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2872:
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243:
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before the
Napoleonic Wars, gradually devastated first by Napoleon I's continental blockade, and later by the protectionist legislation of the nineteenth century. According to Bastiat's biographer, G.C. Roche, just prior to the revolution, 100,000 citizens of Lyon were described as "indigent" and by 1840 there were at least 130,000 abandoned children in France. International markets were not similarly troubled at the time, which Bastiat attributed to the freedom of trade. Indeed, a large part of French economic problems in the 1830s and 1840s were caused by the shortage and unnaturally high prices of different products which could have easily been imported from other countries, such as textiles, machines, tools, and ores, but doing so was either outright illegal at the time or unprofitable due to the system of punitive tariffs.
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3000:
61:
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weakness" and "idle pacifism". Nationalist tendencies caused France to severely restrict all international contacts with the United
Kingdom, including the ban on importing tea, perceived as destructive to the French national spirit. As the United Kingdom was the largest economy in the world in the nineteenth century, France deprived itself of its most important economic partner, one that could have supplied France with what it lacked and bought surplus French goods.
2184:
2300:
158:
133:
777:
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792:
2488:). He and his government did not look with favor on the big business (bourgeoisie), especially the industrial section of the French bourgeoisie, yet Louis Philippe did support the bankers, large and small. At the beginning of his reign in 1830, Jaques Laffitte, a banker and liberal politician who supported Louis Philippe's rise to the throne, said "From now on, the bankers will rule."
2793:, congratulated themselves on achieving a change of ministry while preserving the monarchy. After news of Guizot's resignation spread through Paris, fighting gradually ceased and the crowds began to celebrate. However, despite the fall of an unpopular government, underlying social pressures remained, and republicans still sought to secure a change of regime.
2548:", etc. Louis Philippe turned a deaf ear to the reform movement, and discontent among wide sections of the French people continued to grow. Social and political discontent sparked revolutions in France in 1830 and 1848, which in turn inspired revolts in other parts of Europe. Workers lost their jobs, bread prices rose, and people accused the government of
2729:. These demonstrations soon developed into a large-scale, popular revolt, making 22 February the first day of the Revolution. With the arrival of reinforcements in the afternoon, protesters were dispersed from the Place de la Concorde and the Place de la Madeleine. The crowds were too large to be arrested or contained, and so they spread out around the
2492:
may have owned the land their factories sat on but not much more, were disfavored by Louis
Philippe and actually tended to side with the middle class and laboring class in opposition to Louis Philippe in the Chamber of Deputies. Land-ownership was favored, and this elitism resulted in the disenfranchisement of much of the middle and working classes.
2883:. There, armed insurgents attacked the Château d'Eau, a guard post on the way to the Tuileries held by about one hundred men of the Municipal Guard and the despised 14th Line Regiment. After intense fighting, the Château d'Eau was overrun and set on fire, with the surviving soldiers throwing away their weapons in surrender.
2886:
With the insurgents closing in on the royal palace, Thiers advised Louis
Philippe to leave Paris and crush the revolution from outside with an overwhelming force of regular troops; however, this strategy was soundly rejected by Thiers' colleagues, including Barrot. While the Château d'Eau burned, the
2701:
Aware of the political gatherings scheduled for the following day, the French government banned the political banquets for the second time on 21 February. The ban succeeded in pressuring the organizing committee to cancel the events. However, the workers and students, mobilising in the previous days,
2491:
During the reign of Louis
Philippe, the privileged "financial aristocracy", i.e. bankers, stock exchange magnates, railroad barons, owners of coal mines, iron ore mines, and forests and all landowners associated with them, tended to support him, while the industrial section of the bourgeoisie, which
2859:
through the city in an attempt to defeat the insurgents at the barricades. However, Louis
Philippe, intending to avoid even more bloodshed, ordered the officers in charge to attempt to negotiate before opening fire. Several barracks in Paris were attacked, and a convoy of ammunition was captured by
2850:
By 24 February, Paris was a barricaded city, and King Louis
Philippe remained without a government, as first Molé, then Thiers, failed to form a cabinet. After hearing of the massacre on the Boulevard des Capucines, Louis Philippe called for a government to be installed by Barrot, who represented a
2617:
Bastiat has also noted that the French legislators were entirely unaware of the reality and the effects of their radical policies. One of the members of the French
Chamber of Deputies reportedly received a standing ovation when he proposed that the depression of 1847 was due primarily to "external
2951:
of France as the mother of
Philippe, Count of Paris. She therefore, along with her son, went from the Tuileries to the Chamber of Deputies to try to prevent the abolition of the monarchy. However, following their victory at the Tuileries, the revolutionary crowd broke into the meeting hall of the
2826:
News of the massacre soon sparked anger among
Parisians. After the crowd regrouped on the Boulevard des Capucines, some of the dead were loaded on to horse-drawn wagons and paraded through the streets by workers calling for vengeance, as a general call to arms. During the night between 23 and 24
2613:
which was the basis for the French foreign trade at the time, and which caused businesses along the Atlantic Coast to file for bankruptcy, along with the one owned by Bastiat's family. Indeed, most of Bastiat's early works concern the situation in Bayonne and Bordeaux, two large merchant harbors
2608:
Bastiat, who was one of the most famous political writers of the 1840s, had written countless works concerning the economic situation before 1848, and provided a different explanation of why the French people were forced to rise in the revolt. He believed that the main reasons were primarily the
2571:
extended enfranchisement to any man paying taxes of ÂŁ10 or more per year (previously the vote was restricted to landholders), France's free press took interest. Meanwhile, economically, the French working class may perhaps have been slightly better off than Britain's working class. Still,
2609:
political corruption, along with its very complex system of monopolies, permits, and bureaucracy, which made those who were able to obtain political favors unjustly privileged and able to dictate the market conditions and caused a myriad of businesses to collapse, as well as
2416:, Charles X was an extremely unpopular reactionary monarch whose aspirations were far more grand than those of his deceased brother. He had no desire to rule as a constitutional monarch, taking various steps to strengthen his own authority as monarch and weaken that of the
2621:
Such governmental policies and obliviousness to the real reasons of economic troubles were, according to Bastiat, the main causes of the French Revolution of the 1848 and the rise of socialists and anarchists in the years preceding the revolution itself.
2507:
and even the industrial bourgeoisie from the government. Louis Philippe was viewed as generally indifferent to the needs of society, especially to those members of the middle class who were excluded from the political arena. Early in 1848, some Orléanist
2978:
was drawn up, with its members then being announced one by one to the crowd outside. Its composition was the result of a compromise between the moderate and radical tendencies of the republican movement, associated, respectively, with the newspapers
2919:, from where escorted by the cavalry, they drove off and left Paris. After the royal couple's departure, the revolutionaries finally seized the now nearly deserted Tuileries Palace. On the king's throne, which would be burned the next day at the
2552:. The French revolted and set up a republic. French successes led to other revolts, including those who wanted relief from the suffering caused by the Industrial Revolution, and nationalism sprang up hoping for independence from foreign rulers.
2580:
The year 1846 saw a financial crisis and bad harvests, and the following year saw an economic depression. A poor railway system hindered aid efforts, and the peasant rebellions that resulted were forcibly crushed. According to French economist
3037:, reported the Revolution "fell like a bomb amid the states and kingdoms of the Continent", and that "the various monarchs hastened to pay their subjects the constitutions which they owed them". As one of its immediate effects, it sparked a
2702:
refused to back down over the demonstrations. 22 February started quietly, and at 9 a.m., members of the Municipal Guard who had been assigned to arrest the banquet leaders were recalled to their normal duties by the
2769:
was mobilized, however its soldiers refused to engage the crowds, and instead joined them in their demonstrations against Guizot and King Louis Philippe. In the early afternoon, Louis Philippe summoned Guizot to the
2891:
was the first of his advisors to suggest abdication. At around noon, realizing no further defense was possible, Louis Philippe called off all resistance and formally abdicated in favor of his nine-year-old grandson
2625:
Because political gatherings and demonstrations were outlawed in France, activists of the largely middle class opposition to the government began to hold a series of fund-raising banquets. This campaign of banquets
2558:
observed, "We are sleeping together in a volcano. ... A wind of revolution blows, the storm is on the horizon." Lacking the property qualifications to vote, the lower classes were about to erupt in revolt.
242:
2482:. Louis Philippe was an expert businessman and, by means of his businesses, he had become one of the richest men in France. Louis Philippe saw himself as the successful embodiment of a "small businessman" (
2469:
Nicknamed the "Bourgeois Monarch", Louis Philippe sat at the head of a moderately liberal state controlled mainly by an educated elite. He was supported by the Orléanists and opposed on his right by the
2576:
was passed in 1841. This law prohibited the use of labor of children under eight years of age, and the employment of children less than 13 years old for night-time work. This law was routinely flouted.
2634:
was in Paris dating from October 1847 and was able to observe and attend some of these banquets. He wrote a series of articles on them, including "The Reform Movement in France" which was published in
2952:
Chamber. The effort by the dynastic opposition to secure a regency was defeated by popular calls for a Republic, and a preliminary list of members of a provisional government was announced by deputy
2810:
2991:. In the early hours of 25 February, Lamartine came to the balcony of the HĂ´tel de Ville and, followed by a euphoric cheering from the crowd, announced the proclamation of the French Republic.
3203:
is set in 1848 Paris, with the revolution kicking off during the game's third act. Depending on the player's actions, the revolution can turn out more or less violent than it did in real life.
2959:
2706:. Only a small number of troops remained at critical points. Shortly before noon, large crowds began flooding out onto the streets of Paris, gathering from the eastern suburbs and the
2278:, it later developed into a violent uprising against the monarchy. After intense urban fighting, large crowds managed to take control of the capital, leading to the abdication of King
2774:, the king's residence, and reluctantly asked for his resignation. Guizot returned to the Parliament where he announced his resignation as prime minister, and the King then requested
2630:), was intended to circumvent the governmental restriction on political meetings and provide a legal outlet for popular criticism of the regime. The campaign began in July 1847.
2585:, the poor condition of the railway system can largely be attributed to French efforts to promote other systems of transport, such as carriages. Perhaps a third of Paris was on
2819:
in order to keep people at distance. However, as they were performing this, an unidentified weapon was discharged, and in response the soldiers opened fire on the crowd in a
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2435:, reduced the electorate by 75%, and dissolved the lower house. This action provoked an immediate reaction from the citizenry, who revolted against the monarchy during the
3234:
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Kim, Richard (2012). "Virtue and the material culture of the nineteenth century: the debate over the mass marketplace in France in the aftermath of the 1848 revolution".
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outlawed it. Nonetheless, the banquet's organizers decided that it would still be held, alongside a political demonstration, and scheduled it for 22 February.
2868:, was taken by the revolutionary National Guards. Bugeaud ordered all his soldiers to fall back and consolidate the defense around the Tuileries Palace.
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17:
2815:. The commanding officer ordered the crowd not to pass, but the soldiers began to be pressed by the crowd. The officer then ordered his men to fix
2212:
2931:, the historic seat of the Orléans family in Paris, was likewise invaded by a mob and sacked. Another Orléans residence just west of Paris, the
2718:. Their appearance came as a surprise to the authorities, after the events were supposedly cancelled, and led to a confused initial response.
2520:. A reform movement developed in France which urged the government to expand the electoral franchise, just as Great Britain had done with the
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Crook, Malcolm (2015). "Universal Suffrage as Counter-Revolution? Electoral Mobilisation under the Second Republic in France, 1848–1851".
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includes passages concerning the author's actions during the time of the revolution in Paris. It was published posthumously in 1887.
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Takeda, Chinatsu (2018). "The Reception of Considerations: A Constitutional Historiography of the French Revolution (1818–1848)".
2855:, who was despised by the crowds for his reputation of brutality in suppressing protests. In the early morning, Bugeaud sent four
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4158:
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Loubère, Leo (1968). "The Emergence of the Extreme Left in Lower Languedoc, 1848–1851: Social and Economic Factors in Politics".
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813:
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4609:
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Heywood, O. E.; Heywood, C. M. (1994). "Rethinking the 1848 Revolution in France: The Provisional Government and its Enemies".
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2823:. 52 people were killed and 74 others were injured, and the crowd immediately dispersed as people fled in all directions.
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significant concession to the reformists. At the same time, however, the king gave the command of the troops in Paris to
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unemployment in France threw skilled workers down to the level of the proletariat. The only nominally social law of the
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requested more regular troops from outside Paris. Crowds marched past Guizot's residence shouting "Down with Guizot" (
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The crowds, mostly unarmed, easily overcame the few Municipal Guardsmen, filling the squares and nearly invading the
2536:
newspaper. Starting in July 1847 the Reformists of all shades began to hold "banquets" at which toasts were drunk to
2439:
of 26–29 July 1830. Charles was forced to abdicate the throne and to flee Paris for the United Kingdom. As a result,
2383:
2170:
1635:
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2974:, marched to the HĂ´tel de Ville. There, on the evening, the final list of the eleven individuals who would form the
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During the morning, heavy fighting broke out in several parts of Paris, with the largest combat taking place at the
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February, over 1,500 barricades were erected throughout Paris, and many railways leading to the city were
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begins with one of the protagonists witnessing and unintentionally participating in the 1848 revolution.
3095:, hinted that he himself had almost taken part in the fighting on the barricades in the 1848 revolution.
2665:
On 14 January 1848, ahead of the highly awaited next banquet in Paris, the government of prime minister
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Responding to cries of "To the HĂ´tel de Ville!", Lamartine, along with the left-wing republican deputy
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The character of Piotr Alejandrovitch Miusov, uncle and tutor of Dmitri Fyodorovich Karamazov in
2801:
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2766:
2408:. Upon Louis XVIII's death, his brother, the Count of Artois, ascended to the throne in 1824, as
2405:
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2013:
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king received conflicting pieces of advice from his allies, and briefly collapsed on his study.
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By 1848, only about one percent of the population held the franchise. Although France had a
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Ankersmit, Frank (2016). "Tocqueville and Flaubert on 1848: The Sublimity of Revolution".
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The Agony of the Republic: The Repression of the Left in Revolutionary France, 1848-1851
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Moss, Bernard H. (1984). "June 13, 1849: the abortive uprising of French radicalism".
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on 30 December 1847; and "Louis Blanc's Speech at the Dijon Banquet" published in the
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202:
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These articles are contained at pp. 375, 385, 393, 396, 406 and 409, respectively in
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Lamartine in front of the Town Hall of Paris rejects the red flag on 25 February 1848
31:
2524:. The more radical democrats of the reform movement coalesced around the newspaper,
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Fasel, George (Autumn 1974). "The Wrong Revolution: French Republicanism in 1848".
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on 4 December 1847; "Reform Banquet at Lille—Speech of LeDru-Rollin" published in
2423:
In 1830, Charles X of France, presumably instigated by one of his chief advisers,
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3148:(1938) uses unrest leading up to the 1848 revolution as a backdrop for its story.
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Capture and burning of the Château d'Eau by the revolutionaries, 24 February 1848
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The French middle class watched changes in Britain with interest. When Britain's
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The Class Struggles in France: From the February Revolution to the Paris Commune
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on 16 December 1847; "Reform Movement in France—Banquet of Dijon" published in
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2274:. Starting on 22 February as a large-scale protest against the government of
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3128:) provides primary insight from a moderate liberal as he saw events unfold.
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Soldiers firing at a crowd on the Boulevard des Capucines, 23 February 1848
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2737:. In the evening, early skirmishes took place with the Municipal Guard.
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27:
End of the reign of King Louis Philippe and start of the Second Republic
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Writers and Revolution: Intellectuals and the French Revolution of 1848
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2516:, had turned against Louis Philippe, disappointed by his opposition to
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2324: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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on 18 December 1847; "The RĂ©forme and the National" published in the
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3618:"Château de Neuilly (couvent des Soeurs de St-Thomas de Villeneuve)"
3041:. The outcome of the Revolution in France pressured the monarchs of
2963:
Proclamation of the Republic outside the HĂ´tel de Ville, painted by
2796:
At around 9:30 pm, a crowd of over six hundred gathered outside the
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Controlling Paris: Armed Forces and Counter-revolution, 1789-1848
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The February Revolution had a major impact in Europe, sparking a
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2816:
325:
4136:
2845:
10 a.m., 24 February. The people of Paris going to the Tuileries
4599:
4167:
4125:
3643:. Librairie de la Société des Gens de Lettres. p. 167-168.
2948:
2503:, only landholders were permitted to vote, which alienated the
2270:, and was preceded by the French government's crackdown on the
1137:
329:
157:
132:
3194:
in a fictitious involvement with a young female revolutionary.
3067:
2935:, was pillaged and largely burned down by a mob on the 25th.
2267:
2251:
in France, in February 1848, that led to the collapse of the
89:
4046:
Revolution and reaction: 1848 and the Second French Republic
3808:
Image of the people: Gustave Courbet and the 1848 revolution
3340:
Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 10
3301:
Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Volume 10
2692:("Republic Liberty Equality Fraternity 22, 23, 24 February")
4872:
4282:
4120:"Encyclopedia of 1848 Revolutions" new articles by scholars
3605:
Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6
3401:
Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels, Volume 6
3314:
Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 6
3272:
King of the French: A Portrait of Louis Philippe, 1773–1850
3070:, dies at the barricades of the revolution in the epilogue.
2804:. The building was guarded by about two hundred men of the
288:
3781:"Untimely Meditations on the Revolution of 1848 in France"
3295:
3293:
3011:
learning about the proclamation of the Republic in France
3235:
Revolutionary Spring: Fighting for a New World 1848–1849
2690:
République Liberté Egalité Fraternité 22, 23, 24 février
2562:
2447:
branch, rose to power, replacing the old Charter by the
3290:
3158:
uses the 1848 revolution as a primary part of the plot.
3138:
uses the 1848 revolution as a primary part of the plot.
2943:
After Louis Philippe's abdication, his daughter-in-law
2282:
on 24 February and the subsequent proclamation of the
1817:
3817:
Catholicism and the second French republic, 1848-1852
3742:
Revolution and Mass Democracy: The Paris Club of 1848
3274:(New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1957) pp. 146–160.
3082:
uses the 1848 revolution as a backdrop for its story.
2907:
of the Tuileries Palace seized by a revolutionary mob
3659:"22 février 1848 Insurrection républicaine à Paris"
4077:. Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 261–279.
3834:1848, Quand la RĂ©publique combattait la DĂ©mocratie
2923:, they wrote, "The People of Paris to All Europe:
2733:and back into southeast Paris, building the first
2642:and the National—March of Democracy" published in
5396:
3641:Le Roi Louis-Philippe: Vie Anecdotique 1773-1850
3638:
3373:G.C. Roche, Frederic Bastiat, A Man Alone, p. 63
611:
4075:Mme de Staël and Political Liberalism in France
4056:(1964). "11: "The French Revolution of 1848"".
2938:
4088:
3926:
3493:
2781:Upon Guizot's resignation, the leaders of the
5201:
4152:
3214:Proclamation of the abolition of the monarchy
2206:
814:
4528:
4507:
4367:
3686:Recollections: the French Revolution of 1848
2684:of a French revolutionary (1848) carrying a
2638:on 20 November 1847; "Split in the Camp—the
2541:
2242:
4060:. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 164–178.
3652:
3650:
3568:
3566:
3564:
3562:
3560:
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3538:
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3534:
3532:
3441:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3390:(Dresden: Verlag Zeitim Bild, 1972) p. 131.
3353:Tocqueville et la Constitution démocratique
2864:. The seat of the city administration, the
5208:
5194:
4159:
4145:
3717:. The Cambridge History of Modern France.
3530:
3528:
3526:
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3522:
3520:
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3514:
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3423:
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3415:
3413:
3411:
3409:
2213:
2199:
821:
807:
3899:
3796:
3778:
3748:
2384:Learn how and when to remove this message
4094:Recollections: French Revolution of 1848
4005:
3656:
3647:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3039:wave of revolutions in the German states
2998:
2958:
2898:
2870:
2838:
2744:
2676:
2457:
30:For previous revolutions in France, see
5215:
3976:
3831:
3814:
3769:
3712:
3682:
3572:
3509:
3445:
3406:
1770:Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch
14:
5397:
4072:
3861:
2785:(known as the "dynastic opposition"),
109:Establishment of the republic under a
5189:
4140:
4043:
3870:
3840:
3805:
3739:
3468:
3364:F. Bastiat, A Negative Railroad, 1845
3329:(New York: Vintage Books, 1968) p. 7.
2563:Economic and international influences
1921:1946 Italian institutional referendum
1861:Spanish American wars of independence
4100:
4052:
4014:
3902:France and 1848: The end of monarchy
3715:The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852
3448:The Republican Experiment, 1848–1852
2322:adding citations to reliable sources
2293:
3955:
3751:Graduate Faculty Philosophy Journal
3338:"Class Struggles in France" in the
3312:"The Reform Movement in France" in
3007:of Austrian conservative statesman
2915:boarded a carriage awaiting at the
2451:, and his rule became known as the
1690:The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates
24:
4082:
3941:10.1111/j.1468-229X.1994.tb01606.x
70:Henri FĂ©lix Emmanuel Philippoteaux
25:
5461:
4166:
4113:
3810:. University of California Press.
103:Abdication of King Louis Philippe
18:The Revolutions of 1848 in France
4124:
3864:1848: The Making of a Revolution
3327:1848: The Making of a Revolution
2994:
2474:(former ultra-royalists) and on
2298:
2182:
1710:Discourses Concerning Government
790:
775:
241:
156:
131:
59:
3843:Journal of Historical Sociology
3706:
3676:
3632:
3610:
3597:
3393:
3376:
3367:
3299:"Class Struggles in France" in
3053:into granting liberal reforms.
2309:needs additional citations for
1976:Barbadian Republic Proclamation
4498:Government of National Defense
3815:Collins, Ross William (1923).
3358:
3345:
3332:
3319:
3306:
3277:
3264:
3251:
2834:
2761:) and "Long Live the Reform" (
2740:
2696:
2404:ruled France as the head of a
1911:1935 Greek coup d'Ă©tat attempt
1891:German Revolution of 1918–1919
13:
1:
4407:Diplomatic Revolution of 1756
4402:War of the Spanish Succession
3819:. Columbia University Press.
3774:. Cambridge University Press.
3744:. Princeton University Press.
3388:Frederick Engels: A Biography
3245:
3056:
2925:Liberty, Equality, Fraternity
2672:
2465:, the last King of the French
2431:. These ordinances abolished
2289:
2266:The revolution took place in
3836:(in French). Mare et Martin.
2939:Later political developments
2544:Liberté, égalité, fraternité
2429:Four Ordinances of St. Cloud
2235:Révolution française de 1848
2161:Republic without republicans
1906:11 September 1922 Revolution
1901:Mongolian Revolution of 1921
7:
3900:Fortescue, William (2005).
3219:Charles de Choiseul-Praslin
3207:
2806:14th Line Infantry Regiment
2798:Ministry of Foreign Affairs
2333:"French Revolution of 1848"
1896:Turkish War of Independence
1818:
10:
5466:
4888:French subdivisions by GDP
4635:2022 presidential election
4620:2017 presidential election
4044:Price, Roger, ed. (1975).
4006:Merriman, John M. (1978).
3979:American Historical Review
3806:Clark, Timothy J. (1999).
3779:Castleton, Edward (2018).
3770:Beecher, Jonathan (2021).
3689:. Transaction Publishers.
3452:Cambridge University Press
3224:History of the French Left
3062:Rudin, the protagonist of
2945:Helena, Duchess of Orléans
2778:to form a new government.
2660:Deutsche-Brusseler-Zeitung
2656:Deutsche-BrĂĽsseler-Zeitung
2255:and the foundation of the
1951:1970 Cambodian coup d'Ă©tat
1700:The Commonwealth of Oceana
192:Non-centralized leadership
29:
5309:
5254:
5223:
5149:
5039:
4949:
4940:
4836:
4827:
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4720:
4658:
4649:
4570:
4451:
4420:
4392:Second Hundred Years' War
4343:
4296:
4263:
4242:
4234:Liberalism and radicalism
4186:
4177:
4131:French Revolution of 1848
4017:French Historical Studies
3970:10.1007/s11186-012-9176-6
3873:French Historical Studies
3713:Agulhon, Maurice (1983).
3699:– via Google Books.
3639:Marquis de Flers (1891).
3603:"Revolution in Paris" in
3446:Agulhon, Maurice (1983).
3179:
2947:, became the presumptive
2927:. 24 February 1848". The
2425:Jules, Prince de Polignac
2259:. It sparked the wave of
2227:French Revolution of 1848
2124:The Emperor's New Clothes
1876:5 October 1910 revolution
1871:French Revolution of 1848
894:Liberty as non-domination
187:
182:
123:
118:
106:Abolition of the monarchy
97:
84:
76:
58:
50:
46:French Revolution of 1848
45:
4663:Administrative divisions
4010:. Yale University Press.
3862:Duveau, Georges (1966).
3832:Coutant, Arnaud (2009).
3740:Amann, Peter H. (2015).
3683:Tocqueville, Alexis de.
3620:. www.neuillysurseine.fr
3576:1848: Year Of Revolution
3285:France: A Modern History
3259:France: A Modern History
3079:L'Ă©ducation sentimentale
2894:Philippe, Count of Paris
2540:(the French Republic), "
1966:1987 Fijian coups d'Ă©tat
1926:1952 Egyptian revolution
904:Political representation
600:
562:
392:
381:
360:
5440:Republicanism in France
4883:Franc (former currency)
4488:Coup of 2 December 1851
4461:Long nineteenth century
4048:. Taylor & Francis.
3355:, Mare et Martin, 2008.
3146:All This and Heaven Too
2802:Boulevard des Capucines
2406:constitutional monarchy
1946:1969 Libyan coup d'Ă©tat
1730:Discourse on Inequality
879:Consent of the governed
5410:French Second Republic
4903:Science and technology
4560:Provisional Government
4529:
4508:
4368:
4090:De Tocqueville, Alexis
3573:Rapport, Mike (2010).
3132:Sylvia Townsend Warner
3092:The Brothers Karamazov
3068:novel of the same name
3012:
3009:Klemens von Metternich
2976:Provisional Government
2967:
2908:
2881:Place du Château d'Eau
2876:
2847:
2750:
2693:
2599:Pierre-Joseph Proudhon
2542:
2538:"République française"
2466:
2257:French Second Republic
2243:
2234:
436:Valois-AngoulĂŞme kings
111:provisional government
5445:Insurgencies in Paris
3798:10.32725/oph.2018.021
3763:10.5840/gfpj201637217
3118:Alexis de Tocqueville
3002:
2962:
2954:Alphonse de Lamartine
2902:
2874:
2842:
2748:
2716:Place de la Madeleine
2680:
2662:on 30 December 1847.
2628:Campagne des banquets
2556:Alexis de Tocqueville
2461:
2272:campagne des banquets
2244:Révolution de février
2237:), also known as the
2114:Criticism of monarchy
1936:North Yemen civil war
1750:The Federalist Papers
1045:Federal parliamentary
207:Thomas Robert Bugeaud
162:Government of France
5430:February 1848 events
5425:Rebellions in France
4708:World Heritage Sites
4625:Coronavirus pandemic
4133:at Wikimedia Commons
4058:The Crowd in History
3904:. Psychology Press.
3351:See Arnaud Coutant,
3229:Bourgeois revolution
2921:Place de la Bastille
2917:Place de la Concorde
2753:On 23 February, the
2712:Place de la Concorde
2433:freedom of the press
2318:improve this article
2099:Classical radicalism
1841:Republic of Florence
1780:Democracy in America
939:Separation of powers
914:Public participation
644:Provisional Republic
426:Valois-Orléans kings
5420:Revolutions of 1848
5217:Revolutions of 1848
4846:Automotive industry
4630:2021 labor protests
4387:Peace of Westphalia
4255:History of Normandy
4250:History of Brittany
4108:. Resistance Books.
3197:The 2015 videogame
3021:Revolutions of 1848
2911:Louis Philippe and
2727:Chamber of Deputies
2437:Three Glorious Days
2412:. Supported by the
2261:revolutions of 1848
2247:), was a period of
2239:February Revolution
2189:Politics portal
1994:Antigua and Barbuda
1941:Zanzibar Revolution
1851:American Revolution
1740:The Social Contract
909:Popular sovereignty
141:Civilian protesters
80:22–24 February 1848
53:Revolutions of 1848
4913:Telecommunications
4615:2015 Paris attacks
4478:Revolution of 1848
4306:Visigothic Kingdom
3958:Theory and Society
3855:10.1111/johs.12035
3454:. pp. 23–25.
3270:Agnes de Stoeckl,
3087:Fyodor Dostoyevsky
3017:revolutionary wave
3013:
2968:
2933:Château de Neuilly
2913:Queen Maria Amalia
2909:
2877:
2860:the insurgents at
2848:
2751:
2725:, the seat of the
2694:
2605:!") proliferated.
2589:. Writers such as
2485:petite bourgeoisie
2467:
2155:Primus inter pares
1971:Nepalese Civil War
1961:Iranian Revolution
1931:14 July Revolution
1886:Russian Revolution
1881:Chinese Revolution
1831:Republic of Venice
1680:Discourses on Livy
797:History portal
293: until 50 BC
5392:
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5182:
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5144:
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4935:
4823:
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4815:Political parties
4751:Foreign relations
4716:
4715:
4645:
4644:
4428:French Revolution
4382:Thirty Years' War
4363:Absolute monarchy
4328:Kingdom of France
4224:Foreign relations
4204:Political history
4129:Media related to
3911:978-0-4153-1462-6
3724:978-0-5212-8988-7
3505:. pp. 56–57.
3240:Christopher Clark
3035:William H. Stiles
3026:chargé d'affaires
2965:Jean-Paul Laurens
2889:Émile de Girardin
2704:Prefect of Police
2652:The Northern Star
2648:The Northern Star
2644:The Northern Star
2603:Property is theft
2505:petty bourgeoisie
2394:
2393:
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2368:
2223:
2222:
2166:Republican empire
2139:List of republics
1988:National variants
1916:Spanish Civil War
1856:French Revolution
1836:Republic of Genoa
1720:The Spirit of Law
1653:Theoretical works
997:Neo-republicanism
831:
830:
782:France portal
675:
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483:Kingdom of France
473:French Revolution
464:Long 19th century
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372:Kingdom of France
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4863:Economic history
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4377:Wars of Religion
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4358:House of Bourbon
4353:Early modern era
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4209:Military history
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3304:
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3283:Albert Guèrard,
3281:
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3257:Albert Guèrard,
3255:
3181:
3136:Summer Will Show
3108:
3074:Gustave Flaubert
2814:
2772:Tuileries Palace
2632:Friedrich Engels
2583:Frédéric Bastiat
2547:
2463:Louis Philippe I
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3023:. The American
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2853:Marshal Bugeaud
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2763:Vive la réforme
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3122:Recollections
3119:
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3101:
3097:
3094:
3093:
3088:
3084:
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3064:Ivan Turgenev
3061:
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3044:
3040:
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3027:
3022:
3019:known as the
3018:
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3006:
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2995:Impact abroad
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2791:Odilon Barrot
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2717:
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2709:
2708:Latin Quarter
2705:
2691:
2687:
2686:tricolor flag
2683:
2682:Daguerreotype
2679:
2670:
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2653:
2649:
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2637:
2633:
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2619:
2615:
2612:
2611:protectionism
2606:
2604:
2600:
2596:
2595:right to work
2592:
2588:
2584:
2578:
2575:
2574:July Monarchy
2570:
2560:
2557:
2553:
2551:
2546:
2545:
2539:
2535:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2506:
2502:
2501:trial by jury
2498:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2453:July Monarchy
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2427:, issued the
2426:
2421:
2419:
2415:
2411:
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2345:
2342:
2338:
2335: –
2334:
2330:
2329:Find sources:
2323:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:This section
2305:
2301:
2296:
2295:
2287:
2285:
2281:
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2269:
2264:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2253:July Monarchy
2250:
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2228:
2216:
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2110:
2107:
2105:
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2100:
2097:
2096:
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2089:
2082:
2081:United States
2079:
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2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2010:
2007:
2005:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1985:
1984:
1977:
1974:
1972:
1969:
1967:
1964:
1962:
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1957:
1956:Metapolitefsi
1954:
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1792:
1791:
1790:On Revolution
1787:
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1777:
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1767:
1762:
1761:
1760:Rights of Man
1757:
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1670:De re publica
1667:
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1479:
1477:
1476:Jones (Lynne)
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1277:
1274:
1272:
1271:Adams (Gerry)
1269:
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1254:
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1104:
1101:
1100:
1094:
1093:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1070:Revolutionary
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1060:Parliamentary
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1043:
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1038:
1036:
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875:
872:
870:
869:Civil society
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
856:
850:
849:
846:
845:Republicanism
843:
842:
839:
835:
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824:
819:
817:
812:
810:
805:
804:
802:
801:
798:
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620:
616:
614:
613:Années folles
610:
609:
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588:
583:
578:
577:
567:
565:
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550:
546:
544:
543:Second Empire
541:
540:
536:
534:
531:
530:
526:
524:
523:July Monarchy
521:
520:
516:
514:
511:
510:
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504:
501:
500:
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491:
490:
486:
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460:
459:
449:
447:
446:Bourbon kings
444:
443:
439:
437:
434:
433:
429:
427:
424:
423:
420:
419:
418:Ancien RĂ©gime
413:
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397:
395:
391:
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386:
384:
380:
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375:
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370:
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127:
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117:
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108:
105:
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91:
87:
83:
79:
75:
71:
67:
62:
57:
54:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5266:
5064:Coat of arms
5054:Architecture
5026:Social class
4984:Homelessness
4969:Demographics
4923:Trade unions
4856:Central bank
4798:criminal law
4761:Human rights
4744:presidential
4588:Algerian War
4571:Contemporary
4545:Vichy France
4540:World War II
4510:Belle Époque
4477:
4443:First Empire
4345:Early Modern
4316:West Francia
4105:
4093:
4074:
4057:
4054:Rudé, George
4045:
4020:
4016:
4007:
3982:
3978:
3961:
3957:
3932:
3928:
3901:
3876:
3872:
3863:
3849:(1): 49–66.
3846:
3842:
3833:
3816:
3807:
3788:
3784:
3771:
3754:
3750:
3741:
3714:
3707:Bibliography
3685:
3678:
3666:. Retrieved
3662:
3640:
3634:
3622:. Retrieved
3612:
3604:
3599:
3575:
3498:
3447:
3400:
3395:
3387:
3383:
3378:
3369:
3360:
3352:
3347:
3339:
3334:
3326:
3321:
3313:
3308:
3300:
3284:
3279:
3271:
3266:
3258:
3253:
3233:
3198:
3186:directed by
3173:
3165:
3155:
3145:
3142:Rachel Field
3135:
3125:
3121:
3098:
3090:
3077:
3024:
3014:
2986:
2980:
2972:Ledru-Rollin
2969:
2942:
2929:Palais Royal
2910:
2885:
2878:
2849:
2844:
2843:Lithograph:
2825:
2795:
2780:
2762:
2759:Ă€ bas Guizot
2758:
2752:
2720:
2710:towards the
2700:
2689:
2688:that reads:
2664:
2659:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2635:
2624:
2620:
2616:
2607:
2579:
2566:
2554:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2494:
2490:
2483:
2468:
2422:
2395:
2380:
2371:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2340:
2328:
2316:Please help
2311:verification
2308:
2265:
2249:civil unrest
2238:
2226:
2224:
2153:
1870:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1738:
1728:
1718:
1708:
1698:
1688:
1678:
1668:
1658:
1471:Jones (Elin)
1376:Flynn (Paul)
1336:Clarke (Tom)
1331:Clark (Katy)
1276:Adams (John)
1097:Philosophers
874:Civic virtue
836:Part of the
785:
743:Christianity
631:Vichy France
582:20th century
564:Belle Époque
503:First Empire
416:
412:Early modern
362:West Francia
351:Carolingians
341:Merovingians
197:
191:
190:
183:Lead figures
154:
129:
65:
51:Part of the
40:
5310:By location
5236:Nationalism
5174:WikiProject
4989:Immigration
4979:Health care
4841:Agriculture
4793:enforcement
4550:Free France
4519:World War I
4466:Restoration
4453:Late Modern
4323:Middle Ages
4298:Middle Ages
4283:Celtic Gaul
3581:Hachette UK
3188:Safy Nebbou
3184:French film
3112:Victor Hugo
3103: [
3100:Choses vues
2982:Le National
2905:throne room
2835:24 February
2809: [
2741:23 February
2697:22 February
2591:Louis Blanc
2533:Le National
2480:Republicans
2472:Legitimists
2418:lower house
2402:Louis XVIII
2104:Common good
2044:New Zealand
2039:Netherlands
1784:(1835–1840)
1754:(1787–1788)
1664:(c. 375 BC)
1586:Robespierre
1361:Etherington
1296:Benn (Tony)
1265:Politicians
1243:Tocqueville
1203:Montesquieu
1183:Machiavelli
929:Rule of law
924:Res publica
696:Health care
626:Free France
513:Restoration
317:Middle Ages
289:Celtic Gaul
232:History of
167:French Army
98:Resulted in
5399:Categories
5354:Luxembourg
5231:Liberalism
5117:Philosophy
5102:Literature
5014:secularism
4810:Parliament
4605:2005 riots
4555:Liberation
4421:Revolution
4288:Roman Gaul
4273:Prehistory
4229:Journalism
4102:Marx, Karl
3624:7 February
3461:0521289882
3246:References
3190:, depicts
3182:), a 2010
3178:(English:
3057:In fiction
2988:La RĂ©forme
2776:Count Molé
2735:barricades
2673:Revolution
2636:La Rèforme
2550:corruption
2527:La RĂ©forme
2512:, such as
2497:free press
2396:Under the
2374:March 2022
2344:newspapers
2290:Background
2144:Monarchism
2134:Liberalism
2129:Jacobinism
1819:Gaṇasaṅgha
1674:(54–51 BC)
1158:Harrington
1035:Democratic
1025:Capitalist
1020:Autonomous
1002:Venizelism
987:Khomeinism
332:settlement
299:Roman Gaul
269:Prehistory
5367:Wallachia
5332:Vojvodina
5277:Schleswig
5255:By nation
5246:Socialism
4974:Education
4928:Transport
4778:Judiciary
4739:Elections
4693:Mountains
4651:Geography
4397:Louis XIV
4187:Overviews
4066:13342684W
3920:22622246M
3825:16350140M
3607:, p. 556.
3503:NYU Press
3261:, p. 286.
3144:'s novel
3126:Souvenirs
2862:Vincennes
2829:sabotaged
2821:fusillade
2445:Orléanist
2443:, of the
2410:Charles X
1999:Australia
1631:Venizelos
1621:Spadolini
1611:Slaughter
1556:McDonnell
1521:Mackenzie
1466:Jefferson
1421:Griffiths
1401:de Gaulle
1396:Garibaldi
1356:Drakeford
1248:Warburton
1168:Jefferson
1163:Honderich
1143:Condorcet
1030:Christian
992:Nasserism
967:Classical
884:Democracy
765:Territory
658:1946–1958
648:1944–1946
638:1940–1944
617:1920–1929
606:1919–1939
595:1870–1940
568:1871–1914
557:1870–1940
547:1852–1870
537:1848–1852
527:1830–1848
517:1814–1830
507:1804–1814
497:1792–1804
487:1791–1792
477:1789–1799
450:1589–1792
440:1515–1589
430:1498–1515
398:1328–1498
147:defectors
5362:Moldavia
5337:Slovakia
5284:Italians
5164:Category
5097:Language
5009:Religion
4954:Abortion
4908:Taxation
4805:Military
4766:Intersex
4756:Politics
4722:Politics
4524:Interwar
4219:Economic
4214:Language
4199:Timeline
4104:(2003).
4092:(1896).
3949:24422386
3733:3503110M
3668:13 March
3663:HĂ©rodote
3497:(2014).
3342:, p. 54.
3303:, p. 48.
3208:See also
3120:'s 1893
3066:'s 1856
3051:Sardinia
2817:bayonets
2714:and the
2510:liberals
2476:his left
2069:Scotland
2009:Barbados
1660:Republic
1576:Prescott
1546:Naysmith
1536:McKechin
1496:La Malfa
1491:Khomeini
1451:Iorwerth
1416:Griffith
1391:Gambetta
1386:Galloway
1371:Ferguson
1351:Davidson
1346:Cromwell
1341:Connolly
1321:Campbell
1238:Sunstein
1223:Rousseau
1218:Polybius
1153:Franklin
1133:Chappell
1128:Cattaneo
1065:People's
1050:Imperial
982:Kemalism
919:Republic
853:Concepts
760:Taxation
738:Religion
733:Politics
726:Consorts
721:Monarchs
716:Military
711:Medicine
387:987–1328
376:987–1792
330:Frankish
328:and the
251:Timeline
223:a series
221:Part of
92:, France
85:Location
5382:Ireland
5377:Britain
5344:Belgium
5322:Hungary
5272:Germans
5155:Outline
5137:Theatre
5132:Symbols
5092:Gardens
5082:Fashion
5074:Cuisine
5041:Culture
5031:Welfare
5004:Poverty
4942:Society
4918:Tourism
4878:Exports
4851:Banking
4829:Economy
4788:history
4683:Islands
4678:Borders
4311:Francia
4265:Ancient
4243:Regions
4194:History
4179:History
3999:1847387
3929:History
3316:p. 380.
3287:p. 289.
3156:Cosette
3047:Bavaria
3043:Prussia
3029:to the
2857:columns
2800:on the
2765:). The
2640:Rèforme
2597:") and
2478:by the
2358:scholar
2034:Morocco
2024:Jamaica
2019:Ireland
2004:Bahamas
1806:History
1626:Taverne
1601:Skinner
1581:Ritchie
1526:Madison
1506:Lincoln
1456:Jackson
1446:Huppert
1441:Hopkins
1366:Fabiani
1326:Chapman
1311:BolĂvar
1301:Bennett
1291:Bartley
1281:AtatĂĽrk
1193:Mazzini
1188:Madison
1118:Bentham
1108:Baggini
1075:Secular
1055:Islamic
1040:Federal
977:Federal
961:Schools
753:Judaism
691:Economy
670:present
366:843–987
355:751–987
345:481–751
326:Francia
260:Ancient
119:Parties
5349:Brazil
5327:Prague
5301:Swedes
5289:Sicily
5267:French
5224:Ideals
5169:Portal
5069:Cinema
5049:Anthem
5021:Racism
4999:People
4893:Mining
4868:Energy
4703:Rivers
4668:Cities
4600:May 68
4171:topics
4168:France
4064:
4037:286299
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3167:Heyday
2949:regent
2593:("The
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2331:
2231:French
2059:Sweden
2049:Norway
2014:Canada
1794:(1963)
1774:(1794)
1764:(1791)
1744:(1762)
1734:(1755)
1724:(1748)
1714:(1698)
1704:(1656)
1694:(1649)
1684:(1531)
1636:Wilson
1606:Slater
1596:Skates
1551:Mannin
1541:Mullin
1516:Mackay
1481:Juárez
1436:HĂ©bert
1431:Hatton
1426:Harvie
1316:Burgon
1233:Sidney
1228:Sandel
1213:Pettit
1138:Cicero
1103:Arendt
1085:Soviet
1080:Sister
972:Modern
786:·
784:
682:Topics
394:Valois
335:
273:
234:France
225:on the
5296:Poles
5262:Danes
5127:Sport
5112:Music
5107:Media
4964:Crime
4688:Lakes
4033:JSTOR
3995:JSTOR
3945:JSTOR
3889:JSTOR
3384:et al
3107:]
2813:]
2365:JSTOR
2351:books
2268:Paris
2074:Wales
2054:Spain
2029:Japan
1616:Smith
1591:Sayed
1571:Pound
1566:Nehru
1561:Nandy
1531:Magid
1511:Lucas
1501:Lewis
1411:Grévy
1406:Greer
1306:Black
1286:Azaña
1208:Paine
1178:Locke
1148:Crick
1123:Bodin
1113:Bello
1014:Types
788:
748:Islam
668:1958–
90:Paris
68:, by
5087:Flag
4873:Euro
4771:LGBT
3906:ISBN
3719:ISBN
3691:ISBN
3670:2022
3626:2023
3585:ISBN
3456:ISBN
3005:Cham
2985:and
2903:The
2789:and
2499:and
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2225:The
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1486:Kane
1198:Mill
1173:Kant
706:LGBT
77:Date
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5059:Art
4783:Law
4025:doi
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3966:doi
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