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commented that "no writer has presented the necessity of acts of will so thoroughly and convincingly as
Priestley ... If anyone is not convinced by this supremely clearly and accessibly written book, his understanding must really be paralysed by prejudices," and that the work contributed to
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because it relies on natural law. Isaac
Kramnick points out the paradox of Priestley's positions: as a reformer, he argued that political change was essential to human happiness and urged his readers to participate, but he also claimed in works such as
93:: "all things, past, present, and to come, are precisely what the Author of nature really intended them to be, and has made provision for." He was the first to claim that what he called "philosophical necessity" (a position akin to
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The
Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated; being an appendix to the Disquisitions relating to matter and spirit. To which is added an answer to the Letters on materialism, and on Hartley’s Theory of the
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179:". The narrator reads this philosophical treatise to get ideas on how to treat his obstinate employee Bartleby and to examine their relation to one another in God's larger plan.
97:) is consonant with Christianity. His philosophy was based on his theological interpretation of the natural world; like the rest of nature, man's mind is subject to the laws of
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created these laws, Priestley argued, the world and the men in it will eventually be perfected. He argued that the associations made in a person's mind were a
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believed that the work had so clearly refuted the notion of free will, that it is unnecessary to discuss the issue anymore. In a similar fashion,
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Kramnick, Isaac. "Eighteenth-Century
Science and Radical Social Theory: The Case of Joseph Priestley's Scientific Liberalism."
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that "suggests that materialism and determinism are mutually supporting." Priestley explicitly stated that humans had no
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taking the complete necessity of acts of will as a settled matter to which no further doubt could pertain.
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product of their lived experience because
Hartley's theory of associationism was analogous to
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philosophy even though such a position "entailed denial of free will and the soul."
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The
Examination of Dr. Reid's Inquiry… Dr. Beattie's Essay… and Dr. Oswald's Appeal
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The
Enlightened Joseph Priestley: A Study of His Life and Work from 1773 to 1804
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Garrett, Clarke. "Joseph
Priestley, the Millennium, and the French Revolution."
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Denken und
Wirklichkeit. Versuch einer Erneuerung der kritischen Philosophie
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64:, Priestley wrote a series of five major metaphysical works, arguing for a
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250:. Eds. Philip B. Dematteis and Peter S. Fosl. Detroit: Gale Group, 2002.
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Essay on a Course of
Liberal Education for Civil and Active Life
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Between 1774 and 1778, while serving as an assistant to
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Schofield, 77–91; Garrett, 55; Tapper, 319; Sheps, 138.
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Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air
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The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated
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The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated
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331:. Vol. 2. Leipzig: J. G. Findel. p. 162.
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71:Continuing the arguments he had started in
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229:Sheps, Arthur. "Joseph Priestley's Time
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272:. London: Printed for J. Johnson, 1777.
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38:The Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity
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152:, who were drawn to its determinism.
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240:Tapper, Alan. "Joseph Priestley."
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81:(1777), Priestley published
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56:Introduction
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