56:
2759:
260:
1782:, exhaustion, low physical activity, and slowed walking speed. A healthy person scores 0; a very frail person scores 5. Compared to non-frail elderly people, people with intermediate frailty scores (2 or 3) are twice as likely to have post-surgical complications, spend 50% more time in the hospital, and are three times as likely to be discharged to a skilled nursing facility instead of to their own homes. People who are frail and elderly (score of 4 or 5) have even worse outcomes, with the risk of being discharged to a nursing home rising to twenty times the rate for non-frail elderly people.
2790:
5028:
45:
1307:
holding area is where documentation is reviewed and where family members can also meet the surgical team. Nurses in the preoperative holding area confirm orders and answer additional questions of the family members of the patient prior to surgery. In the pre-operative holding area, the person preparing for surgery changes out of their street clothes and are asked to confirm the details of his or her surgery as previously discussed during the process of informed consent. A set of vital signs are recorded, a peripheral
1926:
indicators, (2) partnership with local champions, (3) broad stakeholder engagement, (4) consensus building and synthesis of ideas, (5) language refinement, (6) costing, (7) dissemination, and (8) implementation. This approach has been widely adopted and has served as guiding principles between international collaborators and local institutions and governments. Successful implementations have allowed for sustainability in terms of longterm monitoring, quality improvement, and continued political and financial support.
2778:
2353:
2032:
7898:
2342:
7928:
2133:
7938:
1254:
1845:, first brought attention to the disparities in surgery and surgical care in 1980 when he stated in his address to the World Congress of the International College of Surgeons, "'the vast majority of the world's population has no access whatsoever to skilled surgical care and little is being done to find a solution.As such, surgical care globally has been described as the 'neglected stepchild of global health,' a term coined by
1882:– which are considered a minimum level of care that first-level hospitals should be able to provide in order to capture the most basic emergency surgical care. In terms of the financial impact on the patients, the lack of adequate surgical and anesthesia care has resulted in 33 million individuals every year facing catastrophic health expenditure – the out-of-pocket healthcare cost exceeding 40% of a given household's income.
2633:
7918:
7908:
1486:– may be severed pieces of tissue cut from the same (or different) body or flaps of tissue still partly connected to the body but resewn for rearranging or restructuring of the area of the body in question. Although grafting is often used in cosmetic surgery, it is also used in other surgery. Grafts may be taken from one area of the person's body and inserted to another area of the body. An example is
1954:
subsequently interpreted to mean "requiring measures to improve… emergency obstetric services". Article 12.2d of the ICESCR stipulates the need for "the creation of conditions which would assure to all medical service and medical attention in the event of sickness", and is interpreted in the 2000 comment to include timely access to "basic preventative, curative services… for appropriate treatment of
3015:
55:
1655:
assessed, and the surgical site is checked for signs of infection. There are several risk factors associated with postoperative complications, such as immune deficiency and obesity. Obesity has long been considered a risk factor for adverse post-surgical outcomes. It has been linked to many disorders such as obesity
1142:, and other equipment. Among United States hospitalizations for non-maternal and non-neonatal conditions in 2012, more than one-fourth of stays and half of hospital costs involved stays that included operating room (OR) procedures. The environment and procedures used in surgery are governed by the principles of
1579:, in the Medical and Surgical Section 0, root operation Q, means restoring, to the extent possible, a body part to its normal anatomic structure and function. This definition, repair, is used only when the method used to accomplish the repair is not one of the other root operations. Examples would be
1445:
is used to prevent infection or further spreading of the disease. The surgeons' and assistants' hands, wrists and forearms are washed thoroughly for at least 4 minutes to prevent germs getting into the operative field, then sterile gloves are placed onto their hands. An antiseptic solution is applied
1100:
that may require re-excision to avoid local recurrence. Reoperation can be performed in the acute phase, or it can be also performed months to years later if the surgery failed to solve the indicated problem. Reoperation can also be planned as a staged operation where components of the procedure are
5769:
Price R, Makasa E, Hollands M (September 2015). "World Health
Assembly Resolution WHA68.15: "Strengthening Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and Anesthesia as a Component of Universal Health Coverage"—Addressing the Public Health Gaps Arising from Lack of Safe, Affordable and Accessible Surgical
2733:
equipment, instituted rigorous hand washing and later implemented the wearing of rubber gloves. These three crucial advances – the adoption of a scientific methodology toward surgical operations, the use of anaesthetic and the introduction of sterilised equipment – laid the groundwork for the modern
2216:
In 1991 at the
Polystylon fort in Greece, researchers discovered the head of a Byzantine warrior of the 14th century. Analysis of the lower jaw revealed that a surgery has been performed, when the warrior was alive, to the jaw which had been badly fractured and it tied back together until it healed.
1905:
Data from WHO and the World Bank indicate that scaling up infrastructure to enable access to surgical care in regions where it is currently limited or is non-existent is a low-cost measure relative to the significant morbidity and mortality caused by lack of surgical treatment. In fact, a systematic
1731:
Through a retrospective analysis of national administrative data, the association between mortality and day of elective surgical procedure suggests a higher risk in procedures carried out later in the working week and on weekends. The odds of death were 44% and 82% higher respectively when comparing
1416:
to prevent bleeding, and retractors may be used to expose the site or keep the incision open. The approach to the surgical site may involve several layers of incision and dissection, as in abdominal surgery, where the incision must traverse skin, subcutaneous tissue, three layers of muscle and then
1207:
Some medical systems have a practice of routinely performing chest x-rays before surgery. The premise behind this practice is that the physician might discover some unknown medical condition which would complicate the surgery, and that upon discovering this with the chest x-ray, the physician would
2212:
ten skeletal remains, four women and six men, who were buried between the fourth and seventh centuries A.D. Their bones illuminated their physical activities, traumas, and even a complex form of brain surgery. According to the researchers: "The very serious trauma cases sustained by both males and
1953:
Woven through the
International Human and Health Rights literature is the right to be free from surgical disease. The 1966 ICESCR Article 12.2a described the need for "provision for the reduction of the stillbirth-rate and of infant mortality and for the healthy development of the child" which was
1704:
may be prescribed during and after the recovery period. A recent post-operative care philosophy has been early ambulation. Ambulation is getting the patient moving around. This can be as simple as sitting up or even walking around. The goal is to get the patient moving as early as possible. It has
2473:
approach to the science and was renowned around Europe for the quality of his research and his written works. Hunter reconstructed surgical knowledge from scratch; refusing to rely on the testimonies of others, he conducted his own surgical experiments to determine the truth of the matter. To aid
1306:
A surgical team may include a surgeon, anesthetist, a circulating nurse, and a "scrub tech", or surgical technician, as well as other assistants who provide equipment and supplies as required. While informed consent discussions may be performed in a clinic or acute care setting, the pre-operative
1219:
for people who have an unremarkable medical history and presented with a physical exam which did not indicate a chest x-ray. Routine x-ray examination is more likely to result in problems like misdiagnosis, overtreatment, or other negative outcomes than it is to result in a benefit to the person.
1759:
Data from 2003 to 2011 showed that U.S. hospital costs were highest for the surgical service line; the surgical service line costs were $ 17,600 in 2003 and projected to be $ 22,500 in 2013. For hospital stays in 2012 in the United States, private insurance had the highest percentage of surgical
1860:
In 2015, the Lancet
Commission on Global Surgery (LCoGS) published the landmark report titled "Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development", describing the large, pre-existing burden of surgical diseases in low- and middle-income countries
1368:
may be used when the surgical site is too large or deep for a local block, but general anesthesia may not be desirable. With local and spinal anesthesia, the surgical site is anesthetized, but the person can remain conscious or minimally sedated. In contrast, general anesthesia may render the
2624:
who noticed that medical students fresh from the dissecting room were causing excess maternal death compared to midwives. Semmelweis, despite ridicule and opposition, introduced compulsory handwashing for everyone entering the maternal wards and was rewarded with a plunge in maternal and fetal
1861:(LMICs) and future directions for increasing universal access to safe surgery by the year 2030. The Commission highlighted that about 5 billion people lack access to safe and affordable surgical and anesthesia care and 143 million additional procedures were needed every year to prevent further
1739:
Postoperative recovery has been defined as an energy‐requiring process to decrease physical symptoms, reach a level of emotional well‐being, regain functions, and re‐establish activities. Moreover, it has been identified that patients who have undergone surgery are often not fully recovered on
7094:
Bartolo, M., Bargellesi, S., Castioni, C. A., Intiso, D., Fontana, A., Copetti, M., Scarponi, F., Bonaiuti, D., & Intensive Care and
Neurorehabilitation Italian Study Group (2017). Mobilization in early rehabilitation in intensive care unit patients with severe acquired brain injury: An
1925:
A key policy framework that arose from this renewed global commitment towards surgical care worldwide is the
National Surgical Obstetric and Anesthesia Plan (NSOAP). NSOAP focuses on policy-to-action capacity building for surgical care with tangible steps as follows: (1) analysis of baseline
1869:
from treatable surgical conditions as well as a $ 12.3 trillion loss in economic productivity by the year 2030. This was especially true in the poorest countries, which account for over one-third of the population but only 3.5% of all surgeries that occur worldwide. It emphasized the need to
1735:
Postoperative pain affects an estimated 80% of people who underwent surgery. While pain is expected after surgery, there is growing evidence that pain may be inadequately treated in many people in the acute period immediately after surgery. It has been reported that incidence of inadequately
1654:
and closely monitored. When the person is judged to have recovered from the anesthesia, he/she is either transferred to a surgical ward elsewhere in the hospital or discharged home. During the post-operative period, the person's general function is assessed, the outcome of the procedure is
2123:
In 1982 archaeologists were able to find significant evidence when the ancient land, called 'Alahana
Pirivena' situated in Polonnaruwa, with ruins, was excavated. In that place ruins of an ancient hospital emerged. The hospital building was 147.5 feet in width and 109.2 feet in length. The
2425:(sometimes spelled "Ambrose"), a French army surgeon from the 1530s until his death in 1590. The practice for cauterizing gunshot wounds on the battlefield had been to use boiling oil; an extremely dangerous and painful procedure. Paré began to employ a less irritating emollient, made of
1950:(CESCR) interpreted this to mean "right to the enjoyment of a variety of facilities, goods, services, and conditions necessary for the realization of the highest attainable health". Surgical care can be thereby viewed as a positive right – an entitlement to protective healthcare.
7100:
Ni, C.-yan, Wang, Z.-hong, Huang, Z.-ping, Zhou, H., Fu, L.-juan, Cai, H., Huang, X.-xuan, Yang, Y., Li, H.-fen, & Zhou, W.-ping. (2018). Early enforced mobilization after liver resection: A prospective randomized controlled trial. International
Journal of Surgery, 54,
5679:
O'Neill KM, Greenberg SL, Cherian M, Gillies RD, Daniels KM, Roy N, et al. (November 2016). "Bellwether
Procedures for Monitoring and Planning Essential Surgical Care in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Caesarean Delivery, Laparotomy, and Treatment of Open Fractures".
7112:
Stethen, T. W., Ghazi, Y. A., Heidel, R. E., Daley, B. J., Barnes, L., Patterson, D., & McLoughlin, J. M. (2018). Walking to recovery: the effects of missed ambulation events on postsurgical recovery after bowel resection. Journal of gastrointestinal oncology, 9(5),
1736:
controlled pain after surgery ranged from 25.1% to 78.4% across all surgical disciplines. There is insufficient evidence to determine if giving opioid pain medication pre-emptively (before surgery) reduces postoperative pain the amount of medication needed after surgery.
1705:
been found to shorten the patient's length of stay. Length of stay is the amount of time a patient spends in the hospital after surgery before they are discharged. In a recent study done with lumbar decompressions, the patient's length of stay was decreased by 1–3 days.
2615:
The introduction of anesthetics encouraged more surgery, which inadvertently caused more dangerous patient post-operative infections. The concept of infection was unknown until relatively modern times. The first progress in combating infection was made in 1847 by the
1777:
people are at significant risk of post-surgical complications and the need for extended care. Assessment of older people before elective surgery can accurately predict the person's recovery trajectories. One frailty scale uses five items: unintentional weight loss,
2106:
is one of the oldest known surgical texts and its period is usually placed in the first millennium BCE. It describes in detail the examination, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of numerous ailments, as well as procedures for various forms of cosmetic surgery,
2213:
females had been treated surgically or orthopedically by a very experienced physician/surgeon with great training in trauma care. We believe it to have been a military physician". The researchers were impressed by the complexity of the brain surgical operation.
1473:
reduction – the movement or realignment of a body part to its normal position. e.g. Reduction of a broken nose involves the physical manipulation of the bone or cartilage from their displaced state back to their original position to restore normal airflow and
1446:
to the area of the person's body that will be operated on. Sterile drapes are placed around the operative site. Surgical masks are worn by the surgical team to avoid germs on droplets of liquid from their mouths and noses from contaminating the operative site.
1790:
Surgery on children requires considerations that are not common in adult surgery. Children and adolescents are still developing physically and mentally making it difficult for them to make informed decisions and give consent for surgical treatments.
1122:
occurs in a hospital outpatient department or freestanding ambulatory surgery center, and the person who had surgery is discharged the same working day. Office-based surgery occurs in a physician's office, and the person is discharged the same day.
1037:, such as creation of a colostomy, a connection of colon and the abdominal wall. This prefix is also used for connection between two viscera, such as how an esophagojejunostomy refers to a connection created between the esophagus and the jejunum.
4763:
The history of anesthesia: proceedings of the Fifth
International Symposium, by José Carlos Diz, Avelino Franco, Douglas R. Bacon, J. Rupreht, Julián Alvarez. Elsevier Science B.V., International Congress Series 1242(2002), pp. 11–17.
1732:
procedures on a Friday to a weekend procedure. This "weekday effect" has been postulated to be from several factors including poorer availability of services on a weekend, and also, decrease number and level of experience over a weekend.
2088:. Surgical texts from ancient Egypt date back about 3500 years ago. Surgical operations were performed by priests, specialized in medical treatments similar to today, and used sutures to close wounds. Infections were treated with honey.
1825:, the mentally incompetent, persons subject to coercion, and other people who are not able to make decisions with the same authority as others, have special needs when making decisions about their personal healthcare, including surgery.
6823:
1893:
to prioritize strengthening the surgical and anesthesia care globally, but also led to governments of the member states recognizing the urgent need for increasing capacity in surgery and anesthesia. Additionally, the third edition of
1071:
Reoperation, revision, or "redo" procedures refer to a planned or unplanned return to the operating theater after a surgery is performed to re-address an aspect of patient care. Unplanned reasons for reoperation include postoperative
1663:
and pulmonary embolism, adverse cardiovascular effects, and wound healing complications. If removable skin closures are used, they are removed after 7 to 10 days post-operatively, or after healing of the incision is well under way.
6793:
7118:
Yakkanti, R. R., Miller, A. J., Smith, L. S., Feher, A. W., Mont, M. A., & Malkani, A. L. (2019). Impact of early mobilization on length of stay after primary total knee arthroplasty. Annals of translational medicine, 7(4),
7106:
Lei, Y. T., Xie, J. W., Huang, Q., Huang, W., & Pei, F. X. (2021). Benefits of early ambulation within 24 h after total knee arthroplasty: a multicenter retrospective cohort study in China. Military Medical Research, 8(1),
2124:
instruments which were used for complex surgeries were there among the things discovered from the place, including forceps, scissors, probes, lancets, and scalpels. The instruments discovered may be dated to 11th century AD.
283:
As a general rule, a procedure is considered surgical when it involves cutting of a person's tissues or closure of a previously sustained wound. Other procedures that do not necessarily fall under this rubric, such as
3646:
Debas HT, Donker P, Gawande A, Jamison DT, Kruk ME, Mock CN, editors. Essential Surgery. Disease Control Priorities. 3rd ed. Washington, DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development / World Bank Group;
2388:
generally had a bad reputation that was not to improve until the development of academic surgery as a specialty of medicine, rather than an accessory field. Basic surgical principles for asepsis etc., are known as
1497:
parts when needed. Pins or screws to set and hold bones may be used. Sections of bone may be replaced with prosthetic rods or other parts. Sometimes a plate is inserted to replace a damaged area of skull.
1203:
after midnight on the night before the procedure), to minimize the effect of stomach contents on pre-operative medications and reduce the risk of aspiration if the person vomits during or after the procedure.
1150:, and an instrument must be replaced or re-sterilized if it becomes contaminated (i.e. handled in an unsterile manner, or allowed to touch an unsterile surface). Operating room staff must wear sterile attire (
2728:
when he realised that infection could be better avoided by preventing bacteria from getting into wounds in the first place. This led to the rise of sterile surgery. Lister introduced the Steam Steriliser to
388:
is one that is better done early to avoid complications or potential deterioration of the patient's condition, but such risk are sufficiently low that the procedure can be postponed for a short period time.
1699:
for transplants. For postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV), solutions like saline, water, controlled breathing placebo and aromatherapy can be used in addition to medication. Other follow-up studies or
1671:
to be required to remove blood or fluid from the surgical wound during recovery. Mostly these drains stay in until the volume tapers off, then they are removed. These drains can become clogged, leading to
652:
involves the relocation/grafting of a tubular structure onto another in order to reroute the content flow of that target structure from a specific segment directly to a more distal ("downstream") segment.
1753:
In 2011, of the 38.6 million hospital stays in U.S. hospitals, 29% included at least one operating room procedure. These stays accounted for 48% of the total $ 387 billion in hospital costs.
6423:
2954:
1154:, a scrub cap, a sterile surgical gown, sterile latex or non-latex polymer gloves and a surgical mask), and they must scrub hands and arms with an approved disinfectant agent before each procedure.
6117:
Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA, et al. (February 2016). "Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development".
4126:"Description of local adaptation of national guidelines and of active feedback for rationalising preoperative screening in patients at low risk from anaesthetics in a French university hospital"
1889:
adopted the resolution WHA68.15 in 2015 that stated, "Strengthening emergency and essential surgical care and anesthesia as a component of universal health coverage." This not only mandated the
6819:
5636:
Weiser TG, Regenbogen SE, Thompson KD, Haynes AB, Lipsitz SR, Berry WR, et al. (July 2008). "An estimation of the global volume of surgery: a modelling strategy based on available data".
2183:
was one of the greatest surgeons of the ancient world and performed many audacious operations – including brain and eye surgery – that were not tried again for almost two millennia.
1180:. If these results are satisfactory, the person requiring surgery signs a consent form and is given a surgical clearance. If the procedure is expected to result in significant blood loss, an
6797:
3712:
Gómez-Gil E, Trilla A, Corbella B, Fernández-Egea E, Luburich P, de Pablo J, et al. (2002). "Lack of clinical relevance of routine chest radiography in acute psychiatric admissions".
6328:
228:
involved and the circumstance of each procedure, but most surgeries are designed to be one-off interventions that are typically not intended as an ongoing or repeated type of treatment.
1724:
in 2016, though, concluded that topical antibiotics applied over certain types of surgical wounds reduce the risk of surgical site infections, when compared to no treatment or use of
4204:"The Comparative Efficacy of Chlorhexidine Gluconate and Povidone-iodine Antiseptics for the Prevention of Infection in Clean Surgery: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis"
2575:
and external growth removals. Beginning in the 1840s, surgery began to change dramatically in character with the discovery of effective and practical anaesthetic chemicals such as
863:
Hybrid surgery uses a combination of open and minimally-invasive techniques, and may include hand ports or larger incisions to assist with performance of elements of the procedure.
3630:
2179:, some of the surgical cures listed, such as the opening of an abdominal abscess or the removal of traumatic foreign material, are realistic enough to have taken place. The Greek
1528:
surgery, the donor organ (taken out of the donor's body) is inserted into the recipient's body and reconnected to the recipient in all necessary ways (blood vessels, ducts, etc.).
5353:
5291:
1720:. It has also been suggested that topical antibiotics should only be used when a person shows signs of infection and not as a preventative. A systematic review published by
1712:
on surgical wounds to reduce infection rates has been questioned. Antibiotic ointments are likely to irritate the skin, slow healing, and could increase risk of developing
6154:
Principi di storia della patologia umana: corso di storia della medicina per gli studenti della Facoltà di medicina e chirurgia e della Facoltà di scienze infermieristiche
2717:. His work was groundbreaking and laid the foundations for a rapid advance in infection control that saw modern antiseptic operating theatres widely used within 50 years.
2005:. The Lancet Commission for Global Surgery outlined the need for access to "available, affordable, timely and safe" surgical and anesthesia care; dimensions paralleled in
5387:
3950:
2697:
techniques for wounds. As the first two methods suggested by Pasteur were inappropriate for the treatment of human tissue, Lister experimented with the third, spraying
1982:
2513:
often undid any benefit that was gained from the intervention. He consequently adopted the position that all surgical procedures should be used only as a last resort.
2758:
2599:. In addition to relieving patient suffering, anaesthesia allowed more intricate operations in the internal regions of the human body. In addition, the discovery of
926:
to relay the image from inside an enclosed body cavity to the outside, and the surgeon performs the procedure using specialized handheld instruments inserted through
5322:
382:
is done to correct a non-life-threatening condition, and is carried out at the person's convenience, or to the surgeon's and the surgical facility's availability.
4974:
1338:. Depending on the type of procedure, the cephalad drapes are secured to a pair of poles near the head of the bed to form an "ether screen", which separate the
5404:
Makary MA, Segev DL, Pronovost PJ, Syin D, Bandeen-Roche K, Patel P, et al. (June 2010). "Frailty as a predictor of surgical outcomes in older patients".
4310:
3695:
3674:
1490:, where clogged blood vessels are bypassed with a graft from another part of the body. Alternatively, grafts may be from other persons, cadavers, or animals.
6412:
1356:
from the trauma of cutting, tissue manipulation, application of thermal energy, and suturing. Depending on the type of operation, anesthesia may be provided
5537:
Dare AJ, Grimes CE, Gillies R, Greenberg SL, Hagander L, Meara JG, et al. (December 2014). "Global surgery: defining an emerging global health field".
1728:. The review also did not find conclusive evidence to suggest that topical antibiotics increased the risk of local skin reactions or antibiotic resistance.
372:
Surgical procedures are commonly categorized by urgency, type of procedure, body system involved, the degree of invasiveness, and special instrumentation.
6050:
UN Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12) 2000.
2994:
1837:
enterprise of providing improved and equitable surgical care to the world's population, with its core belief as the issues of need, access and quality".
1756:
The overall number of procedures remained stable from 2001 to 2011. In 2011, over 15 million operating room procedures were performed in U.S. hospitals.
1638:
are used to close the incision. Once the incision is closed, the anesthetic agents are stopped or reversed, and the person is taken off ventilation and
6348:
6020:
UN Committee on Economic Social and Cultural Rights. CESCR General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health (Art. 12) 2000
2979:
1934:
Access to surgical care is increasingly recognized as an integral aspect of healthcare, and therefore is evolving into a normative derivation of human
6060:
McQueen KA, Ozgediz D, Riviello R, Hsia RY, Jayaraman S, Sullivan SR, et al. (June 2010). "Essential surgery: Integral to the right to health".
1947:
4091:"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence guidelines on preoperative tests: the use of routine preoperative tests for elective surgery"
6038:
2. UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – United Nations Treaty Series. In: Nations U, editor. 1966.
2474:
comparative analysis, he built up a collection of over 13,000 specimens of separate organ systems, from the simplest plants and animals to humans.
3408:
1146:: the strict separation of "sterile" (free of microorganisms) things from "unsterile" or "contaminated" things. All surgical instruments must be
5813:
Debas HT, Donkor P, Gawande A, Jamison DT, Kruk ME, Mock CN (24 March 2015). Debas HT, Donkor P, Gawande A, Jamison DT, Kruk ME, Mock CN (eds.).
2709:
6029:
UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – United Nations Treaty Series. In: Nations U, editor. 1966.
5723:
Xu K, Evans DB, Kawabata K, Zeramdini R, Klavus J, Murray CJ (July 2003). "Household catastrophic health expenditure: a multicountry analysis".
6004:
UN General Assembly. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights – United Nations Treaty Series. In: Nations U, editor. 1966
2418:, he exposed the many anatomical errors in Galen and advocated that all surgeons should train by engaging in practical dissections themselves.
1466:
or stapling may be used. Surgical connection between blood vessels or other tubular or hollow structures such as loops of intestine is called
2789:
2974:
1857:, proclaimed in 2014 that "surgery is an indivisible, indispensable part of health care and of progress towards universal health coverage."
697:: Surgical specialties are traditionally and academically categorized by the organ, organ system or body region involved. Examples include:
6906:
Lister J (March 1867). "On a new method of treating compound fracture, abscess, etc.: with observations on the conditions of suppuration".
4776:
Doyle SL, Lysaght J, Reynolds JV (December 2010). "Obesity and post-operative complications in patients undergoing non-bariatric surgery".
672:
is the replacement of an organ or body part by insertion of another from a different human (or animal) into the person undergoing surgery.
5941:"Globalization of national surgical, obstetric and anesthesia plans: the critical link between health policy and action in global surgery"
3622:
2964:
2944:
2777:
1462:
reconnection of organs, tissues, etc., particularly if severed. Resection of organs such as intestines involves reconnection. Internal
1946:
as "the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health" In the August 2000, the UN
1381:
technique aims to solve the indicated problem, minimize the risk of complications, optimize the time needed for recovery, and limit the
1314:
When the patient enters the operating room and is appropriately anesthetized, the team will then position the patient in an appropriate
7427:
6631:
5337:
1922:. This finding challenged the common misconception that surgical care is financially prohibitive endeavor not worth pursuing in LMICs.
1910:– dollars spent per DALYs averted – for surgical interventions is on par or exceeds those of major public health interventions such as
3550:
320:. All forms of surgery are considered invasive procedures; the so-called "noninvasive surgery" ought to be more appropriately called
7768:
6481:
5275:
4765:
3035:
1177:
3134:
1015:
3110:
6880:
1118:
surgery is performed in a hospital, and the person undergoing surgery stays at least one night in the hospital after the surgery.
7367:
6361:
Somadewa, Raj; Rev. Deerananda, Hanguranketha; Kannangara, Padmasiri; Senadhiraja, Anusha; Gunawardhana, W. S. Shiromala (2014).
4900:"Benefits of Early Ambulation in Elderly Patients Undergoing Lumbar Decompression and Fusion Surgery: A Prospective Cohort Study"
3932:
3187:
3096:
2959:
2261:
and for removing foreign bodies from the throat, the ear, and other body organs. He was also the first to illustrate the various
4321:
7037:
2989:
2969:
1054:
is a reconstructive or cosmetic surgery for the nose. A pyloroplasty refers to a type of reconstruction of the gastric pylorus.
5371:
3936:
2269:
with an iron tube and caustic metal as a boring instrument. He describes what is thought to be the first attempt at reduction
6890:
6856:
6770:
6570:
6536:
6449:
6371:
6311:
6280:
6194:
6161:
6088:
5840:
4620:
4540:
4283:
4254:
3876:
3811:
Grier DJ, Watson LJ, Hartnell GG, Wilde P (August 1993). "Are routine chest radiographs prior to angiography of any value?".
3605:
3563:
2748:. He noticed that these rays could penetrate the skin, allowing the skeletal structure to be captured on a specially treated
2567:, surgery was a traumatically painful procedure and surgeons were encouraged to be as swift as possible to minimize patient
394:
is surgery which must be done without any delay to prevent death or serious disabilities and/or loss of limbs and functions.
7667:
6363:
5091:"Day of week of procedure and 30 day mortality for elective surgery: retrospective analysis of hospital episode statistics"
2999:
2984:
220:
trauma inflicted by the procedure. The duration of surgery can span from several minutes to tens of hours depending on the
830:) requires a large incision to access the area of interest, and directly exposes the internal body cavity to the outside.
5865:
5306:
3496:
7803:
7145:
1990:
1895:
4956:
628:), often with some degrees of structural/functional replacement and commonly involves grafting and/or use of implants.
231:
In British colloquialism, the term "surgery" can also refer to the facility where surgery is performed, or simply the
7974:
6662:
Aschoff A, Kremer P, Hashemi B, Kunze S (October 1999). "The scientific history of hydrocephalus and its treatment".
3166: – Ability for a doctor to perform surgery on a patient even though they are not physically in the same location
3082:
1630:
or blood expanders may be administered to compensate for blood lost during surgery. Once the procedure is complete,
1293:
4307:
3691:
3666:
2701:
on his instruments. He found that this remarkably reduced the incidence of gangrene and he published his results in
644:
is a completely detached flap that carries an intact neurovascular structure ready for grafting onto a new location.
7067:
5441:"What is 'global surgery'? Defining the multidisciplinary interface between surgery, anaesthesia and public health"
3888:
2009:
General Comment No. 14, which similarly outlines need for available, accessible, affordable and timely healthcare.
1199:
the night before the procedure. People preparing for surgery are also instructed to abstain from food or drink (an
4124:
Capdenat Saint-Martin E, Michel P, Raymond JM, Iskandar H, Chevalier C, Petitpierre MN, et al. (March 1998).
144:, or simply "surgery" or "operation". In this context, the verb "operate" means to perform surgery. The adjective
81:
conditions (e.g., trauma, disease, injury, malignancy), to alter bodily functions (e.g., malabsorption created by
4970:
4952:
2647:
2636:
1377:, and anesthesia is produced by a combination of injected and inhaled agents. The choice of surgical method and
259:
8029:
7921:
7793:
7227:
5897:"Cost-effectiveness of surgery and its policy implications for global health: a systematic review and analysis"
3278:
3106:
3053:
2870:
1813:
Doctors perform surgery with the consent of the person undergoing surgery. Some people are able to give better
1275:
787:
610:
involves the direct closure or restoration of an injured, mutilated or deformed organ or body part, usually by
426:
6086:
World Health Organization. Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care 2017 . Available from:
7034:"Modern History Sourcebook: Joseph Lister (1827–1912): Antiseptic Principle Of The Practice Of Surgery, 1867"
3662:
3219:
2693:. Lister confirmed Pasteur's conclusions with his own experiments and decided to use his findings to develop
2396:
There were some important advances to the art of surgery during this period. The professor of anatomy at the
2026:
833:
7773:
2949:
2730:
2533:
1318:. If hair is present at the surgical site, it is clipped (instead of shaving). The skin surface within the
1147:
1040:
Plastic and reconstruction procedures start with the name for the body part to be reconstructed and end in
957:
321:
168:
who provides in-procedure manual assistance during surgery. Modern surgical operations typically require a
6794:"John Hunter: "the father of scientific surgery": Resources from the collection of the P.I. Nixon Library"
2198:) that general physicians must never practice surgery and that surgical procedures are to be conducted by
7417:
5192:"Preoperative predictors of poor acute postoperative pain control: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
3129:
1229:
976:
4395:
4013:"Survey study of anesthesiologists' and surgeons' ordering of unnecessary preoperative laboratory tests"
3044: – Any substance that has been engineered to interact with biological systems for a medical purpose
2364:, the demand grew for surgeons to formally study for many years before practicing; universities such as
7397:
3400:
2414:
1902:, declared surgery as essential and featured an entire volume dedicated to building surgical capacity.
1393:
The intraoperative phase begins when the surgery subject is received in the surgical area (such as the
1212:
3432:
The Medical times: a journal of medical science, literature, criticism, and news. 1845/46, Sept. - Apr
7826:
5589:"Global Surgery 2030: evidence and solutions for achieving health, welfare, and economic development"
5143:"Pre-emptive and preventive opioids for postoperative pain in adults undergoing all types of surgery"
2365:
2002:
1890:
1842:
1803:
1696:
1651:
1402:
935:
5990:
Marks S (2016). "Normative Expansion of the Right to Health and the Proliferation of Human Rights".
2707:. Later, on 9 August 1867, he read a paper before the British Medical Association in Dublin, on the
292:, may be considered surgery if they involve "common" surgical procedure or settings, such as use of
7618:
7540:
7535:
7455:
7215:
6492:
5029:"Topical antibiotics for preventing surgical site infection in wounds healing by primary intention"
2651:
1911:
1271:
953:
731:
537:
31:
17:
5239:
Allvin R, Berg K, Idvall E, Nilsson U (March 2007). "Postoperative recovery: a concept analysis".
4520:
7598:
7572:
5069:
3148:
2481:
and introduced many new techniques of surgery, including new methods for repairing damage to the
1915:
1721:
1327:
1264:
1073:
429:
is done to improve the function and/or subjective appearance of a damaged or malformed body part.
2048:
Surgical treatments date back to the prehistoric era. The oldest for which there is evidence is
1760:
expenditure. in 2012, mean hospital costs in the United States were highest for surgical stays.
8141:
8004:
7190:
7138:
6927:
Volume 89, Issue 2272, 16 March 1867, pp. 326–29 (Originally published as Volume 1, Issue 2272)
5864:
McQueen KA, Ozgediz D, Riviello R, Hsia RY, Jayaraman S, Sullivan SR, et al. (June 2010).
3248:
3204:
3178:
3172:
2825:
1919:
1192:
811:
801:
620:
197:
6526:
6507:
5141:
Doleman B, Leonardi-Bee J, Heinink TP, Bhattacharjee D, Lund JN, Williams JP (December 2018).
4244:
4177:
3595:
1334:
at reducing the risk of infection). Sterile drapes are then used to cover the borders of the
8114:
8076:
7967:
7841:
7727:
7700:
7673:
7625:
7579:
7274:
3318:
2875:
2650:
in the 1860s, most medical men believed that chemical damage from exposures to bad air (see "
2592:
2462:
2373:
2345:
1994:
1886:
1717:
1374:
1233:
777:
668:
385:
193:
6627:
4269:
1997:
68.15 passing of the Resolution for Strengthening Emergency and Essential Surgical Care and
640:
is the relocation of a tissue without complete separation of its original attachment, and a
8066:
7861:
7821:
7688:
7502:
7497:
7477:
7412:
7264:
6931:
Volume 90, Issue 2291, 27 July 1867, pp. 95–96 Originally published as Volume 2, Issue 2291
5587:
Meara JG, Leather AJ, Hagander L, Alkire BC, Alonso N, Ameh EA, et al. (August 2015).
4011:
Katz RI, Dexter F, Rosenfeld K, Wolfe L, Redmond V, Agarwal D, et al. (January 2011).
3875:
Amorosa JK, Bramwit MP, Mohammed TL, Reddy GP, Brown K, Dyer DS, et al. (March 2013).
3446:
3308:
2835:
2764:
2537:
2458:
2390:
2377:
2254:
2022:
1792:
1221:
1209:
853:
755:
572:
333:
221:
6652:
Ignjatovic M: Overview of the history of thyroid surgery. Acta Chir Iugosl 2003; 50: 9–36.
4702:"Parastomal Hernia Repair and Reinforcement: The Role of Biologic and Synthetic Materials"
3569:
2175:), functioned as centers of medical advice, prognosis, and healing. In the Asclepieion of
8:
8044:
7941:
7883:
7866:
7525:
7242:
6732:
Levine JM (March 1992). "Historical notes on pressure ulcers: the cure of Ambrose Paré".
5939:
Truché P, Shoman H, Reddy CL, Jumbam DT, Ashby J, Mazhiqi A, et al. (January 2020).
5814:
3293:
3154:
2900:
2880:
2674:
2670:
2588:
2438:
2397:
2369:
2036:
1963:
1477:
1456:
1308:
1196:
1169:
1135:
529:
505:
402:
309:
149:
6762:
The Knife Man: The Extraordinary Life and Times of John Hunter, Father of Modern Surgery
5895:
Chao TE, Sharma K, Mandigo M, Hagander L, Resch SC, Weiser TG, et al. (June 2014).
5190:
Yang MM, Hartley RL, Leung AA, Ronksley PE, Jetté N, Casha S, et al. (April 2019).
3877:"ACR appropriateness criteria routine chest radiographs in intensive care unit patients"
2640:
1398:
636:
is the relocation and establishment of a tissue from one part of the body to another. A
8034:
8009:
7831:
7788:
7778:
7567:
7520:
7487:
7482:
7232:
7210:
7009:
6984:
6967:
6942:
6687:
6610:
6606:
6236:
6211:
5967:
5940:
5795:
5748:
5705:
5661:
5618:
5562:
5514:
5489:
5465:
5440:
5216:
5191:
5167:
5142:
5115:
5090:
5056:
4924:
4899:
4875:
4850:
4801:
4734:
4701:
4677:
4642:
4596:
4563:
4532:
4372:
4339:
4150:
4125:
4042:
3994:
3969:
3283:
3253:
2830:
2749:
2690:
2226:
2205:
2097:
2080:
dated to approximately 2650 BC shows two perforations just below the root of the first
2018:
1907:
1713:
1361:
1315:
1119:
923:
919:
807:
751:
745:
656:
597:
232:
165:
130:
6919:
6386:
5913:
5896:
5736:
5649:
5605:
5588:
5550:
5417:
3824:
3725:
3521:
2745:
1240:
should not be done unless the results of these tests can help evaluate surgical risk.
993:. For example, removal of part of the stomach would be called a subtotal gastrectomy.
8153:
8146:
8134:
8071:
8056:
7927:
7901:
7783:
7753:
7732:
7695:
7678:
7593:
7557:
7547:
7442:
7362:
7306:
7269:
7254:
7195:
7162:
7131:
7014:
6972:
6886:
6852:
6766:
6741:
6714:
6679:
6566:
6532:
6368:
6340:
6307:
6241:
6190:
6167:
6157:
6134:
6069:
5972:
5918:
5877:
5846:
5836:
5787:
5740:
5697:
5653:
5610:
5554:
5519:
5470:
5421:
5379:
5345:
5314:
5283:
5256:
5252:
5221:
5172:
5120:
5061:
5007:
4929:
4880:
4824:
4793:
4789:
4739:
4721:
4682:
4664:
4601:
4583:
4536:
4495:
4462:
4429:
4377:
4359:
4318:
4289:
4279:
4250:
4225:
4155:
4112:
4077:
4034:
3999:
3900:
3863:
3828:
3799:
3764:
3729:
3601:
3559:
3471:
3313:
3298:
3258:
3238:
3224:
3181: – person who assists with a surgical operation under the direction of a surgeon
2910:
2895:
2865:
2845:
2741:
as an important medical diagnostic tool began with their discovery in 1895 by German
2314:
2199:
2141:
1875:
1838:
1834:
1799:
1688:
1627:
1550:
1394:
1365:
1163:
1151:
1143:
1131:
674:
615:
525:
440:
391:
349:
276:
189:
177:
153:
82:
74:
7033:
6691:
6614:
5799:
5709:
5665:
5566:
2246:
678:
is the resection of an organ or body part from a live human or animal (known as the
8177:
8098:
7960:
7911:
7603:
7588:
7465:
7340:
7296:
7004:
6996:
6962:
6954:
6915:
6671:
6602:
6231:
6223:
6126:
6092:
5962:
5952:
5908:
5828:
5820:
5779:
5752:
5732:
5689:
5645:
5622:
5600:
5546:
5509:
5501:
5460:
5452:
5413:
5248:
5211:
5203:
5162:
5158:
5154:
5110:
5102:
5051:
5047:
5043:
4999:
4919:
4911:
4870:
4866:
4862:
4805:
4785:
4729:
4713:
4672:
4654:
4591:
4575:
4528:
4367:
4351:
4215:
4145:
4137:
4102:
4067:
4046:
4024:
3989:
3985:
3981:
3892:
3853:
3820:
3789:
3754:
3721:
3340:
3143:
2930:
2796:
2621:
2617:
2478:
2461:
in Europe. An important figure in this regard was the Scottish surgical scientist,
2401:
2188:
2102:
1814:
1774:
1701:
1525:
1518:
1483:
1434:
1357:
1343:
1311:
is placed, and pre-operative medications (antibiotics, sedatives, etc.) are given.
1225:
1216:
1188:
1173:
1097:
1030:
1005:
741:
717:
432:
415:
Curative surgery is a therapeutic procedure done to permanently remove a pathology.
379:
94:
90:
27:
Medical procedures that involve incisive or invasive instruments into body cavities
6272:
2422:
1985:
in 2005, the 2013 formation of the Lancet Commission for Global Surgery, the 2015
8061:
8019:
7999:
7931:
7876:
7737:
7722:
7705:
7645:
7640:
7584:
7562:
7259:
7205:
7185:
6846:
6760:
6560:
6367:(PDF). Translated by Bandara, A.B.S. Aloka. Educational Publications Department.
4965:
4961:
4325:
4314:
4220:
4203:
4029:
4012:
3945:
3941:
3526:
3430:
3303:
3268:
3243:
3120:
3070:
3047:
3020:
2905:
2811:
2682:
2678:
2600:
2482:
2306:
2302:
2108:
1978:
1943:
1935:
1779:
1668:
1656:
1635:
1631:
1592:
1546:
1534:– surgical connection of adjacent bones so the bones can grow together into one.
1503:
1487:
1463:
1382:
1335:
1331:
1319:
1139:
945:
735:
721:
700:
632:
561:
473:
420:
317:
44:
5207:
4820:
3623:"Most Frequent Operating Room Procedures Performed in U.S. Hospitals, 2003–2012"
1421:
may be cut to further access the interior of the body; for example, cutting the
1061:. A pyloromyotomy refers to cutting the muscular layers of the gastric pylorus.
584:
is destruction of tissue through the use of energy-transmitting devices such as
435:
is done to subjectively improve the appearance of an otherwise normal body part.
324:, which usually refers to a procedure that utilizes natural orifices (e.g. most
8081:
7763:
7717:
7530:
7460:
7279:
6227:
6130:
5338:"Trends and Projections in Inpatient Hospital Costs and Utilization, 2003–2013"
4487:
4454:
4421:
4107:
4090:
3908:
3896:
3372:
3361:
3323:
3198:
3193:
3163:
3065:
2920:
2890:
2840:
2820:
2596:
2549:
2465:, generally regarded as the father of modern scientific surgery. He brought an
2385:
2230:
2161:
2149:
2077:
1866:
1499:
1184:
961:
903:
899:
875:
680:
661:
648:
637:
593:
585:
533:
521:
469:
328:
procedures) or does not penetrate the structure being excised (e.g. endoscopic
213:
157:
114:
86:
7000:
5957:
5824:
5783:
5693:
5505:
5456:
3032: – State of medically-controlled temporary loss of sensation or awareness
2540:(1768–1841) first performed a successful ligation of the abdominal aorta, and
2412:, to an empirical approach of 'hands-on' dissection. In his anatomic treaties
852:) to insert miniaturized instruments within a body cavity or structure, as in
465:
225:
8171:
7846:
7635:
7630:
7492:
7432:
7335:
7105:
7099:
7063:
On the Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery by Baron Joseph Lister
6493:"Adelphi researcher discovers early, complex brain surgery in ancient Greece"
5027:
Heal CF, Banks JL, Lepper PD, Kontopantelis E, van Driel ML (November 2016).
4725:
4668:
4587:
4363:
4293:
3858:
3841:
3263:
3210:
2860:
2698:
2666:
2626:
2580:
2576:
2529:
2517:
2330:
2325:
was given by Al-Zahrawi, who clearly describes the evacuation of superficial
2322:
2310:
2298:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2250:
2085:
2081:
2073:
1974:
1970:
1879:
1818:
1709:
1584:
1535:
1430:
1413:
871:
711:
497:
357:
6171:
5003:
2457:
The discipline of surgery was put on a sound, scientific footing during the
1639:
1401:), and lasts until the subject is transferred to a recovery area (such as a
1018:, involving small incisions through which an endoscope is inserted, end in -
412:
Therapeutic surgery is performed to treat a previously diagnosed condition.
8039:
8024:
7991:
7851:
7836:
7662:
7387:
7237:
7222:
7168:
7018:
6985:"The classic: On the antiseptic principle in the practice of surgery. 1867"
6976:
6718:
6683:
6344:
6138:
6073:
5976:
5922:
5881:
5850:
5791:
5744:
5701:
5657:
5614:
5558:
5523:
5474:
5425:
5383:
5349:
5318:
5287:
5260:
5225:
5176:
5124:
5065:
5011:
4933:
4884:
4828:
4797:
4743:
4717:
4686:
4605:
4579:
4499:
4466:
4433:
4381:
4229:
4159:
4116:
4038:
4003:
3904:
3733:
3288:
3273:
3091:
2915:
2885:
2855:
2521:
2510:
2502:
2442:
2326:
2294:
2290:
1850:
1684:
1449:
Work to correct the problem in body then proceeds. This work may involve:
1409:
1029:
Procedures for formation of a permanent or semi-permanent opening called a
909:
893:
823:
797:
694:
601:
548:
is the resection of only part of an organ, tissue or other body part (e.g.
510:
485:
361:
341:
248:
201:
173:
78:
7117:
7111:
6958:
6745:
6675:
6245:
4659:
4123:
4081:
3867:
3832:
3803:
3768:
2352:
1369:
person unconscious and paralyzed during surgery. The person is typically
532:
specifically removes an independent vascular region of an organ such as a
8014:
7710:
7655:
7552:
7407:
7382:
7200:
3041:
2850:
2545:
2405:
2270:
2184:
2137:
2112:
2057:
2049:
2031:
1849:
to highlight the urgent need for further work in this area. Furthermore,
1846:
1660:
1618:
1554:
1531:
1507:
1467:
1422:
1339:
1093:
1050:
1023:
889:
857:
791:
761:
708:
589:
565:
557:
493:
444:
353:
345:
329:
285:
181:
7095:
observational study. Journal of rehabilitation medicine, 49(9), 715–722.
7093:
7061:
4898:
Huang J, Shi Z, Duan FF, Fan MX, Yan S, Wei Y, et al. (June 2021).
4355:
4246:
Minor Surgical Procedures for Nurses and Allied Healthcare Professionals
3137: – Surgical technique that limits size of surgical incisions needed
8124:
7798:
7683:
7650:
7422:
7372:
7357:
7352:
7345:
7330:
7320:
5832:
5140:
4990:
Sheth VM, Weitzul S (2008). "Postoperative topical antimicrobial use".
4141:
3759:
3742:
3061:
3029:
2721:
2703:
2694:
2655:
2584:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2541:
2525:
2524:
and first demonstrated that a cancer may be caused by an environmental
2470:
2466:
2446:
2434:
2278:
2242:
2061:
1998:
1986:
1959:
1899:
1871:
1854:
1725:
1692:
1596:
1576:
1511:
1494:
1378:
1370:
1349:
1323:
1278: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1237:
1200:
1181:
1057:
Procedures that involve cutting the muscular layers of an organ end in
1009:
913:
827:
541:
477:
460:
325:
305:
301:
293:
217:
6413:"Surgical Instruments at the Alahana Parivena Hospital in Polonnaruwa"
5764:
5762:
5276:"Characteristics of Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2011"
5106:
2341:
8129:
8119:
8091:
7871:
7613:
7608:
7472:
7450:
7325:
7289:
4915:
4643:"Spinal fusion-hardware construct: Basic concepts and imaging review"
4202:
Wade RG, Burr NE, McCauley G, Bourke G, Efthimiou O (December 2021).
3711:
3333:
3114:
3076:
2742:
2568:
2498:
2494:
2408:
transition from classical medicine and anatomy based on the works of
2238:
2176:
2153:
2132:
2096:
9,000-year-old skeletal remains of a prehistoric individual from the
1862:
1580:
1539:
1187:
may be made some weeks prior to surgery. If the surgery involves the
1115:
1001:
641:
406:
289:
264:
240:
5365:
5363:
4340:"A case of multiorgan resection for locally advanced stomach cancer"
4072:
4055:
3794:
3777:
1253:
930:
placed through the body wall. Most modern endoscopic procedures are
7377:
7154:
5759:
4178:"The day of your surgery – adult: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia"
4056:"Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence"
3931:
3778:"Routine preoperative testing: a systematic review of the evidence"
3073: – Tube used to remove pus, blood or other fluids from a wound
3060:) – Procedural classification used in the United States – for
3038: – System for assessing the fitness of patients before surgery
2686:
2490:
2486:
2430:
2426:
2318:
2262:
2064:
in order to treat health problems related to intracranial pressure
1822:
1680:
1569:
1438:
1127:
1089:
1077:
949:
939:
883:
611:
580:
501:
489:
313:
297:
172:
that typically consists of the surgeon, the surgical assistant, an
160:. Most surgical procedures are performed by a pair of operators: a
110:
98:
5678:
5307:"Trends in Operating Room Procedures in U.S. Hospitals, 2001–2011"
4761:
Surgical cures by sleep induction as the Asclepieion of Epidaurus.
3109: – Medical classification system used for procedural coding (
1795:
is among the controversial topics related to surgery in children.
836:
involves much smaller surface incisions or even natural orifices (
77:
that uses manual and instrumental techniques to diagnose or treat
8086:
7856:
7316:
7284:
6089:"WHO Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care"
5360:
4851:"Aromatherapy for treatment of postoperative nausea and vomiting"
4759:
Askitopoulou, H., Konsolaki, E., Ramoutsaki, I., Anastassaki, E.
3328:
2925:
2725:
2663:
2632:
2258:
1673:
1561:
1442:
1085:
1068:. This includes herniorrhaphy, another name for a hernia repair.
879:
849:
837:
272:
268:
244:
185:
161:
122:
30:
This article is about the medical specialty. For other uses, see
5089:
Aylin P, Alexandrescu R, Jen MH, Mayer EK, Bottle A (May 2013).
3968:
Keay L, Lindsley K, Tielsch J, Katz J, Schein O (January 2019).
2681:
were present. Pasteur suggested three methods to eliminate the
2437:. He also described more efficient techniques for the effective
2356:
Ambroise Paré (c. 1510–1590), father of modern military surgery.
2249:, were influential. Al-Zahrawi specialized in curing disease by
576:
is the complete excision or surgical destruction of a body part.
4951:
4337:
2738:
2604:
2516:
Other important 18th- and early 19th-century surgeons included
2506:
2493:. He was also one of the first to understand the importance of
2361:
2321:. The first clinical description of an operative procedure for
2209:
2006:
1955:
1939:
1870:
significantly improve the capacity for Bellwether procedures –
1588:
1565:
1081:
987:
983:
927:
773:
481:
236:
126:
118:
6508:"Byzantine warrior with gold-threaded jaw unearthed in Greece"
5635:
4338:
Küçükkartallar T, Gündeş E, Yılmaz H, Aksoy F (1 March 2013).
2662:
were not available. Lister became aware of the work of French
2571:. This also meant that operations were largely restricted to
1650:
After completion of surgery, the person is transferred to the
1346:'s working area (unsterile) from the surgical site (sterile).
1191:, the person requiring surgery may be instructed to perform a
1022:. For example, such surgery in the abdominal cavity is called
4621:"National Standards for Organ Retrieval from Deceased Donors"
3743:"Value of routine preoperative chest x-rays: a meta-analysis"
3629:. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
2783:
John Syng Dorsey wrote the first American textbook on surgery
2659:
2563:
was discovered in the mid-19th century. Before the advent of
2409:
2384:, laying the foundation for modern Western surgical manuals.
2245:
physician and scientist who practiced in the Zahra suburb of
2180:
2053:
1426:
1096:
or excision, or in the case of malignancy, close or involved
841:
704:
625:
423:
is done to improve a body part's function and/or appearance.
337:
102:
5026:
3692:"American College of Radiology ACR Appropriateness Criteria"
3558:. London: International Association for Ambulatory Surgery.
996:
Procedures involving cutting into an organ or tissue end in
986:
for the target organ to be excised (cut out) and end in the
7123:
3970:"Routine preoperative medical testing for cataract surgery"
3874:
3621:
Fingar KR, Stocks C, Weiss AJ, Steiner CA (December 2014).
2658:
in wounds, and facilities for washing hands or a patient's
2556:
2266:
1983:
Global Initiative for Emergency and Essential Surgical Care
1418:
1353:
845:
781:
769:
725:
549:
106:
7952:
6116:
6059:
5863:
5688:(11). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: 2611–2619.
5586:
5536:
5077:
3079: – Procedure used in medicine to look inside the body
447:
when dietary and pharmaceutical methods alone have failed.
6661:
5894:
5812:
5088:
4396:"magnetic compression anastomosis: Topics by Science.gov"
3661:
2485:
and a more effective method for applying ligature of the
765:
684:) for transplantation into another patient (known as the
6943:"On the Antiseptic Principle in the Practice of Surgery"
5722:
5403:
5189:
4317:
in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds)
4010:
3810:
3620:
3151: – Any death occurring within 30 days after surgery
1542:
connected allowing them to grow together into one piece.
1459:– partial removal of an organ or other bodily structure.
1453:
excision – cutting out an organ, tumor, or other tissue.
552:) without discriminating specific vascular territories.
89:), to reconstruct or improve aesthetics and appearance (
6212:"The identity and work of the ancient Egyptian surgeon"
6046:
6044:
5938:
5238:
4848:
3967:
3215:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3159:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3139:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
3125:
Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets
2257:
for purposes such as inspection of the interior of the
916:
for the surgeon to see and manipulate small structures.
624:
is an extensive repair of a complex body part (such as
164:
who is the main operator performing the surgery, and a
6593:
Ahmad Z (2007), "Al-Zahrawi – The Father of Surgery",
6262:. (New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2005) 72.
5490:"Surgery and global health: a view from beyond the OR"
5438:
5273:
4518:
4201:
3103:) – a family of health care databases etc. from the US
6562:
The Oriental Tradition of Paul of Aegina's Pragmateia
6478:
Mending bodies, saving souls: a history of hospitals.
5372:"Costs for Hospital Stays in the United States, 2012"
4957:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
3937:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
3671:
Choosing Wisely: An Initiative of the ABIM Foundation
3667:"Five Things Physicians and Patients Should Question"
1981:". This is reflected in the establishment of the WHO
744:— the extra-mediastinal great vessels and peripheral
6041:
5866:"Essential surgery: Integral to the right to health"
5369:
5274:
Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A, Andrews RM (February 2014).
4849:
Hines S, Steels E, Chang A, Gibbons K (March 2018).
4775:
4249:. England: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 122.
3501:
National Cancer Institute Dictionary of Cancer Terms
3183:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3168:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3087:
Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback
3010:
1105:
1101:
performed and/or reversed under separate anesthesia.
5768:
5335:
4755:
4753:
3371:(composed of χείρ, "hand", and ἔργον, "work"), via
3213: – Medical speciality of inflammatory diseases
2995:
Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Glasgow
2544:(1799–1870) pioneered the Symes Amputation for the
2285:. He is credited with the performance of the first
1773:Older adults have widely varying physical health.
1521:, a permanent or semi-permanent opening in the body
117:. The subject receiving the surgery is typically a
6848:Sir James Young Simpson and Chloroform (1811–1870)
5819:. Vol. 1 Essential Surgery (Third ed.).
3740:
3548:
2980:Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada
2241:(Abu al-Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas Al-Zahrawi), an
1408:An incision is made to access the surgical site.
1172:, receives certain pre-operative tests, and their
1064:Repair of a damaged or abnormal structure ends in
819:By degree of invasiveness of surgical procedures:
6016:
6014:
6012:
6010:
4344:Turkish Journal of Surgery/Ulusal Cerrahi Dergisi
4053:
3775:
3600:(2nd ed.). New York: Springer. p. 284.
3231:
2376:were particularly renowned. In the 12th century,
1948:Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
1885:In alignment with the LCoGS call for action, the
1208:adapt the surgery practice accordingly. However,
982:Resection and excisional procedures start with a
8169:
6872:
4818:
4750:
4561:
4278:. Sudbury, Mass: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.
2720:Lister continued to develop improved methods of
2532:'s exposure to soot and their high incidence of
2421:The second figure of importance in this era was
1966:, which includes access to reproductive health.
6351:on 1 March 2009 – via www.jpgmonline.com.
5370:Moore B, Levit K, Elixhauser A (October 2014).
5304:
4897:
4494:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
4461:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
4428:, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing,
4319:Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach
3839:
3741:Archer C, Levy AR, McGregor M (November 1993).
2710:Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery
2689:: filtration, exposure to heat, or exposure to
2140:, who advocated for surgery to be performed by
6820:"John Hunter: 'Founder of Scientific Surgery'"
6524:
6304:Banaras Region: A Spiritual and Cultural Guide
6151:
6007:
5378:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
5344:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
5336:Weiss AJ, Barrett ML, Steiner CA (July 2014).
5313:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
5282:. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality.
4452:
3050: – Type of surgery performed on the heart
2127:
1621:– removal of dead, damaged, or diseased tissue
1609:clearing clogged ducts, blood or other vessels
136:The act of performing surgery may be called a
7968:
7139:
6119:International Journal of Obstetric Anesthesia
4699:
3593:
2975:Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons
2646:Until the pioneering work of British surgeon
1977:, have described surgery as "Integral to the
1480:– tying off blood vessels, ducts, or "tubes".
1330:in alcohol, as this is twice as effective as
964:endoscopic or minimally-invasive instruments.
7025:
6505:
4989:
4564:"Technical Considerations in Stoma Creation"
4485:
3881:Journal of the American College of Radiology
3840:Gupta SD, Gibbins FJ, Sen I (January 1985).
3542:
3207: – Surgery to restore form and function
2100:show evidence of teeth having been drilled.
2072:Prehistoric surgical techniques are seen in
1000:. A surgical procedure cutting through the
5406:Journal of the American College of Surgeons
5147:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
5036:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
4855:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3974:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
3949:, American Society for Clinical Pathology,
3549:Lemos P, Jarrett P, Philip B, eds. (2006).
2965:American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons
2945:World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies
2610:
7975:
7961:
7428:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
7146:
7132:
6989:Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research
6704:
6620:
6586:
6295:
5992:George Washington International Law Review
5439:Bath M, Bashford T, Fitzgerald JE (2019).
5399:
5397:
4947:
4945:
4943:
3842:"Routine chest radiography in the elderly"
3657:
3655:
3653:
3587:
3113:, 10th edition, Procedural Coding System;
1962:.". Obstetric care shares close ties with
1642:(if general anesthesia was administered).
1130:, modern surgery is often performed in an
556:is the complete removal of all organs and
224:, the nature of the condition, the target
7769:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
7008:
6966:
6410:
6326:
6301:
6235:
5966:
5956:
5912:
5604:
5513:
5487:
5464:
5215:
5166:
5114:
5055:
4923:
4874:
4733:
4676:
4658:
4595:
4521:"Hip prosthesis: biomechanics and design"
4519:Bori E, Galbusera F, Innocenti B (2022),
4419:
4371:
4219:
4149:
4106:
4071:
4028:
3993:
3857:
3793:
3758:
3036:ASA physical status classification system
1808:
1294:Learn how and when to remove this message
1178:ASA physical status classification system
514:involves reattaching a severed body part.
364:procedure (e.g. irradiation of a tumor).
204:. All surgical procedures are considered
6878:
6216:Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine
6209:
6184:
4819:Pastorino A, Tavarez MM (24 July 2023).
4088:
3925:
3111:International Classification of Diseases
2955:American College of Osteopathic Surgeons
2631:
2351:
2340:
2131:
2030:
1833:Global surgery has been defined as 'the
1373:to protect their airway and placed on a
1322:is cleansed and prepared by applying an
1243:
1215:recommend against routine pre-operative
1168:Prior to surgery, the person is given a
1080:or hematoma formation, development of a
1048:is a prefix meaning "nose", therefore a
258:
6851:. The Minerva Group, Inc. p. 108.
6558:
6178:
6112:
6110:
5394:
4940:
3933:American Society for Clinical Pathology
3694:. American College of Radiology. 2000.
3650:
3188:Surgical Outcomes Analysis and Research
3097:Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project
2960:American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons
2804:
2734:invasive surgical techniques of today.
2548:and successfully carried out the first
1942:Article 12.1 and 12.2 define the human
1388:
14:
8170:
7059:
6982:
6940:
6905:
6844:
6731:
6306:. Varanasi: Indica Books. p. 31.
5390:from the original on 29 November 2014.
4562:Whitehead A, Cataldo P (22 May 2017).
4242:
3157: – Mid-level health care provider
3123: – Methods of inspiratory support
2990:Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh
2970:Royal Australasian College of Surgeons
2587:, discovered by Scottish obstetrician
2336:
2152:, temples dedicated to the healer-god
1763:
1510:may be inserted. Many other types of
896:to freeze and destroy a target tissue.
664:to replace or augment existing tissue.
216:) for the patient to recover from the
7956:
7127:
7053:
6885:. Kessinger Publishing. p. 420.
6826:from the original on 14 December 2013
6758:
6592:
6531:. Norman Publishing. pp. 82–83.
6528:Great Ideas in the History of Surgery
6480:Oxford University Press, 1990. p. 56
6329:"History of plastic surgery in India"
5989:
5934:
5932:
5582:
5580:
5578:
5576:
5305:Weiss AJ, Elixhauser A (March 2014).
5136:
5134:
3953:from the original on 1 September 2013
3698:from the original on 10 February 2013
3677:from the original on 10 February 2013
3642:
3640:
3552:Day surgery: development and practice
3411:from the original on 10 February 2018
2579:, first used by the American surgeon
2289:. Al-Zahrawi pioneered techniques of
1645:
1502:replacement has become more common.
934:, meaning the images are viewed on a
7907:
7668:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
7040:from the original on 7 November 2011
6327:Rana RE, Arora BS (1 January 2002).
6260:The Art of Medicine in Ancient Egypt
6187:Cosmetic Surgery: Art and Techniques
6107:
4977:from the original on 1 December 2013
4640:
4618:
4273:
4054:Munro J, Booth A, Nicholl J (1997).
3776:Munro J, Booth A, Nicholl J (1997).
3594:Twersky RS, Philip BK, eds. (2008).
3476:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
3451:American Society of Plastic Surgeons
3000:Royal College of Surgeons of England
2985:Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland
2937:
2348:of 12th-century eye surgery in Italy
1276:adding citations to reliable sources
1247:
1157:
520:is the removal of all or part of an
7917:
7080:E-text, audio at Project Gutenberg.
7070:from the original on 9 October 2011
6447:
6429:from the original on 4 October 2022
5356:from the original on 3 August 2014.
5325:from the original on 28 March 2014.
5294:from the original on 28 March 2014.
4706:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
4568:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
4276:Essentials of perioperative nursing
3117:surgical procedures medical coding)
1843:the World Health Organization (WHO)
1417:the peritoneum. In certain cases,
886:or similar sharp-edged instruments.
405:is performed to establish or aid a
367:
24:
7804:Medical Scientist Training Program
7087:
7031:
6634:from the original on 21 March 2017
6607:10.1111/j.1445-2197.2007.04130_8.x
6506:Laura Geggel (29 September 2021).
6283:from the original on 22 April 2009
6273:"Stone age man used dentist drill"
5929:
5857:
5573:
5131:
4533:10.1016/B978-0-12-824481-4.00032-9
3637:
3489:
1993:"Essential Surgery", and the 2015
1991:Disease Control Priorities Project
1679:Postoperative therapy may include
148:means pertaining to surgery; e.g.
25:
8189:
6707:Svensk Medicinhistorisk Tidskrift
5418:10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2010.01.028
4308:"Principles of Surgical Oncology"
3597:Handbook of ambulatory anesthesia
3085: – medical imaging technique
3083:Fluorescence image-guided surgery
2795:An operation in 1753, painted by
2528:(he noticed a connection between
2477:He greatly advanced knowledge of
2452:
2208:discovered in the Paliokastro on
1898:(DCP3), published in 2015 by the
1828:
1817:than others. Populations such as
1768:
1106:Description of surgical procedure
912:involves the use of an operating
7936:
7926:
7916:
7906:
7897:
7896:
6670:(2–3): 67–93, discussion 94–95.
6333:Journal of Postgraduate Medicine
5488:Farmer PE, Kim JY (April 2008).
5253:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04156.x
4790:10.1111/j.1467-789X.2009.00700.x
3889:National Guideline Clearinghouse
3633:from the original on 3 May 2015.
3190: – Medical research program
3013:
2788:
2776:
2757:
2607:allowed for safer applications.
2220:
2084:, indicating the draining of an
2067:
1748:
1252:
1220:Likewise, other tests including
196:, while procedures that mandate
54:
43:
7937:
6934:
6899:
6838:
6812:
6786:
6752:
6725:
6698:
6655:
6646:
6552:
6518:
6499:
6485:
6470:
6441:
6404:
6387:"Surgery in an ancient kingdom"
6379:
6355:
6320:
6265:
6252:
6203:
6145:
6080:
6053:
6032:
6023:
5998:
5983:
5888:
5806:
5716:
5672:
5629:
5530:
5481:
5432:
5329:
5298:
5267:
5232:
5183:
5082:
5020:
4971:American Academy of Dermatology
4953:American Academy of Dermatology
4891:
4842:
4812:
4769:
4693:
4634:
4612:
4555:
4512:
4479:
4446:
4413:
4388:
4331:
4300:
4263:
4236:
4195:
4170:
4095:Annals of Clinical Biochemistry
3747:Canadian Journal of Anaesthesia
3614:
2039:, an Egyptian surgical treatise
1989:Publication of Volume 1 of its
1929:
1920:HIV/AIDS antiretroviral therapy
1743:
1263:needs additional citations for
176:(often also complemented by an
125:), but can also be a non-human
8030:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
7794:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
7228:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
6525:Zimmerman LM, Veith I (1993).
6411:Aluwihare AP (3 August 2021).
5376:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 181
5342:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 175
5311:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 171
5280:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 170
5159:10.1002/14651858.CD012624.pub2
5048:10.1002/14651858.cd011426.pub2
4867:10.1002/14651858.CD007598.pub3
4527:, Elsevier, pp. 361–376,
4525:Human Orthopaedic Biomechanics
3986:10.1002/14651858.CD007293.pub4
3627:HCUP Statistical Brief No. 186
3514:
3464:
3439:
3423:
3393:
3354:
3279:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3232:List of Surgery-related fields
3107:ICD-10 Procedure Coding System
3054:Current Procedural Terminology
2871:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
2669:, who showed that rotting and
2497:, the danger of the spread of
2404:, was a pivotal figure in the
2043:
1853:, the former President of the
1841:, the 3rd Director-General of
1615:draining of accumulated fluids
970:
878:to divide tissue instead of a
788:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
427:Reconstructive plastic surgery
254:
208:and often require a period of
64:Surgeons conducting operations
13:
1:
6920:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)51192-2
5914:10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70213-X
5737:10.1016/S0140-6736(03)13861-5
5650:10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60878-8
5606:10.1016/S0140-6736(15)60160-X
5551:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60237-3
4700:Gillern S, Bleier JI (2014).
4453:Sung S, Abramovitz A (2022),
3825:10.1016/S0009-9260(05)81088-8
3726:10.1016/s0163-8343(01)00179-7
3663:American College of Radiology
3386:
3220:WHO Surgical Safety Checklist
2713:, which was reprinted in the
2192:
2027:History of general anesthesia
1016:Minimally invasive procedures
958:ZEUS robotic surgical systems
322:minimally invasive procedures
296:measures and sterile fields,
7774:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
7541:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
7153:
4221:10.1097/SLA.0000000000004076
4089:Reynolds TM (January 2006).
4060:Health Technology Assessment
4030:10.1213/ANE.0b013e31820034f0
3782:Health Technology Assessment
3135:Minimally invasive procedure
2950:American College of Surgeons
2118:
1602:other procedures, including:
906:to cut and coagulate tissue.
464:involves removing an entire
7:
7982:
6941:Lister J (September 1867).
6925:Five articles running from:
6628:"Pioneer Muslim Physicians"
6457:National Science Foundation
5241:Journal of Advanced Nursing
5208:10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025091
4486:Prohaska J, Cook C (2022),
3714:General Hospital Psychiatry
3447:"Reconstructive Procedures"
3130:List of surgical procedures
3006:
2128:Ancient and Medieval Greece
1823:people living with dementia
1785:
1612:removal of calculi (stones)
1352:is administered to prevent
1230:partial thromboplastin time
1088:, anastomotic leak, tissue
1004:wall to gain access to the
977:List of surgical procedures
660:is insertion of artificial
10:
8194:
7060:Lister J (December 2007).
7050:Modernized version of text
6765:. Crown Publishing Group.
6565:. Brill. pp. 300–04.
6302:Singh PB, Rana PS (2002).
6228:10.1177/014107689608900813
6210:Sullivan R (August 1996).
6131:10.1016/j.ijoa.2015.09.006
5816:Disease Control Priorities
5770:and Anesthetic Services".
4647:World Journal of Radiology
4422:"Nasal Fracture Reduction"
4108:10.1258/000456306775141623
3897:10.1016/j.jacr.2012.11.013
3405:Collins English Dictionary
3201: – Surgical specialty
3175: – Surgical procedure
2520:(1713–1788) who described
2415:De humani corporis fabrica
2016:
2012:
1896:Disease Control Priorities
1797:
1793:Bariatric surgery in youth
1538:is an example of adjacent
1213:professional organizations
1195:by drinking a solution of
1176:is rated according to the
1161:
1110:
974:
834:Minimally-invasive surgery
29:
8107:
7990:
7892:
7814:
7752:
7513:
7441:
7396:
7305:
7176:
7161:
7001:10.1007/s11999-010-1320-x
6983:Lister BJ (August 2010).
6705:Himmelmann L (2007). "".
6156:(in Italian). Rome: SEU.
5958:10.1186/s12992-019-0531-5
5901:The Lancet. Global Health
5825:10.1596/978-1-4648-0346-8
5784:10.1007/s00268-015-3153-y
5694:10.1007/s00268-016-3614-y
5506:10.1007/s00268-008-9525-9
5457:10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001808
4823:. StatPearls Publishing.
4420:Alvi S, Patel BC (2022),
3365:
2522:tuberculosis on the spine
2165:
2035:Plates VI and VII of the
2003:Universal Health Coverage
1804:Pediatric plastic surgery
1697:anti-rejection medication
1652:post anesthesia care unit
1403:post-anesthesia care unit
738:and its accessory organs;
93:), or to remove unwanted
7728:Transplantation medicine
7619:Clinical neurophysiology
7536:Obstetric anesthesiology
7456:Interventional radiology
7216:Digestive system surgery
6189:. Springer. p. 20.
5945:Globalization and Health
5772:World Journal of Surgery
5682:World Journal of Surgery
5494:World Journal of Surgery
4628:NHS Blood and Transplant
4017:Anesthesia and Analgesia
3347:
2611:Infection and antisepsis
2091:
1912:oral rehydration therapy
1908:cost-effectiveness ratio
1575:repair according to the
1435:thoracic (chest) surgery
938:rather than through the
732:Gastrointestinal surgery
538:bronchopulmonary segment
263:Surgery underway at the
32:Surgery (disambiguation)
7599:Intensive care medicine
7573:Mass gathering medicine
7418:Maternal–fetal medicine
6947:British Medical Journal
6152:Capasso, Luigi (2002).
6062:Health and Human Rights
5870:Health and Human Rights
5004:10.2310/6620.2008.07094
4964:: an initiative of the
4821:"Incision and drainage"
3944:: an initiative of the
3149:Perioperative mortality
2769:Operationes chirurgicae
2715:British Medical Journal
2654:") was responsible for
2591:and later pioneered by
2501:and how the problem of
1916:breastfeeding promotion
1722:Cochrane (organisation)
1691:, or administration of
1667:It is not uncommon for
1429:surgery or cutting the
1328:chlorhexidine gluconate
8142:Therapeutic irrigation
8005:Cardiothoracic surgery
7191:Cardiothoracic surgery
7036:. Fordham University.
6595:ANZ Journal of Surgery
6450:"Medicine and Surgery"
4718:10.1055/s-0034-1394090
4580:10.1055/s-0037-1598156
4324:4 October 2013 at the
4130:Quality in Health Care
3859:10.1093/ageing/14.1.11
3376:
3249:Cardiothoracic surgery
3205:Reconstructive surgery
3173:Robot-assisted surgery
2896:Paediatric (Pediatric)
2643:
2629:dismissed his advice.
2357:
2349:
2273:for the management of
2253:. He invented several
2145:
2040:
1906:review found that the
1809:Vulnerable populations
812:musculoskeletal system
802:central nervous system
456:By type of procedure:
280:
198:cardiopulmonary bypass
8115:Incision and drainage
7842:Personalized medicine
7701:Reproductive medicine
7626:Occupational medicine
7580:Evolutionary medicine
7066:. Project Gutenberg.
6959:10.1136/bmj.2.351.246
6882:The Story of Medicine
6676:10.1007/s101430050035
4660:10.4329/wjr.v4.i5.193
3497:"segmental resection"
3472:"Cosmetic Procedures"
3379:, meaning "hand work"
2635:
2625:deaths; however, the
2378:Rogerius Salernitanus
2355:
2346:Illuminated miniature
2344:
2229:, largely based upon
2204:Researchers from the
2135:
2052:, in which a hole is
2034:
1995:World Health Assembly
1887:World Health Assembly
1718:antibiotic resistance
1375:mechanical ventilator
1244:Preparing for surgery
1234:basic metabolic panel
892:uses low-temperature
778:head and neck surgery
480:is the amputation of
386:Semi-elective surgery
262:
194:surgical technologist
8067:Reproductive surgery
7862:Traditional medicine
7822:Alternative medicine
7689:Addiction psychiatry
7503:Transfusion medicine
7498:Medical microbiology
7413:Gynecologic oncology
7265:Reproductive surgery
6664:Neurosurgical Review
3911:on 15 September 2012
3309:Reproductive surgery
3064:surgical procedures
2836:Craniofacial surgery
2805:Surgical specialties
2765:Hieronymus Fabricius
2675:anaerobic conditions
2538:Astley Paston Cooper
2459:Age of Enlightenment
2391:Halsteads principles
2297:diagnosis, treating
2255:surgical instruments
2060:, thus exposing the
2056:or scraped into the
2023:Prehistoric medicine
1819:incarcerated persons
1441:. Whilst in surgery
1389:Intraoperative phase
1272:improve this article
1222:complete blood count
1136:surgical instruments
854:laparoscopic surgery
756:genitourinary system
560:content (especially
334:rubber band ligation
310:surgical instruments
150:surgical instruments
7884:History of medicine
7867:Veterinary medicine
7674:Preventive medicine
7526:Adolescent medicine
7368:Infectious diseases
6879:Robinson V (2005).
6630:. aramcoworld.com.
6559:Pormann PE (2004).
6185:Shiffman M (2012).
5545:(9961): 2245–2247.
4904:Orthopaedic Surgery
4356:10.5152/UCD.2013.07
4313:15 May 2009 at the
3708:Last reviewed 2011.
3575:on 29 November 2020
3179:Surgeon's assistant
3155:Physician Assistant
2901:Periodontal surgery
2881:Orthopaedic surgery
2589:James Young Simpson
2550:hip disarticulation
2505:of the wound, bone
2398:University of Padua
2337:Early modern Europe
2037:Edwin Smith Papyrus
1973:advocates, such as
1964:reproductive rights
1764:Special populations
1710:topical antibiotics
1358:locally, regionally
1197:polyethylene glycol
1170:medical examination
1033:in the body end in
924:optical instruments
868:By equipment used:
780:when including the
530:segmental resection
506:female circumcision
403:Exploratory surgery
8108:General procedures
8077:Transplant surgery
8035:Orthopedic surgery
8010:Colorectal surgery
7832:Molecular oncology
7789:Doctor of Medicine
7779:Master of Medicine
7696:Radiation oncology
7568:Emergency medicine
7521:Addiction medicine
7488:Clinical chemistry
7483:Clinical pathology
7275:Transplant surgery
7233:Orthopedic surgery
7211:Colorectal surgery
6845:Gordon ML (2002).
6800:on 26 October 2013
6420:Clinics in Surgery
6391:www.sundaytimes.lk
6364:History - Grade 10
4142:10.1136/qshc.7.1.5
4066:(12): i–iv, 1–62.
3813:Clinical Radiology
3788:(12): i–iv, 1–62.
3760:10.1007/BF03009471
3401:"Doctor's surgery"
3319:Transplant surgery
3284:Orthopedic surgery
3254:Colorectal surgery
2750:photographic plate
2691:chemical solutions
2673:could occur under
2644:
2641:antiseptic surgery
2358:
2350:
2315:subdural effusions
2237:, the writings of
2227:Islamic Golden Age
2206:Adelphi University
2146:
2098:Indus River valley
2041:
2019:History of surgery
2001:as a Component of
1880:open fracture care
1714:contact dermatitis
1683:treatment such as
1646:Postoperative care
1412:may be clamped or
1362:general anesthesia
1120:Outpatient surgery
920:Endoscopic surgery
808:Orthopedic surgery
752:Urological surgery
746:circulatory system
598:focused ultrasound
488:is the removal of
443:is done to assist
399:Based on purpose:
281:
166:surgical assistant
142:surgical operation
138:surgical procedure
131:veterinary surgery
8162:
8161:
8154:Joint replacement
8147:Antiseptic lavage
8135:Balloon tamponade
8072:Surgical oncology
8057:Pediatric surgery
8051:
7950:
7949:
7784:Master of Surgery
7748:
7747:
7733:Tropical medicine
7679:Prison healthcare
7594:Hospital medicine
7558:Disaster medicine
7548:Aviation medicine
7363:Hospital medicine
7270:Surgical oncology
7255:Pediatric surgery
7249:
7196:Endocrine surgery
6914:(2272): 326–329.
6892:978-1-4191-5431-7
6858:978-1-4102-0291-8
6772:978-0-7679-1652-3
6601:(Suppl. 1): A83,
6572:978-90-04-13757-8
6538:978-0-930405-53-3
6373:978-955-25-0663-5
6313:978-81-86569-24-5
6196:978-3-642-21837-8
6163:978-88-87753-65-3
5842:978-1-4648-0346-8
5731:(9378): 111–117.
5644:(9633): 139–144.
5599:(9993): 569–624.
5445:BMJ Global Health
5107:10.1136/bmj.f2424
4955:(February 2013),
4542:978-0-12-824481-4
4285:978-0-7637-5881-3
4256:978-0-470-01990-0
4243:Martin S (2007).
4208:Annals of Surgery
3753:(11): 1022–1027.
3607:978-0-387-73328-9
3565:978-989-20-0234-7
3314:Surgical oncology
3299:Pediatric surgery
3259:Endocrine surgery
3239:Bariatric surgery
3225:Women in medicine
2938:Learned societies
2911:Podiatric surgery
1876:caesarean section
1839:Halfdan T. Mahler
1835:multidisciplinary
1800:Pediatric surgery
1689:radiation therapy
1551:bariatric surgery
1443:aseptic technique
1395:operating theater
1366:Spinal anesthesia
1316:surgical position
1304:
1303:
1296:
1210:medical specialty
1164:Preoperative care
1158:Preoperative care
1144:aseptic technique
1132:operating theater
1098:resection margins
942:on the endoscope.
794:, jaws, and face;
616:internal fixation
526:connective tissue
441:Bariatric surgery
392:Emergency surgery
376:Based on timing:
350:catheter ablation
338:laser eye surgery
277:Finnish Civil War
200:will also have a
190:circulating nurse
178:anaesthetic nurse
154:surgical facility
83:bariatric surgery
75:medical specialty
16:(Redirected from
8185:
8099:Vascular surgery
8049:
7977:
7970:
7963:
7954:
7953:
7940:
7939:
7930:
7920:
7919:
7910:
7909:
7900:
7899:
7604:Medical genetics
7589:General practice
7466:Nuclear medicine
7341:Gastroenterology
7297:Vascular surgery
7247:
7174:
7173:
7148:
7141:
7134:
7125:
7124:
7081:
7079:
7077:
7075:
7057:
7051:
7049:
7047:
7045:
7029:
7023:
7022:
7012:
6995:(8): 2012–2016.
6980:
6970:
6953:(351): 246–248.
6938:
6932:
6923:
6903:
6897:
6896:
6876:
6870:
6869:
6867:
6865:
6842:
6836:
6835:
6833:
6831:
6816:
6810:
6809:
6807:
6805:
6796:. Archived from
6790:
6784:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6759:Moore W (2005).
6756:
6750:
6749:
6729:
6723:
6722:
6702:
6696:
6695:
6659:
6653:
6650:
6644:
6643:
6641:
6639:
6624:
6618:
6617:
6590:
6584:
6583:
6581:
6579:
6556:
6550:
6549:
6547:
6545:
6522:
6516:
6515:
6503:
6497:
6496:
6489:
6483:
6474:
6468:
6467:
6465:
6463:
6454:
6445:
6439:
6438:
6436:
6434:
6428:
6417:
6408:
6402:
6401:
6399:
6397:
6383:
6377:
6359:
6353:
6352:
6347:. Archived from
6324:
6318:
6317:
6299:
6293:
6292:
6290:
6288:
6279:. 6 April 2006.
6269:
6263:
6258:James P. Allen,
6256:
6250:
6249:
6239:
6207:
6201:
6200:
6182:
6176:
6175:
6149:
6143:
6142:
6114:
6105:
6104:
6102:
6100:
6095:on 25 March 2012
6091:. Archived from
6084:
6078:
6077:
6057:
6051:
6048:
6039:
6036:
6030:
6027:
6021:
6018:
6005:
6002:
5996:
5995:
5987:
5981:
5980:
5970:
5960:
5936:
5927:
5926:
5916:
5907:(6): e334–e345.
5892:
5886:
5885:
5861:
5855:
5854:
5810:
5804:
5803:
5778:(9): 2115–2125.
5766:
5757:
5756:
5720:
5714:
5713:
5676:
5670:
5669:
5633:
5627:
5626:
5608:
5584:
5571:
5570:
5534:
5528:
5527:
5517:
5485:
5479:
5478:
5468:
5436:
5430:
5429:
5401:
5392:
5391:
5367:
5358:
5357:
5333:
5327:
5326:
5302:
5296:
5295:
5271:
5265:
5264:
5236:
5230:
5229:
5219:
5187:
5181:
5180:
5170:
5153:(12): CD012624.
5138:
5129:
5128:
5118:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5075:on 23 July 2018.
5074:
5068:. Archived from
5059:
5042:(11): CD011426.
5033:
5024:
5018:
5015:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4949:
4938:
4937:
4927:
4916:10.1111/os.12953
4910:(4): 1319–1326.
4895:
4889:
4888:
4878:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4837:
4835:
4816:
4810:
4809:
4773:
4767:
4757:
4748:
4747:
4737:
4697:
4691:
4690:
4680:
4662:
4641:Nouh MR (2012).
4638:
4632:
4631:
4625:
4616:
4610:
4609:
4599:
4559:
4553:
4552:
4551:
4549:
4516:
4510:
4509:
4508:
4506:
4483:
4477:
4476:
4475:
4473:
4455:"Tubal Ligation"
4450:
4444:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4417:
4411:
4410:
4408:
4406:
4392:
4386:
4385:
4375:
4335:
4329:
4304:
4298:
4297:
4267:
4261:
4260:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4223:
4214:(6): e481–e488.
4199:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4174:
4168:
4163:
4153:
4120:
4110:
4085:
4075:
4050:
4032:
4007:
3997:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3929:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3916:
3907:. Archived from
3871:
3861:
3836:
3807:
3797:
3772:
3762:
3737:
3707:
3705:
3703:
3686:
3684:
3682:
3659:
3648:
3644:
3635:
3634:
3618:
3612:
3611:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3568:. Archived from
3557:
3546:
3540:
3539:
3537:
3535:
3518:
3512:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3493:
3487:
3486:
3484:
3482:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3459:
3457:
3443:
3437:
3436:
3427:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3397:
3380:
3367:
3358:
3341:Vascular surgery
3216:
3184:
3169:
3160:
3144:Operative report
3140:
3126:
3102:
3088:
3059:
3023:
3018:
3017:
3016:
2797:Gaspare Traversi
2792:
2780:
2761:
2685:responsible for
2622:Ignaz Semmelweis
2601:muscle relaxants
2559:control through
2479:venereal disease
2402:Andreas Vesalius
2197:
2194:
2167:
2103:Sushruta Samhita
1815:informed consent
1504:Heart pacemakers
1344:anesthesiologist
1299:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1256:
1248:
1226:prothrombin time
1189:digestive system
1044:. For example,
1006:abdominal cavity
962:remotely control
902:involves use of
874:involves use of
776:, also known as
742:Vascular surgery
718:Thoracic surgery
562:lymphoid tissues
433:Cosmetic surgery
380:Elective surgery
368:Types of surgery
275:during the 1918
212:care (sometimes
91:cosmetic surgery
58:
47:
21:
8193:
8192:
8188:
8187:
8186:
8184:
8183:
8182:
8168:
8167:
8165:
8163:
8158:
8103:
8062:Plastic surgery
8020:General surgery
8000:Cardiac surgery
7986:
7981:
7951:
7946:
7888:
7877:Chief physician
7810:
7755:
7744:
7738:Travel medicine
7723:Sports medicine
7706:Sexual medicine
7646:Palliative care
7641:Pain management
7585:Family medicine
7563:Diving medicine
7509:
7437:
7399:
7392:
7308:
7301:
7260:Plastic surgery
7206:General surgery
7186:Cardiac surgery
7167:
7165:
7157:
7152:
7090:
7088:Further reading
7085:
7084:
7073:
7071:
7058:
7054:
7043:
7041:
7030:
7026:
6981:. Reprinted in
6939:
6935:
6930:
6928:
6926:
6924:
6904:
6900:
6893:
6877:
6873:
6863:
6861:
6859:
6843:
6839:
6829:
6827:
6818:
6817:
6813:
6803:
6801:
6792:
6791:
6787:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6757:
6753:
6740:(2): 23–4, 26.
6730:
6726:
6703:
6699:
6660:
6656:
6651:
6647:
6637:
6635:
6626:
6625:
6621:
6591:
6587:
6577:
6575:
6573:
6557:
6553:
6543:
6541:
6539:
6523:
6519:
6512:livescience.com
6504:
6500:
6491:
6490:
6486:
6475:
6471:
6461:
6459:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6432:
6430:
6426:
6415:
6409:
6405:
6395:
6393:
6385:
6384:
6380:
6374:
6360:
6356:
6325:
6321:
6314:
6300:
6296:
6286:
6284:
6271:
6270:
6266:
6257:
6253:
6208:
6204:
6197:
6183:
6179:
6164:
6150:
6146:
6115:
6108:
6098:
6096:
6087:
6085:
6081:
6058:
6054:
6049:
6042:
6037:
6033:
6028:
6024:
6019:
6008:
6003:
5999:
5988:
5984:
5937:
5930:
5893:
5889:
5862:
5858:
5843:
5811:
5807:
5767:
5760:
5721:
5717:
5677:
5673:
5634:
5630:
5585:
5574:
5535:
5531:
5486:
5482:
5437:
5433:
5402:
5395:
5368:
5361:
5334:
5330:
5303:
5299:
5272:
5268:
5237:
5233:
5188:
5184:
5139:
5132:
5087:
5083:
5072:
5031:
5025:
5021:
4980:
4978:
4966:ABIM Foundation
4962:Choosing Wisely
4950:
4941:
4896:
4892:
4861:(3): CD007598.
4847:
4843:
4833:
4831:
4817:
4813:
4784:(12): 875–886.
4778:Obesity Reviews
4774:
4770:
4758:
4751:
4698:
4694:
4639:
4635:
4623:
4617:
4613:
4560:
4556:
4547:
4545:
4543:
4517:
4513:
4504:
4502:
4488:"Skin Grafting"
4484:
4480:
4471:
4469:
4451:
4447:
4438:
4436:
4418:
4414:
4404:
4402:
4400:www.science.gov
4394:
4393:
4389:
4336:
4332:
4326:Wayback Machine
4315:Wayback Machine
4305:
4301:
4286:
4274:Spry C (2009).
4268:
4264:
4257:
4241:
4237:
4200:
4196:
4186:
4184:
4182:medlineplus.gov
4176:
4175:
4171:
4101:(Pt 1): 13–16.
4073:10.3310/hta1120
3980:(1): CD007293.
3956:
3954:
3946:ABIM Foundation
3942:Choosing Wisely
3930:
3926:
3914:
3912:
3795:10.3310/hta1120
3701:
3699:
3690:
3680:
3678:
3660:
3651:
3645:
3638:
3619:
3615:
3608:
3592:
3588:
3578:
3576:
3572:
3566:
3555:
3547:
3543:
3533:
3531:
3527:Merriam-Webster
3520:
3519:
3515:
3505:
3503:
3495:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3478:
3470:
3469:
3465:
3455:
3453:
3445:
3444:
3440:
3429:
3428:
3424:
3414:
3412:
3399:
3398:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3345:
3304:Plastic surgery
3269:General surgery
3244:Cardiac surgery
3234:
3229:
3214:
3182:
3167:
3158:
3138:
3124:
3121:Jet ventilation
3100:
3086:
3057:
3048:Cardiac surgery
3021:Medicine portal
3019:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3004:
2940:
2935:
2812:General surgery
2807:
2800:
2793:
2784:
2781:
2772:
2762:
2746:Wilhelm Röntgen
2683:micro-organisms
2679:micro-organisms
2613:
2595:, physician to
2483:Achilles tendon
2455:
2386:Barber-surgeons
2339:
2307:spinal injuries
2303:skull fractures
2243:Andalusian-Arab
2223:
2195:
2130:
2121:
2109:plastic surgery
2094:
2086:abscessed tooth
2070:
2046:
2029:
2017:Main articles:
2015:
1979:right to health
1944:right to health
1936:right to health
1932:
1831:
1811:
1806:
1788:
1780:muscle weakness
1771:
1766:
1751:
1746:
1669:surgical drains
1657:hypoventilation
1648:
1593:surgical suture
1547:digestive tract
1437:to open up the
1391:
1383:surgical stress
1336:operating field
1332:povidone-iodine
1320:operating field
1300:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1269:
1257:
1246:
1174:physical status
1166:
1160:
1140:operating table
1113:
1108:
979:
973:
946:Robotic surgery
736:digestive tract
722:thoracic cavity
701:Cardiac surgery
669:Transplantation
662:medical devices
534:hepatic segment
421:Plastic surgery
370:
257:
68:
67:
66:
65:
61:
60:
59:
50:
49:
48:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
8191:
8181:
8180:
8160:
8159:
8157:
8156:
8151:
8150:
8149:
8139:
8138:
8137:
8127:
8122:
8117:
8111:
8109:
8105:
8104:
8102:
8101:
8096:
8095:
8094:
8084:
8082:Trauma surgery
8079:
8074:
8069:
8064:
8059:
8054:
8053:
8052:
8045:Otolaryngology
8042:
8037:
8032:
8027:
8022:
8017:
8012:
8007:
8002:
7996:
7994:
7992:subspecialties
7988:
7987:
7980:
7979:
7972:
7965:
7957:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7944:
7934:
7924:
7914:
7904:
7893:
7890:
7889:
7887:
7886:
7881:
7880:
7879:
7869:
7864:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7834:
7829:
7824:
7818:
7816:
7815:Related topics
7812:
7811:
7809:
7808:
7807:
7806:
7796:
7791:
7786:
7781:
7776:
7771:
7766:
7764:Medical school
7760:
7758:
7750:
7749:
7746:
7745:
7743:
7742:
7741:
7740:
7730:
7725:
7720:
7718:Sleep medicine
7715:
7714:
7713:
7703:
7698:
7693:
7692:
7691:
7681:
7676:
7671:
7665:
7660:
7659:
7658:
7648:
7643:
7638:
7633:
7628:
7623:
7622:
7621:
7611:
7606:
7601:
7596:
7591:
7582:
7577:
7576:
7575:
7565:
7560:
7555:
7550:
7545:
7544:
7543:
7538:
7531:Anesthesiology
7528:
7523:
7517:
7515:
7511:
7510:
7508:
7507:
7506:
7505:
7500:
7495:
7490:
7485:
7480:
7470:
7469:
7468:
7463:
7461:Neuroradiology
7458:
7447:
7445:
7439:
7438:
7436:
7435:
7430:
7425:
7420:
7415:
7410:
7404:
7402:
7398:Obstetrics and
7394:
7393:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7380:
7375:
7370:
7365:
7360:
7355:
7350:
7349:
7348:
7338:
7333:
7328:
7323:
7313:
7311:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7299:
7294:
7293:
7292:
7282:
7280:Trauma surgery
7277:
7272:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7251:
7250:
7243:Otolaryngology
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7219:
7218:
7213:
7203:
7198:
7193:
7188:
7182:
7180:
7171:
7169:subspecialties
7159:
7158:
7151:
7150:
7143:
7136:
7128:
7122:
7121:
7115:
7109:
7103:
7097:
7089:
7086:
7083:
7082:
7052:
7024:
6933:
6898:
6891:
6871:
6857:
6837:
6811:
6785:
6771:
6751:
6724:
6697:
6654:
6645:
6619:
6585:
6571:
6551:
6537:
6517:
6498:
6484:
6469:
6440:
6403:
6378:
6372:
6354:
6319:
6312:
6294:
6264:
6251:
6222:(8): 467–473.
6202:
6195:
6177:
6162:
6144:
6106:
6079:
6068:(1): 137–152.
6052:
6040:
6031:
6022:
6006:
5997:
5982:
5928:
5887:
5876:(1): 137–152.
5856:
5841:
5805:
5758:
5715:
5671:
5628:
5572:
5529:
5500:(4): 533–536.
5480:
5451:(5): e001808.
5431:
5412:(6): 901–908.
5393:
5359:
5328:
5297:
5266:
5247:(5): 552–558.
5231:
5202:(4): e025091.
5182:
5130:
5081:
5019:
5017:
5016:
4998:(4): 181–189.
4986:, which cites
4939:
4890:
4841:
4811:
4768:
4749:
4712:(4): 162–171.
4692:
4653:(5): 193–207.
4633:
4611:
4574:(3): 162–171.
4554:
4541:
4511:
4478:
4445:
4412:
4387:
4330:
4328:. 11 ed. 2008.
4299:
4284:
4262:
4255:
4235:
4194:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4165:
4164:
4121:
4086:
4051:
4023:(1): 207–212.
4008:
3962:, which cites
3924:
3922:
3921:
3872:
3846:Age and Ageing
3837:
3819:(2): 131–133.
3808:
3773:
3738:
3720:(2): 110–113.
3709:
3649:
3636:
3613:
3606:
3586:
3564:
3541:
3513:
3488:
3463:
3438:
3422:
3391:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3352:
3351:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3343:
3338:
3337:
3336:
3326:
3324:Trauma surgery
3321:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3301:
3296:
3294:Otolaryngology
3291:
3286:
3281:
3276:
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3235:
3233:
3230:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3208:
3202:
3199:Trauma surgery
3196:
3194:Surgical sieve
3191:
3185:
3176:
3170:
3164:Remote surgery
3161:
3152:
3146:
3141:
3132:
3127:
3118:
3104:
3094:
3089:
3080:
3074:
3071:Surgical drain
3068:
3066:medical coding
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3008:
3005:
3003:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2936:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2891:Otolaryngology
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2841:Dental surgery
2838:
2833:
2828:
2826:Cardiothoracic
2823:
2818:
2817:
2816:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2801:
2794:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2775:
2773:
2763:
2756:
2612:
2609:
2597:Queen Victoria
2534:scrotal cancer
2489:in case of an
2454:
2453:Modern surgery
2451:
2338:
2335:
2277:and the first
2231:Paul of Aegina
2222:
2219:
2196: 400 BCE
2187:stated in the
2150:ancient Greece
2129:
2126:
2120:
2117:
2093:
2090:
2069:
2066:
2045:
2042:
2014:
2011:
1931:
1928:
1830:
1829:Global surgery
1827:
1810:
1807:
1787:
1784:
1770:
1769:Elderly people
1767:
1765:
1762:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1702:rehabilitation
1647:
1644:
1625:
1624:
1623:
1622:
1616:
1613:
1610:
1604:
1603:
1600:
1573:
1558:
1545:modifying the
1543:
1529:
1522:
1517:creation of a
1515:
1500:Artificial hip
1491:
1488:bypass surgery
1481:
1475:
1471:
1460:
1454:
1390:
1387:
1302:
1301:
1260:
1258:
1251:
1245:
1242:
1185:blood donation
1162:Main article:
1159:
1156:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1103:
1102:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1038:
1027:
1013:
994:
975:Main article:
972:
969:
968:
967:
966:
965:
943:
936:display screen
932:video-assisted
917:
907:
904:electrocautery
900:Electrosurgery
897:
887:
876:laser ablation
866:
865:
864:
861:
831:
817:
816:
815:
805:
795:
785:
759:
749:
739:
729:
724:including the
715:
691:
690:
689:
665:
653:
645:
629:
621:Reconstruction
605:
586:electrocautery
577:
569:
522:internal organ
515:
451:
450:
449:
448:
438:
437:
436:
430:
418:
417:
416:
410:
397:
396:
395:
389:
383:
369:
366:
330:polyp excision
256:
253:
214:intensive care
188:equipment), a
158:surgical nurse
115:foreign bodies
87:gastric bypass
63:
62:
53:
52:
51:
42:
41:
40:
39:
38:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8190:
8179:
8176:
8175:
8173:
8166:
8155:
8152:
8148:
8145:
8144:
8143:
8140:
8136:
8133:
8132:
8131:
8128:
8126:
8123:
8121:
8118:
8116:
8113:
8112:
8110:
8106:
8100:
8097:
8093:
8090:
8089:
8088:
8085:
8083:
8080:
8078:
8075:
8073:
8070:
8068:
8065:
8063:
8060:
8058:
8055:
8048:
8047:
8046:
8043:
8041:
8038:
8036:
8033:
8031:
8028:
8026:
8023:
8021:
8018:
8016:
8013:
8011:
8008:
8006:
8003:
8001:
7998:
7997:
7995:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7978:
7973:
7971:
7966:
7964:
7959:
7958:
7955:
7943:
7935:
7933:
7929:
7925:
7923:
7915:
7913:
7905:
7903:
7895:
7894:
7891:
7885:
7882:
7878:
7875:
7874:
7873:
7870:
7868:
7865:
7863:
7860:
7858:
7855:
7853:
7850:
7848:
7847:Public health
7845:
7843:
7840:
7838:
7835:
7833:
7830:
7828:
7827:Allied health
7825:
7823:
7820:
7819:
7817:
7813:
7805:
7802:
7801:
7800:
7797:
7795:
7792:
7790:
7787:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7772:
7770:
7767:
7765:
7762:
7761:
7759:
7757:
7751:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7734:
7731:
7729:
7726:
7724:
7721:
7719:
7716:
7712:
7709:
7708:
7707:
7704:
7702:
7699:
7697:
7694:
7690:
7687:
7686:
7685:
7682:
7680:
7677:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7664:
7661:
7657:
7654:
7653:
7652:
7649:
7647:
7644:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7636:Oral medicine
7634:
7632:
7631:Ophthalmology
7629:
7627:
7624:
7620:
7617:
7616:
7615:
7612:
7610:
7607:
7605:
7602:
7600:
7597:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7586:
7583:
7581:
7578:
7574:
7571:
7570:
7569:
7566:
7564:
7561:
7559:
7556:
7554:
7551:
7549:
7546:
7542:
7539:
7537:
7534:
7533:
7532:
7529:
7527:
7524:
7522:
7519:
7518:
7516:
7512:
7504:
7501:
7499:
7496:
7494:
7493:Cytopathology
7491:
7489:
7486:
7484:
7481:
7479:
7476:
7475:
7474:
7471:
7467:
7464:
7462:
7459:
7457:
7454:
7453:
7452:
7449:
7448:
7446:
7444:
7440:
7434:
7433:Urogynecology
7431:
7429:
7426:
7424:
7421:
7419:
7416:
7414:
7411:
7409:
7406:
7405:
7403:
7401:
7395:
7389:
7386:
7384:
7381:
7379:
7376:
7374:
7371:
7369:
7366:
7364:
7361:
7359:
7356:
7354:
7351:
7347:
7344:
7343:
7342:
7339:
7337:
7336:Endocrinology
7334:
7332:
7329:
7327:
7324:
7322:
7318:
7315:
7314:
7312:
7310:
7304:
7298:
7295:
7291:
7288:
7287:
7286:
7283:
7281:
7278:
7276:
7273:
7271:
7268:
7266:
7263:
7261:
7258:
7256:
7253:
7246:
7245:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7208:
7207:
7204:
7202:
7199:
7197:
7194:
7192:
7189:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7175:
7172:
7170:
7164:
7160:
7156:
7149:
7144:
7142:
7137:
7135:
7130:
7129:
7126:
7120:
7116:
7114:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7102:
7098:
7096:
7092:
7091:
7069:
7065:
7064:
7056:
7039:
7035:
7028:
7020:
7016:
7011:
7006:
7002:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6986:
6978:
6974:
6969:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6952:
6948:
6944:
6937:
6921:
6917:
6913:
6909:
6902:
6894:
6888:
6884:
6883:
6875:
6860:
6854:
6850:
6849:
6841:
6825:
6821:
6815:
6799:
6795:
6789:
6774:
6768:
6764:
6763:
6755:
6747:
6743:
6739:
6735:
6728:
6720:
6716:
6712:
6708:
6701:
6693:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6665:
6658:
6649:
6633:
6629:
6623:
6616:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6589:
6574:
6568:
6564:
6563:
6555:
6540:
6534:
6530:
6529:
6521:
6513:
6509:
6502:
6494:
6488:
6482:
6479:
6473:
6458:
6451:
6444:
6425:
6421:
6414:
6407:
6392:
6388:
6382:
6375:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6358:
6350:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6323:
6315:
6309:
6305:
6298:
6282:
6278:
6274:
6268:
6261:
6255:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6221:
6217:
6213:
6206:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6181:
6173:
6169:
6165:
6159:
6155:
6148:
6140:
6136:
6132:
6128:
6124:
6120:
6113:
6111:
6094:
6090:
6083:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6063:
6056:
6047:
6045:
6035:
6026:
6017:
6015:
6013:
6011:
6001:
5993:
5986:
5978:
5974:
5969:
5964:
5959:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5935:
5933:
5924:
5920:
5915:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5860:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5838:
5834:
5830:
5826:
5822:
5818:
5817:
5809:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5789:
5785:
5781:
5777:
5773:
5765:
5763:
5754:
5750:
5746:
5742:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5719:
5711:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5675:
5667:
5663:
5659:
5655:
5651:
5647:
5643:
5639:
5632:
5624:
5620:
5616:
5612:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5594:
5590:
5583:
5581:
5579:
5577:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5548:
5544:
5540:
5533:
5525:
5521:
5516:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5495:
5491:
5484:
5476:
5472:
5467:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5446:
5442:
5435:
5427:
5423:
5419:
5415:
5411:
5407:
5400:
5398:
5389:
5385:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5366:
5364:
5355:
5351:
5347:
5343:
5339:
5332:
5324:
5320:
5316:
5312:
5308:
5301:
5293:
5289:
5285:
5281:
5277:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5250:
5246:
5242:
5235:
5227:
5223:
5218:
5213:
5209:
5205:
5201:
5197:
5193:
5186:
5178:
5174:
5169:
5164:
5160:
5156:
5152:
5148:
5144:
5137:
5135:
5126:
5122:
5117:
5112:
5108:
5104:
5100:
5096:
5092:
5085:
5079:
5071:
5067:
5063:
5058:
5053:
5049:
5045:
5041:
5037:
5030:
5023:
5013:
5009:
5005:
5001:
4997:
4993:
4988:
4987:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4967:
4963:
4958:
4954:
4948:
4946:
4944:
4935:
4931:
4926:
4921:
4917:
4913:
4909:
4905:
4901:
4894:
4886:
4882:
4877:
4872:
4868:
4864:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4845:
4830:
4826:
4822:
4815:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4772:
4766:
4762:
4756:
4754:
4745:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4727:
4723:
4719:
4715:
4711:
4707:
4703:
4696:
4688:
4684:
4679:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4652:
4648:
4644:
4637:
4629:
4622:
4615:
4607:
4603:
4598:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4581:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4558:
4544:
4538:
4534:
4530:
4526:
4522:
4515:
4501:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4482:
4468:
4464:
4460:
4456:
4449:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4423:
4416:
4401:
4397:
4391:
4383:
4379:
4374:
4369:
4365:
4361:
4357:
4353:
4349:
4345:
4341:
4334:
4327:
4323:
4320:
4316:
4312:
4309:
4303:
4295:
4291:
4287:
4281:
4277:
4271:
4266:
4258:
4252:
4248:
4247:
4239:
4231:
4227:
4222:
4217:
4213:
4209:
4205:
4198:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4161:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4143:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4122:
4118:
4114:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4087:
4083:
4079:
4074:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4040:
4036:
4031:
4026:
4022:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3963:
3952:
3948:
3947:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3928:
3910:
3906:
3902:
3898:
3894:
3890:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3851:
3847:
3843:
3838:
3834:
3830:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3809:
3805:
3801:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3770:
3766:
3761:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3739:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3710:
3697:
3693:
3689:
3688:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3654:
3643:
3641:
3632:
3628:
3624:
3617:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3598:
3590:
3571:
3567:
3561:
3554:
3553:
3545:
3530:
3528:
3523:
3522:"extirpation"
3517:
3502:
3498:
3492:
3477:
3473:
3467:
3452:
3448:
3442:
3434:
3433:
3426:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3396:
3392:
3378:
3374:
3370:
3363:
3357:
3353:
3342:
3339:
3335:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3327:
3325:
3322:
3320:
3317:
3315:
3312:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3300:
3297:
3295:
3292:
3290:
3287:
3285:
3282:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3264:Ophthalmology
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3236:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3212:
3211:Rheumasurgery
3209:
3206:
3203:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3189:
3186:
3180:
3177:
3174:
3171:
3165:
3162:
3156:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3105:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3090:
3084:
3081:
3078:
3075:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3063:
3055:
3052:
3049:
3046:
3043:
3040:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3022:
3011:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2861:Ophthalmology
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2815:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2809:
2798:
2791:
2786:
2779:
2774:
2770:
2766:
2760:
2755:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2740:
2735:
2732:
2727:
2723:
2718:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2699:carbolic acid
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2667:Louis Pasteur
2665:
2661:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2648:Joseph Lister
2642:
2639:, pioneer of
2638:
2637:Joseph Lister
2634:
2630:
2628:
2627:Royal Society
2623:
2619:
2608:
2606:
2602:
2598:
2594:
2590:
2586:
2582:
2581:Crawford Long
2578:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2562:
2558:
2553:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2530:chimney sweep
2527:
2523:
2519:
2518:Percival Pott
2514:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2480:
2475:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:blood vessels
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2424:
2423:Ambroise Paré
2419:
2417:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2394:
2392:
2387:
2383:
2380:composed his
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2354:
2347:
2343:
2334:
2332:
2331:hydrocephalic
2328:
2324:
2323:hydrocephalus
2320:
2316:
2312:
2311:hydrocephalus
2308:
2304:
2300:
2299:head injuries
2296:
2292:
2288:
2287:thyroidectomy
2284:
2283:breast cancer
2280:
2276:
2275:gynaecomastia
2272:
2268:
2265:and to treat
2264:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2251:cauterization
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2228:
2221:Islamic world
2218:
2214:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2201:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2155:
2151:
2143:
2139:
2134:
2125:
2116:
2114:
2110:
2105:
2104:
2099:
2089:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2074:Ancient Egypt
2068:Ancient Egypt
2065:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2051:
2038:
2033:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1975:Kelly McQueen
1972:
1971:public health
1969:Surgeons and
1967:
1965:
1961:
1957:
1951:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1923:
1921:
1917:
1913:
1909:
1903:
1901:
1897:
1892:
1888:
1883:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1856:
1852:
1851:Jim Young Kim
1848:
1844:
1840:
1836:
1826:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1805:
1801:
1796:
1794:
1783:
1781:
1776:
1775:Frail elderly
1761:
1757:
1754:
1749:United States
1741:
1737:
1733:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1698:
1694:
1690:
1686:
1682:
1677:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1662:
1658:
1653:
1643:
1641:
1637:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1617:
1614:
1611:
1608:
1607:
1606:
1605:
1601:
1598:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1585:herniorrhaphy
1582:
1578:
1574:
1571:
1567:
1563:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1541:
1537:
1536:Spinal fusion
1533:
1530:
1527:
1523:
1520:
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1496:
1493:insertion of
1492:
1489:
1485:
1482:
1479:
1476:
1472:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1458:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1450:
1447:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1415:
1411:
1410:Blood vessels
1406:
1404:
1400:
1396:
1386:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1312:
1310:
1298:
1295:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1267:
1266:
1261:This section
1259:
1255:
1250:
1249:
1241:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1223:
1218:
1214:
1211:
1205:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1183:
1179:
1175:
1171:
1165:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1137:
1133:
1129:
1124:
1121:
1117:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1087:
1083:
1079:
1075:
1074:complications
1070:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1056:
1053:
1052:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1028:
1025:
1021:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1007:
1003:
999:
995:
992:
989:
985:
981:
980:
978:
963:
959:
955:
951:
948:makes use of
947:
944:
941:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
918:
915:
911:
908:
905:
901:
898:
895:
891:
888:
885:
881:
877:
873:
872:Laser surgery
870:
869:
867:
862:
859:
855:
851:
847:
843:
839:
835:
832:
829:
825:
822:Conventional
821:
820:
818:
813:
809:
806:
803:
799:
796:
793:
789:
786:
783:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
760:
757:
753:
750:
747:
743:
740:
737:
733:
730:
727:
723:
719:
716:
713:
712:great vessels
710:
706:
702:
699:
698:
696:
692:
687:
683:
682:
677:
676:
671:
670:
666:
663:
659:
658:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
635:
634:
630:
627:
623:
622:
617:
613:
609:
606:
603:
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
578:
575:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
516:
513:
512:
507:
503:
499:
498:clitoral hood
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
462:
458:
457:
455:
454:
453:
446:
442:
439:
434:
431:
428:
425:
424:
422:
419:
414:
413:
411:
408:
404:
401:
400:
398:
393:
390:
387:
384:
381:
378:
377:
375:
374:
373:
365:
363:
362:radiosurgical
359:
358:valvuloplasty
355:
351:
347:
343:
339:
335:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
229:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
210:postoperative
207:
203:
199:
195:
191:
187:
184:(who handles
183:
179:
175:
171:
170:surgical team
167:
163:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
112:
108:
104:
100:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
57:
46:
37:
33:
19:
8164:
8040:Hand surgery
8025:Neurosurgery
7983:
7852:Rural health
7837:Nanomedicine
7388:Rheumatology
7319: /
7238:Hand surgery
7223:Neurosurgery
7177:
7072:. Retrieved
7062:
7055:
7042:. Retrieved
7027:
6992:
6988:
6950:
6946:
6936:
6911:
6907:
6901:
6881:
6874:
6862:. Retrieved
6847:
6840:
6828:. Retrieved
6814:
6802:. Retrieved
6798:the original
6788:
6776:. Retrieved
6761:
6754:
6737:
6733:
6727:
6713:(1): 69–87.
6710:
6706:
6700:
6667:
6663:
6657:
6648:
6636:. Retrieved
6622:
6598:
6594:
6588:
6576:. Retrieved
6561:
6554:
6542:. Retrieved
6527:
6520:
6511:
6501:
6487:
6477:
6476:Risse, G.B.
6472:
6460:. Retrieved
6456:
6448:Uragoda CG.
6443:
6431:. Retrieved
6419:
6406:
6394:. Retrieved
6390:
6381:
6362:
6357:
6349:the original
6339:(1): 76–78.
6336:
6332:
6322:
6303:
6297:
6285:. Retrieved
6276:
6267:
6259:
6254:
6219:
6215:
6205:
6186:
6180:
6153:
6147:
6122:
6118:
6097:. Retrieved
6093:the original
6082:
6065:
6061:
6055:
6034:
6025:
6000:
5991:
5985:
5948:
5944:
5904:
5900:
5890:
5873:
5869:
5859:
5815:
5808:
5775:
5771:
5728:
5724:
5718:
5685:
5681:
5674:
5641:
5637:
5631:
5596:
5592:
5542:
5538:
5532:
5497:
5493:
5483:
5448:
5444:
5434:
5409:
5405:
5375:
5341:
5331:
5310:
5300:
5279:
5269:
5244:
5240:
5234:
5199:
5195:
5185:
5150:
5146:
5098:
5094:
5084:
5070:the original
5039:
5035:
5022:
4995:
4991:
4979:, retrieved
4960:
4907:
4903:
4893:
4858:
4854:
4844:
4832:. Retrieved
4814:
4781:
4777:
4771:
4760:
4709:
4705:
4695:
4650:
4646:
4636:
4627:
4619:Zalewska K.
4614:
4571:
4567:
4557:
4546:, retrieved
4524:
4514:
4503:, retrieved
4491:
4481:
4470:, retrieved
4458:
4448:
4437:, retrieved
4425:
4415:
4403:. Retrieved
4399:
4390:
4350:(1): 31–32.
4347:
4343:
4333:
4302:
4275:
4265:
4245:
4238:
4211:
4207:
4197:
4185:. Retrieved
4181:
4172:
4133:
4129:
4098:
4094:
4063:
4059:
4020:
4016:
3977:
3973:
3955:, retrieved
3940:
3927:
3913:. Retrieved
3909:the original
3884:
3880:
3852:(1): 11–14.
3849:
3845:
3816:
3812:
3785:
3781:
3750:
3746:
3717:
3713:
3700:. Retrieved
3679:. Retrieved
3670:
3626:
3616:
3596:
3589:
3577:. Retrieved
3570:the original
3551:
3544:
3532:. Retrieved
3525:
3516:
3504:. Retrieved
3500:
3491:
3479:. Retrieved
3475:
3466:
3454:. Retrieved
3450:
3441:
3431:
3425:
3413:. Retrieved
3404:
3395:
3369:cheirourgikē
3368:
3356:
3289:Hand surgery
3274:Neurosurgery
3092:Hypnosurgery
2886:Hand surgery
2856:Neurosurgery
2768:
2736:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2671:fermentation
2645:
2614:
2554:
2515:
2511:tuberculosis
2503:inflammation
2476:
2471:experimental
2456:
2420:
2413:
2395:
2381:
2359:
2327:intracranial
2295:neurological
2291:neurosurgery
2234:
2224:
2215:
2203:
2172:
2169:
2157:
2147:
2122:
2101:
2095:
2071:
2047:
1968:
1952:
1933:
1930:Human rights
1924:
1904:
1884:
1859:
1832:
1812:
1789:
1772:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1744:Epidemiology
1738:
1734:
1730:
1707:
1685:chemotherapy
1678:
1666:
1649:
1626:
1560:repair of a
1448:
1407:
1397:or surgical
1392:
1348:
1313:
1305:
1290:
1284:January 2019
1281:
1270:Please help
1265:verification
1262:
1217:chest x-rays
1206:
1167:
1125:
1114:
1065:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1034:
1019:
997:
990:
952:such as the
931:
910:Microsurgery
894:cryoablation
824:open surgery
798:Neurosurgery
695:organ system
685:
679:
673:
667:
657:Implantation
655:
647:
631:
619:
607:
579:
571:
554:Exenteration
553:
545:
517:
511:Replantation
509:
486:circumcision
468:, usually a
459:
452:
371:
342:percutaneous
304:, proactive
282:
267:Hospital in
249:veterinarian
230:
209:
205:
202:perfusionist
174:anaesthetist
169:
145:
141:
137:
135:
79:pathological
70:
69:
36:
8015:Eye surgery
7922:Wikiproject
7711:Venereology
7656:Neonatology
7553:Dermatology
7408:Gynaecology
7400:gynaecology
7383:Pulmonology
7201:Eye surgery
7163:Specialties
7074:2 September
7044:2 September
6864:11 November
6830:17 December
6804:17 December
6462:5 September
6433:5 September
6396:5 September
5833:10986/21568
4306:Wagman LD.
4136:(1): 5–11.
3915:4 September
3891:: 170–174.
3702:4 September
3534:20 February
3415:10 February
3366:χειρουργική
3042:Biomaterial
2866:Oncological
2851:Gynaecology
2737:The use of
2573:amputations
2546:ankle joint
2463:John Hunter
2406:Renaissance
2366:Montpellier
2271:mammaplasty
2225:During the
2200:specialists
2185:Hippocrates
2173:Ασκληπιείον
2170:Asclepieion
2156:, known as
2142:specialists
2138:Hippocrates
2113:rhinoplasty
2050:trepanation
2044:Trepanation
1918:, and even
1847:Paul Farmer
1740:discharge.
1726:antiseptics
1708:The use of
1661:atelectasis
1619:debridement
1555:weight loss
1532:arthrodesis
1474:aesthetics.
1468:anastomosis
1340:anesthetist
1326:(typically
1094:debridement
1051:rhinoplasty
1024:laparoscopy
971:Terminology
890:Cryosurgery
858:angioplasty
826:(such as a
792:oral cavity
762:ENT surgery
709:mediastinal
590:fulguration
573:Extirpation
566:body cavity
564:) within a
558:soft tissue
445:weight loss
360:), or to a
354:angioplasty
346:arthroscopy
286:angioplasty
255:Definitions
182:scrub nurse
8125:Intubation
7684:Psychiatry
7670:(PM&R)
7663:Phlebology
7651:Pediatrics
7478:Anatomical
7443:Diagnostic
7423:Obstetrics
7373:Nephrology
7358:Hematology
7353:Geriatrics
7346:Hepatology
7331:Cardiology
7321:Immunology
7032:Lister J.
6908:The Lancet
6778:7 February
6578:6 December
6544:3 December
6099:9 February
4992:Dermatitis
4981:5 December
4548:30 October
4505:30 October
4492:StatPearls
4472:30 October
4459:StatPearls
4439:30 October
4426:StatPearls
4405:30 October
4187:24 January
3529:dictionary
3387:References
3377:chirurgiae
3062:outpatient
3030:Anesthesia
2876:Transplant
2831:Colorectal
2722:antisepsis
2704:The Lancet
2695:antiseptic
2656:infections
2585:chloroform
2565:anesthesia
2561:anesthesia
2542:James Syme
2526:carcinogen
2447:amputation
2445:during an
2435:turpentine
2333:children.
2279:mastectomy
2235:Pragmateia
2166:Ασκληπιεία
2158:Asclepieia
2076:, where a
2062:dura mater
1999:Anesthesia
1987:World Bank
1960:disability
1900:World Bank
1872:laparotomy
1855:World Bank
1798:See also:
1693:medication
1659:syndrome,
1597:laceration
1591:, and the
1583:takedown,
1577:ICD-10-PCS
1526:transplant
1512:prostheses
1495:prosthetic
1414:cauterized
1399:department
1385:response.
1379:anesthetic
1350:Anesthesia
1324:antiseptic
1238:urinalysis
1193:bowel prep
1182:autologous
1148:sterilized
1092:requiring
1010:laparotomy
914:microscope
828:laparotomy
675:Harvesting
542:renal lobe
478:castration
461:Amputation
326:urological
308:, typical
306:hemostasis
302:anesthesia
294:antiseptic
226:body parts
218:iatrogenic
8130:Tamponade
8120:Endoscopy
8092:Andrology
7872:Physician
7756:education
7614:Neurology
7609:Narcology
7473:Pathology
7451:Radiology
7326:Angiology
7290:Andrology
6734:Decubitus
6125:: 75–78.
5994:: 101–44.
5101:: f2424.
4726:1531-0043
4669:1949-8470
4588:1531-0043
4364:1300-0705
4294:227920274
3687:, citing
3681:17 August
3360:From the
3334:Andrology
3115:inpatient
3077:Endoscopy
2846:Endocrine
2743:physicist
2731:sterilize
2618:Hungarian
2593:John Snow
2569:suffering
2509:and even
2499:infection
2495:pathology
2467:empirical
2382:Chirurgia
2329:fluid in
2281:to treat
2239:Albucasis
2177:Epidaurus
2154:Asclepius
2119:Sri Lanka
1867:mortality
1863:morbidity
1640:extubated
1581:colostomy
1540:vertebrae
1514:are used.
1457:resection
1371:intubated
1201:NPO order
1116:Inpatient
1002:abdominal
686:recipient
642:free flap
518:Resection
500:from the
492:from the
466:body part
407:diagnosis
290:endoscopy
265:Red Cross
241:physician
222:specialty
111:skin tags
8172:Category
7902:Category
7378:Oncology
7309:medicine
7307:Internal
7155:Medicine
7113:953–961.
7101:254–258.
7068:Archived
7038:Archived
7019:20361283
6977:20744875
6824:Archived
6719:18548946
6692:10077885
6684:10547004
6638:20 March
6632:Archived
6615:57308997
6424:Archived
6345:12082339
6281:Archived
6277:BBC News
6172:50485765
6139:26597405
6074:20930260
5977:31898532
5951:(1): 1.
5923:25103302
5882:20930260
5851:26740991
5800:13027859
5792:26239773
5745:12867110
5710:12830913
5702:27351714
5666:17918156
5658:18582931
5615:25924834
5567:37349469
5559:24853601
5524:18311574
5475:31749997
5426:20510798
5388:Archived
5384:25521003
5354:Archived
5350:25165806
5323:Archived
5319:24851286
5292:Archived
5288:24716251
5261:17284272
5226:30940757
5196:BMJ Open
5177:30521692
5125:23716356
5066:27819748
5012:18674453
4975:archived
4934:33960687
4885:29523018
4834:11 March
4829:32310532
4798:20025695
4744:25435825
4687:22761979
4606:28684933
4500:30422469
4467:31751063
4434:30855883
4382:25931839
4322:Archived
4311:Archived
4230:32773627
4160:10178152
4117:16390604
4039:21081771
4004:30616299
3957:1 August
3951:archived
3905:23571057
3734:11869746
3696:Archived
3675:Archived
3631:Archived
3409:Archived
3007:See also
2931:Vascular
2687:gangrene
2603:such as
2491:aneurysm
2487:arteries
2439:ligation
2431:rose oil
2427:egg yolk
2319:headache
2263:cannulae
2168:, sing.
2136:Bust of
2078:mandible
1786:Children
1695:such as
1681:adjuvant
1570:prolapse
1478:ligation
1464:suturing
1439:rib cage
1360:, or as
1128:hospital
1090:necrosis
1078:bleeding
1076:such as
1066:-orraphy
1059:-myotomy
954:Da Vinci
950:robotics
940:eyepiece
884:scissors
633:Grafting
612:suturing
602:freezing
581:Ablation
546:Excision
502:clitoris
318:stapling
314:suturing
298:sedation
206:invasive
146:surgical
121:(i.e. a
99:body fat
85:such as
18:Surgical
8178:Surgery
8087:Urology
7984:Surgery
7942:Outline
7912:Commons
7857:Therapy
7754:Medical
7317:Allergy
7285:Urology
7178:Surgery
7010:2895849
6968:2310614
6746:1558689
6246:8795503
6237:1295891
5968:6941290
5753:2052830
5623:2048403
5515:2267857
5466:6830053
5217:6500309
5168:6517298
5116:3665889
5078:Alt URL
5057:6465080
4925:8274205
4876:6494172
4806:7712323
4735:4226750
4678:3386531
4597:5498162
4373:4379777
4151:2483578
4082:9483155
4047:8480050
3995:6353242
3868:4003172
3833:8004892
3804:9483155
3769:8269561
3579:11 June
3506:31 July
3435:. 1846.
3329:Urology
2926:Urology
2906:Plastic
2726:asepsis
2664:chemist
2620:doctor
2555:Modern
2507:lesions
2441:of the
2374:Bologna
2259:urethra
2247:Córdoba
2054:drilled
2013:History
1674:abscess
1636:staples
1632:sutures
1562:fistula
1431:sternum
1309:IV line
1111:Setting
1086:abscess
1042:-plasty
1035:-ostomy
991:-ectomy
956:or the
928:trocars
880:scalpel
850:urethra
838:nostril
784:region;
524:and/or
490:prepuce
340:), are
273:Finland
269:Tampere
245:dentist
186:sterile
162:surgeon
123:patient
95:tissues
71:Surgery
7932:Portal
7799:MD–PhD
7017:
7007:
6975:
6965:
6889:
6855:
6769:
6744:
6717:
6690:
6682:
6613:
6569:
6535:
6343:
6310:
6287:24 May
6244:
6234:
6193:
6170:
6160:
6137:
6072:
5975:
5965:
5921:
5880:
5849:
5839:
5798:
5790:
5751:
5743:
5725:Lancet
5708:
5700:
5664:
5656:
5638:Lancet
5621:
5613:
5593:Lancet
5565:
5557:
5539:Lancet
5522:
5512:
5473:
5463:
5424:
5382:
5348:
5317:
5286:
5259:
5224:
5214:
5175:
5165:
5123:
5113:
5064:
5054:
5010:
4932:
4922:
4883:
4873:
4827:
4804:
4796:
4742:
4732:
4724:
4685:
4675:
4667:
4604:
4594:
4586:
4539:
4498:
4465:
4432:
4380:
4370:
4362:
4292:
4282:
4270:Page 2
4253:
4228:
4158:
4148:
4115:
4080:
4045:
4037:
4002:
3992:
3903:
3866:
3831:
3802:
3767:
3732:
3604:
3562:
3481:24 May
3456:24 May
2921:Trauma
2821:Breast
2771:, 1685
2739:X-rays
2660:wounds
2652:miasma
2605:curare
2583:, and
2362:Europe
2210:Thasos
2025:, and
2007:ICESCR
1956:injury
1940:ICESCR
1938:. The
1589:hernia
1566:hernia
1508:valves
1484:grafts
1236:, and
1152:scrubs
1134:using
1082:seroma
1046:rhino-
1020:oscopy
998:-otomy
988:suffix
984:prefix
810:— the
804:, and;
800:— the
790:— the
774:throat
754:— the
734:— the
720:— the
703:— the
649:Bypass
626:joints
608:Repair
482:testes
344:(e.g.
237:clinic
233:office
192:and a
129:(i.e.
127:animal
119:person
103:glands
7514:Other
6688:S2CID
6611:S2CID
6453:(PDF)
6427:(PDF)
6416:(PDF)
5796:S2CID
5749:S2CID
5706:S2CID
5662:S2CID
5619:S2CID
5563:S2CID
5073:(PDF)
5032:(PDF)
4802:S2CID
4624:(PDF)
4043:S2CID
3887:(3).
3573:(PDF)
3556:(PDF)
3373:Latin
3362:Greek
3348:Notes
2577:ether
2410:Galen
2370:Padua
2267:warts
2181:Galen
2162:Greek
2092:India
2082:molar
2058:skull
1628:Blood
1595:of a
1587:of a
1568:, or
1519:stoma
1427:brain
1423:skull
1138:, an
1126:At a
1031:stoma
1008:is a
960:, to
922:uses
842:mouth
726:lungs
705:heart
681:donor
594:laser
540:or a
504:(see
494:penis
474:digit
239:of a
180:), a
113:) or
107:scars
73:is a
7076:2011
7046:2011
7015:PMID
6973:PMID
6887:ISBN
6866:2011
6853:ISBN
6832:2012
6806:2012
6780:2013
6767:ISBN
6742:PMID
6715:PMID
6680:PMID
6640:2017
6580:2012
6567:ISBN
6546:2012
6533:ISBN
6464:2023
6435:2023
6398:2023
6369:ISBN
6341:PMID
6308:ISBN
6289:2010
6242:PMID
6191:ISBN
6168:OCLC
6158:ISBN
6135:PMID
6101:2012
6070:PMID
5973:PMID
5919:PMID
5878:PMID
5847:PMID
5837:ISBN
5788:PMID
5741:PMID
5698:PMID
5654:PMID
5611:PMID
5555:PMID
5520:PMID
5471:PMID
5422:PMID
5380:PMID
5346:PMID
5315:PMID
5284:PMID
5257:PMID
5222:PMID
5173:PMID
5151:2018
5121:PMID
5062:PMID
5040:2016
5008:PMID
4983:2013
4930:PMID
4881:PMID
4859:2018
4836:2024
4825:PMID
4794:PMID
4740:PMID
4722:ISSN
4683:PMID
4665:ISSN
4602:PMID
4584:ISSN
4550:2022
4537:ISBN
4507:2022
4496:PMID
4474:2022
4463:PMID
4441:2022
4430:PMID
4407:2022
4378:PMID
4360:ISSN
4290:OCLC
4280:ISBN
4272:in:
4251:ISBN
4226:PMID
4189:2019
4156:PMID
4113:PMID
4078:PMID
4035:PMID
4000:PMID
3959:2013
3917:2012
3901:PMID
3864:PMID
3829:PMID
3800:PMID
3765:PMID
3730:PMID
3704:2012
3683:2012
3647:2015
3602:ISBN
3581:2018
3560:ISBN
3536:2020
3508:2020
3483:2024
3458:2024
3417:2018
3101:HCUP
2916:Skin
2724:and
2557:pain
2469:and
2433:and
2372:and
2317:and
2293:and
2189:oath
2111:and
1958:and
1865:and
1802:and
1716:and
1553:for
1433:for
1425:for
1419:bone
1354:pain
846:anus
782:neck
772:and
770:nose
707:and
638:flap
550:skin
536:, a
528:. A
470:limb
356:and
8050:ENT
7248:ENT
7166:and
7119:69.
7107:17.
7005:PMC
6997:doi
6993:468
6963:PMC
6955:doi
6929:to:
6916:doi
6672:doi
6603:doi
6232:PMC
6224:doi
6127:doi
5963:PMC
5953:doi
5909:doi
5829:hdl
5821:doi
5780:doi
5733:doi
5729:362
5690:doi
5646:doi
5642:372
5601:doi
5597:386
5547:doi
5543:384
5510:PMC
5502:doi
5461:PMC
5453:doi
5414:doi
5410:210
5249:doi
5212:PMC
5204:doi
5163:PMC
5155:doi
5111:PMC
5103:doi
5099:346
5095:BMJ
5052:PMC
5044:doi
5000:doi
4920:PMC
4912:doi
4871:PMC
4863:doi
4786:doi
4730:PMC
4714:doi
4673:PMC
4655:doi
4592:PMC
4576:doi
4529:doi
4368:PMC
4352:doi
4216:doi
4212:274
4146:PMC
4138:doi
4103:doi
4068:doi
4025:doi
4021:112
3990:PMC
3982:doi
3893:doi
3854:doi
3821:doi
3790:doi
3755:doi
3722:doi
3058:CPT
2677:if
2536:).
2360:In
2233:'s
2148:In
1891:WHO
1634:or
1549:in
1524:in
1506:or
1405:).
1364:.
1274:by
1084:or
856:or
848:or
766:ear
693:By
614:or
600:or
508:).
496:or
472:or
316:or
288:or
247:or
156:or
140:or
133:).
109:or
8174::
7587:/
7013:.
7003:.
6991:.
6987:.
6971:.
6961:.
6949:.
6945:.
6912:89
6910:.
6822:.
6736:.
6711:11
6709:.
6686:.
6678:.
6668:22
6666:.
6609:,
6599:77
6597:,
6510:.
6455:.
6422:.
6418:.
6389:.
6337:48
6335:.
6331:.
6275:.
6240:.
6230:.
6220:89
6218:.
6214:.
6166:.
6133:.
6123:25
6121:.
6109:^
6066:12
6064:.
6043:^
6009:^
5971:.
5961:.
5949:16
5947:.
5943:.
5931:^
5917:.
5903:.
5899:.
5874:12
5872:.
5868:.
5845:.
5835:.
5827:.
5794:.
5786:.
5776:39
5774:.
5761:^
5747:.
5739:.
5727:.
5704:.
5696:.
5686:40
5684:.
5660:.
5652:.
5640:.
5617:.
5609:.
5595:.
5591:.
5575:^
5561:.
5553:.
5541:.
5518:.
5508:.
5498:32
5496:.
5492:.
5469:.
5459:.
5447:.
5443:.
5420:.
5408:.
5396:^
5386:.
5374:.
5362:^
5352:.
5340:.
5321:.
5309:.
5290:.
5278:.
5255:.
5245:57
5243:.
5220:.
5210:.
5198:.
5194:.
5171:.
5161:.
5149:.
5145:.
5133:^
5119:.
5109:.
5097:.
5093:.
5060:.
5050:.
5038:.
5034:.
5006:.
4996:19
4994:.
4973:,
4969:,
4959:,
4942:^
4928:.
4918:.
4908:13
4906:.
4902:.
4879:.
4869:.
4857:.
4853:.
4800:.
4792:.
4782:11
4780:.
4752:^
4738:.
4728:.
4720:.
4710:27
4708:.
4704:.
4681:.
4671:.
4663:.
4649:.
4645:.
4626:.
4600:.
4590:.
4582:.
4572:30
4570:.
4566:.
4535:,
4523:,
4490:,
4457:,
4424:,
4398:.
4376:.
4366:.
4358:.
4348:29
4346:.
4342:.
4288:.
4224:.
4210:.
4206:.
4180:.
4154:.
4144:.
4132:.
4128:.
4111:.
4099:43
4097:.
4093:.
4076:.
4062:.
4058:.
4041:.
4033:.
4019:.
4015:.
3998:.
3988:.
3976:.
3972:.
3939:,
3935:,
3899:.
3885:10
3883:.
3879:.
3862:.
3850:14
3848:.
3844:.
3827:.
3817:48
3815:.
3798:.
3784:.
3780:.
3763:.
3751:40
3749:.
3745:.
3728:.
3718:24
3716:.
3673:.
3669:.
3665:.
3652:^
3639:^
3625:.
3524:.
3499:.
3474:.
3449:.
3407:.
3403:.
3375::
3364::
2767:,
2752:.
2552:.
2449:.
2429:,
2400:,
2393:.
2368:,
2313:,
2309:,
2305:,
2301:,
2193:c.
2164::
2115:.
2021:,
1914:,
1878:,
1874:,
1821:,
1687:,
1676:.
1564:,
1232:,
1228:,
1224:,
882:,
844:,
840:,
768:,
764:—
688:).
618:.
596:,
592:,
544:.
484:;
476:;
352:,
348:,
336:,
332:,
312:,
271:,
251:.
243:,
152:,
105:,
101:,
7976:e
7969:t
7962:v
7147:e
7140:t
7133:v
7078:.
7048:.
7021:.
6999::
6979:.
6957::
6951:2
6922:.
6918::
6895:.
6868:.
6834:.
6808:.
6782:.
6748:.
6738:5
6721:.
6694:.
6674::
6642:.
6605::
6582:.
6548:.
6514:.
6495:.
6466:.
6437:.
6400:.
6376:.
6316:.
6291:.
6248:.
6226::
6199:.
6174:.
6141:.
6129::
6103:.
6076:.
5979:.
5955::
5925:.
5911::
5905:2
5884:.
5853:.
5831::
5823::
5802:.
5782::
5755:.
5735::
5712:.
5692::
5668:.
5648::
5625:.
5603::
5569:.
5549::
5526:.
5504::
5477:.
5455::
5449:4
5428:.
5416::
5263:.
5251::
5228:.
5206::
5200:9
5179:.
5157::
5127:.
5105::
5046::
5014:.
5002::
4936:.
4914::
4887:.
4865::
4838:.
4808:.
4788::
4746:.
4716::
4689:.
4657::
4651:4
4630:.
4608:.
4578::
4531::
4409:.
4384:.
4354::
4296:.
4259:.
4232:.
4218::
4191:.
4162:.
4140::
4134:7
4119:.
4105::
4084:.
4070::
4064:1
4049:.
4027::
4006:.
3984::
3978:1
3919:.
3895::
3870:.
3856::
3835:.
3823::
3806:.
3792::
3786:1
3771:.
3757::
3736:.
3724::
3706:.
3685:.
3610:.
3583:.
3538:.
3510:.
3485:.
3460:.
3419:.
3099:(
3056:(
2799:.
2191:(
2160:(
2144:.
1599:.
1572:.
1557:.
1470:.
1342:/
1297:)
1291:(
1286:)
1282:(
1268:.
1026:.
1012:.
860:.
814:.
758:;
748:;
728:;
714:;
604:.
588:/
568:.
409:.
300:/
279:.
235:/
97:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
