335:(StB) expert at misleading individuals. He describes information warfare tactics used by the Soviet Union, which they internally referred to as disinformation, intended to fool and defraud others. The author defines disinformation as "a carefully constructed false message leaked to an opponent's communication system in order to deceive the decision-making elite or the public". Ideally, such methods would confuse foreign beliefs about key issues affecting the Soviet Union. The author recounts covert operations that significantly affected international relations. Bittman writes that for disinformation covert operation campaigns to succeed, "every disinformation message must at least partially correspond to reality or generally accepted views". In some instances such covert operations led to blowback and unintended consequences from intelligence agency actions, which were harmful to the Soviet Union. Bittman argues such disinformation tactics had the cumulative effect of negative political consequences to the Soviet Union, because its subterfuge campaigns injected false information into society.
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444:, with Phillips writing "Chez Espionage regulars consider" the book "an excellent study", referring to its author as "the top authority on disinformation in the U.S.". The other reviewer, Peter C. Unsinger, wrote "At times his examination is superficial, and for depth into some specific events, the reader will have to look at Bittman's earlier work". The book was reviewed by Cesare Marongiu Buonaiuti in the Italian-language journal
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392:. The author details fruitful efforts of the KGB to stop the building of an aerospace facility in West Germany, after Soviet intelligence fomented false notions that the building was part of a Central Intelligence Agency plot to turn Germany into a nuclear-capable country. He describes a failed attempt by the Soviet intelligence services to make Dan Rather, then a newsman with
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Bittman became a professor in the department of communication at Boston
University (BU) and began to use the name Lawrence Martin. While there, Bittman taught journalism with a focus on disinformation at BU and founded the Program for the Study of Disinformation, the first academic center in the U.S.
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in 1954 and was recruited by Czech intelligence. He served within the
Czechoslovak intelligence agency as its deputy chief of the disinformation division, the Department for Active Measures and Disinformation, from 1964 to 1966. This division was under the control of the Soviet secret police. One of
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and gave a mixed review, "Going well beyond the author's personal experience—he left
Czechoslovakia in 1968—the book ranges over the entire field ... with many illustrative cases and items of interest, but also with a tendency to write the KGB's role as larger than life".
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The KGB and StB ruse succeeded in causing paranoia and the
Indonesia president began to make public statements highly critical of the U.S. Reporters within the employ of the two Soviet intelligence agencies promptly capitalized on Sukarno's remarks and incensed the
212:
actions, which were harmful to the Soviet Union. The book includes case studies of joint disinformation campaigns by the Soviet Union and Czech intelligence and their repercussions, including a successful operation to stop the building of an aerospace center in
381:. Negative commentary about the U.S. grew markedly within the country at a rapid pace. Perceptions of American interests within the country were decreased to a negligible level, directly due to the Soviet intelligence disinformation campaign.
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called the book "an excellent study" and its author "the top authority on disinformation in the U.S.", while another in the same journal said it lacked depth. It was also reviewed in the
Italian language
200:, Bittman was deputy chief of the disinformation division for Czech intelligence called the Department for Active Measures and Disinformation. In the book, he warns how disinformation can lead to
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was planning to harm him. In particular, a specific false report stated a fictitious strategy supposedly planned by the United
Kingdom jointly with the U.S., to invade Indonesia through
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ploy, tempting him with attractive women. The KGB and StB agents were able to turn the
Indonesian Ambassador to their interests and through him they passed along to
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that Soviet intelligence could use to spread disinformation. He chose to defect to the United States in 1968 at the conclusion of the period known as the
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The author recalls a StB operation which began in 1964 with the assistance of the KGB, whose goal was to inflame public opinion within
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Arenstein, Seth (1986), "The KGB and Soviet
Disinformation, and: Sovieticus: American Perceptions and Soviet Realities (review)",
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Disinformation: Former Spy Chief
Reveals Secret Strategies for Undermining Freedom, Attacking Religion, and Promoting Terrorism
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Bittman recounts other case studies, including efforts by the Soviet intelligence services to influence the views of the
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and increase negative perceptions towards the U.S. The operation targeted an
Ambassador from Indonesia through a
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365:. Another such forgery claimed that the CIA plotted a covert assassination attempt on the Indonesian president.
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296:. The Czechoslovak government sentenced Bittman to death for treason; his sentence was removed 20 years later.
1114:"Deception, Disinformation, and Strategic. Communications: How One Interagency Group. Made a Major Difference"
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169:(then known as Ladislav Bittman), a former intelligence officer specializing in disinformation for the
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and wrote that "Bittman's treatment of disinformation, particularly his meticulous research, makes
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Buonaiuti, Cesare Marongiu, "Book Review: The KGB and Soviet Disinformation, An Insider's View",
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The Plot to Hack America: How Putin's Cyberspies and WikiLeaks Tried to Steal the 2016 Election
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304:, Bittman had written a book on the history of disinformation in Soviet covert operations,
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gave a mixed review saying the author exaggerated the role of the KGB. One review in the
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1983:
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The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare (1972)
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699:"Operation INFEKTION - Soviet Bloc Intelligence and Its AIDS Disinformation Campaign"
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and another edition was released in 1985 by the same publisher, with a foreword by
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against Americans so that such countries would support Russian interests in the
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The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare
749:
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fascinating reading". John C. Campbell reviewed the book for the journal
421:
416:. A Spanish language edition was released in 1987 by Editorial Juventud.
397:
385:
370:
306:
The Deception Game: Czechoslovak Intelligence in Soviet Political Warfare
234:
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1224:
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New Lies for Old: The Communist Strategy of Deception and Disinformation
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949:
Bittman, Ladislav (1990), "The use of disinformation by democracies",
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1947:
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to focus on the study of disinformation. Prior to the publication of
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and groups of angry citizens attacked U.S. buildings in the city of
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796:"Book Review: The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View"
393:
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218:
1111:
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2787:
2717:
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Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
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1988:
1407:
1380:
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514:
Media censorship and disinformation during the Gezi Park protests
378:
350:
277:
876:
Unsinger, Peter C. (1986), "The KGB and Soviet Disinformation",
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273:
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International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
879:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
840:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
442:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
247:
International Journal of Intelligence and CounterIntelligence
2964:
1464:
325:
598:"The Spy Who Came Into the Classroom Teaches at Boston U."
332:
178:
1167:"Before 'fake news,' there was Soviet 'disinformation'"
440:
received both a negative and a positive review in the
1649:
After Truth: Disinformation and the Cost of Fake News
1281:
1112:
Fletcher Schoen; Christopher J. Lamb (June 1, 2012),
284:
as a press attaché, to recruit European reporters as
2518:
Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act
1846:
668:
The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View
320:
Graphic showing differences between disinformation,
162:
The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View
59:
The KGB and Soviet Disinformation: An Insider's View
268:his significant achievements in disinformation was
1621:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
1148:Dezinformatsia: Active Measures in Soviet Strategy
981:
2173:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
1725:Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine
4112:
2068:Historical distortion regarding Ferdinand Marcos
837:Phillips, "The KGB and Soviet Disinformation",
4011:
3962:
3617:
2603:
2381:Election denial movement in the United States
1267:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
651:
649:
628:
626:
624:
622:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
238:, where it was called "fascinating reading".
4030:
1137:
232:The book received a positive reception from
1601:
970:
742:
740:
738:
736:
734:
732:
730:
728:
632:
173:and retired professor of disinformation at
3969:
3955:
3624:
3610:
2610:
2596:
2053:COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines
1274:
1260:
871:
869:
832:
830:
789:
787:
692:
690:
688:
686:
646:
609:
373:with broadcasts of the false reporting on
4146:Non-fiction books about Soviet repression
3631:
918:
916:
746:
591:
589:
587:
585:
583:
581:
2406:Mohamed Atta's alleged Prague connection
1063:
990:Syracuse University Research Corporation
925:Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali
875:
793:
725:
696:
446:Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali
408:The book was first published in 1983 by
403:
315:
253:Rivista di Studi Politici Internazionali
2205:Russian Institute for Strategic Studies
976:
948:
866:
827:
784:
683:
665:
595:
396:, appear guilty of killing citizens in
4113:
3976:
2617:
2332:Attempts to overturn the 2020 election
2123:Soviet influence on the peace movement
1720:Misinformation in the Israel–Hamas war
1164:
913:
670:, Pergamon-Brassey's, pp. 49–52,
633:Butterfield, Fox (November 18, 1986),
578:
561:Social engineering (political science)
294:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia
3950:
3605:
2591:
2479:
2057:ChinaAngVirus disinformation campaign
1845:
1758:
1666:
1600:
1297:
1255:
1185:
922:
635:"Boston U. focuses on disinformation"
419:Seth Arenstein analyzed the book for
836:
697:Boghardt, Thomas (26 January 2010),
2327:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
1537:State-sponsored Internet propaganda
794:Campbell, John C. (March 1, 1986),
459:1995 CIA disinformation controversy
311:
13:
1798:Misinformation related to abortion
1057:
20:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
14:
4162:
2015:Voluntary Agency Network of Korea
1628:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
1217:
1165:Taylor, Adam (26 November 2016),
438:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
427:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
302:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
33:The KGB and Soviet Disinformation
4131:Psychological warfare techniques
2568:United States Information Agency
1847:Operations and events by country
1237:
1223:
596:Richman, Evan (April 27, 1994),
263:Ladislav Bittman graduated from
25:
4136:Intelligence operations by type
3254:Party platforms (or manifestos)
2168:Information war against Ukraine
1715:International Jewish conspiracy
1683:Congo Free State propaganda war
1039:
1024:
1009:
942:
331:Bittman recounts his time as a
2480:
2396:Information Operations Roadmap
2306:Psychological Warfare Division
1876:Chinese information operations
1825:Water fluoridation controversy
551:Propaganda in the Soviet Union
165:is a 1983 non-fiction book by
1:
2503:Active Measures Working Group
2161:during the Russo-Georgian War
2128:U.S. Army Field Manual 30-31B
1228:The dictionary definition of
572:
469:Active Measures Working Group
258:
3896:Rally 'round the flag effect
3771:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
3342:Rally 'round the flag effect
2386:The Freedom Fighter's Manual
2063:Fake news in the Philippines
1667:
1435:Fear, uncertainty, and doubt
1071:, Dodd, Mead & Company,
265:Charles University in Prague
217:and a failed plot to accuse
7:
4012:
2513:Counter Misinformation Team
2508:Counter disinformation unit
1958:Myth of the clean Wehrmacht
1445:Forgery as covert operation
499:Forgery as covert operation
494:Fear, uncertainty and doubt
479:Counter Misinformation Team
451:
359:Central Intelligence Agency
196:Under the direction of the
10:
4167:
4151:Books about disinformation
2523:The Disinformation Project
1953:Propaganda in Nazi Germany
1309:Algorithmic radicalization
666:Bittman, Ladislav (1985),
556:Russian military deception
171:Czech Intelligence Service
4094:
4069:
4043:
3984:
3639:
3536:
3481:
3413:
3355:
3287:
3204:
3121:
3073:
2963:
2874:
2801:
2691:
2683:Manipulation (psychology)
2625:
2486:
2475:
2446:
2440:Bolivarian Army of Trolls
2434:
2416:Tobacco industry playbook
2347:CIA Kennedy assassination
2319:
2265:
2239:
2227:
2141:
2088:
2076:
2045:
2033:
2021:
2009:
1997:
1966:
1940:
1928:
1868:
1856:
1852:
1841:
1673:
1662:
1607:
1596:
1480:Manipulation (psychology)
1304:
1298:
1293:
965:10.1080/08850609008435142
892:10.1080/08850608608435017
177:. The book is about the
148:
136:
128:
120:
112:
102:
92:
82:
72:
64:
54:
39:
24:
2861:Criticism of advertising
2528:East StratCom Task Force
2342:9/11 conspiracy theories
1339:List of cognitive biases
535:The Plot to Hack America
353:fabricated analyses and
16:Book by Ladislav Bittman
3701:Cartographic propaganda
3523:Promotional merchandise
3234:Character assassination
3171:Narcotizing dysfunction
3045:Photograph manipulation
2758:Guerrilla communication
2454:Public opinion brigades
2411:Niger uranium forgeries
2401:Litter boxes in schools
1771:COVID-19 misinformation
1693:Free energy suppression
1602:Books and documentaries
1376:Euphemistic misspeaking
1195:, Skyhorse Publishing,
707:Studies in Intelligence
474:Blowback (intelligence)
206:unintended consequences
167:Lawrence Martin-Bittman
4141:1983 non-fiction books
4031:
3886:Propaganda of the deed
3856:New generation warfare
3806:Historical negationism
3644:Accusation in a mirror
3506:Product demonstrations
2935:Historical negationism
2200:2016 Brexit referendum
1549:Scientific fabrication
1460:Historical negationism
1242:Quotations related to
1151:, Pergamon-Brassey's,
1121:Strategic Perspectives
763:10.1353/sais.1986.0061
541:Politico-media complex
529:Operation Toucan (KGB)
348:President of Indonesia
328:
4126:Propaganda techniques
4026:Psychological warfare
3881:Psychological warfare
3846:Monumental propaganda
3796:Glittering generality
3776:Firehose of falsehood
3633:Propaganda techniques
3438:Reputation management
3357:Psychological warfare
3206:Political campaigning
3015:Firehose of falsehood
2496:Fact-checking website
2301:Operation Mass Appeal
2283:Clockwork Orange plot
1793:Mental illness denial
1688:Climate change denial
1505:Psychological warfare
1475:Internet manipulation
1440:Firehose of falsehood
1366:Disinformation attack
519:Manufacturing Consent
509:Internet manipulation
404:Release and reception
319:
3992:Denial and deception
3721:Demonizing the enemy
3473:Corporate propaganda
1635:Who's Who in the CIA
484:Denial and deception
333:Czech State Security
282:undercover operation
198:Soviet secret police
4021:Military camouflage
4007:Information warfare
3911:Shooting and crying
3741:Emotive conjugation
3716:Cult of personality
3666:Atrocity propaganda
3561:Media concentration
3433:Non-apology apology
3423:Cult of personality
3151:Emotive conjugation
2905:Burying of scholars
2337:Conspiracy theories
2278:Double-Cross System
2247:Conspiracy theories
2108:Operation INFEKTION
1896:Internet Water Army
1750:Strategy of tension
1615:by Ion Mihai Pacepa
1500:Post-truth politics
1172:The Washington Post
546:Post-truth politics
504:Information warfare
210:intelligence agency
187:information warfare
87:Information warfare
55:Original title
21:
3978:Military deception
3871:Oversimplification
3851:Moralistic fallacy
3544:Influence-for-hire
3337:National mythology
3307:Crowd manipulation
3196:Tabloid journalism
3065:Video manipulation
3010:Fictitious entries
2733:Civil disobedience
2619:Media manipulation
2233:HIV/AIDS denialism
2210:Trolls from Olgino
1984:Paid news in India
1974:Fake news in India
1788:HIV/AIDS denialism
1642:Merchants of Doubt
1515:Military deception
1490:Media manipulation
1329:Circular reporting
1139:Shultz, Richard H.
1065:Golitsyn, Anatoliy
640:The New York Times
603:The New York Times
410:Pergamon-Brassey's
344:honeypot espionage
329:
97:Pergamon-Brassey's
19:
4108:
4107:
3944:
3943:
3836:Managing the news
3661:Appeal to emotion
3599:
3598:
3365:Airborne leaflets
3244:Election promises
3098:Product placement
2973:Alternative facts
2713:Alternative media
2585:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2471:
2470:
2467:
2466:
2421:Operation Shocker
2223:
2222:
2103:K-1000 battleship
1934:Operation Neptune
1837:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1658:
1657:
1592:
1591:
1584:Yellow journalism
1532:counterpropaganda
1413:List of fallacies
1346:Conspiracy theory
1314:Alternative facts
1105:978-1-936488-60-5
1090:Ronald J. Rychlak
1078:978-0-396-08194-4
1003:978-0-8156-8078-9
978:Bittman, Ladislav
677:978-0-08-031572-0
524:Operation Shocker
270:Operation Neptune
175:Boston University
158:
157:
143:978-0-08-031572-0
113:Publication place
4158:
4121:Black propaganda
4036:
4017:
3971:
3964:
3957:
3948:
3947:
3936:White propaganda
3891:Public relations
3866:Overcomplication
3751:False accusation
3686:Black propaganda
3676:Beautiful people
3671:Bandwagon effect
3626:
3619:
3612:
3603:
3602:
3591:Media proprietor
3415:Public relations
3395:Public diplomacy
3380:Information (IT)
3259:Name recognition
2884:Media regulation
2866:Annoyance factor
2723:Call-out culture
2638:Crowd psychology
2612:
2605:
2598:
2589:
2588:
2477:
2476:
2296:MMR autism fraud
2179:On US elections
2113:Operation Toucan
2086:
2085:
1854:
1853:
1843:
1842:
1808:anti-vaccination
1756:
1755:
1703:Holocaust denial
1678:Bermuda Triangle
1664:
1663:
1598:
1597:
1527:black propaganda
1495:Potemkin village
1420:False accusation
1396:list of websites
1295:
1294:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1253:
1252:
1241:
1227:
1213:
1182:
1181:
1179:
1161:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1118:
1108:
1086:Ion Mihai Pacepa
1081:
1052:
1043:
1037:
1028:
1022:
1013:
1007:
1006:
987:
974:
968:
967:
946:
940:
939:
920:
911:
910:
873:
864:
863:
834:
825:
824:
791:
782:
781:
744:
723:
722:
721:
719:
703:
694:
681:
680:
663:
644:
643:
630:
607:
606:
593:
312:Contents summary
149:Preceded by
104:Publication date
44:Ladislav Bittman
29:
22:
18:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4160:
4159:
4157:
4156:
4155:
4111:
4110:
4109:
4104:
4090:
4065:
4039:
3980:
3975:
3945:
3940:
3826:Loaded language
3635:
3630:
3600:
3595:
3586:Media influence
3581:Media franchise
3566:Media democracy
3532:
3477:
3409:
3351:
3332:Loaded language
3283:
3200:
3117:
3069:
2959:
2888:
2870:
2797:
2738:Culture jamming
2687:
2621:
2616:
2586:
2577:
2482:
2463:
2442:
2430:
2315:
2311:Zinoviev letter
2261:
2235:
2219:
2143:Post-Soviet era
2137:
2098:Active Measures
2081:
2072:
2041:
2029:
2017:
2005:
1993:
1962:
1936:
1924:
1864:
1862:Jihadunspun.com
1848:
1829:
1754:
1730:New World Order
1698:Genocide denial
1669:
1654:
1603:
1588:
1510:Memetic warfare
1300:
1289:
1280:
1220:
1203:
1177:
1175:
1159:
1129:
1127:
1116:
1106:
1079:
1060:
1058:Further reading
1055:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1025:
1014:
1010:
1004:
975:
971:
947:
943:
921:
914:
874:
867:
835:
828:
801:Foreign Affairs
792:
785:
745:
726:
717:
715:
701:
695:
684:
678:
664:
647:
631:
610:
594:
579:
575:
570:
464:Active measures
454:
431:Foreign Affairs
406:
357:, alleging the
355:false documents
314:
261:
241:Foreign Affairs
121:Media type
105:
46:
35:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4164:
4154:
4153:
4148:
4143:
4138:
4133:
4128:
4123:
4106:
4105:
4101:The Art of War
4098:
4096:
4092:
4091:
4089:
4088:
4083:
4073:
4071:
4067:
4066:
4064:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4051:Military dummy
4047:
4045:
4041:
4040:
4038:
4037:
4033:Ruse de guerre
4028:
4023:
4018:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3997:Disinformation
3994:
3988:
3986:
3982:
3981:
3974:
3973:
3966:
3959:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3873:
3868:
3863:
3858:
3853:
3848:
3843:
3838:
3833:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3816:Indoctrination
3813:
3808:
3803:
3798:
3793:
3788:
3783:
3778:
3773:
3768:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3726:Disinformation
3723:
3718:
3713:
3711:Cherry picking
3708:
3703:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3656:Appeal to fear
3653:
3646:
3640:
3637:
3636:
3629:
3628:
3621:
3614:
3606:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3557:
3556:
3546:
3540:
3538:
3534:
3533:
3531:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3519:
3518:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3487:
3485:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3463:Understatement
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3419:
3417:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3407:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3387:
3382:
3377:
3372:
3367:
3361:
3359:
3353:
3352:
3350:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3334:
3329:
3327:Indoctrination
3324:
3319:
3314:
3312:Disinformation
3309:
3304:
3299:
3293:
3291:
3285:
3284:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3274:Smear campaign
3271:
3266:
3261:
3256:
3251:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3210:
3208:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
3191:Sensationalism
3188:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3131:Agenda-setting
3127:
3125:
3119:
3118:
3116:
3115:
3110:
3105:
3100:
3095:
3090:
3085:
3079:
3077:
3071:
3070:
3068:
3067:
3062:
3057:
3052:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3005:False document
3002:
2997:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2969:
2967:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2957:
2952:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2927:
2922:
2917:
2912:
2910:Catch and kill
2907:
2902:
2897:
2891:
2889:
2887:
2886:
2881:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2868:
2863:
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2807:
2805:
2799:
2798:
2796:
2795:
2790:
2785:
2780:
2775:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2743:Demonstrations
2740:
2735:
2730:
2728:Cancel culture
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2709:
2708:
2697:
2695:
2689:
2688:
2686:
2685:
2680:
2675:
2670:
2665:
2660:
2655:
2650:
2645:
2640:
2635:
2629:
2627:
2623:
2622:
2615:
2614:
2607:
2600:
2592:
2583:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2560:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2530:
2525:
2520:
2515:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2499:
2498:
2487:
2484:
2483:
2473:
2472:
2469:
2468:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2461:
2456:
2450:
2448:
2444:
2443:
2438:
2436:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2391:Habbush letter
2388:
2383:
2378:
2377:
2376:
2366:
2361:
2360:
2359:
2354:
2349:
2344:
2334:
2329:
2323:
2321:
2317:
2316:
2314:
2313:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2273:Bell Pottinger
2269:
2267:
2266:United Kingdom
2263:
2262:
2260:
2259:
2254:
2249:
2243:
2241:
2237:
2236:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2224:
2221:
2220:
2218:
2217:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2196:
2195:
2190:
2185:
2177:
2176:
2175:
2165:
2164:
2163:
2158:
2147:
2145:
2139:
2138:
2136:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2100:
2094:
2092:
2083:
2074:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2049:
2047:
2043:
2042:
2037:
2035:
2031:
2030:
2025:
2023:
2019:
2018:
2013:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2001:
1999:
1995:
1994:
1992:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1976:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1955:
1950:
1944:
1942:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1930:
1929:Czechoslovakia
1926:
1925:
1923:
1922:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1903:
1901:PLA Unit 61398
1898:
1893:
1888:
1883:
1872:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1858:
1850:
1849:
1839:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1828:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1776:by governments
1768:
1762:
1760:
1753:
1752:
1747:
1742:
1737:
1732:
1727:
1722:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1706:
1705:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1671:
1670:
1660:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1653:
1652:
1645:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1617:
1613:Disinformation
1608:
1605:
1604:
1594:
1593:
1590:
1589:
1587:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1561:
1556:
1551:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1539:
1534:
1529:
1519:
1518:
1517:
1512:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1334:Cognitive bias
1331:
1326:
1324:Cherry picking
1321:
1316:
1311:
1305:
1302:
1301:
1291:
1290:
1287:misinformation
1283:Disinformation
1279:
1278:
1271:
1264:
1256:
1250:
1249:
1248:
1247:
1244:Disinformation
1234:at Wiktionary
1231:disinformation
1219:
1218:External links
1216:
1215:
1214:
1202:978-1510723320
1201:
1187:Nance, Malcolm
1183:
1162:
1158:978-0080315737
1157:
1135:
1109:
1104:
1082:
1077:
1059:
1056:
1054:
1053:
1038:
1023:
1008:
1002:
969:
959:(2): 243–261,
941:
931:(3): 493–494,
927:(in Italian),
912:
886:(2): 137–179,
865:
826:
783:
757:(2): 224–226,
724:
682:
676:
645:
608:
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496:
491:
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471:
466:
461:
455:
453:
450:
405:
402:
390:United Nations
322:misinformation
313:
310:
260:
257:
183:disinformation
156:
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134:
133:
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118:
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110:
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94:
90:
89:
84:
80:
79:
77:Disinformation
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
56:
52:
51:
41:
37:
36:
30:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4163:
4152:
4149:
4147:
4144:
4142:
4139:
4137:
4134:
4132:
4129:
4127:
4124:
4122:
4119:
4118:
4116:
4103:
4102:
4097:
4093:
4087:
4084:
4082:
4079:
4078:
4076:
4072:
4068:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4048:
4046:
4042:
4035:
4034:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3989:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3972:
3967:
3965:
3960:
3958:
3953:
3952:
3949:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3867:
3864:
3862:
3859:
3857:
3854:
3852:
3849:
3847:
3844:
3842:
3839:
3837:
3834:
3832:
3829:
3827:
3824:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3804:
3802:
3799:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3787:
3784:
3782:
3779:
3777:
3774:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3762:
3761:False dilemma
3759:
3757:
3756:False balance
3754:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3638:
3634:
3627:
3622:
3620:
3615:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3604:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3571:Media ecology
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3555:
3554:United States
3552:
3551:
3550:
3547:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3539:
3535:
3529:
3528:Telemarketing
3526:
3524:
3521:
3517:
3514:
3513:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3488:
3486:
3484:
3480:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3420:
3418:
3416:
3412:
3406:
3403:
3401:
3398:
3396:
3393:
3391:
3388:
3386:
3383:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3354:
3348:
3345:
3343:
3340:
3338:
3335:
3333:
3330:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3317:Fearmongering
3315:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3295:
3294:
3292:
3290:
3286:
3280:
3277:
3275:
3272:
3270:
3267:
3265:
3262:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3252:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3240:
3237:
3235:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3222:
3220:
3217:
3215:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3187:
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3156:False balance
3154:
3152:
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3124:
3120:
3114:
3113:Word of mouth
3111:
3109:
3106:
3104:
3101:
3099:
3096:
3094:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3084:
3081:
3080:
3078:
3076:
3072:
3066:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3051:
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2900:Broadcast law
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2748:Deplatforming
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2659:
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2654:
2653:False balance
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2533:FactCheck.org
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2491:Fact-checking
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2320:United States
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2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1990:
1987:
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1911:
1907:
1904:
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1899:
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1892:
1889:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1881:50 Cent Party
1879:
1878:
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1485:Media culture
1483:
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1453:
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1433:
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1428:
1426:
1425:False dilemma
1423:
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1115:
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1107:
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1098:, WND Books,
1097:
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336:
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327:
323:
318:
309:
307:
303:
297:
295:
291:
290:Prague Spring
287:
286:secret agents
283:
279:
275:
271:
266:
256:
254:
249:
248:
243:
242:
237:
236:
230:
228:
225:of murder in
224:
220:
216:
211:
207:
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188:
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116:United States
115:
111:
107:
101:
98:
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91:
88:
85:
81:
78:
75:
71:
67:
63:
60:
57:
53:
49:
45:
42:
38:
34:
28:
23:
4099:
4075:World War II
3931:Whataboutism
3901:Scapegoating
3861:Obscurantism
3841:Minimisation
3746:Exaggeration
3648:
3576:Media ethics
3496:Door-to-door
3491:Cold calling
3468:Weasel words
3375:Fifth column
3269:Push polling
3219:Astroturfing
3181:Pseudo-event
3161:Infotainment
3136:Broadcasting
3055:Urban legend
2978:April Fools'
2851:Testimonials
2821:Infomercials
2648:Dumbing down
2293:
2228:South Africa
2215:Web brigades
2151:Cyberwarfare
2133:Useful idiot
2082:Soviet Union
2027:Fintas Group
1919:Global Times
1917:
1886:cyberwarfare
1647:
1640:
1633:
1627:
1626:
1620:
1612:
1579:Whataboutism
1574:Urban legend
1544:Quote mining
1246:at Wikiquote
1230:
1191:
1176:, retrieved
1170:
1147:
1128:, retrieved
1124:
1120:
1094:
1068:
1041:
1026:
1011:
983:
972:
956:
950:
944:
928:
924:
883:
877:
844:
838:
805:
799:
754:
748:
716:, retrieved
711:
705:
667:
638:
601:
533:
445:
441:
437:
436:
430:
426:
420:
418:
407:
383:
375:Radio Moscow
367:
337:
330:
305:
301:
298:
292:, after the
262:
252:
245:
239:
233:
231:
215:West Germany
195:
191:Soviet Union
161:
160:
159:
152:
58:
32:
3926:Weasel word
3876:Plain folks
3791:Gish gallop
3781:Flag-waving
3736:Doublespeak
3731:Dog whistle
3691:Blood libel
3448:Sound bites
3428:Doublespeak
3279:Wedge issue
3239:Dog whistle
3214:Advertising
3040:Lying press
3025:Gaslighting
2803:Advertising
2778:Occupations
2668:Obfuscation
2658:Half-truths
2426:Yellow rain
2046:Philippines
1906:Spamouflage
1891:Little Pink
1745:Rothschilds
1735:Red mercury
1450:Gaslighting
1401:Lying press
1371:Doublespeak
1143:Godson, Roy
992:, pp.
750:SAIS Review
422:SAIS Review
398:Afghanistan
386:Third World
371:Indonesians
235:SAIS Review
227:Afghanistan
189:during the
4115:Categories
4070:Operations
4014:Maskirovka
4002:False flag
3985:Techniques
3801:Half-truth
3706:Censorship
3650:Ad hominem
3549:Media bias
3405:Subversion
3370:False flag
3347:Techniques
3289:Propaganda
3249:Lawn signs
3229:Canvassing
3123:News media
2879:Censorship
2811:Billboards
2763:Hacktivism
2753:Grassroots
2678:Persuasion
2553:PolitiFact
2481:Opposition
2357:Sandy Hook
2156:on Estonia
2090:Soviet era
2003:Team Jorge
1979:Godi-media
1740:Reptilians
1710:Illuminati
1569:Truthiness
1559:Social bot
1522:Propaganda
1455:Half-truth
1430:False flag
1178:3 December
1130:9 December
937:5792426414
822:5547492362
771:4894382744
718:9 December
573:References
566:Persuasion
489:False flag
414:Roy Godson
259:Background
223:Dan Rather
204:, causing
181:'s use of
50:(foreword)
48:Roy Godson
4086:Bodyguard
4044:Equipment
3811:Ideograph
3766:Fake news
3511:Promotion
3390:Political
3297:Bandwagon
3224:Attack ad
3103:Publicity
3075:Marketing
2988:Fake news
2950:Religious
2945:Political
2925:Euphemism
2920:Cover-ups
2915:Corporate
2783:Petitions
2673:Orwellian
2643:Deception
2548:NewsGuard
2543:Logically
2538:Full Fact
2435:Venezuela
2369:Fake news
2257:AK Trolls
1948:Funkspiel
1470:Infodemic
1386:Fake news
1361:Denialism
1356:Deception
1211:987592653
1035:443300735
900:0885-0607
853:0885-0607
814:0015-7120
779:153446909
340:Indonesia
193:period.
124:Hardcover
93:Publisher
31:Cover to
3831:Newspeak
3696:Buzzword
3458:Transfer
3400:Sedition
3264:Negative
3176:Newspeak
3166:Managing
3108:Research
3083:Branding
3035:Literary
3000:Fakelore
2993:websites
2983:Deepfake
2940:Internet
2831:Modeling
2788:Protests
2768:Internet
2701:Advocacy
2693:Activism
2573:USAFacts
2563:StopFake
2459:Force 47
2364:COVID-19
2288:Euromyth
2039:Peñabots
1913:COVID-19
1818:COVID-19
1803:Vaccines
1668:Examples
1554:Smearing
1189:(2016),
1145:(1984),
1092:(2013),
1067:(1984),
1050:16103979
1020:59067176
980:(1972),
908:12566055
861:12566055
452:See also
394:CBS News
363:Malaysia
308:(1972).
219:CBS News
202:blowback
65:Language
4081:Bertram
3821:Lawfare
3786:Framing
3681:Big lie
3537:Related
3516:Spaving
3501:Pricing
3443:Slogans
3385:Lawfare
3322:Framing
3302:Big lie
3093:Product
3088:Loyalty
3020:Forgery
2965:Hoaxing
2846:Slogans
2826:Mobiles
2718:Boycott
2626:Context
2447:Vietnam
2118:Seat 12
1989:OpIndia
1941:Germany
1408:Fallacy
1381:Factoid
1319:Big lie
379:Jakarta
351:Sukarno
278:Austria
221:anchor
73:Subject
68:English
4061:Q-ship
3916:Slogan
3141:Circus
3050:Racial
2558:Snopes
2374:online
2294:Lancet
2240:Turkey
2078:Russia
2034:Mexico
2022:Kuwait
1998:Israel
1857:Canada
1813:autism
1759:Health
1391:online
1209:
1199:
1155:
1102:
1075:
1048:
1033:
1018:
1000:
935:
906:
898:
859:
851:
820:
812:
777:
769:
674:
280:in an
274:Vienna
40:Author
4095:Texts
4056:Decoy
3906:Senbu
3483:Sales
3186:Scrum
3146:Cycle
3060:Virus
2930:Films
2895:Books
2836:Radio
2816:False
2793:Youth
2773:Media
2706:group
2663:Media
2352:QAnon
2010:Korea
1967:India
1869:China
1783:Ebola
1299:Types
1117:(PDF)
994:39–78
847:(3),
808:(4),
775:S2CID
702:(PDF)
208:from
129:Pages
83:Genre
3921:Spin
3453:Spin
3030:List
2955:Self
2633:Bias
2193:2020
2188:2018
2183:2016
1564:Spin
1465:Hoax
1350:list
1285:and
1207:OCLC
1197:ISBN
1180:2016
1153:ISBN
1132:2016
1100:ISBN
1088:and
1073:ISBN
1046:OCLC
1031:OCLC
1016:OCLC
998:ISBN
933:OCLC
904:OCLC
896:ISSN
857:OCLC
849:ISSN
818:OCLC
810:ISSN
767:OCLC
720:2016
672:ISBN
326:hoax
324:and
185:and
138:ISBN
108:1983
2841:Sex
961:doi
888:doi
759:doi
714:(4)
179:KGB
132:216
4117::
4077::
2856:TV
1766:5G
1205:,
1169:,
1141:;
1125:11
1123:,
1119:,
996:,
988:,
955:,
929:56
915:^
902:,
894:,
882:,
868:^
855:,
843:,
829:^
816:,
806:64
804:,
798:,
786:^
773:,
765:,
753:,
727:^
712:53
710:,
704:,
685:^
648:^
637:,
611:^
600:,
580:^
448:.
400:.
276:,
255:.
229:.
3970:e
3963:t
3956:v
3625:e
3618:t
3611:v
2611:e
2604:t
2597:v
2080:/
2059:)
2055:(
1352:)
1348:(
1275:e
1268:t
1261:v
963::
957:4
890::
884:1
845:1
761::
755:6
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
