3278:
511:
1634:, which was often based on the yield of the year's harvest, with a modern system of taxation. There had been plans for this since 1816. A first step in the process was also implemented during the reforms of 1821. However, this was only a limited reform, since only the ground rents paid to the state were removable. The removal of "private" ground rents, including those paid to churches, religious orders, and Standesherren, failed to pass the first chamber of the parliament. Furthermore, in order to remove the ground rent from their land, farmers were initially required to pay a fee which was eighteen times their annual rent and most farmers could not afford this. The process of abolition would drag on into the second half of the 19th century.
3243:
88:
3877:
525:
5415:
4336:
1927:
4028:
2954:
1684:
2071:, were convicted to a symbolic few days imprisonment for this, there was a massive increase in membership of the National Association, which so overwhelmed the prosecutors, that the whole persecution was discontinued in 1861. In summer 1861, the National Association had 937 members in Hesse – the highest number outside Prussia. In 1862, the liberal Hessian Progress Party stood in the Landstände elections and won a landslide victory with 32 of the 50 seats in the lower chamber. Dalwigk's attempt to organise a "Reform Association" to oppose the Progress Party and the National Association was a failure, as was his attempt to get the
74:
136:
4317:
550:
2008:, the north German customs union dominated by Prussia. In 1851, the Prussians terminated the existing customs treaty from the end of 1853. Austria then attempted to establish a customs union with the German middle states. Dalwigk signed up for this project, against all economic logic, since the grand duchy's exports to Austria were only 3% of its exports to Prussia. Massive protests followed. Even in the Landestände, which was now dominated by pro-Dalwigk conservatives, he found only a minority in favour of this policy. On 14 May 1852, the government went so far as to dissolve the city council of
3892:
10589:
2084:
9355:
4284:
4920:
4352:
1119:
3349:
2798:
3173:
2513:
3558:
2176:
5253:
5427:
3096:
4848:
1130:
151:
3783:
3014:
10274:
4908:
5505:
1539:. In the latter areas, the state first had to forge agreements with the individual lords, in order to integrate their judicial powers into the state's court system. In some cases this took until the middle of the 1820s. The "Edict concerning Standesherren's Legal Relationships in the Grand Duchy of Hesse" of 27 March 1820 served as the frame of reference for these agreements. According to this edict, the individual Standesherren retained their personnel sovereignty in the
4723:
9739:
1811:
699:
3211:
2990:, a strict conservative, had worked closely with von Dalwigk and was fiercely opposed to the liberals. The Darmstadt government sought to gain a higher level of control over the Roman Catholic church and the bishop led opposition to this. A whole bundle of laws were put forward by the government in 1875 to achieve this. The bishop sought to maintain the highest possible level of autonomy by all means at his disposal, but in 1876 he had to close the
2497:
5358:
1357:
1977:
Revolution for "extraordinary" elections to the Landstände. These led to the election of the 14th (extraordinary) Landstände, in which pro-government representatives had a majority, and marked the beginning of comprehensive efforts to dismantle the achievements of the revolution. Even after the introduction of limited suffrage in
October 1850, the Landstände still had many democratic and liberal members and the crisis regarding the
1475:, and even armed rebellions against the government in some parts of the grand duchy. The grand duke and his administration gave in to the pressure and a new constitution was promulgated on 17 December 1820. The new constitution contained most of what the opponents of the first constitution had wanted, but the grand duke saved face since the constitution was formally granted by him. Louis I was honoured as a great lawgiver, with the
2297:, the brother-in-law of Grand Duke Louis III, this was a relatively mild treaty. Bismarck had originally intended to annex the whole of Upper Hesse. Instead, Hesse lost only 82 km and gained nearly 10 km when Prussia gave the grand duchy various enclaves within Hessian territory that had previously belonged to states which Prussia had annexed outright. All of these new territories were located in Upper Hesse, aside from
2332:
2965:
3313:
707:
3676:, with some legal provisos. Due to the rising population, stagnating agricultural sector, and slow pace of industrialisation, there was continuous poverty among the lower class. From the 1840s several thousand people left the grand duchy every year (records do not exist for earlier periods). The government supported emigration in order to reduce the potential for social conflict. The local
1670:
4017:
1300:, when Napoleon returned from exile, Austria, Prussia, and the Grand Duchy of Hesse concluded a treaty on 30 June 1816, which regulated the region and went into more detail that the treaty signed at Vienna in the previous year. There were further border agreements and exchanges of small areas of territory with the Electorate of Hesse and the Kingdom of Bavaria. The
3864:). This was allowed despite the reservations of the Hessian government and the Landstände, and the faculty of Roman Catholic theology at the University of Giessen was closed, after the retirement of the final professor. After the establishment of the German Empire in 1871, the conflict between Church and State erupted from around 1874, feeding into the
1918:. So much "democracy" was novel even for liberal politicians and the interior ministry urged people to act responsibly with their right to vote. Two elections were held under the new electoral system, in 1849 and 1850. Both times, the democrats received a strong majority in the lower chamber, which they used to block the enactment of a state budget.
4070:. The last coins of the city of Friedberg were minted in late summer 1806 (although the grand duchy had annexed the city in 1804). Henceforth, only the grand duchy had the right to mint coinage within its territory and the only mint was the one at Darmstadt. This mint also produced coinage for the Duchy of Nassau and for Hesse-Homburg.
3520:. In addition to this there were the territories received during secularisation and mediatisation in 1803, the treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine in 1806, and the former French areas received at the Vienna Congress in 1816. In the territorial expansion between 1803 and 1816, Hesse initially inherited and retained their particular
1384:). Louis I balked at this and was quoted as saying that a parliament "in a sovereign state not necessary, not useful, and in some respects dangerous." In fact, the process of constitutional reform was mainly undertaken by the civil service rather than the grand duke himself. The members of the civil service who led the reforms were:
7992:
2930:
created a
National Housing Inspectorate ("Landeswohnungsinspektion", which monitored the state of the housing market and reported it on it. This made the grand duchy the leading state of the German Empire with respect to housing policy. Von Heyl also established the "Action Society for the Construction of Affordanble Housing" (
5378:. At the instigation of Georg Moller, a heritage management regulation was brought into effect in the grand duchy on 22 January 1818, which dealt with care for buildings and archaeological remains and was a precursor of modern heritage protection laws. Among other things Moller was responsible for the preservation of the
1531:("local courts", responsible for judicial functions). This process took place over several years, since at first the state could make new rules about administration and justice only where it had unrestricted authority over these matters. The areas in which the grand duchy's sovereignty was unrestricted were called
1506:. Preliminary work on reforming this system began by 1816, and from 1821, the court system and the administrative system were separated at the lowest level in Starkenburg and Upper Hesse provinces. In Rheinhessen, this had already been done around twenty years earlier, while the area was under French control.
3919:
was widespread and led to violence against Jews, in moments of crisis, like the famine of 1817/18 and the
Revolution of 1848. By contrast, when the state wanted to strengthen its grasp on its Jewish subjects, it moved more quickly. Thus, an ordinance was passed in 1804 requiring Jewish subjects to be
3844:
The appointment of the first bishop was delayed due to disagreements about the appointment procedure. In 1827, Hesse and the Church agreed that the grand duchy could review the list of candidates for election and veto those that were not acceptable to it. The foundational document for the new diocese
2012:
with armed police. All of this did not help
Dalwigk at all. In the end, Austria and Prussia came to an agreement between themselves on customs and Austria gave up on the idea of a customs union with the German middle states. The whole affair created an enduring enemy to Dalwigk, however: the Prussian
1654:
privileges, proved difficult, as a result of "damage to multiple interests". Even in this area, different conditions applied in different parts of the grand duchy. In Rhine-Hesse, the guilds had been abolished during French rule, while in the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, guild privileges
4942:
The first private initiative for the construction of a railroad network, which was to include a
Frankfurt–Darmstadt–Heidelberg line and a branch line to Mainz, failed in 1838, when the company undertaking the project could not raise sufficient capital. The state refused to invest in the project. The
4274:
On 17 August 1868, the North German
Confederation published a new ordinance on weights and measures, which came into force on 1 January 1872 and introduced the metric system. Only one of the three provinces of the grand duchy was part of the North German Confederation (Upper Hesse), but to avoid the
3663:
The special position of the knights was established by the Grand Duke in 1807. Several of these nobles initially had control of their own local courts, the last of which were taken over by the state in the 1830s. The knights also had their own representatives in the Landstände. From 1820 until 1872,
3659:
family held an equivalent status to the
Standesherren. In total, about a quarter of the grand duchy's area and population belonged to the Standesherren. The privileges of the Standesheren declined over the nineteenth century and they finally lost their seats in the upper chamber of the Landstände in
3655:. According to the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine of 1806, Stedesherren had special rights and possessed sovereignty over the areas that they ruled. Initially, there were nineteen Standesherren in the grand duchy, but by the end of the nineteenth century this had declined to seventeen. The
3431:
The Lower
Chamber contained the elected representatives. The electoral law changed significantly over time. For a brief period after 1848, representatives were chosen by a direct vote of all (male) citizens, which was very progressive. In the reactionary period following the revolution, the indirect
2487:
in 1872. After this, Louis III completely stepped back from government, handing over public duties to the crown prince and princess. This led to the development of a glorified image of him and, at the death of "Uncle Louis" in 1877, it was largely forgotten that his rule had consisted of a series of
2231:
and the forces of the German
Confederation faced off against Prussia. The Hessian troops were ready to march, but it took more than two weeks to gather the rest of the 8th Army in Frankfurt. Eventually, the army marched through Upper Hesse to the northeast. When the outcome of the war was decided by
3700:
followed this example. High points were the year 1846 when more than 6,000 people emigrated, and 1853, when 8,375 people did so, including many of those opposed to the reactionary policies of von
Dalwigk. This was roughly 1% of the population. The grand duchy's population sank between 1850 and 1855
4096:
Under the law of 30 July 1848, the grand duchy's debt payments were made with banknotes called "Ground rent certificates". According to this law, notes were issued in 1848 in denominations of 1, 5, and 10 guilder, and in denominations of 35 and 70 guilder in 1849. However, forgeries of these notes
2994:
in Mainz and the church was not able to open it again until 1887. After Ketteler's death in 1877, the bishop's seat remained vacant until 1886, as a result of the conflict between the state and the Catholic church, since the state vetoed all candidates for the position that were put forward by the
1100:
was inherited by the Grand Duke of Hesse in 1866, but had to be ceded to Prussia later that same year. The Biedenkopf district and the Hessian Hinterland were also annexed by Prussia in 1866. These territories were combined with Electoral Hesse, the Duchy of Nassau, and Frankfurt to create the new
3726:
denominations, but there was also resistance to this. The state did not manage to settle this issue in a uniform manner. Thus, in the most progressive province, Rhine-Hesse, the clergy agreed a union in 1817, but bureaucratic obstacles meant that the state did not bring that agreement to fruition
2444:
for the negotiations about Hesse's entrance into the new German union. The treaty on the grand duchy's admission to the Confederation was signed on 15 November 1870, without Hesse receiving any reserved powers, unlike the other negotiating states. The Landstände ratified the treaty on 20 December
1853:
to abdicate. The political tension grew so great that the government no longer waited for citizens' committees and other societies to take banned political actions before persecuting them. Within a few days, the situation had become so dire that, on 5 March 1848, Grand Duke Louis II named his son
4866:
Before railroads, the Rhine was the most important transportation route in the grand duchy. The French occupiers in the Napoleonic period had given it a central administration which was based in Mainz. At the Congress of Vienna in 1815, these tasks were given to a new organisation, also based in
1200:
Before this territorial expansion, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt had around 210,000 inhabitants in its territories on the right bank of the Rhine. After 1806, the population was around 546,000. At the same time, the Grand Duchy reached its greatest territorial extent, around 9,300 km.
3444:
Theoretically, laws were issued by the grand duke, in close consultation with the Landstände. The Landstände had no sovereign power of their own. A law came about when the grand duke (in fact, his ministers) submitted a proposed law to the Landstände. After advice from the Landstände, the draft
2929:
and president of the upper chamber of the Hessian Landstände from 1874 to 1912. There he was responsible for the "Law on Housing Support for the Less Wealthy" of 1902, which provided simplified possibilities for finance. This improved on an earlier law passed in 1893. Additionally, the 1902 law
1257:
concluded a treaty, which granted the grand duchy further areas under French control, which had been taken from Electoral Hesse in 1806. Although the treaty was agreed in May, it was only signed by Napoleon on 17 October 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 10 November 1810. The
3739:
and many Lutheran and Calvinist churches remained separate. In 1832, a single Protestant church organisation for the whole of Hesse was established with its seat in Darmstadt. The existing united church in Mainz and the individual united church and school councils in Giessen and Darmstadt were
1869:
However, the rural population's demands that the Standesherren be stripped of their privileges and for serfdom to be abolished without requiring them to pay compensation were not fulfilled. As a result, on 8 March, a massive demonstration gathered before the residences of the Standesherren and
2700:
An ordinance of 1874 reorganised the top state offices. This also abolished the Ministry for Foreign Affairs, since external relations were now controlled by the German Empire. Hitherto, the Minister for Foreign Affairs had also served as Minister of the Grand Ducal House, a job which was now
1976:
In this role, Dalwigk organised a coup d'état against the Landstände in autumn 1850. On 7 October 1850, he issued an edict setting aside the existing voting system, removing the sitting Landstände from power, and ordering a return to an electoral law like the one that existed before the March
645:
in return. A constitution was proclaimed in 1820 and a long process of legal reforms was begun, with the aim of unifying the disparate territories under the grand duke's control. The political history of the grand duchy during this period was characterised by conflict between the conservative
1955:
as director of the ministry of the interior on 30 June 1850, transferred him provisionally to the ministry of foreign affairs and the Grand Ducal House on 8 August 1850, and finally named him president of the council of ministers on 25 September 1852. Louis III, who "imitated the image of a
1497:
After its territorial augmentation, the grand duchy consisted of numerous territories with different administrative systems. To regularise this, it was urgently necessary to integrate the various regions. At the lower levels, the administrative system of these regions was still based on the
6095:
Durch die höchste Verordnung vom 4ten November 1816 ist der Wille Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Großherzogs ausgesprochen worden, daß der unvollkommene Zustand der bürgerlichen Gesetzgebung verbessert und durch Gleichförmigkeit derselben das Band zwischen alten und neuen Unterthanen des
855:
to the established industrial centres in Germany and overseas. While Upper Hesse was also the largest province by population at the start of the 19th century, by the end of the grand duchy in 1918 it had become the smallest. The only significant institution which was based here was the
1778:
was allowed to be founded in 1833, but local societies that had originally been planned were not, and the society's charter stated that the society must not occupy itself with "contemporary history and discussion of the political circumstances of more recent times." Above all,
2751:
In 1911, the voting system for the lower chamber of the Landstände was modernised. Census suffrage was abolished, but all voters over fifty years old received two votes. Around 20% of the population was entitled to vote. This relatively low proportion was due to the fact that
3800:
carried out at the end of the Holy Roman Empire, the Roman Catholic church was largely reliant on funds supplied by the state. The new organisation of the Catholic church in the grand duchy was the result of long negotiations which had already been underway long before the
2368:. Subsequently, Dalwigk's government attempted to prevent or at least to delay the integration of the rest of Hesse into the confederation. The only justification he would accept for southern Hesse joining the confederation was if France were to start a war with Prussia.
1870:
stormed some of them. After this, the Standesherren agreed to the abolition of serfdom without compensation. In doing this, however, the farmers exceeded the limits of what the bourgeoise were willing to accept, since they were not willing to countenance interventions in
2772:
Until the end of the monarchy (and afterwards), officials were recruited mostly from old local families of officials and sometimes graduates of the University of Giessen. This ensured the continued existence of a liberal internal policy, unlike the neighbouring Prussian
3995:
associated with them. In the following years, the government in Darmstadt made a series of attempts to make deals with its neighbours to reduce tolls, all of which failed due to fears about the loss of sovereignty. Thus, in 1828, the grand duchy signed a treaty for a
5540:. Since the rules of the Prussian state railways applied to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company, compound place names in the names of railway stations were written without the hyphen, even though the name of the place that they served was written with one, as with
2668:
of Russia. These links were reflected in the presence of British, Russian, and Prussian envoys in the tiny Hessian capital of Darmstadt. The limited practical significance of this was shown by the inability of this Europe-wide network to prevent the outbreak of the
1201:
Almost simultaneously, there was a radical change in the state's internal politics. With two edicts on 1 October 1806, the Grand Duke revoked the financial privileges of the landed nobility on a large scale (the landed nobility became subject to taxation) and their
1841:, chief minister from 1821 to 1848, inaugurated the "System du Thil", which entailed the complete suppression of all political discussion. Crop failures and rapidly rising prices for basic foodstuffs created a crisis in the grand duchy. Then on 24 February 1848, a
2200:
advocated "armed neutrality" in the brewing conflict between Austria and Prussia, von Dalwigk entered the war on the Austrian side immediately after hostilities broke out in June 1866. Initially, the Landstände refused to grant the government the right to issue
4160:, which had already been used in Rhine-Hesse province during its occupation by France, a compromise was devised. Eckhardt was principally concerned that the population would not use the reformed system in their day-to-day lives. He also thought that the
3602:
in 1862. Upper Hesse and Starkenburg were separated by foreign territory – the Electorate of Hesse and Free City of Frankfurt before 1866 and then the Kingdom of Prussia. This internal segmentation shaped the economic development of the grand duchy.
3914:
in the grand duchy took decades. While there were some very progressive theoretical approaches, such as a report by the young councillor Karl du Thil in 1809, advocating legal equality for Jews, only very small steps were taken in practice. Latent
1375:
As a result of these territorial acquisitions, the grand duchy was composed of numerous disparate components. A constitution was therefore urgently needed in order to unite the various territories of the new state. Furthermore, article 13 of the
6065:
2460:
As a result of documents discovered in France which revealed Dalwigk's political intrigues with the French, his position finally became unsustainable. However, it was only when Louis III was directly instructed to fire Dalwigk during a visit to
2037:
under Prussian leadership – the opposite goal from Dalwigk. He advised the local councils to prosecute all known members of the Association, using the ban on all political associations as justification. After some prominent Hessians, including
2555:
The largest reform of law and justice in the 19th century, in which projects that the grand duchy had failed to accomplish since 1803, like the legal unification of the whole country, were brought to completion by imperial laws, like the:
3990:
The relatively small area of the grand duchy and its neighbours posed a significant economic problem. This became clear in the winter famine of 1817/18, when grain deliveries were hindered by the borders between the German states and the
2552:. This was effected by a military convention which was signed on 13 June 1871 and came into force on 1 January 1872. The Hessian ministry of war was abolished. The result of this was that higher command positions were filled by Prussians.
5399:
The grand duchy's "Law on Cultural Heritage Management" of 16 July 1902 was the first modern, codified heritage management law in Germany. This became the model for similar laws outside the grand duchy and remained in effect until 1986.
4878:
began to travel on the Rhine. In 1828, the Cologne steamboat company transported 18,600 passengers on the Rhine. In 1826, the grand duchy granted a concession for a "Steamboat company of the Rhine and Main" and from 1828, the steamboat
3515:
From the beginning the grand duchy faced the problem of bringing its various disparate parts together. Even the core region, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt, consisted of two separate parts: the "Old Hessian" region and the Upper
5529:, unlike standard German. Examples of this can still be seen in places that once fell within the boundaries of the grand duchy. A standardised spelling system for all Prussian official purposes was introduced on 1 January 1903 by the
4823:
for 5), followed by the first letter of the individual province, so the plate of a car registered in Rhine-Hesse province would begin "VR". The plates had black letters on a white background. These plates continued in use until 1945.
3461:
The government of the grand duchy was rearranged on 12 October 1803, being divided into ministerial departments for the first time: In 1821, an edict established that the government, now known as the State-Ministry or Whole-Ministry
4943:
grand duchy had no real railway policy. Later on, it invested in individual projects with a half stake or even on it own, without any overarching plan. Thus, the first railway connection in the grand duchy, the extension of the
3618:
Even before the establishment of the grand duchy, Hesse-Darmstadt had a standing army. This was expanded after 1816. Following the military convention with Prussia on 13 June 1871, the Hessian forces were incorporated into the
8961:
5535:
2236:
on 3 July 1866, the Hessian forces had still not encountered the enemy. On 6 July 1866, Prince Alexander halted his advance and returned home, but not quickly enough. On 13 July 1866, he was intercepted by Prussian troops at
4419:
5530:
3532:(although partially using German terminology). The process of unifying and modernising divergent systems took almost the whole of the nineteenth century. A clear end point is 1 January 1900 when the extremely fragmented
2154:
against Prussia (and thus also against Great Britain). This agreement with a foreign initiative, directed against a German power, brought von Dalwigk into even greater disrepute with the Nationalists. In the face of the
3664:
they had twenty representatives in the Lower chamber. After that, they instead had two representatives in the upper chamber. Only the richest families in Hesse could vote for these (probably around two dozen families).
4482:
The presence of the two banks in Darmstadt meant that the grand duchy had fewer restrictions on public companies for poor financial performance, since the banks could act more freely than in neighbouring Frankfurt or
5007:, which continued to expand the network into Upper Hesse. In 1897, the Hessian Ludwig Railway was nationalised, merged with the Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways, and then both were placed under the control of the
4709:. The first gasworks in the grand duchy was opened in Mainz in 1853. It was followed by another at Darmstadt in 1855 on 14 March, celebrated by specially lighting up the opera house, and a third at Giessen in 1856.
3381:
which linked the subjects of the grand duchy to the grand duke and his government. It was created by the Hessian constitution of 1820 and survived until the November Revolution in 1918, when it was succeeded by the
5496:, drinking water fountains, bath houses, parks, pumps, and a laundry. The whole structure still exists today, providing an extraordinary ensemble of the artistic and architectural style of the grand duchy in 1910.
1731:
In Upper Hesse province, a revolt broke out in September 1830, whose members expressed a general dissatisfaction with the state. Characteristically, the territories of the Standesherren were particularly affected:
3029:, a project, which his mother, Grand Duchess Alice, had first conceived, but had not brought to fruition due to her early death. The colony and its four art and craft exhibition halls on Mathildenhöhe have been a
2457:, the grand duchy was represented by crown prince Louis. Grand Duke Louis III accepted the event on account of the changed circumstances, but with a heavy heart and he remained very distant from the development.
1874:. Von Gagern brought this protest to a close with military force, but accepted the farmers' demands. This marked the end of the "hot phase" of the revolution in the grand duchy, which thus lasted only two weeks.
5015:, which had its headquarters in Mainz). The Main-Neckar Railway followed in 1902. From this point, the vast majority of most of the grand duchy's railway network was under the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company.
3610:) at 31 July 1848. This reform was reversed in 1852 during the reactionary period, when the earlier division into three provinces was restored. This structure endured beyond the end of the grand duchy in 1918.
1569:
remained either the seat of the Landrat or the Landgericht. Five further Landratsbezirke and six more Landgerichten were created over the following years as a result of the negotiations with the Standesherren.
5520:
Until the beginning of the 20th century, the grand duchy retained different spelling rules from the neighbouring states of Prussian and Bavaria, which continues to have an impact today. This system meant that
4783:
law was passed in 1821, based on article 27 of the constitution. After the conclusion of the customs union with Prussia in 1830, there were further laws on the construction and maintenance of "national roads"
4385:
occurred relatively late and was relatively restrained. In 1847 there were 24 steam engines in the grand duchy; in 1854 there were 83, and in 1862 there were 240, with a total combined strength of only 2,227
5589:
The mediatised houses were more fortunate, since they were granted a 1/3 tax deduction owing to the privileged status awarded to them in the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine (Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
2836:) in 1872. This society ran a market for women who worked at home ("the Alice Bazaar") and the Alice-School, a school that trained women for employment, which is now the Alice-Eleonoren-Schule in Darmstadt.
8579:
2528:
and the largest one to have no reserved powers. Its 853,000 inhabitants in 1875 were 2% of the Empire's total population. This small size alone pushed the grand duchy into insignificance. In addition, the
1621:
In Upper Hesse and Starkenburg, the local council had oversight of the mayors, while in Rhinehessen, where this local district did not exist, the mayors were chosen directly by the provincial governments.
1578:
A modern system of civic administration, modelled on the French system, was also introduced in 1821. The outmoded cooperative parish associations were replaced by a system of civic and parish citizenship.
2134:. This link changed the political climate in the grand duchy. Social questions became topical. In 1863, a workers' education society was established and in 1864 the Building Society for Workers' Housing (
3860:(1850–1877) played an important role in the social debate within the Catholic Church well beyond the borders of the diocese. In 1851, he founded a "Theological School at the Diocesan Seminary of Mainz" (
6059:
3497:
The Ministry External Affairs and the Grand Ducal House. The external affairs portion of the ministry was closed in 1874 and the responsibilities to the house were transferred to the Minister-President.
1265:. Baden placed its territories at French disposal and France gave them back to the grand duchy with a treaty signed on 11 November 1810. The Hessian certificate of possession is dated 13 November 1810.
3383:
3357:
1763:
After the revolution of 1830 was over, the government regained the upper hand and decided that if they could not suppress the rising appetites for reform, they would at least try to control them. The
2907:
3813:
with the Catholic Church in 1817, the other states of southwestern Germany began negotiations in 1818 in Frankfurt am Main to come up with a solution for their territories, which resulted in the
6007:
This statement became famous but it appears to derive not from Louis himself but from a document prepared for him by his chief minister, Ludwig Adolf von Grolmann. Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
4760:
network. In 1852, the telegraph line running along the Rhine-Neckar Railroad was made available for private telegraph messages and in 1853 a separate "telegraph office" was opened in Darmstadt.
3449:("Government Gazette of Grand Ducal Hesse"). Usually, laws came into force fourteen days after this proclamation. In addition, the grand duke had the power to issue emergency decrees (including
3749:
1521:
3420:, and ten Hessian citizens, whom the grand duke could grant a seat to, in recognition of special service. In order to take up a seat in the Upper Chamber, one had to be over 25 years of age.
9035:
8315:(Ordinance on the equivalence of the measurements used in Germany for weighing silver, gold, jewels, and medicine with the new weights of the Grand Duchy of Hesse on 8 January 1819); Brand,
1588:
The mayoralties were administered by an elected local board, consisting of the mayor, deputies, and parish councillors. Male residents elected three men and one of them was chosen as mayor:
3436:
was adopted in 1856. An additional electoral reform in 1872 reduced the number of representatives elected by the landed nobility and transferred those representatives to the Upper Chamber.
2598:
1945:
1930:
1585:(mayors) were established for individual settlements and parish associations with at least 400 inhabitants. In 1831 there were 1092 parishes in the grand duchy, administered by 732 mayors.
8418:(Law on the introduction of the ordinance on weights and measures issued for the North German Confederation in the parts of the grand duchy outside the North German Confederation); Brand,
2898:
A major problem facing the rapidly growing population was the shortage of housing. Around the turn of the century, the population of the grand duchy passed one million people. A series of
5314:
4371:
4302:
4146:
8313:
Verordnung betreffend die Vergleichung des in Deutschland gebräuchlichen Silber-, Gold-, Juwelen- und Apothekergewichts mit dem neuen großherzoglich hessischen Gewicht vom 8. Januar 1819
5197:
3934:: "Non-Christians have national citizenship, if the law conferred it on them or if it is granted to them either explicitly or implicitly through a grant of the national administration."
2349:
The war did not lead to the dismissal of Dalwigk. Grand Duke Louis III remained committed to him, although his anti-Prussian policy and his very person were now a burden to the country.
5294:
1709:, Prussia and Austria. On the other hand, the government continually persecuted the opposition (although without much long-term success in the courts), since they feared a revolution.
10234:
9256:
5275:
1862:(in fact, Louis III became sole ruler, since Louis II was ill and died a few months later on 16 June 1848). The next day, Karl du Thil was dismissed and replaced as chief minister by
1240:
4591:
2440:, the grand duchy fought alongside the North German Confederation, which it joined partway through the war on 20 October 1870. Despite Bismarck's hatred of him, Dalwigk travelled to
1889:
The new organisation of the administration saw the three provinces and all of the districts abolished and replaced by a single level of local administration midway between them, the
678:
in 1871. As a small state within the empire, the grand duchy had limits placed on its autonomy, but significant religious, social, and cultural reforms were carried out. During the
4681:
5003:, linked the railway network of the grand duchy to France from 1853. This was a boon for the grand duchy's export market. Finally, in 1876 the state founded its own company, the
3423:
This system was interrupted in 1849, when the Upper Chamber was reformed to contain 25 representatives, elected by census suffrage. However, the old system was restored in 1850.
1331:" in order to match William I. However, Austria and Prussia refused to grant this. Instead, William gestured to this claimed title by changing the name of the grand duchy to the
4344:
4102:
4036:
3006:, because he considered the plans "hideous and too pretentious, a disfigurement of the city and a disgrace for the government." The Grand Duke sought out the Berlin architect
1768:
782:
6546:
Gesetz, die definitive Ăśbertragung der Polizeigerichtsbarkeit, einschlieĂźlich der Forstgerichtsbarkeit, in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen an die Gerichte betreffend
9161:
6219:
2705:
2538:
2253:
8416:
Gesetz, die Einführung der für den Norddeutschen Bund erlassenen Maß- und Gewichtsordnung in den nicht zum Norddeutschen Bund gehörigen Teilen des Großherzogtums betreffend
4999:, which developed into one of largest private railways in Germany. It maintained a thick network of lines in Rhine-Hesse, Starkenburg, and beyond. Their original line, the
4054:
and the Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine removed the minting rights of the states that had been abolished. In the Hessian region, the right to mint was lost by the
9704:
8529:
3406:
2902:
were established – in 1905 there were around forty. The most important was the "Ernest Louis Society: Hessian Central Society for the Construction of Affordable Housing" (
2583:
2283:
4529:
4424:
4156:
was tasked with designing a unified national system for the whole grand duchy. This new system was implemented on 1 July 1818. Instead of introducing the modern, French
2609:
1394:
6279:
Article 104 of the Verfassung des GroĂźherzogtums Hessen stated: "exceptional trade and business privileges should not exist, unless in accordance with a specific law" (
4101:
and brought into circulation in Hesse, leading to a new emission of paper money in 1864, consisting of over 4.3 million guiler (law of 26 April 1864). In addition, the
4629:
4271:
wurde es Privatleuten, die kein Gewerbe oder keinen Handel betrieben, freigestellt, jedes beliebige MaĂźsystem zu verwenden (also auch die althergebrachten Einheiten).
3068:
2814:
7036:
5613:
6451:
662:, the government was forced to grant wide-ranging reforms, including the full abolition of serfdom and universal manhood suffrage, but the reactionary government of
5305:
4461:
2466:
1783:
were considered highly suspicious, even though a demonstration of sporting activities was presented in Darmstadt at the dedication of the Ludwig Monument in 1844.
663:
4360:
4267:
In der Praxis setzte sich das neue System – trotz seines Kompromisscharakters – nur langsam durch und die Obrigkeit musste weitere Zugeständnisse machen. Mit dem
4143:. This led to very many different measures of area. Sometimes there were different systems of measurement for different professions, such as bakers and butchers.
3594:
Starkenburg and the majority of Rhine Hesse were separated by the Rhine river and at first there was no permanent crossing between them. The first bridge was the
1981:
in 1852 showed how effective this opposition could still be. However, increased pressure on individual representatives (many of whom gave up and emigrated to the
1607:
This system ensured that, if the authorities did not like a particular candidate, they could prevent them from taking office. Thus, for example, the entrepreneur
804:
in the south, as well as a number of much smaller exclaves. The northern and southern sections were separated by a narrow stretch of territory, which belonged to
6300:
3975:
3896:
2572:
2257:
2021:. He advised the Prussian government to refuse to grant a new customs treaty to the grand duchy, unless Dalwigk resigned. However, this advice was not followed.
8807:
3445:
authorised by the Landstände would be sanctioned by the grand duke. This was the actual act which brought the law into force. Then it would be published in the
3401:
The Upper Chamber consisted of the princes of the grand ducal house, the heads of the Standesherr families, the Hereditary Marshal (since 1432, the head of the
10859:
10227:
9249:
9120:
8762:
Eckhart Franz, "„Habe Ehrfurcht vor dem Alten und Mut, das Neue frisch zu wagen!“ Die Denkmalpflege im kulturpolitischen Konzept Großherzog Ernst Ludwigs." in
4291:
2413:, his first visit to the grand duchy since the war, which was interpreted as a gesture of reconciliation, "Dalwigk was conveniently away visiting relatives in
2298:
2050:
4545:
3277:
10468:
3760:
2559:
1608:
1446:
1002:
9027:
8791:
8767:
5339:
2978:
was of great significance in the first years of the German Empire. After some delay, the grand duchy brought the Prussian measures into force. The duchy's
2391:
1433:
1420:
1222:
2813:, the society organised a secular health service. At its foundation, the society already had 33 local branches and 2,500 members. This developed into the
1956:
paternalistic ruler projected by his grandfather, without achieving his significance," and Dalwigk shared a conservative outlook and were both opposed to
1907:
A new electoral law was not passed until 1849. Under this law, all members of both chambers of the Landstände were now to be elected – the lower house by
1757:
10854:
8928:
4512:
3970:
The economic policy of the grand duchy from the beginning was to overcome the structures inherited from the 18th century and to modernise. The remaining
3959:
3924:
3818:
3744:
of Hesse was organisationally unified, although the two denominations retained separate churches and confessions in many places. In 1874, a charter with
2224:, he had no actual military experience. The ultimate military disaster was not attributed to him in the end. Mobilisation in Hesse began on 16 May 1866.
10758:
10435:
10190:
5320:
1304:
of possession are dated 8 July 1816, but were only published on 11 July. After this consolidation, the grand duchy had a population of roughly 630,000.
8915:
6103:. Großherzogliche Invalidenanstalt, Darmstadt 1818, pp. 103–108 (originally published in Großherzoglich Hessischer Zeitung No. 145 of 4 December 1817).
4570:
3184:
2477:
1017:
879:, which faced similar structural problems to the Vogelsberg). Intensive agriculture was possible and profitable in many areas of these plains, such as
759:
7800:(Ordinance dealing with changes in the organisation of the military offices following the military convention of 13 June 1871) of 23 December 1871 in
1407:
1036:
10849:
10839:
10220:
9242:
8945:
Handbuch der Hessischen Geschichte. Vol. 4.2: Hessen im Deutschen Bund und im neuen Deutschen Reich (1806) 1815–1945. Die hessischen Staaten bis 1945
7435:
6847:
3321:
1886:
and therefore had to resign from his role as a minister in the grand duchy. Nevertheless, a series of reforms delivered most of the "March demands".
1476:
1361:
7865:(Regulation on the execution of the organisation of the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior) of 12 May 1852 in
1502:
system which had become obsolete centuries earlier. As well as being the lowest level administrative subdivision, the Ă„mter were also the courts of
1055:
9697:
9053:
4668:
4448:
4321:
2245:, 800 Hessian soldiers were killed or wounded – 15% of all their deployed forces. Their continued retreat southwards led to a second defeat at the
1540:
1510:
1205:(feudal estates) were abolished, which transformed Hesse-Darmstadt "from a mosaic of patrimonial fragments into a centralized, absolute monarchy".
2934:), which built a total of 250 houses with 450 inhabitants in Worms within a few years. Most of these houses are now the very upmarket district of
2760:
of the grand duchy meant that relatively few men were over the voting age. The upper chamber was revised, so that was now a representative of the
9023:
8940:
8880:
7563:
5471:
4164:
system used by metric measurements resulted in units that were not sufficiently far apart for day-to-day use. The compromise was as follows: the
4453:
4326:
2691:
Under these circumstances, the grand duchy retained only the power to concentrate on internal politics, especially social and cultural affairs.
2150:
Von Dalwigk still supported Austria and sought to prevent the creation of a Lesser Germany. In Paris, he sounded out interest in an alliance of
1185:
in an edict on 13 August 1806. Along with the promotion to the rank of grand duchy, Hesse was also rewarded with territorial gains, such as the
9112:
9057:
8987:
8898:
8540:
8432:
8345:
Ministerialverordnung die gleichförmige Einrichtung und öffentliche Beaufsichtigung der Waagen und Fasseichen betreffend vom 14. September 1818
6575:
Gesetz, die Einführung des mündlichen und öffentlichen Strafverfahrens mit Schwurgericht in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen betreffend
4868:
2061:
1831:
1687:
7797:
Verordnung, die in Folge der Militärconvention vom 13. Juni 1871 in der Organisation der Militärbehörden eintretenden Veränderungen betreffend
7057:
Verordnung, die in Folge der Militärconvention vom 13. Juni 1871 in der Organisation der Militärbehörden eintretenden Veränderungen betreffend
4802:
4275:
grand duchy being divided into two regions with different systems, a law was passed introducing the metric system throughout the grand duchy.
3947:
were appointed by the Ministry of the Interior and Justice. Unlike the Christian churches, the Religious Society received no state subsidies.
2401:, who had actually implemented Dalwigk's delaying policy in military matters, was fired, but Dalwigk was allowed to remain in post. When King
998:
The two main regions of the grand duchy were separated by the Free City of Frankfurt and the Electorate of Hesse (parts of Prussia after 1866)
4734:
3052:. Grand Duke Ernest Louis was nominally an infantry general, but he did not exercise an active command. He did visit the headquarters of the
2863:
2039:
1218:
1080:
135:
851:
brought only low yields, while there was no industry at all. This led to increasing poverty over the course of the 19th century and massive
7522:
Mathildenhöhe Darmstadt von UNESCO ausgezeichnet. Ensemble markiert Wendepunkt in Architektur und Kunst an der Schwelle zum 20. Jahrhundert
5486:
5439:
3735:) and received its own church council in Mainz. In the other two provinces, similar agreements were only agreed at the level of individual
3362:
2935:
2163:, von Dalwigk proved to have chosen the wrong horse once again. He compounded this error in the following year when he took Hesse into the
5652:
Louis III was named co-regent on 5 March 1848 and was de facto sole ruler thereafter, as Louis II stepped back from government completely.
2316:, inherited by the grand duke earlier in the year on the extinction of its ruling line, was among the territories that passed to Prussia.
10844:
9690:
2912:
2205:, but they backed down in the face of popular opposition, once the government reduced its request from 4 million guilder to 2.5 million.
87:
4135:
Until 1818, there were a large number of different systems of weights and measures in the individual components of the grand duchy. The
3754:
1561:
From the 50+ Ă„mter that had previously existed 24 Landratsbezirke and 27 Landgerichten were created. The new Landgerichte had their own
7465:
Gesetz, die AusfĂĽhrung des Reichsgesetzes ĂĽber die Beurkundung des Personenstandes und die EheschlieĂźung vom 6. Februar 1875 betreffend
3325:
2856:
2649:
The grand duchy's most significant loss was concealed to some extent by dynastic connections: Crown Prince Louis was the son-in-law of
1285:
1051:
7086:
4767:
was expanded, from less than 800 km to 7260 km and the number of telephones connected to the network rose from 755 to 4267.
2918:
2768:) and a representative for each of the three legally recognised sectors of employment: trade and industry, craftwork, and agriculture.
10461:
3943:). The unification of the boards and property holdings of the individual Jewish societies was regulated and supervised by the state.
2352:
One consequence of the peace treaty of 1866 was that the whole area north of the Main river (the Province of Upper Hesse, as well as
2072:
2014:
1566:
1073:
7519:
5202:
4609:
was known for its leather production and "Offenbach leather" remains famous today. The city was also a centre for the production of
1655:
had only been abolished in a few places for a few industries. This abolition was expanded, but guild privileges continued to exist.
10243:
8481:
7468:(Law which implements the Imperial law on the certification of civil status and marriage of 6 February 1875) of 3 December 1875 in
5640:
2288:
2262:
1471:), but with no authority of its own. Although this led to the first elections in the grand duchy, it also caused massive protests,
1377:
1182:
17:
4257:, 10 December 1819 introduced the measures of length, area, volume, and weight and established a unified system in the grand duchy
2870:), which maintained a national advice network and help centres with nurses. In 1912, the Centre joined with the aviation pioneer,
9099:
Verpflanzt, aber nicht entwurzelt: Die Auswanderung aus Hessen-Darmstadt (Provinz Rheinhessen) nach Wisconsin im 19. Jahrhundert
7947:
7827:("Law on the organisation of the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 31 July 1848 in
6283:
4939:, the grand duchy's parliament passed a law, which enabled the expropriation of land for private companies building railroads.
4376:
4307:
3838:
3411:
2213:
2209:
2179:
1950:
1935:
1460:
In 1816, a three-man legal commission was established to craft a constitution and other necessary laws, composed of Floret and
9354:
7088:
Verordnung zur AusfĂĽhrung des Deutschen Gerichtsverfassungsgesetzes und des EinfĂĽhrungsgesetzes zum Gerichtsverfassungsgesetze
3071:. In 1919, the Grand Duke released the officials of Hesse from their oaths of service to him, but he never issued an explicit
2632:
The resulting restructuring of the laws of the country was limited and the new laws were largely concordant with the old ones.
1554:, which meant that the Standesherren chose the local councillors and judges. This remaining power was only removed during the
1535:, while the areas where the Standesherren and other nobles exercised their own judicial and administrative authority were the
1173:. The Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt was promoted to a grand duchy and Louis X thereafter styled himself Grand Duke Louis I (
10527:
9203:
9043:
9004:
6303:, representative of the Roman Catholic Church in the first chamber of the Parliament, cited by Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
5239:
The highest authority over the railroads in the grand duchy was the Finance Ministry, which had a railroad office from 1891.
4184:(i.e. 25 cm). This new foot was divided into 12 inches, so each inch was roughly equivalent to 2 cm. All the other
3251:
2099:
1786:
The government initially maintained its relatively open policy towards the press, but reacted harshly to the distribution of
1526:
903:. Burgeoning industry developed in this region. The three major centres of the grand duchy were located here: the capital at
232:
3569:, the first permanent bridge between the portions of the grand duchy on the left and right banks of the Rhine, built in 1862
2465:, that he was forced to give in and dismiss him on 1 April 1871. The new chief minister was the former Minister of Justice,
847:
deposits. There were many streams and waterways in the area, but none of them were big enough to serve as transport routes.
10834:
10454:
8668:
7860:
7850:
6555:
6544:
5299:
3868:. Because the state vetoed all candidates, the bishop's seat remained vacant from the death of Kettler in 1877 until 1886.
3289:
2603:
2275:
The crown princes of Hesse and Prussia arranged a cease fire in the middle of July. Dalwigk rejected this in the hope that
2111:
2091:
8920:
Historisches Ortsverzeichnis für das Gebiet des ehem. Großherzogtums und Volksstaats Hessen: Darmstädter Archivschriften 2
1900:
A reform of the justice system was also carried out in the areas to the right of the Rhine, including the introduction of
1773:
1239:
as only valid law for the whole grand duchy. However, these discussions were terminated by the conservative government of
10730:
10620:
10615:
10407:
10300:
10295:
9825:
9820:
9489:
7862:
Verordnung, die Ausführung der Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend
5073:
5004:
4898:
1805:
1555:
1245:
1047:
8494:
4th edition. Volume 8, Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, Leipzig/Vienna 1885–1892, p. 470–470.
4596:
3506:
The Ministry of War, which existed alongside these departments, but was independent from them. It was abolished in 1871.
3056:
in France several times. A total of 32,000 men from this unit died during the war. In summer 1918, Darmstadt was hit by
2719:) served both as administrative subdivisions of the state and as self-governing local areas. The old district councils (
1618:
received the most votes in Darmstadt two times, but the mayoralty was assigned to the second or third place candidates.
9713:
9056:(1984). "Verwaltungs-Einteilung 1821–1955. Mit einem Anhang über die Verwaltungsgebietsreform in Hessen 1968–1981". In
7705:("Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives") of 8 November 1872 in
5145:
3388:
3064:
2685:
2614:
679:
174:
4995:
Meanwhile, the construction of a railway in the third province, Rhine Hesse, was undertaken by a private company, the
3636:
The nobility of the grand duchy consisted of two classes with different privileges, the Standesherren (members of the
710:
Territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse from 1866, with its three provinces: Upper Hesse, Starkenburg, and Rhenish Hesse
9069:
8952:
8730:
8280:
7686:("Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives") 6 September 1856 in
6093:
5192:
4988:
4686:
3652:
3474:). The Ministry of War remained separate from this arrangement. The title was changed to "Directing State-Minister" (
3299:
3242:
3003:
2999:
2957:
2761:
2677:
2530:
2446:
2431:
1753:
290:
73:
8738:
Sammlung der in der Grossherzogl. Hessischen Zeitung vom Jahre 1818 publicirten Verordnungen und höheren Verfügungen
8082:
Conventiones de rebus ecclesiasticis inter S. Sedem et civilem potestatem variis formis initae ex collectione romana
6535:
Gesetz, einige Abänderungen des civilgerichtlichen Verfahrens in den Provinzen Starkenburg und Oberhessen betreffend
6101:
Sammlung der in der Großherzoglich Hessischen Zeitung vom Jahr 1817 publicirten Verordnungen und höheren Verfügungen
4151:
2543:
10715:
10392:
10020:
9865:
9622:
7647:(Law on the composition of the chambers of the Landstände and the election of representatives) 3 September 1849 in
5922:
5008:
4928:
4902:
3765:
3529:
3405:
barons of Eisenach), the Catholic bishop responsible for Hesse (i.e. the Bishop of Mainz), a representative of the
2680:
was referred to in Berlin as the "Red Grand Duke", because the Prussian envoy had scandalously seen him speak with
2642:
2505:
629:. The country was promoted to the status of grand duchy and received considerable new territories, principally the
10588:
3937:
The Jewish communities of the grand duchy were joined in an association called the "Israelite Religious Society" (
1882:
After March 1848, there was a reshuffle of the ministries, since Heinrich von Gagern was elected president of the
1767:
partially switched its focus to cultural activities, which the government then began to monitor warily. Thus, the
1323:, began styling himself "Elector of Hesse and Grand Duke of Fulda", Louis sought the additional title "Elector of
5992:
Konstitutionalismus in Hessen vor 1848. Drei Wege zum Verfassungsstaat im Vormärz. Eine vergleichende Betrachtung
4466:
4107:
4041:
3830:
3791:
2987:
2777:, where the district councillors often came from the east of the kingdom and were politically conservative. Even
2594:
2156:
1146:
985:
587:
516:
10273:
8906:
Ewald, L. (1862). "Beiträge zur Landeskunde". In Grossherzogliche Centralstelle für die Landes-Statistik (ed.).
8615:(Law on the construction and maintenance of provincial roads in the Grand Duchy of Hesse) of 12 October 1830 in
5462:
and also allowed the artists to design their own houses. In addition to Olbrich, members of the colony included
4779:
was an important task, in order to bind the different parts of the grand duchy together. In pursuit of this, an
4745:
on postal services within the grand duchy. The state was responsible for an administrative office, tariffs, and
4123:, the new unified currency of the entire German Empire. The mint at Darmstadt produced the new coinage with the
3841:. The borders of diocese were exactly contiguous with those of the grand duchy and remain the same to this day.
2805:
In the social sphere, Grand Duchess Alice took the lead. With her help, the "Alice Women's Society for Nurses" (
2256:
shot himself on 11 December 1866 during investigations into the military disaster. The Hessian Minister of War,
150:
10554:
5995:
5000:
4458:, founded in 1853, which played a key role in financing the construction of railroads and other infrastructure.
4001:
3433:
3229:
1855:
1388:
1012:
and the Hessian Hinterland was linked to the rest of Upper Hesse by a corridor of land only 500 metres wide at
8690:
ed. Georg Wittenberger & Förderkreis Museen und Denkmalpflege Darmstadt-Dieburg. Darmstadt 1985, pp. 8–15.
5414:
3876:
1181:, with an extra 'e') and announced not only the promotion, but also the territories he had received under the
10864:
10829:
9537:
9532:
9418:
8534:
5976:
Quellen zu den Reformen in den Rheinbundstaaten: Vol. 6: Regierungsakten des Großherzogtums Hessen 1802–1820.
4634:
4403:
4051:
3857:
3264:
3197:
3117:
3053:
2983:
2658:
2380:
2376:
2127:
2107:
2087:
1960:
and democracy. For Dalwigk, "the democratic principle perilous for the state, since it necessarily leads to
1717:
787:
8140:
7845:("Law on the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 28 April 1852 in
4871:. It took until 1821 for the members of this organisation to agree to a new system of shipping regulations.
4335:
3731:
1822. This union of the two confessions was called the United Evangelical Protestant Church in Rhine-Hesse (
9081:
Gerichte und Gerichtsbezirke seit etwa 1816/1822 im Gebiete des heutigen Landes Hessen bis zum 1. Juli 1968
8489:
7925:
7855:(Edict on the administrative offices under the control of the Ministry of the Interior") of 12 May 1852 in
5823:
5807:
5451:
5375:
4534:
4021:
3680:, which were responsible for supporting the poor, happily sent them overseas. The main destination was the
3500:
The Ministry of Internal Affairs. This ministry included justice, until it became its own ministry in 1898.
3219:
3155:
3104:
3026:
2588:
2246:
1399:
1308:
1142:
607:
332:
278:
5764:
5434:
Grand Duke Ernest Louis was a great supporter of the arts and, unlike most other German monarchs, also of
4359:
A number of companies with global reach were founded in the Grand Duchy of Hesse, with the support of the
4027:
3797:
3128:, "all rights of state power" were invested in him and his person was "sacred and inviolable". He led the
3002:, in 1892 at the age of twenty-three saw a marked focus on cultural policy. He rejected plans for the new
2710:
1752:, which was unanimously approved by the Landstände. Under the command of the grand duke's brother, Prince
10707:
10477:
10384:
10086:
9738:
9600:
8347:(Ministerial Ordinance for the identical creation and public inspection of scales and Fasseiche); Brand,
7994:
Die Abschiebung der Wimpfener Ortsarmen nach Amerika im Jahr 1854/55 im Spiegel der amerikanischen Presse
7644:
Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Landständischen Kammern und die Wahlen der Abgeordneten betreffend
6593:
Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Landständischen Kammern und die Wahlen der Abgeordneten betreffend
5208:
3951:
3606:
After the 1848 revolution, the provinces and districts were replaced with eleven "government districts" (
2819:
2338:
2030:
1740:. In these areas, shops were burgled and the local government offices were destroyed. The toll office in
1461:
1320:
320:
191:
10532:
5618:
5603:
In Darmstadt and GieĂźen the equivalents of the Landgerichten were called "Stadtgericht" ("city courts").
5274:
became the grand duchy's manager of works in 1810 and was responsible for a series of public buildings:
2953:
10699:
10376:
10212:
10073:
9610:
9428:
9266:
9234:
9229:
8927:
Franz, Eckhart G.; Fleck, Peter; Kallenberg, Fritz (2003). "Großherzogtum Hessen (1800) 1806–1918". In
6517:
Gesetz, die Organisation des dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungs-Behörden betreffend
5703:
5467:
5310:
4816:
4082:
3470:), would be led by one of the ministers, who would be known as the President of the United Ministries (
3080:
2782:
2365:
1926:
1908:
1170:
687:
626:
543:
185:
168:
9402:
8865:
Verordnungen und Gesetzestexte zum Maß- und Gewichtswesen im Großherzogtum Hessen-Darmstadt. 1817–1870
7824:
Gesetz, die Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend
6498:
Gesetz, die Organisation der dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend
3538:
2622:
2279:
would enter the war against Prussia. On 31 July, Prussian troops occupied Darmstadt without a battle.
1296:, which Hesse had received in 1803 and which was now transferred to Prussia. During the turbulence of
674:
side, but received a relatively mild settlement from the Prussian victors. The grand duchy joined the
10869:
10725:
10402:
10155:
9637:
9132:
Schmitt, Hans A. (1983). "Germany Without Prussia: a Closer Look at the Confederation of the Rhine".
8212:(Ordinance on the limitations of free commerce contained in guild charters ) of 16 February 1866, in
7402:(Law on the correct position of churches and religious communities in the State) of 23 April 1875 in
5765:
Patent, die Deklaration der Hessen-Darmstädtischen Lande zu einem souveränen Großherzogtum betreffend
5549:
5280:
3884:
2926:
2839:
The country also engaged in health care. At the beginning of the twentieth century, its focus was on
2731:
2471:
2402:
2342:
2233:
1842:
1467:
The constitution which was promulgated by grand ducal edict in March 1820 provided for a parliament (
390:
10578:
9773:
9303:
4365:
1683:
1066:
10625:
10523:
10519:
10305:
10127:
10035:
9830:
9575:
9568:
9397:
8209:
Verordnung, der in den Zunftbriefen enthaltenen Beschränkungen des freien Gewerbebtriebs betreffend
7702:
Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der beiden Kammern der Stände und die Wahl der Abgeordneten betreffend
6947:
6932:
6917:
5447:
4951:
in 1840, was a project of the neighbouring states that just happened to pass into the grand duchy.
4263:
Further subsequent ordinances regulated details and resolved questions that had arisen in practice.
3517:
2774:
2564:
2221:
2183:
2131:
2103:
1565:, which covered almost the same areas as the Landratsbezirke did. In general, the old seats of the
1102:
831:
was the largest of the three provinces by area. Most of this territory was forested uplands of the
8610:
8592:
8572:
8287:= Faltblatt zur gleichnamigen Ausstellung (12. Oktober 2018 bis 17. Februar 2019). Darmstadt 2018.
8094:
7903:(Declaration on the legal relationships of the Freiherrn Riedesel zu Eisenach) of 13 July 1827 in
7898:
7888:
7840:
7822:
7795:
7767:
7749:
7700:
7681:
7663:
7642:
7463:
7447:
7425:
7409:
7397:
7385:
7209:
7191:
7169:
7151:
7133:
7055:
6723:
6679:
6661:
6609:
6591:
6573:
6533:
6515:
6496:
6248:
6188:
6139:
6114:
4962:
fairly early. This links were the product of joint railway projects with its neighbouring states:
3920:
listed in government registers and another in 1808 requiring Jews to adopt "German" family names.
1720:
succeeded as grand duke after the death of his father in 1830, he had a total debt of two million
1161:, this policy became untenable. At the last minute, Louis X switched sides and supplied troops to
10507:
9682:
9224:
8794:, "Entstehung und Bedeutung des Denkmalschutzgesetzes fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen von 1902." in
8770:, "Entstehung und Bedeutung des Denkmalschutzgesetzes fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen von 1902." in
8207:
7668:("Regulation on the calling of an extraordinary meeting of the Landstände") of 7 October 1850 in
7227:
6441:
6423:
5918:
5565:
5379:
5166:
5012:
4936:
4296:
3521:
3121:
2638:
2476:, a final attempt at resistance by Louis III, before he appointed Prussia's preferred candidate,
2410:
2303:
2055:
1998:
1258:
Babenhausen district was attached to Strakenburg province, the other territories to Upper Hesse.
1227:
259:
252:
6112:
4316:
1796:
calling for social revolution. The persecution of his fellow contributors continued until 1839.
10790:
10720:
10562:
10397:
10180:
10150:
10117:
9632:
9563:
7418:
No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 249–255. The law was repealed in 1889 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
5522:
5048:
4996:
4924:
4912:
4894:
4880:
3901:
3129:
2866:, Grand Duchess Eleonore founded the "Grand Ducal Centre for the Care of Mothers and Infants" (
2704:
In the same year, the middle level of the administration was also reformed on the model of the
2577:
2294:
1613:
1451:
958:
942:
813:
8673:(Law on the laying of railroads in the grand duchy by private individuals) of 18 June 1836 in
8080:
7900:
Declaration, die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse der Freiherrn Riedesel zu Eisenbach betreffend
7456:
No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 260 f. This law was repealed in 1895 (Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
4406:, also in London, there were a hundred Hessian companies. In 1908, the air transport pioneer,
10694:
10663:
10371:
10343:
10109:
10015:
9957:
9585:
9558:
9423:
9376:
9032:
Handbuch der hessischen Geschichte 1: Bevölkerung, Wirtschaft und Staat in Hessen 1806 – 1945
8847:
Amtsblatt der Königlich Preußischen und Großherzoglich Hessischen Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz
5632:
5344:
4113:
4063:
3736:
3595:
3562:
3417:
3057:
2765:
2665:
2396:
1562:
1438:
1425:
1312:
1186:
857:
443:
93:
7997:. in Landeskunde – Landesgeschichte. Fachportal des Landesbildungsservers Baden-Württemberg.
7399:
Gesetz, die rechtliche Stellung der Kirchen und Religionsgemeinschaften im Staate betreffend
5541:
5481:. Between 1901 and 1914, four exhibitions of Jugendstil art took place at Mathildenhöhe. In
3577:
Starkenburg. Capital: Darmstadt. Territory: mainly right of the Rhine and south of the Main.
3331:
884:
10630:
10605:
10536:
10310:
10142:
9965:
9949:
9835:
9805:
9627:
9617:
9464:
9459:
9319:
9090:
Historisches Ortsverzeichnis fĂĽr das Gebiet des ehem. GroĂźherzogtums und Volksstaats Hessen
8612:
Gesetz die Erbauung und Erhaltung der ProvinzialstraĂźen im GroĂźherzogthum Hessen betreffend
7930:(Declaration about the legal status of the former Imperial knights) of 1 December 1807. in
7683:
Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der Kammern und die Wahl der Abgeordneten der Stände betreffend
6843:
6681:
Gesetz, die Zusammensetzung der Kammern und die Wahl der Abgeordneten der Stände betreffend
5455:
5117:
4974:
4948:
4738:
4727:
4517:
4016:
3929:
3891:
3823:
3620:
3371:
3049:
2810:
2723:), which had only an advisory role, were replaced by communally elected district councils (
2454:
2276:
2242:
2197:
2159:, this discredited him significantly. When Austria and Prussia came to an agreement at the
1994:
1883:
1278:
1262:
1158:
1022:
975:
875:
were totally different. They lay almost entirely on the banks of the Rhine (except for the
820:. About 25% of the land area was forested. The two sections had very different characters:
770:
727:
634:
178:
10446:
8867:. Verein fĂĽr Geschichte, Denkmal- und Landschaftspflege e. V. Bad Ems, Bad Ems o. J.
5325:
2083:
8:
10774:
10558:
10515:
9973:
9789:
9469:
9392:
8782:). 3rd Edition, W. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-555-40310-6, p. 9 n. 18.
8329:
Verordnung ĂĽber die neuen MaĂźe und Gewichte im GroĂźherzogtum Hessen vom 10. Dezember 1819
5393:
5335:
5187:
5095:
4983:
4966:
4955:
4575:
4501:
4283:
4246:
There were exceptions to this general system for medicines, precious metals, and jewels.
4086:
4074:
3911:
3033:
2786:
2753:
2482:
2437:
2191:
2164:
1863:
1814:
1788:
1675:
1316:
1293:
1254:
1007:
992:
817:
667:
630:
603:
8686:
Horst Schneider: "Die Eisenbahnpolitik des Großherzogtums Hessen in ihren Anfängen." in
8577:(Law on the expropriation of private property for official purposes) of 27 May 1821, in
5485:, a unique collection of spa facilities, mostly designed by these artists, was created:
4139:
alone had forty different definitions and there were several hundred definitions of the
3718:
at the end of the 18th century, there were efforts to overcome the division between the
2917:
played a leading role. The "Ernest Louis Society" participated in the construction of a
2142:
and erected its first social housing complex, with 64 dwellings, between 1866 and 1868.
1866:. Von Gagern proclaimed that the new government would grant all of the "March demands".
1412:
10653:
10550:
10497:
10492:
10333:
10258:
9855:
9768:
9758:
9753:
9542:
9293:
9149:
9106:
8981:
8892:
6116:
Verordnung: Die Eintheilung des Landes in Landraths- und Landgerichtsbezirke betreffend
5183:
4979:
4959:
4120:
4059:
4032:
3910:
Despite progressive attempts in the last years of the landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt,
3850:
3806:
3802:
3648:
3599:
3483:
3018:
2892:
2844:
2757:
2160:
1481:
1366:
1274:
968:
931:
836:
747:
723:
301:
7605:
Artikel 4 Abs. 2 Verfassungsurkunde fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen vom 17. Dezember 1820
7593:
Artikel 4 Abs. 1 Verfassungsurkunde fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen vom 17. Dezember 1820
10573:
10542:
10263:
9933:
9860:
9763:
9451:
9298:
9199:
9065:
9039:
9000:
8948:
8868:
8670:
Gesetz, die Anlegung von Eisenbahnen im GroĂźherzogtum durch Privatpersonen betreffend
7944:
7927:
Deklaration über die staatsrechtlichen Verhältnisse der ehemaligen Reichsritterschaft
7842:
Gesetz, die dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend
6280:
4764:
4673:
4606:
4506:
4411:
4382:
3846:
3782:
3715:
3637:
3257:
3067:, Grand Duke Ernest Louis was removed from power on 9 November 1918 by the Darmstadt
2282:
After its defeat in the war, Hesse was forced to concede territory to Prussia in the
2228:
2018:
1749:
1728:
considered this outrageous and rejected the proposal with a resounding vote of 41:7.
1545:
1515:
1489:
The constitution was followed by a wide range of further reforms in the grand duchy.
1289:
1194:
1166:
1154:
908:
647:
618:
530:
247:
9219:
7852:
Edict, die dem Ministerium des Innern untergeordneten Verwaltungsbehörden betreffend
6141:
Edict, die standesherrlichen Rechts-Verhältnisse im Großherzogthum Hessen betreffend
5508:
The "Rechtschreibgrenze" ("Correct Spelling Boundary"): traffic sign leaving "
4351:
4269:
Gesetz, die Anwendung des neuen MaĂź- und Gewichtssystems betreffend vom 3. Juni 1821
964:
The Electorate of Hesse (also part of Prussia from 1866) to the north and northeast;
930:
Rhenish Hesse (capital at Mainz): Left bank of the Rhine, territory gained from the
10053:
9888:
9605:
9141:
8361:
Verordnung die Verfertigung und den Gebrauch der neuen MaĂźe und Gewichte betreffend
7628:
Artikel 54 der Verfassungsurkunde fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen vom 17 December 1820
5808:
Erklärung des Großherzogs vom 1. Oktober 1806 zur Aufhebung aller Steuerprivilegien
5636:
5476:
4852:
4832:
4756:
Around 1850, the grand duchy was connected up to the newly developed international
4395:
4067:
4055:
3834:
2899:
2512:
2384:
2139:
2009:
1915:
1890:
1871:
1818:
1737:
1702:
1647:
899:, which were the most important transportation routes until the development of the
764:
659:
219:
9920:
9520:
8285:
Instrumente aus dem Physikalischen Kabinett. 200 Jahre Metrisches System in Hessen
7772:(Ordinance on the organisation of the highest state offices) of 22 August 1874 in
7617:
Artikel 52 der Verfassungsurkunde fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen of 17 December 1820
6425:
Edict, die Mitregentschaft Seiner Königlichen Hoheit des Erbgroßherzogs betreffend
5459:
5450:
during his visits to England. In 1899, he invited seven young artists to form the
5419:
4874:
New regulations were all the more urgent because this was the time when the first
3524:. This meant that the provinces on the right bank of the Rhine, were divided into
3348:
2922:
2825:
1793:
1041:
10648:
10328:
10063:
10043:
10025:
9904:
9896:
9873:
9728:
9644:
9595:
9510:
9505:
9340:
9185:
9173:
8736:(Ordinance in consideration of extant architectural monuments) 22 Januar 1818 in
8545:
7951:
6287:
6069:
5896:
5865:
5824:
Erklärung des Großherzogs vom 1. Oktober 1806 über die Abschaffung der Landstände
5334:(now known as the 'Moller House'). Outside Darmstadt, he was responsible for the
5252:
5065:
4185:
3880:
3796:
Around 25% of the inhabitants of the grand duchy were Roman Catholic. Due to the
3557:
3450:
2797:
2670:
2450:
2387:
2320:
2175:
2138:) was established with the support of Louis and Alice. This society was based on
2066:
1836:
1713:
1692:
1664:
1336:
1236:
1174:
1138:
809:
671:
571:
359:
54:
7754:(Ordinance on the organisation of the highest state offices) of 28 May 1821, in
5553:
5426:
5068:, nationalised and transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.
4919:
4807:
4116:
from the grand duchy in 1855, allowing it to operate as a private coining bank.
3748:-synodal elements was issued for the church, which was modelled on the Prussian
3693:
3044:
Under the German Empire's military constitution, Hessian troops participated in
1985:) and, especially, the new electoral law of 1856 weakened even this opposition.
1380:
required each member state to establish their own "parliamentary constitution" (
1165:. Along with fifteen other states, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt left the
1118:
666:
rolled most of these back over the following decade. In 1866, Hesse entered the
10748:
10676:
10668:
10658:
10546:
10425:
10353:
10348:
10338:
10175:
9981:
9941:
9878:
9474:
8974:
Die Entwicklung der Verwaltung in Hessen-Darmstadt unter Ludewig I. (1790–1830)
8932:
8363:(Ordinance on the manufacture and use of the new weights and measures); Brand,
4944:
4780:
4657:
4189:
3955:
3685:
3453:) in urgent situations if the Landstände could not be gathered quickly enough.
3172:
3095:
2904:
Ernst-Ludwig-Verein. Hessischer Zentralverein zur Errichtung billiger Wohnungen
2880:
2859:
participated in "the Grand Duchess' Sales Days" to raise money for this cause.
2650:
2517:
2406:
2361:
2357:
2335:
2217:
2115:
2044:
2034:
1911:
1850:
1503:
1328:
1301:
1261:
In August 1810, there was a three-way agreement between France, Hesse, and the
1214:
1085:
954:
927:
Starkenburg (capital at Darmstadt): Right bank of the Rhine, south of the Main.
9125:
Die geschichtlichen Grundlagen des bĂĽrgerlichen Rechts im GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6113:
GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Ministerium des Inneren und der Justiz, ed. (1821).
6046:
Eckhart G. Franz, "Großherzoglich Hessisch … 1806–1918." in Uwe Schulz (ed.),
4847:
4648:
1288:, which had a population of 140,000 people and included the important federal
1129:
10823:
10094:
10010:
10005:
9912:
9590:
9580:
9515:
9484:
8872:
7665:
Verordnung, betreffend die Berufung einer außerordentlichen Ständeversammlung
7229:
Edict, die Verfassung der evangelischen Kirche des GroĂźherzogthums betreffend
6663:
Verordnung, betreffend die Berufung einer außerordentlichen Ständeversammlung
6224:
Statistisch-topographisch-historische Beschreibung des GroĂźherzogthums Hessen
5491:
5463:
5331:
4820:
4693:
4617:
4226:
4157:
4090:
3997:
3681:
3590:
Rhine-Hesse (1816–1918). Capital: Mainz. Territory: mainly left of the Rhine.
3335:
3125:
3007:
2940:
2549:
2525:
2372:
2371:
Dalwigk also attempted to delay the integration of the Hessian army into the
2313:
2238:
2123:
2119:
1982:
1756:, the rebellion was suppressed by the army. Part of this suppression was the
1509:
The tasks that had previously been assigned to the Ă„mter were transferred to
1282:
1097:
872:
801:
675:
642:
195:
141:
79:
33:
6863:
6627:
5545:
4390:. One of the most important "industries" of the state was the production of
3013:
1725:
1202:
610:. Colloquially, the grand duchy continued to be known by its former name of
346:
10806:
10797:
10686:
10566:
10511:
10363:
8156:
7452:(Law on Religious Orders and Order-like Congregations) of 23 April 1875 in
6073:
5987:
5386:
5368:
5271:
5263:
5257:
4907:
4776:
4706:
4407:
4215:
4208:
4098:
4073:
The grand duchy was a member of the South German monetary union and minted
3916:
3745:
3741:
2871:
2848:
2847:
in 1900 and the Eleonore Sanitorium for Women (now the Eleonore Clinic) in
2840:
2741:
2501:
2353:
2151:
1745:
1741:
1297:
1122:
896:
735:
731:
586:
that existed from 1806 to 1918. The grand duchy originally formed from the
8796:
100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.
8772:
100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.
8764:
100 Jahre Denkmalschutzgesetz in Hessen. Geschichte – Bedeutung – Wirkung.
7449:
Gesetz, die religiösen Orden und ordensähnlichen Congregationen betreffend
5504:
4722:
3528:, while Rhine Hesse retained the French administrative structure based on
2828:, Alice established the "Society for the Development of Female Industry" (
10597:
10282:
9479:
8936:
8238:
5570:
5482:
5443:
5361:
5290:
4788:) and provincial roads. Important road links built at this time include:
4775:
In the period before the arrival of the railroads, the construction of a
4750:
4581:
4439:
4387:
4165:
4089:. The grand duchy of Hesse also minted double thaler coins from 1839 and
3865:
3533:
3378:
3045:
3039:
2974:
2778:
2681:
2662:
1780:
1764:
1706:
1631:
1190:
1094:
within the grand duchy until 1866, when it was given to the grand duchy.
1062:
1013:
888:
868:
848:
828:
797:
793:
683:
579:
364:
237:
10242:
9264:
7430:(Law on the training and appointment of the clergy) of 23 April 1875 in
7211:
Gesetz die Landgemeinde-Ordnung fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogthum Hessen betreffend
5374:
Under the first and last grand dukes, there was a significant effort at
5120:). Control transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.
4550:
3116:
The constitution issued on 17 December 1820 by Grand Duke Louis I ended
2331:
1733:
1724:, which he expected the state to pay for. The liberal opposition in the
981:
10740:
10417:
9815:
9153:
8163:. 3rd Edition. Eigenverlag, Worms 2009. ISBN 978-3-8391-0201-5, p. 160.
7434:
No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 256–260. This law was also repealed in 1887 (
5435:
5409:
4954:
The province of Starkenburg received a central railway connection, the
4828:
4585:
4237:
4140:
4005:
3971:
3814:
3688:. In some cases the poor were actually forced to leave, as occurred in
3210:
3072:
2738:
2727:). At the same time, the number of districts was reduced from 18 to 12.
2654:
2441:
2309:
2005:
1978:
1957:
1901:
1810:
1643:
1472:
852:
844:
832:
743:
698:
655:
120:
8774:
Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, pp. 13–22; Jan Nikolaus Viebrock:
4410:
built a workshop at the edge of Darmstadt's firing range which became
915:
which was the largest city and the most significant centre for trade.
5267:
5113:
5090:
Control transferred to the Prussian-Hessian Railway Company in 1897.
4970:
4875:
4757:
4746:
4623:
4556:
4472:
4391:
4287:
4255:
Ordinance on the new weights and measures in the Grand Duchy of Hesse
4124:
3962:
was the first Jew to be employed at a public school – also in Worms.
3810:
3770:, which made church law in cooperation with the Landesherrn, was the
3723:
3375:
3353:
3284:
3190:
2832:), renamed the "Alice Society for Women's Education and Employment" (
2496:
1965:
1961:
1859:
1031:
There were also a number of Hessian exclaves to the north and south:
957:, the Duchy of Nassau (part of Prussia after 1866), and the Prussian
904:
209:
9145:
8814:. 3rd Edition. Kommunal- und Schulbuchverlag, Wiesbaden 2005, p. 32.
8574:
Gesetz über die Abtretung von Privateigenthum für öffentliche Zwecke
8258:
Elwert, Marburg a.d. Lahn 2012, ISBN 978-3-942225-16-8, pp. 124–154.
7581:
Amtsblatt der PreuĂźischen und Hessischen Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz
5446:). As a grandson of Queen Victoria, he had become familiar with the
5357:
4798:
Hirschhorn–Beerfelden, Starkenburg Province in 1822 (now the L 3119)
4402:
in 1851, 74 companies from the grand duchy were present, and at the
4180:) were retained, but the foot was defined as exactly a quarter of 1
3696:
and neighbouring communities were "exported" and around fifty other
3684:, but Hessians also travelled to southern Russia, and, in one case,
3573:
The first-order subdivisions of the grand duchy were the provinces:
1712:
A political crisis was already broiling in Hesse at the time of the
1360:
Louis I depicted with Hessian Constitution in his right hand on the
1356:
9527:
9278:
8918:(1976). "Einleitung". In Ruppel, Hans Georg; MĂĽller, Karin (eds.).
7330:
Gesetz ĂĽber die Beaufsichtigung von Mietwohnungen und Schlafstellen
7178:
No. 28 of 12 June 1874, pp. 247–250; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7171:
Verordnung die Eintheilung des GroĂźherzogthums in Kreise betreffend
5286:
4958:, early on and the province of Upper Hesse was connected up by the
4836:
4742:
4702:
4614:
3719:
3673:
3656:
3584:
3580:
Upper Hesse. Capital: Giessen. Territory: mainly north of the Main.
3525:
3402:
3179:
3076:
2991:
2979:
2884:
2852:
2202:
2004:
The first crisis with Prussia arose in 1852 in connection with the
1993:
In external politics, Dalwigk and Louis III supported Austria, the
1499:
1162:
876:
840:
751:
739:
622:
9712:
9062:
Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen : Text- und Erläuterungsband
8597:(Law on the construction of national roads) of 15 October 1830 in
7769:
Verordnung die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden betreffend
7193:
Gesetz betreffend die Städte-Ordnung für das Großherzogthum Hessen
7135:
Verordnung die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörden betreffend
6557:
Gesetz, die Aufhebung der privilegierten Gerichtsstände betreffend
4192:
were then derived from this measurement, as in the metric system:
726:. The portion on the left bank was located in the modern state of
633:. After the French defeat in 1815, the grand duchy joined the new
10753:
10430:
10185:
7153:
Gesetz, betreffend die innere Verwaltung der Kreise und Provinzen
6061:
Verfassungsurkunde fĂĽr das GroĂźherzogtum Hessen 17. Dezember 1820
4640:
4610:
4564:
4497:
4493:
4489:
4415:
4340:
4161:
4078:
3689:
2964:
2414:
1721:
1150:
1091:
938:
900:
880:
805:
755:
638:
583:
7437:
Gesetz, die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen betreffend
7427:
Gesetz, betreffend die Vorbildung und Anstellung der Geistlichen
6078:
Verfassungsdokumente von der Magna Carta bis ins 20. Jahrhundert
3312:
2889:
Postcard week of the Grand Duchess and Airmail in Rhein and Main
2843:. The Ernest Ludwig Sanitorium for lung diseases was opened at
1630:
The state was also interested in replacing the old agricultural
1520:("local council districts", responsible for administration) and
718:
stretched most of the way from the south of the modern state of
10503:
7570:. H. L. Schlapp, 2nd Edition, Darmstadt 1977, p. 149.
6450:
No. 8 of 6 March 1848, p. 63; Full list of the new government:
5526:
5390:
4399:
3992:
3849:, took up the post in 1830. At the same time, a Roman Catholic
3728:
3647:
Standesherren were the members of the nobility who had enjoyed
3030:
2462:
8999:. Wiesbaden: Hessische Landeszentrale fĂĽr Politische Bildung.
7414:(Law on the abuse of spiritual authority) of 23 April 1875 in
4488:
Mainz remained a leading producer of luxury goods, furniture,
3416:(appointed for life by the grand duke), the chancellor of the
3021:, 8 November 1918, one day before the fall of the grand duchy.
2533:
assigned many of its former powers to Berlin. These included:
2390:
to issue a blatant threat to the grand duke. Minister of War,
1817:, chief minister during the Revolution of 1848 (lithograph by
617:
In 1806, the Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt seceded from the
32:
For the region sometimes known in English as Rhine-Hesse, see
10640:
10320:
4795:
Reinheim–Michelstadt–Obernburg, Starkenburg Province, in 1820
4733:
The right to manage the postal service was granted to Prince
4249:
The system was implemented by a number of legal regulations:
4181:
3979:
3944:
3566:
2745:
2130:, crown prince of Prussia, who was married to Alice's sister
1846:
1651:
1346:
1324:
1193:, the princes who had previously held these territories, the
912:
892:
719:
715:
706:
8849:
of 12 November 1910, No. 51. Bekanntmachung No. 792, p. 451.
7659:
7657:
7579:
PreuĂźische und Hessische Eisenbahndirektion in Mainz (ed.):
6629:
Dalwigk zu Lichtenfels, Friedrich Carl Reinhard Freiherr von
5643:
acted similarly. All the other German monarchs did abdicate.
3733:
Vereinigte evangelisch-protestantische Kirche in Rheinhessen
3651:
under the Holy Roman Empire and had been represented in the
3124:, but the grand duke retained substantial authority. As the
1658:
1343:), which also helped to distinguish the two Hessian states.
686:
in 1918, the grand duchy was overthrown and replaced by the
10476:
8836:
of 6 December 1902, No. 68. Bekanntmachung No. 575, p. 616.
8734:
In Erwägung, daß die noch erhaltenen Denkmäler der Baukunst
7751:
Verordnung über die Organisation der obersten Staatsbehörde
7411:
Gesetz, den MiĂźbrauch der geistlichen Amtsgewalt betreffend
4653:
4523:
4204:
4173:
3829:
of 1821. With respect to the grand duchy, this created the
2208:
In anticipation of the Austro-Prussian War, command of the
1669:
1642:
The constitution declared that an economic system based on
891:
in Rhine-Hesse. There were two large navigable rivers, the
7637:
7635:
3862:
theologische Lehranstalt am bischöflichen Seminar zu Mainz
3025:
The most famous project of Grand Duke Ernest Louis is the
3010:
instead and the museum which he built was widely praised.
2868:
Großherzogliche Zentrale für Mütter- und Säuglingsfürsorge
2789:
found that "the law in Hesse is implemented very mildly."
2212:
of the confederation (around 35,000 men) was entrusted to
7654:
7390:(Law on the Elementary School System) of 16 June 1874 in
4935:
In 1836, only half a year after the establishment of the
4203:
1 cubic-inch of water therefore weighed 15.625
4136:
4050:
In 1803, following secularisation and mediatisation, the
2824:, which still operates in Darmstadt today. Together with
2420:
1748:
courthouse were also affected. The grand duke introduced
1235:
Between 1808 and 1810, there were plans to introduce the
1197:, retained a significant portion of their former powers.
742:, the grand duchy also contained upland regions like the
8823:
The two locations are actually only ca. 150 metres apart
8245:
Klinkhardt und Biermann, Braunschweig 1967, pp. 193–196.
7583:, 29 March 1919, No. 20. Bekanntmachung Nr. 225, p. 129.
5732:
4792:
Darmstadt–Dieburg, Starkenburg Province (now the L 3094)
3805:
in 1815, as in the rest of southwest Germany. After the
3740:
brought under its umbrella. After this, the Evangelical
2801:
Grand Duchess Alice, Photograph by Franz Backofen, 1871.
2657:, heir to the British throne, and of the Prussian heir,
2319:
Hesse was also required to pay three million guilder in
1213:
On 24 April 1809, Napoleon ordered the abolition of the
941:): North of the Main, separated from Starkenburg by the
714:
The portion of the grand duchy on the right bank of the
9196:
Arbeitersiedlungen: Arbeiterhäuser im Rhein-Neckar-Raum
7632:
7533:
7531:
7387:
Gesetz, das Volksschulwesen im GroĂźherzogtum betreffend
7314:
Gesetzes ĂĽber die WohnungsfĂĽrsorge fĂĽr Minderbemittelte
6826:
6824:
1046:
was sandwiched between the Electorate of Hesse and the
8594:
Gesetz die Erbauung der Staatskunststrassen betreffend
6973:
6971:
6810:
6808:
6806:
6740:
6738:
5720:
5708:
5195:(co-owned by Hesse-Darmstadt and Frankfurt, 1848–1869)
4753:
bore the name "Grand Ducal Hessian Post Office of..."
3982:
were gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1866.
3040:
First World War and end of the grand duchy (1914–1918)
2323:
and hand its telegraph network over to the Prussians.
2033:
was founded in 1859. Its goal was to create a liberal
1315:, was re-established by the Congress of Vienna as the
8483:
Hessen (GroĂźherzogtum: Industrie, Handel und Verkehr)
4085:, the exchange rate of these coins was pegged to the
3923:
The constitution of 1820 placed equal status under a
2491:
2216:, brother of Grand Duke Louis III. Although he was a
2145:
1189:. However, although all this territory lay under his
730:. In addition to the great floodplains of the Rhine (
8926:
7528:
6821:
2637:
The incorporation of the Hessian railroads into the
2425:
2106:, died in 1862. A few weeks later, the crown prince
1090:, which belonged to the Electorate of Hesse, was an
776:
9016:
Geschichte und Geographie der deutschen Eisenbahnen
8962:
Hessisches Landesamt fĂĽr Geschichtliche Landeskunde
8431:Ferdinand Werner, "Schloss und Park in Herrnsheim"
8243:
Papiergeld. Ein Handbuch fĂĽr Sammler und Liebhaber.
6968:
6850:of 11 December 1866; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6803:
6735:
5833:
5531:
Prussian Ministry of Culture, Education, and Health
4119:In 1874/5, the Hessian coinage was replaced by the
3974:were abolished in 1810 and procedures for granting
3545:
The lowest level subdivision was the municipality (
2998:The beginning of the reign of the last Grand Duke,
2744:received a new constitution with a strong role for
2524:The grand duchy was the sixth-largest state of the
1799:
1492:
1486:in Darmstadt honouring him for "his" constitution.
781:The territory consisted of two separate areas: the
8908:Beiträge zur Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen
7493:
7491:
2932:Aktiengesellschaft zur Erbauung billiger Wohnungen
2227:On 14 June 1866, Prussian forces marched into the
1697:, President of the Council of Ministers, 1829–1848
923:The grand duchy was divided into three provinces:
4200:) was the basic equation for volume measurements.
3958:, the first Jewish mayor in Germany, and in 1874
3887:, the oldest Jewish community in the grand duchy.
3672:The constitution of 1820 guaranteed the right to
2764:(analogous to the existing representative of the
2625:of 1896, which came into force on 1 January 1900.
1701:The government in Darmstadt only implemented the
10821:
9230:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen (Kreise und Gemeinden) 1910
9166:Allgemeine Statistik des Grossherzogthums Hessen
8997:Hessen-Darmstadts Beitrag fĂĽr das heutige Hessen
7934:, vol. 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, pp. 25–35.
7316:of 7 August 1902; Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
4500:, as it had been when it was the capital of the
2925:in Darmstadt. Von Heyl was also a member of the
1705:in a moderate manner, to the displeasure of the
1268:
702:Territory of the Grand Duchy of Hesse, 1815–1866
9083:. Wiesbaden: Hessisches Ministerium der Justiz.
8766:Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, pp. 23–28;
8147:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, p. 234 f.
7897:No. 60 of 22 December 1820, pp. 535 ff. (542);
7488:
6524:No. 38 of 3 August 1848, pp. 217–225 (222–225).
6148:, no. 17 of 29 March 1820, pp. 125–160 (142ff).
5814:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, pp. 37 f.
5019:Overview of the Hessian railway network in 1889
4819:for the grand duchy started with "V" (i.e. the
4812:), Rhine-Hesse Province (now the L 425 and 439)
4712:
3786:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, Bishop 1850–1877
2375:for as long as possible. This led crown prince
1319:. After Louis I's counterpart in Hesse-Kessel,
839:. Only a small portion was part of the fertile
8100:(Bull "To the Lord's Flock") 11 April 1827 in
7776:No. 42 of 1 September 1874, pp. 487–491 (490).
7598:
7586:
6611:VerkĂĽndung, die Wahlen zum Landtage betreffend
6250:Den Abkauf fiscalischer Grundrenten betreffend
5830:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, S. 39 f.
4869:Central Commission for Navigation on the Rhine
3510:
2024:
1921:
10860:States and territories disestablished in 1918
10462:
10228:
9698:
9250:
7890:Verfassungs-Urkunde des GroĂźherzogtums Hessen
7621:
7610:
6725:Verordnung die politischen Vereine betreffend
5978:Vol. 6, 2002, ISBN 3-486-56643-1, pp. 461 ff.
5623:however only existed in the period 1822–1826.
5319:with the Ludwig Column, the mausoleum in the
5186:(co-owned by Hesse-Darmstadt, Frankfurt, and
3978:were unified in the same year. The rights of
3478:) in 1829, "President of the Whole Ministry (
2734:was also expanded by new regulations in 1874.
2170:
1893:("government district"). Each of these had a
1072:Another exclave, made up of half the town of
654:) and forces supporting political and social
10804:
10795:
9092:. Darmstadt: Historischer Verein fĂĽr Hessen.
9087:
8922:. Darmstadt: Historischer Verein fĂĽr Hessen.
4432:Key businesses in the grand duchy included:
4394:, with around two hundred workshops. At the
4196:2.5 inches = 15.625 cubic-inches (
3938:
2730:The local self-government of the cities and
2364:of Rhine-Hesse Province) became part of the
1897:(district council) to represent the people.
1760:, named for the number of dead and wounded.
1027:, an exclave of the Prussian Rhine Province.
118:
46:
9160:
6096:GroĂźherzogthums fester geknĂĽpft werden soll
6050:Stuttgart 1983, ISBN 3-8062-0332-6, p. 184.
5998:(PDF; 398 kB); accessed on 1 May 2020.
5771:, Heft 1 (1806–1808), Darmstadt 1811, p. 1.
3552:
2516:Grand Duke Louis IV with his mother-in-law
2114:(1843–1878), the second eldest daughter of
1646:principles was the state's goal. Achieving
438:7,688.36 km (2,968.49 sq mi)
10855:States and territories established in 1806
10469:
10455:
10235:
10221:
9705:
9691:
9257:
9243:
9111:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
9088:Ruppel, Hans Georg; MĂĽller, Karin (1976).
8986:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8897:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
8885:Das Staatsrecht des GroĂźherzogthums Hessen
8798:Stuttgart 2003, ISBN 3-8062-1855-2, p. 13.
8629:
8627:
8625:
8451:
8449:
8447:
8445:
8443:
8441:
8062:
8060:
8058:
8022:
8020:
8018:
8016:
7975:
7973:
7283:
7281:
7019:
7017:
7015:
7013:
6341:
6339:
4260:A series of technical ordinances followed.
3583:Duchy of Westphalia (1803–1816). Capital:
3017:Final issue of the Grand Duchy of Hesse's
2834:Alice-Verein fĂĽr Frauenbildung und -Erwerb
2312:in Strakenburg province. The territory of
1999:pan-German solution to the German Question
1988:
1347:The Constitution of 1820 and legal reforms
1208:
149:
134:
9198:. Worms: Wernersche Verlagsgesellschaft.
9013:
8971:
8675:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
8617:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
8599:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
8580:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
8214:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
8102:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7905:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7895:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7867:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7857:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7847:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7829:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7802:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7774:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7756:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7707:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7690:No. 27 of 26 September 1856, pp. 261–274.
7688:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7670:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7649:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7470:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7454:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7442:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7432:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7416:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7404:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7392:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7234:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7216:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7198:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7176:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7158:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7140:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7129:
7127:
7093:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7062:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
7043:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6730:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6688:No. 27 of 26 September 1856, pp. 261–274.
6686:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6668:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6644:
6642:
6616:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6598:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6580:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6562:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6551:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6540:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6522:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6503:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6458:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6448:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6430:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6255:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6195:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
6146:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
5738:
5726:
5714:
4705:proved a great advance, particularly for
4418:built there was a notable exhibit at the
3845:was signed in 1829 and the first bishop,
3447:GroĂźherzoglich Hessisches Regierungsblatt
2830:Verein für Förderung weiblicher Industrie
2078:
1659:Impact of the July Revolution (1830–1848)
606:, which had formed from the neighbouring
10850:States of the Confederation of the Rhine
10840:States of the North German Confederation
10244:States of the North German Confederation
8834:Sammlung der herausgegebenen Amtsblätter
8308:
8306:
7709:No. 49 of 12 November 1871, pp. 385–398.
7651:No. 52 of 4 September 1849, pp. 435–450.
7142:No. 42 of 1 September 1874, pp. 487–491.
6618:No. 69 of 23 November 1849, pp. 575–577.
6600:No. 52 of 4 September 1849, pp. 435–450.
6582:No. 65 of 17 November 1848, pp. 405–468.
5641:Friedrich, Prince of Waldeck and Pyrmont
5503:
5425:
5413:
5356:
5251:
4918:
4906:
4846:
4827:The first "Automobile post line" of the
4721:
4350:
4334:
4315:
4282:
4026:
4015:
3890:
3875:
3853:was added to the University of Giessen.
3781:
3556:
3536:systems in Germany were replaced by the
3493:The ministries of the grand duchy were:
3432:vote was restored in 1850, and then the
3347:
3322:Victoria Melita of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
3094:
3012:
2963:
2952:
2921:for the 1908 National Exhibition at the
2908:Cornelius Wilhelm von Heyl zu Herrnsheim
2796:
2785:, who was repeatedly arrested under the
2511:
2495:
2330:
2174:
2126:. This marriage made Louis an in-law of
2082:
1925:
1809:
1682:
1668:
1378:Constitution of the German Confederation
1355:
1253:On 11 May 1810, the grand duchy and the
1183:Treaty of the Confederation of the Rhine
1128:
1117:
1016:, which was surrounded on both sides by
705:
697:
9131:
9119:
9096:
9052:
8622:
8619:No. 64 of 2 November 1830, pp. 357–360.
8438:
8104:No. 41 of 21 October 1829, pp. 460–464.
8055:
8013:
7970:
7472:No. 57 of 6 December 1875, pp. 811–814.
7278:
7045:No. 32 of 6 Ocktober 1871, pp. 342–349.
7010:
6564:No. 53 of 26 September 1848, pp. 317 f.
6336:
5839:
5525:in the grand duchy were written with a
4885:travelled between Frankfurt and Mainz.
4130:
2906:), in which the Wormser industrialist,
1650:, which also required the abolition of
1625:
1573:
1250:, which was opposed to social changes.
602:in 1816 to distinguish itself from the
14:
10822:
9193:
9022:
8879:
8216:No. 8 vom 26. February 1866, pp. 93 f.
7672:No. 49 of 9 October 1850, pp. 375–390.
7124:
7064:No. 43 of 30 December 1871, pp. 497 f.
6670:No. 49 of 9 October 1850, pp. 375–390.
6639:
6542:No. 45 of 29 August 1848, pp. 273–277;
5352:
4445:Machine manufacturing and iron casting
3439:
3384:Landtag of the People's State of Hesse
3358:Landstände of the Grand Duchy of Hesse
2421:Hesse in the German Empire (1870–1914)
1596:, this decision was made by the state.
1311:, which Napoleon had annexed into the
918:
10450:
10216:
9686:
9238:
8994:
8914:
8905:
8601:No. 62 of 23 October 1830, pp. 351 f.
8303:
8145:GroĂźherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen
7932:GroĂźherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen
7907:No 38 of 21 August 1827, pp. 371–373.
7831:, No. 38, 3 August 1848, pp. 217–225.
7804:No. 43 of 30 December 1871, pp. 497f.
7444:No. 22 of 15 July 1887, pp. 129–132).
6949:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866
6934:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866
6919:Friedensvertrag vom 3. September 1866
6553:No. 47 of 9 September 1848, pp. 289f;
6190:Gesetz die Gemeindeordnung betreffend
6106:
5828:GroĂźherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen
5812:GroĂźherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen
5769:GroĂźherzoglich Hessische Verordnungen
5704:Willkommen bei Gemeindeverzeichnis.de
5418:Wedding tower and exhibition hall at
4420:International Aeronautical Exhibition
3750:Rhineland-Westphalia Church Ordinance
3701:from 853,300 inhabitants to 836,424.
3600:Mainz–Darmstadt–Aschaffenburg railway
1550:and Landgerichten established in the
1281:and received a portion of the former
1113:
1065:was sandwiched between Baden and the
430:7,682 km (2,966 sq mi)
422:8,345 km (3,222 sq mi)
414:9,300 km (3,600 sq mi)
9078:
7859:, No. 30, 20 May 1852, pp. 221–228;
7394:No. 32 of 16 June 1874, pp. 377–414.
7236:No. 2 of 26 January 1874, pp. 13–48.
7218:No. 31 of 16 June 1874, pp. 343–374.
7200:No. 30 of 16 June 1874, pp. 299–340.
7160:No. 29 of 16 June 1874, pp. 251–298.
6732:No. 47 of 3 October 1850, pp. 359 f.
6505:No. 38 of 3 August 1832, p. 217-225.
6257:No. 32 of 18 July 1821, pp. 395–399.
6197:No. 29 of 29 July 1821, pp. 355–376.
5112:State railway (joint-ownership with
4569:Verein fĂĽr Chemische Industrie, now
4236:32 cubic-inches = 1 Hessischer
3290:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
2809:) was established. With advice from
2807:Alice-Frauenverein fĂĽr Krankenpflege
2694:
2112:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
2092:Princess Alice of the United Kingdom
1971:
1277:in 1815, the grand duchy joined the
140:The Grand Duchy of Hesse within the
9026:(2010). "Recht und Verfassung". In
8583:No. 15 of 6 June 1821, pp. 187–193.
8161:Warmaisa: 1000 Jahre Juden in Worms
7758:No. 14 of 1 June 1821, pp. 179–188.
5919:Final Act of the Congress of Vienna
5661:Art. 15 of the Constitution of 1820
5256:St.-Ludwigs-Kirche in Darmstadt by
5074:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways
5005:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways
4899:Grand Duchy of Hesse State Railways
3940:Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft
3774:(the supreme religious authority).
3472:Präsident der vereinten Ministerien
3120:in the grand duchy, in favour of a
3054:Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division
2862:At the baptism of the Crown Prince
2754:women did not receive voting rights
2381:Grand Ducal Hessian (25th) Division
1637:
1048:Principality of Waldeck and Pyrmont
907:, the largest industrial centre at
24:
10845:States of the German Confederation
9714:States of the German Confederation
9225:Das Großherzogtum Hessen 1806–1918
9036:Historischen Kommission fĂĽr Hessen
8539:, "Eine Eisenbahn wird eröffnet,"
8085:, Moguntiae 1870, pp. 209–222
7406:No. 21 of 3 May 1875, pp. 247–249.
7117:See Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7104:See Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
5146:Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway
5001:Mainz-Worms(-Ludwigshafen) railway
4770:
4735:Karl Alexander von Thurn und Taxis
4372:First German Industrial Exhibition
4303:First German Industrial Exhibition
3598:at Mainz, which was built for the
2948:
2661:. His daughter was married to the
2492:A small state in the German Empire
2488:political conflicts and missteps.
2409:in 1868 for the dedication of the
2267:was replaced on 28 December 1866.
2146:Lead-up to the Austro-Prussian War
1341:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein
796:in the north and the provinces of
576:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein
48:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein
25:
10881:
9220:Constitution of Hesse (in German)
9213:
8862:
8281:Hessisches Landesmuseum Darmstadt
7568:Die Regenten von Hessen-Darmstadt
7095:No. 15 of 30 May 1879, pp. 197 f.
5193:Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway
4989:Frankfurt-Offenbach Local Railway
4842:
4717:
4660:from 1862, automobiles from 1899.
4542:Lackfrabrik Ludwig Marx (leather)
4429:at Frankfurt the following year.
3480:Präsident des Gesamt-Ministeriums
3326:Eleonore of Solms-Hohensolms-Lich
3079:constitution and was renamed the
2968:Ernst-Ludwig-Haus, main entrance.
2874:(1868–1957), in his aircraft the
2762:Technical University of Darmstadt
2641:in 1896, under the company name,
2531:Constitution of the German Empire
2447:Proclamation of the German Empire
2432:Proclamation of the German Empire
2426:Proclamation of the German Empire
2075:to ban the National Association.
1333:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
777:Physical geography and population
568:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
43:Grand Duchy of Hesse and by Rhine
10587:
10272:
9737:
9353:
8966:Geschichtlicher Atlas von Hessen
8845:Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (ed.):
8839:
8832:Eisenbahndirektion Mainz (ed.):
8826:
8817:
8812:Denkmalschutz in Rheinland-Pfalz
8801:
8785:
8756:
8743:
8724:
8715:
8706:
8693:
8680:
8662:
8649:
8640:
8604:
8586:
8566:
8553:
8523:
8510:
8497:
8475:
8462:
8425:
8409:
8396:
8383:
8370:
8354:
8338:
8322:
8290:
8274:
8261:
8248:
8232:
8219:
8201:
8188:
8175:
8166:
8150:
8141:Verordnung vom 17. Dezember 1808
8133:
8120:
8107:
8088:
8073:
8046:
8033:
8000:
7986:
7957:
7937:
7919:
7910:
7881:
7872:
7834:
7816:
7807:
7788:
7779:
7761:
7743:
7730:
7721:
7712:
7693:
7675:
7573:
7557:
7544:
7525:. Press release of 24 July 2021.
7513:
7500:
7475:
7378:
7365:
7352:
7339:
7323:
7307:
7294:
7265:
7252:
7239:
7221:
7203:
7185:
7163:
7145:
7111:
5655:
5646:
5626:
5009:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company
4929:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company
4903:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company
3709:
3426:
3396:
3311:
3308:13 March 1892 – 9 November 1918
3276:
3241:
3209:
3171:
2792:
2701:entrusted to the Chief Minister.
2643:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company
2506:Prussian-Hessian Railway Company
1800:The March Revolution (1848–1849)
1493:Legal and administrative reforms
1241:Friedrich August von Lichtenberg
548:
523:
509:
155:Grand Duchy of Hesse (1815–1866)
86:
72:
8856:
8677:No. 30 of 27 July 1836, p. 329.
7098:
7080:
7067:
7048:
7030:
6997:
6984:
6955:
6940:
6925:
6910:
6901:
6888:
6875:
6857:
6837:
6790:
6777:
6764:
6751:
6717:
6704:
6691:
6673:
6655:
6621:
6603:
6585:
6567:
6527:
6508:
6489:
6476:
6463:
6460:No. 10 of 14 March 1848, p. 69.
6435:
6417:
6404:
6391:
6378:
6365:
6352:
6323:
6310:
6293:
6273:
6260:
6242:
6229:
6213:
6206:Franz, Fleck & Kallenberg:
6200:
6182:
6173:
6166:Franz, Fleck & Kallenberg:
6160:
6151:
6132:
6123:
6087:
6053:
6040:
6027:
6014:
6001:
5981:
5968:
5955:
5946:
5937:
5928:
5911:
5902:
5899:) in Schmidt, pp. 34ff, n. 114.
5889:
5880:
5871:
5858:
5845:
5817:
5800:
5787:
5606:
5597:
5583:
5247:
4991:with the Free City of Frankfurt
4682:Lederwerke Doerr & Reinhart
4442:(chemicals and pharmaceuticals)
4278:
3792:Roman Catholic Diocese of Mainz
3626:
3542:, which applied to the Empire.
2341:decorated for the reception of
2270:
2136:Bauverein fĂĽr Arbeiterwohnungen
1944:Grand Duke Louis III appointed
1940:, Minister-President, 1852–1871
1806:German revolutions of 1848–1849
1603:, the Standesherren chose them.
1556:German revolutions of 1848–1849
1351:
588:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
517:Landgraviate of Hesse-Darmstadt
10064:ReuĂź-Lobenstein und Ebersdorf
8887:. Mohr, Freiburg, and Leipzig.
8780:Kommunale Schriften fĂĽr Hessen
8749:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8699:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8655:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8633:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8559:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8550:33 (2017), pp. 111–126 (124f).
8516:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8503:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8468:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8455:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8225:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8194:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8181:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8126:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8113:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
8066:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8039:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8026:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
8006:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7979:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7963:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7869:, No. 31, 21 May 1852, p. 229.
7849:No. 27 of 3 May 1852, p. 201;
7550:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7537:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7506:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7481:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7371:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7287:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7271:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7258:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7245:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
7073:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7023:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
7003:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6990:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6977:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6961:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6894:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6881:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6830:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6814:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6796:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6783:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6770:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6757:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6744:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6710:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6697:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6648:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6482:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6410:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6397:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6384:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6371:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6358:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6345:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6329:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg,
6316:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
6080:, originally published in the
6033:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
5961:Franz, Fleck, and Kallenberg:
5868:) in Schmidt, p. 30ff, n. 100.
5774:
5757:
5744:
5697:
5688:
5675:
5289:church in Darmstadt since the
4601:(railway cars and automobiles)
4381:took place in Mainz. However,
4301:, originally displayed in the
4066:, and Erbach, and the city of
4002:Prussian-Hessian Customs Union
3777:
3318:25 November 1868 in Darmstadt
3216:26 December 1777 in Darmstadt
3069:Workers' and Soldiers' Council
2379:to resign as commander of the
2182:in his uniform as an Austrian
1389:August Friedrich Wilhelm Crome
949:The neighbouring states were:
808:after 1866 and before that to
13:
1:
8776:Hessisches Denkmalschutzrecht
8688:Die Bahn und ihre Geschichte.
7943:Art. 24 of the Constitution (
6432:No. 7 of 5 March 1848, p. 61.
5685:, p. 693 (166 Quadratmeilen).
5668:
5403:
4923:Business headquarters of the
4857:
4592:Waggonfabrik GebrĂĽder Gastell
4404:1862 International Exhibition
4020:1 Kronenthaler of Grand Duke
3858:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler
3667:
3343:
3273:13 June 1877 – 13 March 1892
3167:(Landgrave Louis X from 1790)
3164:14 August 1806 – 6 April 1830
3111:
3090:
3075:. The grand duchy received a
2984:Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler
2653:. He was a brother-in-law of
2293:. Due to the intervention of
2088:Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse
1825:
1269:The Congress of Vienna (1815)
1125:of the Grand Duchy, 1806–1808
864:Starkenburg and Rhenish Hesse
9162:Wagner, Georg Wilhelm Justin
9127:. Giessen: Curt von MĂĽnchow.
8972:Karenberg, Dagobert (1964).
8490:Meyers Konversations-Lexikon
8435:35 (2019), pp. 83–183 (127).
7520:Deutsche UNESCO-Kommission:
6636:; Accessed 13 February 2021.
5797:, p. 693 (166 square miles).
4831:was opened in 1906, between
4713:Transport and communications
4669:Lederwerke Cornelius Heyl AG
4628:Pharmaceutical companies of
4211:, the basic unit of weight.
3456:
3252:Mathilde Caroline of Bavaria
3238:5 March 1848 – 13 June 1877
3206:6 April 1830 – 16 June 1848
3105:Residential Palace Darmstadt
2972:In the cultural sphere, the
2326:
2247:Battle of Tauberbischofsheim
2232:the Prussian victory at the
1769:Historical Society for Hesse
1309:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
1133:Grand Duchy of Hesse in 1812
1001:The long northern region of
693:
608:Landgraviate of Hesse-Kassel
7:
10835:States of the German Empire
10478:States of the German Empire
6220:Georg Wilhelm Justin Wagner
6179:Ruppel & MĂĽller, p. 10.
5559:
5499:
4888:
4817:Vehicle registration plates
4361:Hessian Chamber of Commerce
4320:Former headquarters of the
4011:
4004:was folded into the larger
3704:
3692:. In 1846, 672 people from
3631:
3613:
3511:Administrative subdivisions
3476:Dirigierende Staatsminister
3294:13 March 1892 in Darmstadt
2855:. From 1908, Grand Duchess
2706:Prussian District Ordinance
2582:of 1877 (consisting of the
2254:Karl August von Stockhausen
2157:Schleswig–Holstein question
2031:German National Association
2025:German National Association
1922:The Dalwigk Era (1850–1866)
1462:Carl Ludwig Wilhelm Grolman
1321:William I, Elector of Hesse
1076:, was located inside Baden;
10:
10886:
9267:Confederation of the Rhine
9194:Werner, Ferdinand (2012).
9064:. Sigmaringen: Thorbecke.
9018:. Berlin: Wilhelm Baensch.
9014:von Mayer, Arthur (1891).
8740:, Darmstadt 1819, pp. 6 f.
7736:Franz, Fleck, Kallenberg:
6469:Franz, Fleck, Kallenberg,
6129:Ruppel & MĂĽller, p. 7.
6082:Hessisches Regierungsblatt
5407:
5242:
4892:
4083:Dresden Coinage Convention
4081:coins. As a result of the
3965:
3871:
3789:
3407:Protestant Church in Hesse
3224:16 June 1848 in Darmstadt
2449:on 18 January 1871 in the
2429:
2366:North German Confederation
2284:Treaty of 3 September 1866
2189:
2171:Austro-Prussian War (1866)
1877:
1803:
1662:
1292:, as compensation for the
1171:Confederation of the Rhine
1108:
637:. Westphalia was taken by
627:Confederation of the Rhine
186:North German Confederation
169:Confederation of the Rhine
31:
10783:
10767:
10739:
10726:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
10685:
10639:
10596:
10585:
10485:
10416:
10403:Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
10362:
10319:
10281:
10270:
10251:
10199:
10168:
10141:
10108:
10034:
10001:
9994:
9932:
9887:
9851:
9844:
9798:
9782:
9746:
9735:
9721:
9657:
9551:
9498:
9450:
9441:
9411:
9385:
9369:
9362:
9351:
9333:
9312:
9286:
9274:
9168:. Darmstadt: C. W. Leske.
6872:; Accessed 15 March 2021.
5767:" of 13 August 1806, in:
5430:Sprudelhof in Bad Nauheim
5140:Various private railways
4915:in Darmstadt (1875–1912).
4530:Verlag Philipp von Zabern
4290:stairs in the library of
4225:100 pounds = 1
3885:Jewish community of Worms
3370:The Landstände (national
3248:9 June 1806 in Darmstadt
3185:Louise of Hesse-Darmstadt
3027:Darmstadt Artists' Colony
3004:Landesmuseum in Darmstadt
2781:, later president of the
2308:, which was south of the
2180:Prince Alexander of Hesse
1395:Karl Christian Eigenbrodt
1382:Landständische Verfassung
991:The Bavarian province of
488:
484:
474:
464:
453:
449:
442:
434:
426:
418:
409:
404:
400:
387:
377:
373:
352:
342:
338:
326:
316:• 1821–1829 (first)
314:
310:
300:
296:
284:
274:• 1806–1830 (first)
272:
268:
258:
246:
225:
215:
205:
160:
148:
133:
113:
102:
68:
63:
41:
10533:Lauenburg and BĂĽtow Land
9186:Digitised by Hathi Trust
9097:Schmahl, Helmut (2000).
8256:Das hessische MĂĽnzwesen.
6684:of 6 September 1856, in
6560:of 22 September 1848 in
6266:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
6235:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
6020:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
5793:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
5780:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
5750:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
5681:Franz/Fleck/Kallenberg:
5576:
5448:Arts and Crafts Movement
4937:first railway in Germany
3985:
3553:First-order subdivisions
3522:administrative divisions
3518:County of Katzenelnbogen
2775:Province of Hesse-Nassau
2715:of 1872. The districts (
2383:and caused the Prussian
2222:lieutenant field marshal
2220:general and an Austrian
2184:lieutenant field marshal
2104:Maximilian II of Bavaria
1103:Province of Hesse-Nassau
937:Upper Hesse (capital at
843:, where there were also
328:• 1906–1918 (last)
286:• 1892–1918 (last)
27:German state (1806–1918)
18:The Grand Duchy of Hesse
9079:Reus, Heribert (1984).
7893:of 17 December 1820 in
7060:of 23 December 1871 in
6907:Schmidt, p. 46, n. 152.
6596:of 3 September 1849 in
6099:of 1 December 1817, in
6048:Die Geschichte Hessens.
5566:List of rulers of Hesse
5542:GroĂź Gerau station
5454:. He had the architect
5338:and the restoration of
5266:(1784–1852), a leading
5209:Friedberg–Hanau railway
5198:Hanau-Frankfurt Railway
5167:Prussian state railways
5013:Prussian state railways
4982:with Frankfurt and the
4345:Bank fĂĽr SĂĽddeutschland
4103:Bank fĂĽr SĂĽddeutschland
4037:Bank fĂĽr SĂĽddeutschland
3839:Archdiocese of Freiburg
3759:of 1835. Henceforth, a
3642:ritterschaftlichen Adel
3539:BĂĽrgerliches Gesetzbuch
3503:The Ministry of Finance
3122:constitutional monarchy
3081:People's State of Hesse
2958:Hessisches Landesmuseum
2891:, which raised 100,000
2783:People's State of Hesse
2639:Prussian state railways
2599:Criminal procedure code
2537:The integration of the
2504:on a locomotive of the
1989:Zollverein crisis, 1852
1914:and the upper house by
1209:Developments after 1806
688:People's State of Hesse
598:). It assumed the name
544:People's State of Hesse
253:Constitutional Monarchy
108:God, Honour, Fatherland
10805:
10796:
10791:German colonial empire
10721:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
10398:Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
8995:Lange, Thomas (1993).
8910:. Darmstadt: Jonghaus.
6865:Wachter, Friedrich von
6666:of 7 October 1850 in
6578:of 28 October 1848 in
5921:, 9 June 1815, p. 96 (
5517:
5431:
5423:
5371:
5306:Luisenplatz, Darmstadt
5260:
5049:Hessian Ludwig Railway
4997:Hessian Ludwig Railway
4932:
4925:Hessian Ludwig Railway
4916:
4913:Hessian Ludwig Railway
4895:Hessian Ludwig Railway
4863:
4763:During the 1890s, the
4730:
4462:Bank for South Germany
4356:
4348:
4332:
4313:
4214:32 loth = 1
4058:, the noble houses of
4047:
4024:
3976:commercial concessions
3939:
3907:
3888:
3787:
3570:
3367:
3108:
3022:
2969:
2961:
2802:
2688:on several occasions.
2676:Louis IV's successor,
2521:
2509:
2467:Friedrich von Lindelof
2346:
2295:Alexander II of Russia
2187:
2167:on the Austrian side.
2095:
2079:Dynastic reorientation
2013:representative in the
1941:
1822:
1698:
1680:
1372:
1340:
1232:into the grand duchy.
1178:
1134:
1126:
1067:Kingdom of WĂĽrttemberg
988:with Baden until 1905;
959:Province of Westphalia
943:Free City of Frankfurt
814:Free City of Frankfurt
711:
703:
664:Reinhard von Dalwigick
595:
575:
119:
47:
9134:German Studies Review
9121:Schmidt, Arthur Benno
7232:of 6 January 1874 in
7138:of 22 August 1874 in
6728:of 2 October 1850 in
6549:of 24 August 1848 in
6538:of 20 August 1848 in
6301:Carl Joseph von Wrede
6157:Ruppel/MĂĽller, p. 10.
6144:of 27 March 1820, in
6068:28 March 2022 at the
5633:Ludwig III of Bavaria
5614:Landgericht Schönberg
5507:
5458:design a workshop at
5429:
5417:
5360:
5255:
5011:(a subsidiary of the
4922:
4910:
4850:
4737:in 1807. Until 1867,
4725:
4354:
4338:
4319:
4286:
4030:
4019:
3925:statutory reservation
3897:Main Synagogue, Mainz
3894:
3879:
3785:
3560:
3434:three-class franchise
3418:University of Giessen
3351:
3283:12 September 1837 in
3098:
3016:
2967:
2956:
2851:in 1905, both in the
2800:
2766:University of Giessen
2758:demographic structure
2573:Imperial Justice Code
2515:
2499:
2334:
2258:Friedrich von Wachter
2178:
2086:
1929:
1813:
1686:
1672:
1359:
1313:Kingdom of Westphalia
1187:Electorate of Cologne
1179:GroĂźherzog Ludewig I.
1132:
1121:
858:University of Giessen
709:
701:
641:, but Hesse received
216:Common languages
106:Gott, Ehre, Vaterland
10865:Former grand duchies
10830:Grand Duchy of Hesse
10768:Imperial Territories
10621:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
10616:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
10537:Starostwo of Draheim
10301:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
10296:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
9826:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
9821:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
9538:Mecklenburg-Strelitz
9533:Mecklenburg-Schwerin
9182:Statistik des Ganzen
9101:. Frankfurt am Main.
9038:. pp. 335–371.
9028:Speitkamp, Winifried
8968:. Marburg 1960–1978.
8751:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8701:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8657:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8635:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8561:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8518:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8505:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8470:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8457:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8227:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8196:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8183:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8128:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8115:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8068:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8041:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8028:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
8008:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7981:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7965:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7950:30 June 2020 at the
7738:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7552:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7539:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7508:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7483:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7458:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7420:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7373:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7318:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7289:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7273:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7260:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7247:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7180:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7119:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7106:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7075:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7025:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
7005:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6992:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6979:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6963:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6896:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6883:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6852:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6832:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6816:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6798:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6785:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6772:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6759:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6746:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6712:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6699:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6650:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6484:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6471:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6428:of 5 March 1848, in
6412:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6399:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6386:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6373:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6360:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6347:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6331:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6318:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6305:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6286:30 June 2020 at the
6268:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6253:of 11 July 1821, in
6237:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6208:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6193:of 30 June 1821, in
6168:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6035:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6022:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
6009:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5963:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5853:Recht und Verfassung
5795:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5782:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5752:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5683:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5592:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
5523:compound place names
5456:Joseph Maria Olbrich
4949:Mainz-Kastel station
4911:Main station of the
4739:Thurn-und-Taxis Post
4728:Thurn-und-Taxis Post
4292:Herrnsheimer Schloss
4131:Weights and measures
3621:Imperial German Army
3356:(1888), seat of the
3107:) of the Grand Dukes
3050:Imperial German Army
2811:Florence Nightingale
2684:, the leader of the
2610:Bankruptcy ordinance
2595:Civil procedure code
2455:Palace of Versailles
2252:The Hessian General
2243:Battle of Frohnhofen
2234:Battle of Königgrätz
2051:Carl Johann Hoffmann
1995:German Confederation
1946:Reinhard von Dalwigk
1931:Reinhard von Dalwigk
1884:Frankfurt Parliament
1626:Abolition of serfdom
1574:Civic administration
1279:German Confederation
1263:Grand Duchy of Baden
1159:Battle of Austerlitz
1058:were inside Waldeck;
976:Grand Duchy of Baden
771:Grand Duchy of Baden
754:. In the south, the
728:Rhineland-Palatinate
635:German Confederation
596:GroĂźherzogtum Hessen
592:Grand Duchy of Hesse
179:German Confederation
10731:Waldeck and Pyrmont
10408:Waldeck and Pyrmont
10026:Waldeck and Pyrmont
9175:Provinz Starkenburg
8947:. Marburg: Elwert.
8254:Niklot KlĂĽĂźendorf,
7214:of 15 June 1874 in
7196:of 13 June 1874 in
7174:of 11 June 1874 in
7041:of 13 June 1871 in
6870:Hessische Biografie
6634:Hessische Biografie
6520:of 31 July 1848 in
6501:of 31 July 1848 in
6446:of 6 March 1848 in
5550:HohensĂĽlzen station
5512:" and stating that
5394:World Heritage Site
5376:heritage protection
5353:Heritage management
5336:Staatstheater Mainz
5096:Main-Neckar Railway
4984:Electorate of Hesse
4967:Main-Neckar Railway
4956:Main-Neckar Railway
4509:(Erdal shoe polish)
4502:Electorate of Mainz
4343:bank note from the
4087:North German thaler
4035:bank note from the
4000:with Prussia. This
3952:Ferdinand Eberstadt
3912:Jewish emancipation
3716:Protestant churches
3623:on 1 January 1872.
3440:Legislative process
3220:Wilhelmine of Baden
3065:November Revolution
3034:World Heritage Site
2787:Anti-Socialist Laws
2560:Imperial Penal Code
2438:Franco-Prussian War
2405:of Prussia came to
2241:. In the following
2192:Austro-Prussian War
2165:Austro-Prussian War
2102:, a sister of King
1864:Heinrich von Gagern
1815:Heinrich von Gagern
1789:The Hessian Courier
1676:The Hessian Courier
1609:Ernst Emil Hoffmann
1601:Souveränitätslanden
1552:Souveränitätslanden
1537:Souveränitätslanden
1447:Peter Joseph Floret
1317:Electorate of Hesse
1294:Duchy of Westphalia
1153:protection against
1149:, initially sought
1003:Biedenkopf district
919:Political geography
818:Electorate of Hesse
680:November Revolution
668:Austro-Prussian War
631:Duchy of Westphalia
604:Electorate of Hesse
600:Hesse und bei Rhein
379:• Established
10555:Schleswig-Holstein
8929:Heinemeyer, Walter
8808:Ernst-Rainer Hönes
8792:Winfried Speitkamp
8768:Winfried Speitkamp
8097:Ad Dominici Gregis
7967:, pp. 767, 801 ff.
7440:of 5 July 1887 in
7360:Arbeitersiedlungen
7347:Arbeitersiedlungen
7334:Arbeitersiedlungen
7302:Arbeitersiedlungen
7091:of 14 May 1879 in
7038:Militär-Convention
5518:
5514:Hessisch-Bös-Gesäß
5510:Preußisch-Bösgesäß
5432:
5424:
5372:
5340:Schloss Biedenkopf
5276:St Ludwig's Church
5261:
5184:Main-Weser Railway
4980:Main-Weser Railway
4960:Main-Weser Railway
4933:
4917:
4867:Mainz, called the
4864:
4786:StaatskunststraĂźen
4731:
4507:Werner & Mertz
4357:
4355:Opel-Werbung, 1911
4349:
4333:
4314:
4147:Christian Eckhardt
4048:
4025:
3908:
3889:
3807:Kingdom of Bavaria
3803:Congress of Vienna
3788:
3649:imperial immediacy
3608:Regierungsbezirken
3571:
3484:Minister-President
3468:Gesamt-Ministerium
3464:Staats-Ministerium
3368:
3352:The Ständehaus in
3332:SchloĂź Wolfsgarten
3330:9 October 1937 in
3109:
3023:
2970:
2962:
2900:building societies
2803:
2737:Also in 1874, the
2522:
2510:
2392:Eduard von Grolman
2347:
2188:
2161:Gastein Convention
2098:The Grand Duchess
2096:
2073:Federal Convention
2015:Federal Convention
1942:
1823:
1699:
1681:
1563:judicial districts
1434:Heinrich Karl Jaup
1421:Ludwig Minnigerode
1373:
1275:Congress of Vienna
1223:Schiffenberg Abbey
1135:
1127:
1114:1806 establishment
984:was governed as a
969:Kingdom of Bavaria
932:Congress of Vienna
837:Hessian Hinterland
769:extended into the
748:Hessian Hinterland
712:
704:
302:Minister-President
10817:
10816:
10444:
10443:
10388:
10380:
10210:
10209:
10164:
10163:
10090:
10077:
9990:
9989:
9934:Ernestine duchies
9680:
9679:
9653:
9652:
9437:
9436:
9349:
9348:
9205:978-3-88462-330-5
9045:978-3-942225-01-4
9006:978-3-927127-12-8
8916:Franz, Eckhart G.
8646:Hoffmann, p. 154.
8530:Reinhard Dietrich
7878:Cosack, pp. 15 f.
6946:Art. XIV, Abs. 2
6453:Dienstnachrichten
5468:Hans Christiansen
5438:, especially the
5389:, which is now a
5237:
5236:
4765:telephone network
4607:Offenbach am Main
4412:Griesheim Airport
4383:industrialisation
3960:Samson Rothschild
3847:Joseph Vitus Burg
3833:, which became a
3819:Provida solersque
3638:mediatised houses
3488:Ministerpräsident
3341:
3340:
3085:Volksstaat Hessen
2960:, Darmstadt, 1906
2695:Political reforms
2520:and his children.
2345:of Prussia, 1868.
2249:on 24 July 1866.
2229:Duchy of Holstein
2019:Otto von Bismarck
1972:Internal politics
1750:summary execution
1307:The neighbouring
1290:Fortress of Mainz
1195:mediatised houses
1167:Holy Roman Empire
1155:Napoleonic France
995:to the southwest;
909:Offenbach am Main
648:mediatised houses
619:Holy Roman Empire
564:
563:
560:
559:
556:
555:
536:
535:
531:Holy Roman Empire
391:German Revolution
16:(Redirected from
10877:
10870:Former countries
10810:
10801:
10716:Schaumburg-Lippe
10711:
10703:
10673:
10591:
10570:
10540:
10471:
10464:
10457:
10448:
10447:
10393:Schaumburg-Lippe
10386:
10378:
10276:
10237:
10230:
10223:
10214:
10213:
10134:
10133:
10124:
10123:
10101:
10100:
10088:
10083:
10082:
10075:
10070:
10069:
10060:
10059:
10054:Reuss-Lobenstein
10050:
10049:
10021:Schaumburg-Lippe
9999:
9998:
9978:
9970:
9962:
9954:
9946:
9925:
9917:
9909:
9901:
9889:Anhalt (Ascania)
9870:
9849:
9848:
9741:
9707:
9700:
9693:
9684:
9683:
9623:Schaumburg-Lippe
9448:
9447:
9367:
9366:
9357:
9284:
9283:
9259:
9252:
9245:
9236:
9235:
9209:
9169:
9157:
9128:
9116:
9110:
9102:
9093:
9084:
9075:
9049:
9019:
9010:
8991:
8985:
8977:
8958:
8923:
8911:
8902:
8896:
8888:
8876:
8850:
8843:
8837:
8830:
8824:
8821:
8815:
8805:
8799:
8789:
8783:
8760:
8754:
8747:
8741:
8728:
8722:
8719:
8713:
8712:Mayer, pp. 60 f.
8710:
8704:
8697:
8691:
8684:
8678:
8666:
8660:
8653:
8647:
8644:
8638:
8631:
8620:
8608:
8602:
8590:
8584:
8570:
8564:
8557:
8551:
8549:
8538:
8527:
8521:
8514:
8508:
8501:
8495:
8479:
8473:
8466:
8460:
8453:
8436:
8429:
8423:
8413:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8387:
8381:
8374:
8368:
8358:
8352:
8342:
8336:
8326:
8320:
8310:
8301:
8294:
8288:
8278:
8272:
8265:
8259:
8252:
8246:
8236:
8230:
8223:
8217:
8205:
8199:
8192:
8186:
8179:
8173:
8170:
8164:
8154:
8148:
8137:
8131:
8124:
8118:
8111:
8105:
8092:
8086:
8079:Vincenzo Nussi,
8077:
8071:
8064:
8053:
8050:
8044:
8037:
8031:
8024:
8011:
8004:
7998:
7990:
7984:
7977:
7968:
7961:
7955:
7941:
7935:
7923:
7917:
7914:
7908:
7885:
7879:
7876:
7870:
7838:
7832:
7820:
7814:
7811:
7805:
7792:
7786:
7783:
7777:
7765:
7759:
7747:
7741:
7734:
7728:
7725:
7719:
7716:
7710:
7697:
7691:
7679:
7673:
7661:
7652:
7639:
7630:
7625:
7619:
7614:
7608:
7602:
7596:
7590:
7584:
7577:
7571:
7561:
7555:
7548:
7542:
7535:
7526:
7517:
7511:
7504:
7498:
7495:
7486:
7479:
7473:
7382:
7376:
7369:
7363:
7356:
7350:
7343:
7337:
7327:
7321:
7311:
7305:
7298:
7292:
7285:
7276:
7269:
7263:
7256:
7250:
7243:
7237:
7225:
7219:
7207:
7201:
7189:
7183:
7167:
7161:
7149:
7143:
7131:
7122:
7115:
7109:
7102:
7096:
7084:
7078:
7071:
7065:
7052:
7046:
7034:
7028:
7021:
7008:
7001:
6995:
6988:
6982:
6975:
6966:
6959:
6953:
6944:
6938:
6929:
6923:
6914:
6908:
6905:
6899:
6892:
6886:
6879:
6873:
6861:
6855:
6841:
6835:
6828:
6819:
6812:
6801:
6794:
6788:
6781:
6775:
6768:
6762:
6755:
6749:
6742:
6733:
6721:
6715:
6708:
6702:
6695:
6689:
6677:
6671:
6659:
6653:
6646:
6637:
6625:
6619:
6607:
6601:
6589:
6583:
6571:
6565:
6531:
6525:
6512:
6506:
6493:
6487:
6480:
6474:
6467:
6461:
6439:
6433:
6421:
6415:
6408:
6402:
6395:
6389:
6382:
6376:
6369:
6363:
6356:
6350:
6343:
6334:
6327:
6321:
6314:
6308:
6297:
6291:
6277:
6271:
6264:
6258:
6246:
6240:
6233:
6227:
6217:
6211:
6204:
6198:
6186:
6180:
6177:
6171:
6164:
6158:
6155:
6149:
6136:
6130:
6127:
6121:
6120:
6110:
6104:
6091:
6085:
6084:1820, p. 535 ff.
6057:
6051:
6044:
6038:
6031:
6025:
6018:
6012:
6005:
5999:
5985:
5979:
5972:
5966:
5959:
5953:
5952:Hoffmann, S. 31.
5950:
5944:
5941:
5935:
5932:
5926:
5915:
5909:
5906:
5900:
5893:
5887:
5884:
5878:
5875:
5869:
5862:
5856:
5849:
5843:
5837:
5831:
5821:
5815:
5804:
5798:
5791:
5785:
5778:
5772:
5761:
5755:
5748:
5742:
5741:, pp. 54 f.
5736:
5730:
5724:
5718:
5712:
5706:
5701:
5695:
5692:
5686:
5679:
5662:
5659:
5653:
5650:
5644:
5637:Anif declaration
5630:
5624:
5622:
5610:
5604:
5601:
5595:
5587:
5539:
5495:
5480:
5348:
5329:
5318:
5303:
5295:National Theatre
5284:
5206:
5025:
5024:
4862:
4859:
4811:
4690:
4677:
4638:
4600:
4579:
4571:Prefere Paraform
4554:
4538:
4521:
4471:, which printed
4470:
4457:
4428:
4396:Great Exhibition
4380:
4369:
4330:
4312:at Mainz in 1842
4311:
4300:
4155:
4127:"H" until 1882.
4111:
4097:were created in
4056:Diocese of Fulda
4045:
3954:became mayor of
3942:
3933:
3905:
3895:Interior of the
3831:Diocese of Mainz
3827:
3772:summus episcopus
3769:
3758:
3451:substantive laws
3415:
3392:
3366:
3315:
3280:
3256:13 June 1877 in
3245:
3213:
3189:6 April 1830 in
3178:14 June 1753 in
3175:
3168:
3135:
3134:
2944:
2919:worker's village
2916:
2887:to organise the
2823:
2756:and because the
2714:
2618:
2607:
2592:
2584:Jurisdiction Act
2581:
2568:
2547:
2539:Hessian military
2486:
2478:Karl von Hofmann
2475:
2400:
2385:Adjutant general
2307:
2292:
2266:
2214:Prince Alexander
2094:in December 1860
2070:
2059:
2048:
1954:
1939:
1891:Regierungsbezirk
1872:private property
1840:
1819:Eduard von Heuss
1792:, a pamphlet by
1777:
1703:Karlsbad Decrees
1696:
1648:economic freedom
1638:Economic reforms
1617:
1549:
1530:
1519:
1485:
1455:
1442:
1429:
1416:
1403:
1370:
1249:
1231:
1157:, but after the
1089:
1045:
1026:
1018:Wetzler district
1011:
791:
768:
760:Wimpfen district
660:1848 revolutions
552:
551:
540:
539:
527:
526:
513:
512:
506:
505:
490:
489:
153:
138:
128:
124:
90:
76:
58:
50:
39:
38:
21:
10885:
10884:
10880:
10879:
10878:
10876:
10875:
10874:
10820:
10819:
10818:
10813:
10779:
10775:Alsace–Lorraine
10763:
10735:
10709:
10701:
10681:
10671:
10635:
10631:Weimar-Eisenach
10611:Hesse-Darmstadt
10592:
10583:
10535:and the former
10531:(including the
10530:
10501:
10481:
10475:
10445:
10440:
10412:
10358:
10315:
10311:Weimar-Eisenach
10291:Hesse-Darmstadt
10277:
10268:
10247:
10241:
10211:
10206:
10195:
10160:
10137:
10131:
10130:
10121:
10120:
10104:
10098:
10097:
10080:
10079:
10067:
10066:
10057:
10056:
10047:
10046:
10044:Reuss-Ebersdorf
10030:
9986:
9976:
9968:
9966:Gotha-Altenburg
9960:
9952:
9950:Coburg-Saalfeld
9944:
9928:
9923:
9915:
9907:
9899:
9883:
9868:
9840:
9836:Weimar-Eisenach
9811:Hesse-Darmstadt
9794:
9778:
9742:
9733:
9717:
9711:
9681:
9676:
9649:
9547:
9494:
9490:Weimar-Eisenach
9465:Gotha-Altenburg
9460:Coburg-Saalfeld
9443:
9433:
9407:
9381:
9358:
9345:
9329:
9308:
9276:
9270:
9263:
9216:
9206:
9146:10.2307/1429433
9104:
9103:
9072:
9054:Reuling, Ulrich
9046:
9007:
8979:
8978:
8955:
8933:Berding, Helmut
8890:
8889:
8863:Brand, Ulrich.
8859:
8854:
8853:
8844:
8840:
8831:
8827:
8822:
8818:
8806:
8802:
8790:
8786:
8761:
8757:
8748:
8744:
8729:
8725:
8720:
8716:
8711:
8707:
8698:
8694:
8685:
8681:
8667:
8663:
8654:
8650:
8645:
8641:
8632:
8623:
8609:
8605:
8591:
8587:
8571:
8567:
8558:
8554:
8543:
8532:
8528:
8524:
8515:
8511:
8502:
8498:
8480:
8476:
8467:
8463:
8454:
8439:
8430:
8426:
8414:
8410:
8401:
8397:
8388:
8384:
8375:
8371:
8359:
8355:
8343:
8339:
8327:
8323:
8311:
8304:
8295:
8291:
8279:
8275:
8266:
8262:
8253:
8249:
8237:
8233:
8224:
8220:
8206:
8202:
8193:
8189:
8180:
8176:
8172:Cosack, p. 143.
8171:
8167:
8155:
8151:
8138:
8134:
8125:
8121:
8112:
8108:
8093:
8089:
8078:
8074:
8065:
8056:
8052:Cosack, p. 142.
8051:
8047:
8038:
8034:
8025:
8014:
8005:
8001:
7991:
7987:
7978:
7971:
7962:
7958:
7952:Wayback Machine
7942:
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7808:
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7744:
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7731:
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7722:
7717:
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7698:
7694:
7680:
7676:
7662:
7655:
7640:
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7626:
7622:
7615:
7611:
7603:
7599:
7591:
7587:
7578:
7574:
7562:
7558:
7549:
7545:
7536:
7529:
7518:
7514:
7505:
7501:
7497:Cosack, p. 137.
7496:
7489:
7480:
7476:
7461:
7445:
7423:
7407:
7395:
7383:
7379:
7370:
7366:
7357:
7353:
7344:
7340:
7328:
7324:
7312:
7308:
7299:
7295:
7286:
7279:
7270:
7266:
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7240:
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7222:
7208:
7204:
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7186:
7168:
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7132:
7125:
7116:
7112:
7103:
7099:
7085:
7081:
7072:
7068:
7053:
7049:
7035:
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7022:
7011:
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6998:
6989:
6985:
6976:
6969:
6960:
6956:
6945:
6941:
6930:
6926:
6915:
6911:
6906:
6902:
6893:
6889:
6880:
6876:
6862:
6858:
6848:Wormser Zeitung
6842:
6838:
6829:
6822:
6813:
6804:
6795:
6791:
6782:
6778:
6769:
6765:
6756:
6752:
6743:
6736:
6722:
6718:
6709:
6705:
6696:
6692:
6678:
6674:
6660:
6656:
6647:
6640:
6626:
6622:
6608:
6604:
6590:
6586:
6572:
6568:
6554:
6543:
6532:
6528:
6513:
6509:
6494:
6490:
6481:
6477:
6468:
6464:
6440:
6436:
6422:
6418:
6409:
6405:
6396:
6392:
6383:
6379:
6370:
6366:
6357:
6353:
6344:
6337:
6328:
6324:
6315:
6311:
6298:
6294:
6288:Wayback Machine
6278:
6274:
6265:
6261:
6247:
6243:
6234:
6230:
6218:
6214:
6205:
6201:
6187:
6183:
6178:
6174:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6137:
6133:
6128:
6124:
6111:
6107:
6092:
6088:
6070:Wayback Machine
6058:
6054:
6045:
6041:
6032:
6028:
6019:
6015:
6006:
6002:
5986:
5982:
5973:
5969:
5960:
5956:
5951:
5947:
5943:Schmidt, p. 44.
5942:
5938:
5934:Schmidt, p. 39.
5933:
5929:
5916:
5912:
5908:Schmidt, p. 38.
5907:
5903:
5894:
5890:
5886:Schmidt, p. 33.
5885:
5881:
5877:Schmidt, S. 30.
5876:
5872:
5863:
5859:
5850:
5846:
5838:
5834:
5822:
5818:
5805:
5801:
5792:
5788:
5779:
5775:
5762:
5758:
5749:
5745:
5737:
5733:
5725:
5721:
5713:
5709:
5702:
5698:
5693:
5689:
5680:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5665:
5660:
5656:
5651:
5647:
5631:
5627:
5616:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5598:
5588:
5584:
5579:
5562:
5533:
5502:
5489:
5474:
5452:Artists' Colony
5412:
5406:
5385:(gatehouse) at
5367:(gatehouse) at
5355:
5342:
5323:
5308:
5297:
5278:
5250:
5245:
5200:
5196:
5191:
5066:Private railway
5028:Railway company
4905:
4893:Main articles:
4891:
4882:Stadt Frankfurt
4860:
4845:
4805:
4773:
4771:Street vehicles
4720:
4715:
4707:street lighting
4684:
4671:
4658:sewing machines
4632:
4594:
4573:
4548:
4532:
4515:
4464:
4451:
4422:
4374:
4370:. In 1842, the
4363:
4324:
4305:
4294:
4281:
4186:units of volume
4149:
4133:
4105:
4039:
4014:
3988:
3968:
3927:
3899:
3874:
3837:diocese of the
3821:
3809:sealed its own
3794:
3780:
3763:
3752:
3742:National Church
3712:
3707:
3670:
3634:
3629:
3616:
3555:
3513:
3459:
3442:
3429:
3409:
3399:
3386:
3360:
3346:
3324:
3307:
3272:
3237:
3205:
3166:
3165:
3163:
3114:
3101:Residenzschloss
3093:
3048:as part of the
3042:
2951:
2949:Cultural policy
2938:
2910:
2895:for the cause.
2817:
2795:
2742:national church
2708:
2697:
2671:First World War
2612:
2601:
2586:
2575:
2562:
2541:
2494:
2480:
2469:
2451:Hall of Mirrors
2434:
2428:
2423:
2411:Luther Monument
2394:
2388:Adolf von Bonin
2329:
2321:war indemnities
2301:
2286:
2273:
2260:
2194:
2173:
2148:
2081:
2064:
2053:
2042:
2027:
1991:
1974:
1948:
1933:
1924:
1916:census suffrage
1880:
1834:
1828:
1808:
1802:
1771:
1758:Södel Bloodbath
1714:July Revolution
1690:
1667:
1665:July Revolution
1661:
1640:
1628:
1611:
1576:
1543:
1541:Landratsbezirke
1524:
1513:
1511:Landratsbezirke
1495:
1479:
1477:Ludwigsmonument
1449:
1436:
1423:
1410:
1397:
1364:
1362:Ludwigsmonument
1354:
1349:
1271:
1243:
1237:Napoleonic Code
1225:
1217:, amalgamating
1211:
1169:and joined the
1147:Hesse-Darmstadt
1145:, Landgrave of
1139:Napoleonic Wars
1116:
1111:
1083:
1061:The exclave of
1039:
1035:The exclave of
1020:
1005:
921:
810:Duchy of Nassau
785:
779:
762:
696:
612:Hesse-Darmstadt
590:in 1806 as the
549:
524:
510:
477:
467:
457:
456:
411:
396:9 November 1918
393:
380:
369:
360:Napoleonic Wars
333:Christian Ewald
329:
317:
287:
275:
242:
201:
156:
144:
129:
127:"Song of Hesse"
126:
125:
109:
98:
97:
96:
91:
83:
82:
77:
59:
52:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
10883:
10873:
10872:
10867:
10862:
10857:
10852:
10847:
10842:
10837:
10832:
10815:
10814:
10812:
10811:
10802:
10793:
10787:
10785:
10781:
10780:
10778:
10777:
10771:
10769:
10765:
10764:
10762:
10761:
10756:
10751:
10745:
10743:
10737:
10736:
10734:
10733:
10728:
10723:
10718:
10713:
10705:
10697:
10691:
10689:
10687:Principalities
10683:
10682:
10680:
10679:
10674:
10666:
10661:
10656:
10651:
10645:
10643:
10637:
10636:
10634:
10633:
10628:
10623:
10618:
10613:
10608:
10602:
10600:
10594:
10593:
10586:
10584:
10582:
10581:
10576:
10571:
10495:
10489:
10487:
10483:
10482:
10474:
10473:
10466:
10459:
10451:
10442:
10441:
10439:
10438:
10433:
10428:
10422:
10420:
10414:
10413:
10411:
10410:
10405:
10400:
10395:
10390:
10382:
10374:
10368:
10366:
10364:Principalities
10360:
10359:
10357:
10356:
10351:
10346:
10341:
10336:
10331:
10325:
10323:
10317:
10316:
10314:
10313:
10308:
10303:
10298:
10293:
10287:
10285:
10279:
10278:
10271:
10269:
10267:
10266:
10261:
10255:
10253:
10249:
10248:
10240:
10239:
10232:
10225:
10217:
10208:
10207:
10205:
10204:
10200:
10197:
10196:
10194:
10193:
10188:
10183:
10178:
10172:
10170:
10166:
10165:
10162:
10161:
10159:
10158:
10153:
10147:
10145:
10139:
10138:
10136:
10135:
10125:
10114:
10112:
10106:
10105:
10103:
10102:
10092:
10084:
10071:
10061:
10051:
10040:
10038:
10032:
10031:
10029:
10028:
10023:
10018:
10013:
10008:
10002:
9996:
9995:Principalities
9992:
9991:
9988:
9987:
9985:
9984:
9979:
9974:Hildburghausen
9971:
9963:
9955:
9947:
9938:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9927:
9926:
9918:
9910:
9902:
9893:
9891:
9885:
9884:
9882:
9881:
9876:
9871:
9863:
9858:
9852:
9846:
9842:
9841:
9839:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9808:
9802:
9800:
9796:
9795:
9793:
9792:
9786:
9784:
9780:
9779:
9777:
9776:
9771:
9766:
9761:
9756:
9750:
9748:
9744:
9743:
9736:
9734:
9732:
9731:
9725:
9723:
9719:
9718:
9710:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9687:
9678:
9677:
9675:
9674:
9671:
9668:
9665:
9662:
9658:
9655:
9654:
9651:
9650:
9648:
9647:
9642:
9641:
9640:
9635:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9614:
9613:
9608:
9603:
9598:
9588:
9583:
9578:
9573:
9572:
9571:
9566:
9555:
9553:
9552:Principalities
9549:
9548:
9546:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9525:
9524:
9523:
9518:
9513:
9502:
9500:
9496:
9495:
9493:
9492:
9487:
9482:
9477:
9472:
9470:Hildburghausen
9467:
9462:
9456:
9454:
9445:
9439:
9438:
9435:
9434:
9432:
9431:
9426:
9421:
9415:
9413:
9412:Principalities
9409:
9408:
9406:
9405:
9400:
9395:
9389:
9387:
9383:
9382:
9380:
9379:
9373:
9371:
9364:
9363:States created
9360:
9359:
9352:
9350:
9347:
9346:
9344:
9343:
9337:
9335:
9331:
9330:
9328:
9327:
9322:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9306:
9301:
9296:
9290:
9288:
9281:
9272:
9271:
9265:States of the
9262:
9261:
9254:
9247:
9239:
9233:
9232:
9227:
9222:
9215:
9214:External links
9212:
9211:
9210:
9204:
9191:
9190:
9189:
9178:
9158:
9129:
9117:
9094:
9085:
9076:
9070:
9050:
9044:
9024:Polley, Rainer
9020:
9011:
9005:
8992:
8969:
8959:
8953:
8941:Philippi, Hans
8924:
8912:
8903:
8881:Cosack, Konrad
8877:
8858:
8855:
8852:
8851:
8838:
8825:
8816:
8800:
8784:
8755:
8742:
8723:
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8692:
8679:
8661:
8648:
8639:
8621:
8603:
8585:
8565:
8552:
8522:
8509:
8496:
8474:
8461:
8437:
8424:
8408:
8395:
8382:
8369:
8353:
8337:
8321:
8302:
8289:
8273:
8260:
8247:
8231:
8218:
8200:
8187:
8174:
8165:
8149:
8132:
8119:
8106:
8087:
8072:
8054:
8045:
8032:
8012:
7999:
7985:
7969:
7956:
7936:
7918:
7909:
7880:
7871:
7833:
7815:
7806:
7787:
7785:Cosack, p. 30.
7778:
7760:
7742:
7729:
7727:Cosack, p. 56.
7720:
7718:Cosack, p. 55.
7711:
7692:
7674:
7653:
7631:
7620:
7609:
7597:
7585:
7572:
7556:
7543:
7527:
7512:
7499:
7487:
7474:
7377:
7364:
7351:
7338:
7322:
7306:
7293:
7277:
7264:
7251:
7238:
7220:
7202:
7184:
7162:
7144:
7123:
7110:
7108:, pp. 866–869.
7097:
7079:
7066:
7047:
7029:
7009:
6996:
6983:
6967:
6954:
6939:
6924:
6909:
6900:
6887:
6874:
6856:
6836:
6820:
6802:
6789:
6776:
6763:
6750:
6734:
6716:
6703:
6690:
6672:
6654:
6638:
6620:
6602:
6584:
6566:
6526:
6507:
6488:
6475:
6462:
6434:
6416:
6403:
6390:
6377:
6364:
6351:
6335:
6322:
6309:
6292:
6272:
6259:
6241:
6228:
6226:. Leske, 1831.
6212:
6199:
6181:
6172:
6159:
6150:
6131:
6122:
6119:. p. 403.
6105:
6086:
6052:
6039:
6026:
6013:
6000:
5980:
5967:
5954:
5945:
5936:
5927:
5910:
5901:
5888:
5879:
5870:
5857:
5844:
5832:
5816:
5799:
5786:
5773:
5756:
5743:
5739:von Mayer 1891
5731:
5727:von Mayer 1891
5719:
5715:von Mayer 1891
5707:
5696:
5687:
5673:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5664:
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5605:
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5581:
5580:
5578:
5575:
5574:
5573:
5568:
5561:
5558:
5501:
5498:
5408:Main article:
5405:
5402:
5354:
5351:
5321:Rosenhöhe Park
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5229:
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5219:
5213:
5212:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5172:
5169:
5163:
5162:
5160:
5157:
5154:
5151:
5148:
5142:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5132:
5129:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5110:
5107:
5104:
5101:
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5044:
5041:
5040:Company closed
5038:
5035:
5032:
5029:
5023:
5022:
5020:
4993:
4992:
4986:
4977:
4945:Taunus Railway
4890:
4887:
4851:Rhine steamer
4844:
4843:Rhine shipping
4841:
4814:
4813:
4799:
4796:
4793:
4772:
4769:
4719:
4718:Communications
4716:
4714:
4711:
4700:
4699:
4698:
4697:
4691:
4679:
4663:
4662:
4661:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4630:Friedrich Koch
4621:
4618:synthetic dyes
4604:
4603:
4602:
4589:
4562:
4561:
4560:
4543:
4540:
4527:
4526:wine producer)
4510:
4485:
4484:
4479:
4478:
4477:
4476:
4459:
4449:Darmstadt Bank
4446:
4443:
4322:Darmstadt Bank
4280:
4277:
4265:
4264:
4261:
4258:
4244:
4243:
4242:
4241:
4240:= ½ Liter
4234:
4223:
4222:) = 500 g
4201:
4132:
4129:
4013:
4010:
3987:
3984:
3967:
3964:
3873:
3870:
3798:secularisation
3790:Main article:
3779:
3776:
3761:national synod
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3669:
3666:
3633:
3630:
3628:
3625:
3615:
3612:
3592:
3591:
3588:
3581:
3578:
3554:
3551:
3512:
3509:
3508:
3507:
3504:
3501:
3498:
3458:
3455:
3441:
3438:
3428:
3425:
3398:
3395:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3338:
3328:
3319:
3316:
3309:
3296:
3295:
3292:
3287:
3281:
3274:
3261:
3260:
3254:
3249:
3246:
3239:
3226:
3225:
3222:
3217:
3214:
3207:
3194:
3193:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3169:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3145:
3142:
3139:
3113:
3110:
3092:
3089:
3041:
3038:
2950:
2947:
2881:LZ 10 Schwaben
2864:George Donatus
2815:Alice Hospital
2794:
2791:
2770:
2769:
2749:
2735:
2732:municipalities
2728:
2702:
2696:
2693:
2651:Queen Victoria
2647:
2646:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2623:Civil Law Book
2620:
2570:
2553:
2518:Queen Victoria
2493:
2490:
2430:Main article:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2362:Mainz district
2358:Mainz-Kostheim
2328:
2325:
2272:
2269:
2190:Main article:
2172:
2169:
2147:
2144:
2140:British models
2116:Queen Victoria
2080:
2077:
2035:Lesser Germany
2026:
2023:
1990:
1987:
1973:
1970:
1923:
1920:
1912:equal suffrage
1879:
1876:
1851:Louis-Philippe
1830:In the 1840s,
1827:
1824:
1804:Main article:
1801:
1798:
1716:in 1830: when
1673:Title page of
1663:Main article:
1660:
1657:
1639:
1636:
1627:
1624:
1605:
1604:
1597:
1575:
1572:
1504:first instance
1494:
1491:
1458:
1457:
1444:
1431:
1418:
1405:
1392:
1353:
1350:
1348:
1345:
1270:
1267:
1215:Teutonic Order
1210:
1207:
1115:
1112:
1110:
1107:
1078:
1077:
1070:
1059:
1029:
1028:
999:
996:
989:
979:
972:
965:
962:
955:Rhine Province
947:
946:
935:
928:
920:
917:
866:
865:
826:
825:
778:
775:
695:
692:
656:liberalisation
562:
561:
558:
557:
554:
553:
546:
537:
534:
533:
528:
520:
519:
514:
502:
501:
496:
486:
485:
482:
481:
478:
475:
472:
471:
468:
465:
462:
461:
458:
454:
451:
450:
447:
446:
440:
439:
436:
432:
431:
428:
424:
423:
420:
416:
415:
412:
407:
406:
402:
401:
398:
397:
394:
388:
385:
384:
383:13 August 1806
381:
378:
375:
374:
371:
370:
368:
367:
362:
356:
354:
353:Historical era
350:
349:
344:
340:
339:
336:
335:
330:
327:
324:
323:
318:
315:
312:
311:
308:
307:
304:
298:
297:
294:
293:
288:
285:
282:
281:
276:
273:
270:
269:
266:
265:
262:
256:
255:
250:
244:
243:
241:
240:
235:
229:
227:
223:
222:
220:Hessian German
217:
213:
212:
207:
203:
202:
200:
199:
189:
188:(1867/70–1871)
182:
172:
164:
162:
158:
157:
154:
146:
145:
139:
131:
130:
111:
110:
107:
100:
99:
92:
85:
84:
78:
71:
70:
69:
66:
65:
61:
60:
45:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10882:
10871:
10868:
10866:
10863:
10861:
10858:
10856:
10853:
10851:
10848:
10846:
10843:
10841:
10838:
10836:
10833:
10831:
10828:
10827:
10825:
10809:
10808:
10803:
10800:
10799:
10794:
10792:
10789:
10788:
10786:
10782:
10776:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10766:
10760:
10757:
10755:
10752:
10750:
10747:
10746:
10744:
10742:
10738:
10732:
10729:
10727:
10724:
10722:
10719:
10717:
10714:
10712:
10706:
10704:
10702:(Junior Line)
10698:
10696:
10693:
10692:
10690:
10688:
10684:
10678:
10675:
10670:
10667:
10665:
10662:
10660:
10657:
10655:
10652:
10650:
10647:
10646:
10644:
10642:
10638:
10632:
10629:
10627:
10624:
10622:
10619:
10617:
10614:
10612:
10609:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10599:
10598:Grand Duchies
10595:
10590:
10580:
10577:
10575:
10572:
10568:
10564:
10560:
10556:
10552:
10548:
10544:
10538:
10534:
10529:
10525:
10521:
10517:
10513:
10509:
10505:
10499:
10496:
10494:
10491:
10490:
10488:
10484:
10479:
10472:
10467:
10465:
10460:
10458:
10453:
10452:
10449:
10437:
10434:
10432:
10429:
10427:
10424:
10423:
10421:
10419:
10415:
10409:
10406:
10404:
10401:
10399:
10396:
10394:
10391:
10389:
10383:
10381:
10379:(Junior Line)
10375:
10373:
10370:
10369:
10367:
10365:
10361:
10355:
10352:
10350:
10347:
10345:
10342:
10340:
10337:
10335:
10332:
10330:
10327:
10326:
10324:
10322:
10318:
10312:
10309:
10307:
10304:
10302:
10299:
10297:
10294:
10292:
10289:
10288:
10286:
10284:
10283:Grand Duchies
10280:
10275:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10256:
10254:
10250:
10245:
10238:
10233:
10231:
10226:
10224:
10219:
10218:
10215:
10202:
10201:
10198:
10192:
10189:
10187:
10184:
10182:
10179:
10177:
10174:
10173:
10171:
10167:
10157:
10156:Sondershausen
10154:
10152:
10149:
10148:
10146:
10144:
10140:
10129:
10126:
10119:
10116:
10115:
10113:
10111:
10107:
10096:
10095:Reuss-Schleiz
10093:
10091:
10085:
10078:
10076:(Junior Line)
10072:
10065:
10062:
10055:
10052:
10045:
10042:
10041:
10039:
10037:
10033:
10027:
10024:
10022:
10019:
10017:
10014:
10012:
10011:Liechtenstein
10009:
10007:
10006:Hesse-Homburg
10004:
10003:
10000:
9997:
9993:
9983:
9980:
9975:
9972:
9967:
9964:
9959:
9956:
9951:
9948:
9943:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9931:
9922:
9919:
9914:
9911:
9906:
9903:
9898:
9895:
9894:
9892:
9890:
9886:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9867:
9864:
9862:
9859:
9857:
9854:
9853:
9850:
9847:
9843:
9837:
9834:
9832:
9829:
9827:
9824:
9822:
9819:
9817:
9814:
9812:
9809:
9807:
9804:
9803:
9801:
9799:Grand duchies
9797:
9791:
9788:
9787:
9785:
9781:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9751:
9749:
9745:
9740:
9730:
9727:
9726:
9724:
9720:
9715:
9708:
9703:
9701:
9696:
9694:
9689:
9688:
9685:
9672:
9669:
9666:
9663:
9660:
9659:
9656:
9646:
9643:
9639:
9638:Sondershausen
9636:
9634:
9631:
9630:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9612:
9609:
9607:
9604:
9602:
9599:
9597:
9594:
9593:
9592:
9589:
9587:
9586:Lippe-Detmold
9584:
9582:
9581:Liechtenstein
9579:
9577:
9574:
9570:
9567:
9565:
9562:
9561:
9560:
9557:
9556:
9554:
9550:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9526:
9522:
9519:
9517:
9514:
9512:
9509:
9508:
9507:
9504:
9503:
9501:
9499:Other duchies
9497:
9491:
9488:
9486:
9483:
9481:
9478:
9476:
9473:
9471:
9468:
9466:
9463:
9461:
9458:
9457:
9455:
9453:
9452:Saxon duchies
9449:
9446:
9440:
9430:
9427:
9425:
9422:
9420:
9419:Aschaffenburg
9417:
9416:
9414:
9410:
9404:
9401:
9399:
9396:
9394:
9391:
9390:
9388:
9386:Grand Duchies
9384:
9378:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9368:
9365:
9361:
9356:
9342:
9339:
9338:
9336:
9332:
9326:
9323:
9321:
9318:
9317:
9315:
9313:Grand Duchies
9311:
9305:
9302:
9300:
9297:
9295:
9292:
9291:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9275:Rank elevated
9273:
9268:
9260:
9255:
9253:
9248:
9246:
9241:
9240:
9237:
9231:
9228:
9226:
9223:
9221:
9218:
9217:
9207:
9201:
9197:
9192:
9187:
9183:
9179:
9177:
9176:
9171:
9170:
9167:
9164:(1829–1831).
9163:
9159:
9155:
9151:
9147:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9130:
9126:
9122:
9118:
9114:
9108:
9100:
9095:
9091:
9086:
9082:
9077:
9073:
9071:3-921254-95-7
9067:
9063:
9059:
9058:Schwind, Fred
9055:
9051:
9047:
9041:
9037:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9012:
9008:
9002:
8998:
8993:
8989:
8983:
8975:
8970:
8967:
8963:
8960:
8956:
8954:3-7708-1238-7
8950:
8946:
8942:
8938:
8934:
8930:
8925:
8921:
8917:
8913:
8909:
8904:
8900:
8894:
8886:
8882:
8878:
8874:
8870:
8866:
8861:
8860:
8848:
8842:
8835:
8829:
8820:
8813:
8809:
8804:
8797:
8793:
8788:
8781:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8759:
8752:
8746:
8739:
8735:
8732:
8727:
8718:
8709:
8702:
8696:
8689:
8683:
8676:
8672:
8671:
8665:
8658:
8652:
8643:
8636:
8630:
8628:
8626:
8618:
8614:
8613:
8607:
8600:
8596:
8595:
8589:
8582:
8581:
8576:
8575:
8569:
8562:
8556:
8547:
8542:
8536:
8531:
8526:
8519:
8513:
8506:
8500:
8493:
8491:
8486:
8484:
8478:
8471:
8465:
8458:
8452:
8450:
8448:
8446:
8444:
8442:
8434:
8428:
8421:
8417:
8412:
8405:
8399:
8392:
8386:
8379:
8373:
8366:
8362:
8357:
8350:
8346:
8341:
8334:
8330:
8325:
8319:, pp. 18–20).
8318:
8314:
8309:
8307:
8299:
8293:
8286:
8282:
8277:
8270:
8264:
8257:
8251:
8244:
8240:
8235:
8228:
8222:
8215:
8211:
8210:
8204:
8197:
8191:
8184:
8178:
8169:
8162:
8158:
8153:
8146:
8142:
8136:
8129:
8123:
8116:
8110:
8103:
8099:
8098:
8091:
8084:
8083:
8076:
8069:
8063:
8061:
8059:
8049:
8042:
8036:
8029:
8023:
8021:
8019:
8017:
8009:
8003:
7996:
7995:
7989:
7982:
7976:
7974:
7966:
7960:
7953:
7949:
7946:
7940:
7933:
7929:
7928:
7922:
7916:Cosack, S. 2.
7913:
7906:
7902:
7901:
7896:
7892:
7891:
7884:
7875:
7868:
7864:
7863:
7858:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7844:
7843:
7837:
7830:
7826:
7825:
7819:
7810:
7803:
7799:
7798:
7791:
7782:
7775:
7771:
7770:
7764:
7757:
7753:
7752:
7746:
7739:
7733:
7724:
7715:
7708:
7704:
7703:
7699:Art. 2 No. 7
7696:
7689:
7685:
7684:
7678:
7671:
7667:
7666:
7660:
7658:
7650:
7646:
7645:
7638:
7636:
7629:
7624:
7618:
7613:
7606:
7601:
7594:
7589:
7582:
7576:
7569:
7565:
7564:Manfred Knodt
7560:
7553:
7547:
7540:
7534:
7532:
7524:
7523:
7516:
7509:
7503:
7494:
7492:
7484:
7478:
7471:
7467:
7466:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7450:
7443:
7439:
7438:
7433:
7429:
7428:
7421:
7417:
7413:
7412:
7405:
7401:
7400:
7393:
7389:
7388:
7381:
7374:
7368:
7361:
7355:
7348:
7342:
7335:
7331:
7326:
7319:
7315:
7310:
7303:
7297:
7290:
7284:
7282:
7274:
7268:
7261:
7255:
7248:
7242:
7235:
7231:
7230:
7224:
7217:
7213:
7212:
7206:
7199:
7195:
7194:
7188:
7181:
7177:
7173:
7172:
7166:
7159:
7155:
7154:
7148:
7141:
7137:
7136:
7130:
7128:
7120:
7114:
7107:
7101:
7094:
7090:
7089:
7083:
7076:
7070:
7063:
7059:
7058:
7051:
7044:
7040:
7039:
7033:
7026:
7020:
7018:
7016:
7014:
7006:
7000:
6993:
6987:
6980:
6974:
6972:
6964:
6958:
6951:
6950:
6943:
6936:
6935:
6928:
6921:
6920:
6913:
6904:
6897:
6891:
6884:
6878:
6871:
6867:
6866:
6860:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6840:
6833:
6827:
6825:
6817:
6811:
6809:
6807:
6799:
6793:
6786:
6780:
6773:
6767:
6760:
6754:
6747:
6741:
6739:
6731:
6727:
6726:
6720:
6713:
6707:
6700:
6694:
6687:
6683:
6682:
6676:
6669:
6665:
6664:
6658:
6651:
6645:
6643:
6635:
6631:
6630:
6624:
6617:
6613:
6612:
6606:
6599:
6595:
6594:
6588:
6581:
6577:
6576:
6570:
6563:
6559:
6558:
6552:
6548:
6547:
6541:
6537:
6536:
6530:
6523:
6519:
6518:
6511:
6504:
6500:
6499:
6492:
6485:
6479:
6472:
6466:
6459:
6455:
6454:
6449:
6445:
6444:
6438:
6431:
6427:
6426:
6420:
6413:
6407:
6400:
6394:
6387:
6381:
6374:
6368:
6361:
6355:
6348:
6342:
6340:
6332:
6326:
6319:
6313:
6306:
6302:
6296:
6289:
6285:
6282:
6276:
6269:
6263:
6256:
6252:
6251:
6245:
6238:
6232:
6225:
6221:
6216:
6209:
6203:
6196:
6192:
6191:
6185:
6176:
6169:
6163:
6154:
6147:
6143:
6142:
6135:
6126:
6118:
6117:
6109:
6102:
6098:
6097:
6090:
6083:
6079:
6075:
6071:
6067:
6064:
6062:
6056:
6049:
6043:
6036:
6030:
6023:
6017:
6010:
6004:
5997:
5993:
5989:
5984:
5977:
5974:Uta Ziegler,
5971:
5964:
5958:
5949:
5940:
5931:
5924:
5920:
5914:
5905:
5898:
5892:
5883:
5874:
5867:
5861:
5854:
5848:
5841:
5836:
5829:
5825:
5820:
5813:
5809:
5803:
5796:
5790:
5783:
5777:
5770:
5766:
5760:
5754:, S. 686–690.
5753:
5747:
5740:
5735:
5729:, p. 54.
5728:
5723:
5717:, p. 55.
5716:
5711:
5705:
5700:
5694:Mayer, p. 53.
5691:
5684:
5678:
5674:
5658:
5649:
5642:
5638:
5634:
5629:
5620:
5615:
5609:
5600:
5594:, pp. 709 f.)
5593:
5586:
5582:
5572:
5569:
5567:
5564:
5563:
5557:
5555:
5551:
5547:
5543:
5537:
5532:
5528:
5524:
5515:
5511:
5506:
5497:
5493:
5488:
5484:
5478:
5473:
5472:Ludwig Habich
5469:
5465:
5464:Peter Behrens
5461:
5460:Mathildenhöhe
5457:
5453:
5449:
5445:
5441:
5437:
5428:
5421:
5420:Mathildenhöhe
5416:
5411:
5401:
5397:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5370:
5366:
5363:
5359:
5350:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5333:
5332:masonic lodge
5327:
5322:
5316:
5312:
5307:
5301:
5296:
5292:
5288:
5282:
5277:
5273:
5269:
5265:
5259:
5254:
5240:
5233:
5230:
5228:
5225:
5223:
5220:
5218:
5215:
5214:
5210:
5204:
5199:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5173:
5170:
5168:
5165:
5164:
5161:
5158:
5155:
5152:
5149:
5147:
5144:
5143:
5139:
5136:
5133:
5130:
5127:
5124:
5123:
5119:
5115:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5083:
5080:
5077:
5075:
5072:
5071:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5055:
5052:
5050:
5047:
5046:
5042:
5039:
5037:Establishment
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5026:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5010:
5006:
5002:
4998:
4990:
4987:
4985:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4972:
4968:
4965:
4964:
4963:
4961:
4957:
4952:
4950:
4946:
4940:
4938:
4930:
4926:
4921:
4914:
4909:
4904:
4900:
4896:
4886:
4884:
4883:
4877:
4872:
4870:
4856:
4855:
4849:
4840:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4825:
4822:
4821:Roman numeral
4818:
4809:
4804:
4801:Mainz–Worms (
4800:
4797:
4794:
4791:
4790:
4789:
4787:
4782:
4781:expropriation
4778:
4768:
4766:
4761:
4759:
4754:
4752:
4748:
4744:
4740:
4736:
4729:
4726:Stamp of the
4724:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4695:
4694:Soluble glass
4692:
4688:
4683:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4667:
4666:
4664:
4659:
4655:
4652:
4651:
4650:
4647:
4642:
4636:
4631:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4622:
4619:
4616:
4612:
4608:
4605:
4598:
4593:
4590:
4587:
4583:
4577:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4566:
4563:
4558:
4552:
4547:
4544:
4541:
4536:
4531:
4528:
4525:
4519:
4514:
4511:
4508:
4505:
4504:
4503:
4499:
4495:
4491:
4487:
4486:
4481:
4480:
4474:
4468:
4463:
4460:
4455:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4435:
4434:
4433:
4430:
4426:
4421:
4417:
4413:
4409:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4393:
4389:
4384:
4378:
4373:
4367:
4362:
4353:
4346:
4342:
4337:
4328:
4323:
4318:
4309:
4304:
4298:
4293:
4289:
4285:
4276:
4272:
4270:
4262:
4259:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4250:
4247:
4239:
4235:
4232:
4228:
4227:Hundredweight
4224:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4194:
4193:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4158:metric system
4153:
4148:
4144:
4142:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4104:
4100:
4094:
4092:
4091:Vereinsthaler
4088:
4084:
4080:
4076:
4071:
4069:
4065:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4043:
4038:
4034:
4029:
4023:
4018:
4009:
4007:
4003:
3999:
3998:customs union
3994:
3983:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3948:
3946:
3941:
3935:
3931:
3926:
3921:
3918:
3913:
3903:
3898:
3893:
3886:
3882:
3878:
3869:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3852:
3848:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3825:
3820:
3816:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3793:
3784:
3775:
3773:
3767:
3762:
3756:
3751:
3747:
3743:
3738:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3721:
3717:
3710:Protestantism
3702:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3687:
3683:
3682:United States
3679:
3675:
3665:
3661:
3658:
3654:
3653:imperial diet
3650:
3645:
3643:
3639:
3624:
3622:
3611:
3609:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3589:
3586:
3582:
3579:
3576:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3550:
3548:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3531:
3527:
3523:
3519:
3505:
3502:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3485:
3481:
3477:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3454:
3452:
3448:
3437:
3435:
3427:Lower Chamber
3424:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3408:
3404:
3397:Upper chamber
3394:
3390:
3385:
3380:
3377:
3373:
3364:
3359:
3355:
3350:
3337:
3333:
3329:
3327:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3305:
3301:
3298:
3297:
3293:
3291:
3288:
3286:
3282:
3279:
3275:
3270:
3266:
3263:
3262:
3259:
3255:
3253:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3231:
3228:
3227:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3215:
3212:
3208:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3192:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3181:
3177:
3174:
3170:
3161:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3149:
3146:
3143:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3127:
3126:head of state
3123:
3119:
3106:
3102:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3028:
3020:
3015:
3011:
3009:
3008:Alfred Messel
3005:
3001:
2996:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2981:
2977:
2976:
2966:
2959:
2955:
2946:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2928:
2924:
2923:Mathildenhöhe
2920:
2914:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2896:
2894:
2890:
2886:
2883:
2882:
2878:and with the
2877:
2873:
2869:
2865:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2827:
2826:Luise BĂĽchner
2821:
2816:
2812:
2808:
2799:
2793:Social policy
2790:
2788:
2784:
2780:
2776:
2767:
2763:
2759:
2755:
2750:
2747:
2743:
2740:
2736:
2733:
2729:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2712:
2707:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2674:
2672:
2667:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2652:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2600:
2596:
2590:
2585:
2579:
2574:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2558:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2550:Prussian Army
2545:
2540:
2536:
2535:
2534:
2532:
2527:
2526:German Empire
2519:
2514:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2445:1870. At the
2443:
2439:
2433:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2408:
2404:
2398:
2393:
2389:
2386:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2373:Prussian Army
2369:
2367:
2363:
2359:
2355:
2350:
2344:
2340:
2337:
2333:
2324:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2314:Hesse-Homburg
2311:
2305:
2300:
2296:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2278:
2268:
2264:
2259:
2255:
2250:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:Aschaffenburg
2235:
2230:
2225:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2206:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2168:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2153:
2152:middle powers
2143:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2124:Isle of Wight
2121:
2120:Osborne House
2117:
2113:
2109:
2105:
2101:
2093:
2090:and his wife
2089:
2085:
2076:
2074:
2068:
2063:
2057:
2052:
2046:
2041:
2036:
2032:
2022:
2020:
2016:
2011:
2007:
2002:
2000:
1996:
1986:
1984:
1983:United States
1980:
1969:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1947:
1937:
1932:
1928:
1919:
1917:
1913:
1910:
1905:
1903:
1898:
1896:
1892:
1887:
1885:
1875:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1838:
1833:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1807:
1797:
1795:
1794:Georg BĂĽchner
1791:
1790:
1784:
1782:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1761:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1743:
1739:
1735:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1715:
1710:
1708:
1704:
1694:
1689:
1685:
1678:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1656:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1635:
1633:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1610:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1583:BĂĽrgermeister
1580:
1571:
1568:
1564:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1547:
1542:
1538:
1534:
1533:Dominiallande
1528:
1523:
1522:Landgerichten
1517:
1512:
1507:
1505:
1501:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1474:
1470:
1465:
1463:
1453:
1448:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1408:Claus Kröncke
1406:
1401:
1396:
1393:
1390:
1387:
1386:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1344:
1342:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1291:
1287:
1284:
1283:Mont-Tonnerre
1280:
1276:
1266:
1264:
1259:
1256:
1255:French Empire
1251:
1247:
1242:
1238:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1220:
1216:
1206:
1204:
1198:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1131:
1124:
1120:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1098:Hesse-Homburg
1095:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1075:
1071:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1038:
1037:Vöhl district
1034:
1033:
1032:
1024:
1019:
1015:
1009:
1004:
1000:
997:
994:
990:
987:
983:
980:
978:to the south;
977:
973:
970:
966:
963:
960:
956:
953:The Prussian
952:
951:
950:
944:
940:
936:
933:
929:
926:
925:
924:
916:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
894:
890:
886:
882:
881:fruit growing
878:
874:
873:Rhenish Hesse
870:
863:
862:
861:
859:
854:
850:
846:
842:
838:
834:
830:
823:
822:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
802:Rhenish Hesse
799:
795:
789:
784:
774:
772:
766:
761:
757:
753:
749:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
708:
700:
691:
689:
685:
681:
677:
676:German Empire
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:. During the
657:
653:
652:Standesherren
649:
644:
643:Rhenish Hesse
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
532:
529:
522:
521:
518:
515:
508:
507:
504:
503:
500:
497:
495:
492:
491:
487:
483:
479:
473:
469:
463:
459:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
429:
425:
421:
417:
413:
408:
403:
399:
395:
392:
386:
382:
376:
372:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
355:
351:
348:
345:
341:
337:
334:
331:
325:
322:
319:
313:
309:
305:
303:
299:
295:
292:
289:
283:
280:
277:
271:
267:
263:
261:
257:
254:
251:
249:
245:
239:
236:
234:
233:Protestantism
231:
230:
228:
224:
221:
218:
214:
211:
208:
204:
197:
196:German Empire
193:
192:Federal State
190:
187:
184:State of the
183:
180:
176:
173:
170:
167:State of the
166:
165:
163:
159:
152:
147:
143:
142:German Empire
137:
132:
123:
122:
116:
112:
105:
101:
95:
89:
81:
75:
67:
62:
56:
49:
40:
35:
34:Rhenish Hesse
30:
19:
10807:Mitteleuropa
10798:Mittelafrika
10710:(Elder Line)
10708:Reuss-Greiz
10672:(until 1876)
10664:Coburg-Gotha
10610:
10567:West Prussia
10524:Hohenzollern
10520:Hesse-Nassau
10512:East Prussia
10387:(Elder Line)
10385:Reuss-Greiz
10344:Coburg-Gotha
10290:
10132:(until 1850)
10122:(until 1850)
10110:Hohenzollern
10099:(until 1848)
10089:(Elder Line)
10087:Reuss-Greiz
10058:(until 1824)
10048:(until 1824)
9977:(until 1826)
9969:(until 1826)
9958:Coburg-Gotha
9953:(until 1826)
9924:(until 1847)
9916:(until 1863)
9908:(until 1863)
9810:
9790:Hesse-Kassel
9559:Hohenzollern
9442:Pre-existing
9324:
9195:
9181:
9174:
9165:
9137:
9133:
9124:
9098:
9089:
9080:
9061:
9031:
9015:
8996:
8976:. Darmstadt.
8973:
8965:
8944:
8937:Moraw, Peter
8919:
8907:
8884:
8864:
8857:Bibliography
8846:
8841:
8833:
8828:
8819:
8811:
8803:
8795:
8787:
8779:
8775:
8771:
8763:
8758:
8750:
8745:
8737:
8733:
8726:
8721:Mayer, p. 59
8717:
8708:
8700:
8695:
8687:
8682:
8674:
8669:
8664:
8659:, pp. 876 f.
8656:
8651:
8642:
8634:
8616:
8611:
8606:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8560:
8555:
8541:Der Wormsgau
8525:
8517:
8512:
8504:
8499:
8488:
8482:
8477:
8469:
8464:
8456:
8433:Der Wormsgau
8427:
8422:, pp. 41–44.
8420:Verordnungen
8419:
8415:
8411:
8404:Verordnungen
8403:
8398:
8391:Verordnungen
8390:
8385:
8378:Verordnungen
8377:
8372:
8367:, pp. 13–18.
8365:Verordnungen
8364:
8360:
8356:
8349:Verordnungen
8348:
8344:
8340:
8333:Verordnungen
8332:
8328:
8324:
8317:Verordnungen
8316:
8312:
8298:Verordnungen
8297:
8292:
8284:
8276:
8269:Verordnungen
8268:
8263:
8255:
8250:
8242:
8234:
8226:
8221:
8213:
8208:
8203:
8195:
8190:
8182:
8177:
8168:
8160:
8157:Fritz Reuter
8152:
8144:
8135:
8127:
8122:
8114:
8109:
8101:
8096:
8090:
8081:
8075:
8067:
8048:
8040:
8035:
8027:
8007:
8002:
7993:
7988:
7980:
7964:
7959:
7939:
7931:
7926:
7921:
7912:
7904:
7899:
7894:
7889:
7887:Art. 52.2.3
7883:
7874:
7866:
7861:
7856:
7851:
7846:
7841:
7836:
7828:
7823:
7818:
7809:
7801:
7796:
7790:
7781:
7773:
7768:
7763:
7755:
7750:
7745:
7737:
7732:
7723:
7714:
7706:
7701:
7695:
7687:
7682:
7677:
7669:
7664:
7648:
7643:
7627:
7623:
7616:
7612:
7604:
7600:
7592:
7588:
7580:
7575:
7567:
7559:
7551:
7546:
7538:
7521:
7515:
7507:
7502:
7482:
7477:
7469:
7464:
7457:
7453:
7448:
7441:
7436:
7431:
7426:
7419:
7415:
7410:
7403:
7398:
7391:
7386:
7380:
7372:
7367:
7359:
7354:
7346:
7341:
7336:, pp. 110 f.
7333:
7329:
7325:
7317:
7313:
7309:
7304:, pp. 110 f.
7301:
7296:
7288:
7272:
7267:
7259:
7254:
7246:
7241:
7233:
7228:
7223:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7197:
7192:
7187:
7179:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7157:
7152:
7147:
7139:
7134:
7118:
7113:
7105:
7100:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7074:
7069:
7061:
7056:
7050:
7042:
7037:
7032:
7024:
7004:
6999:
6991:
6986:
6978:
6962:
6957:
6948:
6942:
6933:
6927:
6918:
6912:
6903:
6895:
6890:
6882:
6877:
6869:
6864:
6859:
6851:
6839:
6834:, pp. 839 f.
6831:
6815:
6797:
6792:
6784:
6779:
6774:, pp. 834 f.
6771:
6766:
6758:
6753:
6745:
6729:
6724:
6719:
6714:, pp. 828 f.
6711:
6706:
6698:
6693:
6685:
6680:
6675:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6649:
6633:
6632:, in LAGIS,
6628:
6623:
6615:
6610:
6605:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6579:
6574:
6569:
6561:
6556:
6550:
6545:
6539:
6534:
6529:
6521:
6516:
6510:
6502:
6497:
6491:
6486:, pp. 809 f.
6483:
6478:
6470:
6465:
6457:
6452:
6447:
6442:
6437:
6429:
6424:
6419:
6411:
6406:
6398:
6393:
6385:
6380:
6375:, pp. 798 f.
6372:
6367:
6362:, pp. 784 f.
6359:
6354:
6346:
6330:
6325:
6320:, pp. 766 f.
6317:
6312:
6304:
6295:
6275:
6267:
6262:
6254:
6249:
6244:
6236:
6231:
6223:
6215:
6207:
6202:
6194:
6189:
6184:
6175:
6167:
6162:
6153:
6145:
6140:
6134:
6125:
6115:
6108:
6100:
6094:
6089:
6081:
6077:
6074:Horst Dreier
6060:
6055:
6047:
6042:
6034:
6029:
6021:
6016:
6008:
6003:
5991:
5988:Ewald Grothe
5983:
5975:
5970:
5962:
5957:
5948:
5939:
5930:
5913:
5904:
5891:
5882:
5873:
5860:
5852:
5847:
5840:Schmitt 1983
5835:
5827:
5819:
5811:
5802:
5794:
5789:
5781:
5776:
5768:
5759:
5751:
5746:
5734:
5722:
5710:
5699:
5690:
5682:
5677:
5657:
5648:
5628:
5608:
5599:
5591:
5585:
5554:Hohen-SĂĽlzen
5519:
5516:is 1 km away
5513:
5509:
5433:
5422:in Darmstadt
5398:
5387:Lorsch Abbey
5382:
5373:
5369:Lorsch Abbey
5364:
5272:city planner
5264:Georg Moller
5262:
5258:Georg Moller
5248:Architecture
5238:
5226:
5221:
5216:
5211:(sections).
5190:, 1849–1869)
5188:Hesse-Kessel
4994:
4953:
4941:
4934:
4881:
4873:
4865:
4853:
4826:
4815:
4785:
4777:road network
4774:
4762:
4755:
4751:post offices
4732:
4701:
4639:, producing
4582:acetic acids
4431:
4408:August Euler
4358:
4331:in Darmstadt
4279:Corporations
4273:
4268:
4266:
4254:
4248:
4245:
4230:
4219:
4197:
4177:
4169:
4145:
4134:
4118:
4099:Philadelphia
4095:
4072:
4052:Final recess
4049:
3989:
3969:
3949:
3936:
3922:
3917:antisemitism
3909:
3861:
3855:
3843:
3817:
3795:
3771:
3746:presbyterian
3732:
3713:
3697:
3694:GroĂź-Zimmern
3677:
3671:
3662:
3646:
3641:
3635:
3627:Demographics
3617:
3607:
3605:
3593:
3572:
3546:
3544:
3537:
3514:
3492:
3487:
3479:
3475:
3471:
3467:
3463:
3460:
3446:
3443:
3430:
3422:
3400:
3369:
3304:Ernst Ludwig
3303:
3300:Ernest Louis
3268:
3233:
3201:
3159:
3115:
3100:
3084:
3062:
3060:airstrikes.
3043:
3036:since 2021.
3024:
3000:Ernest Louis
2997:
2973:
2971:
2931:
2903:
2897:
2888:
2879:
2875:
2872:August Euler
2867:
2861:
2849:Winterkasten
2841:tuberculosis
2838:
2833:
2829:
2806:
2804:
2771:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2690:
2678:Ernest Louis
2675:
2648:
2523:
2502:coat of arms
2459:
2435:
2370:
2354:Mainz-Kastel
2351:
2348:
2318:
2281:
2274:
2271:Peace treaty
2251:
2226:
2207:
2195:
2149:
2135:
2097:
2062:Emil Pirazzi
2028:
2003:
1992:
1975:
1943:
1906:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1881:
1868:
1849:forced King
1832:Karl du Thil
1829:
1787:
1785:
1781:sports clubs
1762:
1742:Heldenbergen
1730:
1711:
1707:great powers
1700:
1688:Karl du Thil
1674:
1641:
1629:
1620:
1606:
1600:
1594:Dominialland
1593:
1587:
1582:
1581:
1577:
1560:
1551:
1536:
1532:
1508:
1496:
1488:
1468:
1466:
1459:
1381:
1374:
1371:in Darmstadt
1352:Constitution
1332:
1327:and Duke of
1306:
1298:Hundred Days
1272:
1260:
1252:
1234:
1212:
1199:
1136:
1123:Coat of arms
1096:
1079:
1056:Höringhausen
1030:
971:to the east;
961:to the west;
948:
922:
867:
827:
780:
732:Hessian Ried
713:
651:
616:
611:
599:
591:
567:
565:
499:Succeeded by
498:
493:
476:• 1910
466:• 1889
321:Carl Grolman
291:Ernest Louis
114:
104:Motto:
103:
94:Coat of arms
29:
10741:City-states
10700:Reuss-Gera
10579:WĂĽrttemberg
10508:Brandenburg
10500:as a whole
10480:(1871–1918)
10418:City-states
10377:Reuss-Gera
10246:(1866–1871)
10169:Free cities
10143:Schwarzburg
10128:Sigmaringen
10081:(from 1848)
10074:Reuss-Gera
10068:(1824-1848)
9961:(from 1826)
9945:(from 1826)
9900:(from 1863)
9869:(from 1839)
9783:Electorates
9774:WĂĽrttemberg
9716:(1815–1866)
9628:Schwarzburg
9569:Sigmaringen
9304:WĂĽrttemberg
9269:(1806–1813)
9140:(4): 9–39.
9034:. Marburg:
8544: [
8533: [
8393:, S. 20–22.
8380:, S. 22–25.
8351:, pp. 12 f.
8335:, pp. 8–11.
8239:Albert Pick
7813:See Schmidt
7249:, S. 880 f.
6514:Art. 14–25
6299:Quote from
5917:Article 47
5617: [
5571:Hessenlager
5534: [
5490: [
5483:Bad Nauheim
5475: [
5444:Art Nouveau
5380:Carolingian
5362:Carolingian
5343: [
5324: [
5315:Luisenplatz
5309: [
5298: [
5291:Reformation
5285:(the first
5279: [
5201: [
4931:, in Mainz.
4861: 1830
4806: [
4685: [
4672: [
4649:RĂĽsselsheim
4633: [
4595: [
4574: [
4549: [
4539:(publisher)
4533: [
4516: [
4475:until 1902.
4465: [
4452: [
4423: [
4388:horse power
4375: [
4364: [
4325: [
4306: [
4295: [
4150: [
4112:received a
4106: [
4093:from 1857.
4040: [
3928: [
3900: [
3866:Kulturkampf
3822: [
3778:Catholicism
3764: [
3753: [
3644:(knights).
3534:private law
3490:) in 1852.
3482:) in 1849,
3410: [
3387: [
3379:legislature
3361: [
3147:Marriage(s)
3063:During the
3046:World War I
2975:Kulturkampf
2939: [
2911: [
2876:Gelber Hund
2818: [
2779:Carl Ulrich
2721:Bezirksräte
2709: [
2682:Carl Ulrich
2663:Tsesarevich
2613: [
2602: [
2587: [
2576: [
2563: [
2542: [
2481: [
2470: [
2395: [
2302: [
2287: [
2261: [
2065: [
2054: [
2043: [
2040:August Metz
1949: [
1934: [
1902:jury courts
1835: [
1772: [
1765:bourgeoisie
1691: [
1632:ground rent
1612: [
1544: [
1525: [
1514: [
1480: [
1473:tax strikes
1456:(1776–1836)
1450: [
1443:(1781–1860)
1437: [
1430:(1773–1839)
1424: [
1417:(1771–1843)
1411: [
1404:(1769–1839)
1398: [
1391:(1753–1833)
1365: [
1244: [
1226: [
1219:Kloppenheim
1191:sovereignty
1137:During the
1084: [
1081:Amt Dorheim
1040: [
1021: [
1014:Heuchelheim
1006: [
986:condominium
889:viticulture
869:Starkenburg
849:Agriculture
829:Upper Hesse
824:Upper Hesse
798:Starkenburg
794:Upper Hesse
786: [
763: [
724:Frankenberg
684:World War I
621:and joined
582:in western
580:grand duchy
494:Preceded by
455:• 1806
343:Legislature
238:Catholicism
198:(1871–1918)
181:(1815–1866)
171:(1806–1813)
10824:Categories
10563:Westphalia
10151:Rudolstadt
9816:Luxembourg
9673:until 1811
9667:until 1809
9664:until 1810
9633:Rudolstadt
9606:Lobenstein
9429:Regensburg
9377:Westphalia
8731:Verordnung
8229:, p. 768f.
7332:; Werner:
6307:, p. 766).
5669:References
5546:GroĂź-Gerau
5487:Sprudelhof
5440:Judendstil
5436:modern art
5410:Jugendstil
5404:Jugendstil
5330:, and the
4876:steamboats
4829:Reichspost
4747:post roads
4696:production
4586:methylated
4513:Kupferberg
4473:bank notes
4436:Darmstadt
4392:cigarettes
4238:Pint glass
4114:concession
4006:Zollverein
3972:monopolies
3815:papal bull
3668:Emigration
3640:) and the
3374:) was the
3344:Landstände
3234:Ludwig III
3118:absolutism
3112:Grand Duke
3091:Government
3077:republican
3073:abdication
2945:in Worms.
2936:Kiautschau
2739:Protestant
2655:Edward VII
2608:, and the
2442:Versailles
2310:Main river
2299:Rumpenheim
2006:Zollverein
1979:Zollverein
1958:liberalism
1895:Bezirksrat
1843:revolution
1826:Revolution
1726:Landstände
1469:Landstände
1286:department
1203:Landstände
993:Palatinate
885:BergstraĂźe
853:emigration
845:brown coal
833:Vogelsberg
816:, and the
750:, and the
744:Vogelsberg
444:Population
347:Landstände
260:Grand Duke
248:Government
121:Hessenlied
10677:Meiningen
10669:Lauenburg
10659:Altenburg
10654:Brunswick
10626:Oldenburg
10547:Rhineland
10528:Pomerania
10354:Meiningen
10349:Lauenburg
10339:Altenburg
10334:Brunswick
10306:Oldenburg
10203:partially
10181:Frankfurt
10118:Hechingen
9982:Meiningen
9942:Altenburg
9879:Lauenburg
9856:Brunswick
9831:Oldenburg
9670:from 1809
9661:from 1810
9596:Ebersdorf
9564:Hechingen
9543:Oldenburg
9475:Meiningen
9398:Frankfurt
9107:cite book
8982:cite book
8893:cite book
8873:1436-4603
8753:, p. 777.
8703:, p. 797.
8637:, p. 770.
8563:, p. 864.
8520:, p. 728.
8507:, p. 876.
8472:, p. 877.
8459:, p. 833.
8331:; Brand,
8198:, p. 718.
8185:, p. 717.
8130:, p. 811.
8117:, p. 726.
8070:, p. 771.
8043:, p. 772.
8030:, p. 832.
8010:, p. 803.
7983:, p. 802.
7740:, p. 696.
7554:, p. 883.
7541:, p. 882.
7510:, p. 871.
7485:, p. 856.
7460:, p. 856)
7422:, p. 856)
7375:, p. 878.
7362:, p. 111.
7349:, p. 109.
7320:, p. 878.
7291:, p. 879.
7275:, p. 859.
7262:, p. 853.
7182:, p. 851.
7121:, p. 880.
7077:, p. 853.
7027:, p. 848.
7007:, p. 845.
6994:, p. 844.
6981:, p. 843.
6965:, p. 842.
6898:, p. 840.
6885:, S. 840.
6854:, p. 841.
6818:, p. 839.
6800:, p. 838.
6787:, p. 837.
6761:, p. 835.
6748:, p. 834.
6701:, p. 830.
6652:, p. 827.
6495:Art. 1–3
6473:, p. 810.
6414:, p. 801.
6401:, p. 791.
6388:, p. 789.
6349:, p. 784.
6333:, p. 782.
6270:, S. 764.
6239:, p. 763.
6210:, p. 763.
6170:, p. 762.
6037:, p. 703.
6024:, p. 701.
6011:, p. 701.
5965:, p. 740.
5895:Text (in
5864:Text (in
5855:, p. 344.
5784:, p. 685.
5268:architect
5114:Frankfurt
4971:Frankfurt
4854:Concordia
4833:Friedberg
4803:GaustraĂźe
4758:telegraph
4678:(leather)
4624:Oppenheim
4588:products)
4557:parquetry
4288:Cast iron
4207:= 1
4198:Kubikzoll
4125:mint mark
4068:Friedberg
4008:in 1834.
3950:In 1848,
3835:suffragan
3811:concordat
3724:Calvinist
3698:Gemeinden
3678:Gemeinden
3596:SĂĽdbrĂĽcke
3563:SĂĽdbrĂĽcke
3457:Executive
3376:bicameral
3354:Darmstadt
3285:Bessungen
3269:Ludwig IV
3230:Louis III
3202:Ludwig II
3191:Darmstadt
3130:executive
2927:Reichstag
2725:Kreistage
2659:Frederick
2548:into the
2403:William I
2343:William I
2327:Aftermath
2203:war bonds
2128:Frederick
2010:Friedberg
1966:communism
1962:socialism
1909:universal
1860:co-regent
1856:Louis III
1738:Ortenberg
1105:in 1868.
1101:Prussian
905:Darmstadt
694:Geography
594:(German:
480:1,282,051
226:Religion
210:Darmstadt
64:1806–1918
10486:Kingdoms
10252:Kingdoms
9905:Bernburg
9861:Holstein
9747:Kingdoms
9576:Isenburg
9528:Arenberg
9511:Bernburg
9485:Eisenach
9403:WĂĽrzburg
9370:Kingdoms
9287:Kingdoms
9279:Napoleon
9180:Vol. 4:
9172:Vol. 1:
9123:(1893).
8943:(eds.).
8883:(1894).
8778:(=
7948:Archived
7358:Werner,
7345:Werner,
7300:Werner,
6931:Art. XI
6916:Art. II
6284:Archived
6066:Archived
5851:Polley:
5560:See also
5500:Language
5383:Torhalle
5365:Torhalle
5287:Catholic
4927:and the
4889:Railways
4837:Ranstadt
4743:monopoly
4703:Gasworks
4615:alizarin
4483:Prussia.
4440:E. Merck
4060:Isenburg
4012:Currency
3881:Synagoge
3737:parishes
3720:Lutheran
3705:Religion
3674:emigrate
3657:Riedesel
3632:Nobility
3614:Military
3585:Arnsberg
3547:Gemeinde
3403:Riedesel
3265:Louis IV
3198:Louis II
3180:Prenzlau
3160:Ludwig I
3141:Portrait
2995:Church.
2992:seminary
2982:bishop,
2980:Catholic
2885:zeppelin
2857:Eleonore
2853:Odenwald
2845:Sandbach
2666:Nicholas
2569:of 1872;
2377:Louis IV
2210:8th Army
2132:Victoria
2110:married
2108:Louis IV
2100:Mathilde
1997:, and a
1744:and the
1734:BĂĽdingen
1718:Louis II
1163:Napoleon
1151:Prussian
1052:Eimelrod
1050:, while
982:KĂĽrnbach
895:and the
877:Odenwald
841:Wetterau
835:and the
783:province
756:exclaves
752:Odenwald
740:Wetterau
672:Austrian
623:Napoleon
578:) was a
10754:Hamburg
10641:Duchies
10559:Silesia
10516:Hanover
10498:Prussia
10493:Bavaria
10431:Hamburg
10321:Duchies
10259:Prussia
10186:Hamburg
9866:Limburg
9845:Duchies
9769:Hanover
9759:Bavaria
9754:Prussia
9729:Austria
9722:Empires
9645:Waldeck
9611:Schleiz
9334:Duchies
9294:Bavaria
9154:1429433
9060:(ed.).
9030:(ed.).
8406:, p. 7.
8402:Brand:
8389:Brand:
8376:Brand,
8300:, p. 4.
8296:Brand,
8283:(ed.):
8271:, p. 1.
8267:Brand,
7641:Art. 3
6846:in the
5293:), the
5243:Culture
4741:held a
4641:quinine
4611:aniline
4565:Mombach
4498:leather
4494:lacquer
4490:varnish
4416:biplane
4341:guilder
4231:Zentner
4162:decimal
4079:kreuzer
4075:guilder
4022:Louis I
3966:Economy
3883:of the
3872:Judaism
3856:Bishop
3851:faculty
3714:In the
3690:Wimpfen
3686:Algeria
3530:cantons
3372:estates
3258:Seeheim
3156:Louis I
3019:gazette
2500:Double
2453:at the
2436:In the
2415:Livonia
2360:in the
2339:station
2218:Russian
2122:on the
1878:Reforms
1858:as his
1722:guilder
1644:liberal
1599:In the
1592:In the
1567:Amtsmen
1302:patents
1273:At the
1143:Louis X
1109:History
1092:enclave
1074:Helmhof
1063:Wimpfen
939:Giessen
901:railway
883:on the
806:Prussia
758:of the
670:on the
639:Prussia
625:'s new
584:Germany
470:968,000
460:546,000
389:•
279:Louis I
206:Capital
194:of the
177:of the
115:Anthem:
10759:LĂĽbeck
10749:Bremen
10649:Anhalt
10574:Saxony
10551:Saxony
10504:Berlin
10436:LĂĽbeck
10426:Bremen
10329:Anhalt
10264:Saxony
10191:LĂĽbeck
10176:Bremen
9921:Köthen
9913:Dessau
9897:Anhalt
9874:Nassau
9764:Saxony
9521:Köthen
9516:Dessau
9506:Anhalt
9480:Weimar
9444:states
9341:Nassau
9299:Saxony
9202:
9152:
9068:
9042:
9003:
8951:
8871:
8139:No. 7
8095:Bulle
7945:Quelle
6844:Report
6443:Decret
6281:Source
5996:online
5923:Online
5897:French
5866:French
5826:. In:
5639:) and
5527:hyphen
5470:, and
5391:UNESCO
5125:Other
5043:Notes
4901:, and
4749:. The
4665:Worms
4414:. The
4400:London
4347:, 1870
4190:weight
4172:) and
4046:, 1875
3980:guilds
3945:Rabbis
3729:Easter
3727:until
3660:1918.
3526:Ă„mtern
3336:Langen
3150:Death
3058:allied
3031:UNESCO
2746:synods
2717:Kreise
2463:Berlin
2277:France
2196:While
1337:German
1175:German
911:, and
812:, the
746:, the
738:, and
682:after
572:German
306:
264:
161:Status
117:
55:German
51:
10784:Other
10695:Lippe
10606:Baden
10543:Posen
10372:Lippe
10036:Reuss
10016:Lippe
9806:Baden
9601:Greiz
9591:Reuss
9424:Leyen
9325:Hesse
9320:Baden
9150:JSTOR
8548:]
8537:]
6868:, in
6138:§ 41
5810:" in
5635:(see
5621:]
5577:Notes
5538:]
5494:]
5479:]
5347:]
5328:]
5317:]
5302:]
5283:]
5217:Total
5205:]
5180:1920
5177:1850
5159:1920
5156:1840
5118:Baden
5109:1902
5106:1843
5087:1897
5084:1876
5062:1897
5059:1853
4975:Baden
4969:with
4810:]
4689:]
4676:]
4637:]
4599:]
4578:]
4553:]
4546:Bembé
4537:]
4520:]
4469:]
4456:]
4427:]
4379:]
4368:]
4329:]
4310:]
4299:]
4220:Pfund
4216:Pound
4182:metre
4154:]
4110:]
4064:Solms
4044:]
3993:tolls
3986:Tolls
3956:Worms
3932:]
3904:]
3826:]
3768:]
3757:]
3567:Mainz
3414:]
3391:]
3365:]
3144:Birth
2988:Mainz
2943:]
2915:]
2893:marks
2822:]
2713:]
2617:]
2606:]
2591:]
2580:]
2567:]
2546:]
2485:]
2474:]
2407:Worms
2399:]
2336:Worms
2306:]
2291:]
2265:]
2198:Baden
2069:]
2058:]
2047:]
1953:]
1938:]
1847:Paris
1839:]
1776:]
1746:Nidda
1695:]
1652:guild
1616:]
1548:]
1529:]
1518:]
1484:]
1454:]
1441:]
1428:]
1415:]
1402:]
1369:]
1329:Worms
1325:Mainz
1248:]
1230:]
1088:]
1044:]
1025:]
1010:]
913:Mainz
893:Rhine
790:]
767:]
720:Hesse
716:Rhine
175:State
9618:Salm
9393:Berg
9200:ISBN
9113:link
9066:ISBN
9040:ISBN
9001:ISBN
8988:link
8949:ISBN
8899:link
8869:ISSN
8487:In:
7794:§ 1
7054:§ 1
5612:The
5548:and
5270:and
5207:and
5171:111
5116:and
5078:183
5053:507
4973:and
4835:and
4654:Opel
4613:and
4584:and
4524:sekt
4496:and
4253:The
4209:loth
4188:and
4178:Zoll
4174:inch
4166:foot
4121:mark
4077:and
4033:mark
4031:100
3722:and
3561:The
3138:Name
3099:The
2356:and
2060:and
2029:The
1964:and
1754:Emil
1736:and
1221:and
1054:und
974:The
967:The
897:Main
887:and
871:and
800:and
736:Main
566:The
435:1910
427:1866
419:1815
410:1806
405:Area
80:Flag
9277:by
9142:doi
8143:in
7156:in
6614:in
6456:in
6072:in
5552:in
5544:in
5227:100
5222:919
5174:12
5150:22
5128:47
5100:49
5081:20
5056:55
4947:to
4398:in
4339:10
4170:FuĂź
4141:rod
4137:ell
3565:at
3549:).
3466:or
3087:).
2986:of
2686:SPD
2417:."
2118:at
1845:in
1500:Amt
792:of
734:),
722:to
365:WWI
10826::
10565:,
10561:,
10557:,
10553:,
10549:,
10545:,
10541:,
10526:,
10522:,
10518:,
10514:,
10510:,
10506:,
9148:.
9136:.
9109:}}
9105:{{
8984:}}
8980:{{
8964:,
8939:;
8935:;
8931:;
8895:}}
8891:{{
8810::
8624:^
8546:de
8535:de
8440:^
8305:^
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8159:,
8057:^
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7972:^
7954:).
7656:^
7634:^
7566:,
7530:^
7490:^
7462:*
7446:*
7424:*
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7396:*
7384:*
7280:^
7126:^
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6970:^
6823:^
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6737:^
6641:^
6338:^
6290:).
6222:,
6076:.
5994:.
5990:,
5619:de
5556:.
5536:de
5492:de
5477:de
5466:,
5396:.
5349:.
5345:de
5326:de
5313:;
5311:de
5304:,
5300:de
5281:de
5231:–
5203:de
5153:2
5137:–
5134:–
5131:5
5103:5
5031:km
4897:,
4858:c.
4839:.
4808:de
4687:de
4674:de
4656:,
4635:de
4597:de
4576:de
4551:de
4535:de
4518:de
4492:,
4467:de
4454:de
4425:de
4377:de
4366:de
4327:de
4308:de
4297:de
4152:de
4108:de
4062:,
4042:de
3930:de
3902:de
3824:de
3766:de
3755:de
3412:de
3393:.
3389:de
3363:de
3334:,
3132:.
2941:de
2913:de
2820:de
2711:de
2673:.
2615:de
2604:de
2597:,
2593:,
2589:de
2578:de
2565:de
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2472:de
2397:de
2304:de
2289:de
2263:de
2067:de
2056:de
2049:,
2045:de
2017:,
2001:.
1968:.
1951:de
1936:de
1904:.
1837:de
1774:de
1693:de
1614:de
1558:.
1546:de
1527:de
1516:de
1482:de
1464:.
1452:de
1439:de
1426:de
1413:de
1400:de
1367:de
1339::
1246:de
1228:de
1177::
1141:,
1086:de
1042:de
1023:de
1008:de
860:.
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773:.
765:de
690:.
614:.
574::
10569:)
10539:)
10502:(
10470:e
10463:t
10456:v
10236:e
10229:t
10222:v
9706:e
9699:t
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9156:.
9144::
9138:6
9115:)
9074:.
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8875:.
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8485:.
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7595:.
6952:.
6937:.
6922:.
6063:.
5925:)
5842:.
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5763:"
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4620:.
4580:(
4559:)
4555:(
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4218:(
4205:g
4176:(
4168:(
3906:.
3587:.
3486:(
3462:(
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3271:)
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3236:)
3232:(
3204:)
3200:(
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3158:(
3103:(
3083:(
2748:.
2645:.
2619:)
2508:.
2186:.
1821:)
1679:.
1335:(
1069:;
945:.
934:.
650:(
570:(
57:)
53:(
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