first term to the study of music; Professor
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583:"Theodor Billroth, M.D., Professor Of Clinical Surgery In The University Of Vienna".
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Billroth and Brahms, together with the acerbic and influential Viennese music critic
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program was greatly influenced by Billroth's own methods of surgical education.
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Billroth was instrumental in establishing the first modern school of thought in
1035:. Vol. 23, pp. 385–392. Würzburg: Verlag Königshausen & Neumann GmbH, 2004.
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Letter written Sept. 3, 1888, translated in Dorothy Schullian and Max Schoen,
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As a surgeon, he is generally regarded as the founding father of modern
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360:”) concluded that the cause was bacterial; Billroth was quick to use
1012:. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 129–131.
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Untersuchungen ĂĽber die Vegetationsformen von Coccobacteria septica
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removing organs that had previously been considered inaccessible.
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203:(26 April 1829 – 6 February 1894) was a German
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Members of the German National Academy of Sciences Leopoldina
1006:
Engel, H. (1970–1980). "Billroth, Christian Albert Theodor".
1041:
Epstein, Joel (2022). "Theodor Billroth, Friend of Brahms".
1031:
Telitschkin I., "Theodor Billroth (1829–1894) in Russland".
661:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 34, 167.
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Music for the Love of It: Episodes in Amateur Music-Making
646:. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
321:
While in Zurich, Billroth published his classic textbook
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provision of adequate means of succour for the wounded.
242:
when Billroth was five years old. He attended school in
214:. As a musician, he was a close friend and confidant of
886:
Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences
540:"Christian Albert Theodor Billroth: Master of surgery"
736:
Stell, P. M. (April 1975). "The first laryngectomy".
118:
Being the founding father of modern abdominal surgery
1027:
Christian Albert Theodor Billroth: Master of surgery
508:In 1887 Billroth was made a member of the Austrian
323:
Die allgemeine chirurgische Pathologie und Therapie
659:Vienna and the Jews, 1867-1938: A cultural history
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356:(1874; “Investigations of the Vegetal Forms of
346:Surgical Letters from Mannheim and Weissenburg.
313:. In 1860, Billroth accepted an offer from the
301:From 1853 to 1860 Billroth was an assistant in
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332:He was appointed professor of surgery at the
269:, and completed his medical doctorate at the
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309:in Berlin. There he was also apprenticed to
939:Bulletin of the Medical Library Association
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1122:Academic staff of the University of Vienna
1117:Academic staff of the University of Zurich
1033:WĂĽrzburger medizinhistorische Mitteilungen
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637:"Billroth, Albert Christian Theodor"
238:, the son of a pastor. His father died of
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1071:International Music Score Library Project
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493:, before he could complete the research.
129:Applying scientific methods to musicality
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183:
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496:Excelling at both his vocation and his
401:Textbook of General and Special Surgery
1142:Burials at the Vienna Central Cemetery
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327:General Surgical Pathology and Therapy
1132:Emigrants from the Kingdom of Prussia
1127:People from the Province of Pomerania
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735:
1162:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
1102:Surgeons from the Kingdom of Prussia
922:(1948) New York, Henry Schuman, Inc.
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738:Journal of Laryngology & Otology
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446:with professional musicians such as
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154:Surgical hospital and clinic, Zurich
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1009:Dictionary of Scientific Biography
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977:. Bonnier Corporation. July 1894.
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473:. In the conflict, known as the
201:Christian Albert Theodor Billroth
42:Christian Albert Theodor Billroth
547:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
261:, however, took him with him to
1147:Violinists from Austria-Hungary
1112:University of Greifswald alumni
1107:Physicians from Austria-Hungary
1067:Free scores by Theodor Billroth
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935:"Theodor Billroth As Musician"
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719:Archiv fĂĽr Klinische Chirurgie
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285:(1829–1905), Billroth went to
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1152:Pianists from Austria-Hungary
1137:Immigrants to Austria-Hungary
849:(3357): 851–852. 1925-01-01.
696:10.1080/1362704X.2015.1077653
591:(1728): 335–336. 1894-01-01.
1097:People from Bergen auf RĂĽgen
538:Kazi, RA; Peter, RE (2004).
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271:Frederick William University
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931:Letter to Lubke, quoted in
843:The British Medical Journal
585:The British Medical Journal
374:Seligmann's c.1890 painting
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305:’s surgical clinic at the
190:Theodor Billroth Operating
1177:Physicians of the Charité
750:10.1017/S0022215100080488
368:An early adopter of the "
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416:Alexander von Winiwarter
255:University of Greifswald
226:Early life and education
101:University of Greifswald
989:"Mitgliederverzeichnis"
657:Beller, Steven (1989).
643:Encyclopædia Britannica
303:Bernhard von Langenbeck
267:University of Göttingen
105:University of Göttingen
16:German-Austrian surgeon
1172:19th-century musicians
1045:. Juwal Publications.
933:Sunderman, FW (1937).
898:10.1093/jhmas/44.2.251
855:10.1136/bmj.1.3357.847
597:10.1136/bmj.1.1728.335
338:Allgemeine Krankenhaus
246:where he obtained his
207:and amateur musician.
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160:Allgemeine Krankenhaus
358:Coccobacteria septica
230:Billroth was born at
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475:War of the Romantics
430:'s pioneer surgical
420:Jan Mikulicz-Radecki
334:University of Vienna
315:University of Zurich
277:in 1852. Along with
163:University of Vienna
157:University of Zurich
109:University of Berlin
920:Music and Medicine
804:10.1007/PL00012379
236:Kingdom of Prussia
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195:Adalbert Seligmann
1019:978-0-684-10114-9
975:"Popular Science"
297:Career in surgery
212:abdominal surgery
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120:First successful
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372:" (as shown in
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169:Sub-specialties
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76:(1894-02-06)
1092:1894 deaths
1087:1829 births
553:(1): 82–3.
471:Franz Liszt
386:gastrectomy
122:gastrectomy
1081:Categories
725:: 343–356.
510:Herrenhaus
370:white coat
362:antiseptic
244:Greifswald
220:musicality
141:Profession
48:1829-04-26
871:220015423
812:0364-2313
758:0022-2151
704:193121532
613:219999642
520:Footnotes
498:avocation
432:residency
263:Göttingen
97:Education
60:Pomerania
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863:25445076
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605:20227454
559:15048012
1073:(IMSLP)
1069:at the
766:1092780
504:Honours
487:Opatija
412:surgery
307:Charité
287:Trieste
234:in the
205:surgeon
145:Surgeon
82:Opatija
64:Prussia
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249:Abitur
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609:S2CID
601:JSTOR
543:(PDF)
438:Music
399:on a
1047:ISBN
1014:ISBN
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816:PMID
808:ISSN
762:PMID
754:ISSN
663:ISBN
555:PMID
469:and
450:and
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388:for
124:for
71:Died
38:Born
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