474:
919:
943:
907:
931:
254:
246:
24:
262:
520:“One of the special features of the building is the board room, which has been fashioned to represent a laboratory in the days of alchemy” with “vaulted roof, flag-stoned floor, iron-bound chest, high writing desk—even the fireplace with strange black pots and alembics upon it, and, overhead, just outside the door, a winding stone stairway just like those by which the wizards of the black arts used to steal away from prying eyes to juggle with fire and crucibles, transmute base metals to gold, conjure up devils, and otherwise qualify for execution at the hands of the public hangman.”
370:
400:
that the 41st Street building opened, membership of the society was over 1000. More than half of the members were non-residents of New York. By April 1, 1929, the club had filled the quota of 750 resident members established in its bylaws, and created a waiting list for resident members. The quota for non-resident members was initially 1000, but in later years both quotas were increased, and additional categories of members added. Special provision was made for lower fees for students and recent graduates.
334:"for the young man whose income is still small, for the technical man who wants library facilities, for the teacher who is primarily interested in the scientific side of his work, and at the same time in retaining the interest and support of the business man, the executive and sales manager who wants a Club to which he is glad to bring his friends and business acquaintances."
327:
museum. The fourth and fifth floors were living spaces for members. Above that, five floors were allocated to laboratory space fitted out with scientific apparatus for the use of members. Members could rent living and working space for days, weeks or months, according to their needs. If they wished, they could live at the club while carrying out their research.
304:, replacing previous numbers 50-54. York and Sawyer filed the plans in January 1910 and completed the work in March 1911. The building opened on March 17, 1911. Several days of events were held to celebrate the opening. A number of scientific papers were presented, ranging from "The characteristics of living matter from the physico-chemical point of view" by
461:"A chemist with his laboratory is not welcome as a tenant in modern, high class, centrally located and well equipped buildings, and, as a result, in most of the cities, and particularly in New York, the chemist and his laboratory are crowded into the less desirable sections of the city, and then only in the less desirable buildings."
326:
called the building “absolutely unique in the world”. The first three floors of the club were meeting and social spaces. The main floor included a large auditorium with a balcony. The second floor included a dining room, a billiard room, and other social areas. The third floor housed the library and
276:
and a member of a wealthy New York banking family. He was determined to create a permanent space for the
Chemists' Club, and actively campaigned to raise money for the project. When a suitable property was found, Loeb purchased it for $ 175,000, under his own name. The Chemists Building Company was
319:
The resulting ten-story building was the home of the club from 1810 to the 1980s. The building was "an artistic structure of white marble, in the style of the French
Renaissance of the Louis XVI period, finished with Ionic pilasters and balconies at the second story and similar decorative balconies
399:
Residents of New York and area could become members of the
Chemists' Club for $ 25 a year. Non-residents who had less opportunity to use the club's resources could join for $ 5. In 1909, the club listed around 400 members, more than half of them residents of New York. By the end of 1911, the year
444:
Eighteen rooms were available for rental in the main building at 41st street in 1911. When demand exceeded availability, those seeking accommodation were sent to the Murray Hill Hotel. A restaurant served the needs of residents and visitors at the Club. Later remodelling increased the number of
485:
Although the
American Chemical Society’s library became a core collection of the Chemists' Club in 1912, the Chemists' Club's library also received donations from across the United States. Various funds supported the purchase of new materials. The library eventually absorbed a number of private
494:, Morris Loeb and Hugo Schweitzer. By 1913 the library was considered the largest chemical library in the country, and was opened to the public as well as to members. In 1914, it reportedly contained over 36,000 volumes and carried 400 journals. By 1928, it reportedly included 50,000 volumes.
135:
from all areas. The
Chemists' Club filed for incorporation on December 9, 1898. The Club's goal was "to promote the interests of chemists and those interested in the science and applications of chemistry", by providing academics and industrial chemists with space to meet, work, and study. It
564:"Another phase repeatedly brought to our notice is the decrease in willingness to consider the employment of woman chemists. This is unfortunate. Those who have employed them report that they are uniformly satisfactory and in some ways more desirable than men, especially for routine work."
481:
A major impetus for forming the Club was the desire to house the library of the
American Chemical Society and make the collection available to working chemists. For a time, the library had been located at the University Building, Washington Square, New York. When the University Building was
277:
subsequently formed, and sold shares of stock to help finance the project. These shares were later reclaimed through donation and purchase. Loeb personally donated $ 75,000 of the eventual $ 500,000 building fund. Sadly, Loeb died not long after the club building was completed. His death of
361:
In 1988 the building was sold and eventually repurposed as the Dylan Hotel. The redesign has preserved many original features of the building, including the boardroom, which has been restored as the
Alchemy Suite. The building has been proposed as an individual landmark by the
187:
Before the club was founded in 1898, members of the
American Chemical Society and the Society of Chemical Industry held events and meetings in homes, classrooms, and lecture halls, using whatever space was available. In 1898 Charles F. McKenna,
540:, informed members of activities and events. The club was the initiator of a variety of services. A Chemists employment bureau was established in 1904, and incorporated in 1913. It remained active until 1944. In response to the
237:. The space included a large assembly hall, reading rooms, and a small library. The club could not, however, secure a long-term lease on the property. The last meeting at the 55th Street location occurred on March 4, 1911.
174:
called it “absolutely unique in the world”. The board room was a recreation of an alchemist's laboratory. Sold in the 1980s, and now the Dylan Hotel, the building has been proposed as an individual landmark by the
555:
However, the club was not entirely unsympathetic to women chemists. In 1921, the Club's Bureau of
Employment expressed concern, in its yearly report, that women chemists were being laid off in the wake of
431:
In addition to a wide variety of regular meetings, dinners, and other local events, the Club acted as a base for international events. In 1904, the Club hosted the first annual meeting of the London-based
552:
For much of its history, in practice and at times by definition, membership in the
Chemists' Club was open only to "male persons". Women were allowed to enter the premises as guests of members.
170:, the 41st Street building contained areas for talks, meetings, and dinners, living and laboratory spaces that could be rented by members, and a world-class chemical research library.
918:
497:
With the sale of the Chemists' Club building, the library was sold off. Portions of the library were donated to the Othmer library of the Chemical Heritage Foundation (now the
942:
906:
781:
667:
841:
417:
145:
1492:
930:
1341:
871:
652:
1368:
697:
1560:
1277:
877:
847:
829:
745:
703:
883:
823:
1632:
Weinreich, Spencer J. (20 July 2015). "Thinking with Crocodiles: An Iconic Animal at the Intersection of Early-Modern Religion and Natural Philosophy".
865:
859:
835:
817:
775:
769:
763:
751:
691:
679:
313:
892:
811:
715:
616:
1061:
204:, donated $ 1000 to the fledgling organization and became its first president. As of November 29, 1898, the club had 154 charter members, including
793:
757:
739:
721:
646:
598:
573:
209:
220:. The Chemists' Club filed for incorporation on December 9, 1898. The papers were signed on December 24, 1898 and recorded on December 30, 1898.
805:
661:
413:
141:
1744:
799:
196:
and others formed an organizational committee, and raised money to rent an available property at 108 West 55th Street. Committee chairperson
1739:
640:
269:
436:
to be held outside Great Britain. On September 2, 1912, the club hosted attendees of the 8th International Congress of Applied Chemistry.
408:
The club provided meeting space for the local branches of a variety of chemical organizations. The two founding organizations were the
473:
330:
The organization was determined to make spaces available for those who would otherwise not have access to the resources they needed:
1422:
425:
160:
568:
In 1971, the Chemists' Club was opened to women members. The first woman to be accepted as a member of the Chemists' Club was
1393:
1040:
524:
Another feature of the room was the stuffed alligator hanging from the ceiling, in homage to the alchemists' iconographic
544:, a Committee for the Relief of Unemployed Chemists and Chemical Engineers opened an office at the club in 1932.
525:
355:
363:
253:
176:
245:
166:
From 1910 to the 1980s, the Club was located at 52 East 41st Street, New York City. Built by the architects
572:. Bishop was an industrial chemist, who had developed Hazel Bishop cosmetics. The second woman to join was
433:
150:
465:
Chemists were warned that there was a waiting list for those hoping to rent laboratory space at the Club.
1109:
386:. Members of the Chemists' Club are accepted at the Penn Club as members of an affiliate organization.
383:
104:
338:
To go with the new building, Loeb and others designed an emblem for the club. It included a hexagonal
1723:
1712:
1701:
498:
482:
demolished in 1894, the library went into storage. There was a strong desire to find it a new home.
409:
137:
1342:"POSTINGS: $ 400 a Night on East 41st Street; The Former Chemists Club Is Being Turned Into a Hotel"
622:
421:
156:
309:
23:
1602:
1462:
1294:
1149:
1554:
234:
136:
provided a place for members of various chemical societies to meet and mingle, including the
1192:
1204:
733:
576:, a chemist and expert in patent law who became a member of the Club's board of directors.
233:
The club's first physical location was at 108 West 55th Street, previously the home of the
8:
1719:
1708:
1697:
586:
273:
261:
201:
197:
1522:
1208:
709:
673:
213:
1649:
1220:
787:
634:
604:
343:
193:
189:
1676:
1641:
1583:
1534:
1212:
1161:
853:
610:
541:
293:
84:
131:
is a private club in New York whose membership is open to research and industrial
628:
301:
217:
167:
685:
1645:
1538:
453:
The Club offered furnished laboratory space on a rental basis. An article in
369:
1733:
1369:"Commercial Property/Dylan Hotel; A New Boutique Hotel With Medieval Touches"
1216:
727:
491:
297:
289:
278:
205:
88:
80:
1493:"The University Building and the Birth of the New York University Community"
477:
The Chemists Club library, Emily J. Fell, Evan J. Crane, Austin M. Patterson
1653:
1224:
592:
569:
502:
351:
339:
305:
486:
collections including those of Charles F. Chandler, J. Meritt Matthews,
557:
487:
1680:
1587:
1165:
1062:"Individual Landmark Designation Considered for Midtown East Buildings"
1264:
Fifty years of history, 1898-1948. 50th anniversary, December 9, 1948
1009:
The Chemists' club : one hundred years in the chemical community
282:
132:
1463:"The Journal of the American Chemical Society appears monthly..."
347:
115:
382:
The Chemists' Club continues to meet as an "inner club" of the
1293:
Roeber, Eugene Franz; Parmelee, Howard Coon (November 1912).
416:(founded in 1894). Members of the New York section of the
1709:
Miscellaneous records of the Chemists' Club, 1899-1911.
1667:"Bureau of Employment of the New York Chemists' Club".
1011:. Philadelphia, PA: Chemical Heritage Foundation. 1998.
1282:. New York: priv. print. for the Chemist's Club. 1913.
312:
and "The contributions of chemistry to sanitation" by
1154:
The Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
924:
William McMurtrie, Chemists' Club President 1903-1904
579:
536:Beginning November 15, 1909, a monthly newsletter,
285:, on October 8, 1912, was felt to be a great loss.
68:
Hotel, Dining, Chemical laboratories, Meeting Space
1720:Photographs from the Records of the Chemists' Club
1041:"The 1911 Chemists' Club -- No. 52 E. 41st Street"
948:John E. Teeple, Chemists' Club President 1921-1922
912:Edward G. Love, Chemists' Club President 1902-1903
412:(founded in 1876) and the New York section of the
1669:Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1576:Journal of Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
1559:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of September 2024 (
272:, the club president in 1909, was a professor at
1731:
288:The Chemists' building at 52 East 41st Street,
1292:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
936:Maximilian Toch, Chemists' Club President 1907
1574:"The Research Bureau of the Chemists' Club".
1330:. New York: Chemists' Club. 1923. p. 10.
1266:. New York: The Chemists' Club. pp. 5–8.
428:(AIChE, founded in 1908) were also welcomed.
1261:
1103:
528:, which could live in fire without burning.
1238:
1186:
1184:
1182:
1101:
1099:
1097:
1095:
1093:
1091:
1089:
1087:
1085:
1083:
1660:
1386:
1114:. New York: The Chemists' Club. p. 11
22:
1631:
1625:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1415:
1322:
1320:
1190:
901:Selected Presidents of the Chemists' Club
308:to "The chemistry of phosphorescence" by
1698:Records of the Chemists' Club, 1896-1997
1466:Journal of the American Chemical Society
1179:
1143:
1141:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1080:
1034:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1018:
472:
426:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
368:
260:
252:
244:
161:American Institute of Chemical Engineers
1594:
1490:
1484:
1460:
1454:
1366:
1360:
1286:
1270:
547:
228:
1732:
1567:
1510:
1440:
1317:
1279:Morris Loeb 1863-1912, memorial volume
1147:
1056:
1054:
1038:
1003:
1001:
999:
997:
995:
993:
991:
989:
987:
985:
455:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
403:
358:surrounded by fire, in red and gold.
240:
1497:Researching Greenwich Village History
1334:
1126:
1015:
983:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
971:
969:
967:
965:
257:York and Sawyer front elevation, 1909
1740:1898 establishments in New York City
1527:Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
1299:Metallurgic and Chemical Engineering
1600:
1461:Society, American Chemical (1890).
1191:McMurtrie, William (July 7, 1911).
1051:
457:describes the need for such space:
389:
13:
1745:Gentlemen's clubs in New York City
962:
14:
1756:
1690:
1450:. New York: Chemists' Club. 1981.
1111:Six decades of the Chemists' Club
1108:Killeffer, David Herbert (1957).
439:
249:Morris Loeb, president, 1909-1910
1523:"The Chemists' Club of New York"
1039:Miller, Tom (October 25, 2014).
941:
929:
917:
905:
580:Presidents of the Chemists' Club
422:American Electrochemical Society
157:American Electrochemical Society
1148:Dudley, William L. (May 1914).
448:
1491:Wolford, Claire (2011-10-05).
1448:The Chemists' Club of New York
1401:New York Landmarks Conservancy
1367:Holusha, John (June 3, 2001).
1295:"The Death of Dr. Morris Loeb"
1107:
1066:New York Landmarks Conservancy
889:L. John Polite, Jr., 1989-1998
364:New York Landmarks Conservancy
177:New York Landmarks Conservancy
1:
956:
508:
394:
1328:The Chemists' Club 1922-1923
1262:Berolzheimer, D. D. (1948).
434:Society of Chemical Industry
414:Society of Chemical Industry
377:
300:was built by the architects
223:
182:
142:Society of Chemical Industry
7:
1533:(20): 1. October 20, 1928.
531:
424:(founded in 1902) and the
10:
1761:
1634:Early Science and Medicine
1582:(4): 268–269. April 1913.
468:
384:Penn Club of New York City
105:New York metropolitan area
1724:Science History Institute
1713:Science History Institute
1702:Science History Institute
1646:10.1163/15733823-00203p01
1539:10.1021/cen-v006n020.p001
1423:"Affiliate Organizations"
499:Science History Institute
418:Verein Deutscher Chemiker
410:American Chemical Society
146:Verein Deutscher Chemiker
138:American Chemical Society
110:
98:
72:
64:
56:
48:
30:
21:
1217:10.1126/science.34.862.5
1601:Fox, Irving P. (1915).
623:William Jay Schieffelin
420:(founded in 1900), the
36:; 125 years ago
1045:Daytonian in Manhattan
566:
522:
478:
463:
374:
336:
310:Wilder Dwight Bancroft
266:
258:
250:
34:December 12, 1898
1675:(6): 563. June 1921.
1541:(inactive 2024-09-19)
872:Robert H. Kampschulte
653:Russell Wellman Moore
562:
518:
476:
459:
372:
332:
264:
256:
248:
235:Mendelssohn Glee Club
79:52 East 41st Street,
1394:"Annual Report 2013"
1193:"The Chemists' Club"
1150:"The Chemists' Club"
734:Frederick G. Zinsser
698:Kenneth G. Mackenzie
548:Gender desegregation
229:108 West 55th Street
1726:, Philadelphia, PA.
1715:, Philadelphia, PA.
1704:, Philadelphia, PA.
1681:10.1021/ie50138a034
1588:10.1021/ie50052a002
1209:1911Sci....34....5M
1166:10.1021/ie50065a020
878:L. John Polite, Jr.
848:Charles E. Griffith
830:F. J. Van Antwerpen
746:Frederick M. Becket
587:Charles F. Chandler
516:wrote of the club:
404:Meetings and events
320:at the top story.”
274:New York University
241:52 East 41st Street
202:Columbia University
198:Charles F. Chandler
60:Private Social Club
18:
1373:The New York Times
1346:The New York Times
782:Harold E. Thompson
710:Lawrence V. Redman
704:Theodore B. Wagner
674:Milton C. Whitaker
668:Charles F. McKenna
514:The New York Times
505:in 1988 and 1997.
479:
375:
324:The New York Times
267:
259:
251:
214:William H. Nichols
172:The New York Times
129:The Chemists' Club
17:The Chemists' Club
16:
1403:. 2013. p. 6
1348:. January 3, 1999
884:Paul L. Kohnstamm
824:Robert L. Bateman
788:William F. George
658:Morris Loeb, 1912
635:Marston T. Bogert
605:William McMurtrie
445:available rooms.
373:Dylan hotel, 2014
344:organic chemistry
265:Completed in 1911
200:, a professor at
194:Marston T. Bogert
190:William McMurtrie
126:
125:
1752:
1685:
1684:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1629:
1623:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1603:"Old Shop-signs"
1598:
1592:
1591:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1558:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1519:
1508:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1488:
1482:
1481:
1479:
1477:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1437:
1435:
1433:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1398:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1364:
1358:
1357:
1355:
1353:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1312:
1310:
1290:
1284:
1283:
1274:
1268:
1267:
1259:
1236:
1235:
1233:
1231:
1188:
1177:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1145:
1124:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1105:
1078:
1077:
1075:
1073:
1058:
1049:
1048:
1036:
1013:
1012:
1005:
945:
933:
921:
909:
866:Robert J. Milano
860:Samuel F. Teague
854:Donald F. Othmer
836:Fred J. Emmerich
818:Foster Dee Snell
776:Frank E. Barrows
770:Wallace P. Cahoe
764:Charles R. Downs
752:Walter S. Landis
728:Martin H. Ittner
692:Floyd J. Metzger
680:Ellwood Hendrick
611:Leo H. Baekeland
390:Life at the Club
314:William P. Mason
154:
122:
119:
118:.thechemistsclub
117:
44:
42:
37:
26:
19:
15:
1760:
1759:
1755:
1754:
1753:
1751:
1750:
1749:
1730:
1729:
1718:Finding Aid to
1707:Finding Aid to
1696:Finding Aid to
1693:
1688:
1666:
1665:
1661:
1630:
1626:
1616:
1614:
1599:
1595:
1573:
1572:
1568:
1552:
1551:
1544:
1542:
1521:
1520:
1511:
1501:
1499:
1489:
1485:
1475:
1473:
1459:
1455:
1446:
1445:
1441:
1431:
1429:
1421:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1396:
1392:
1391:
1387:
1377:
1375:
1365:
1361:
1351:
1349:
1340:
1339:
1335:
1326:
1325:
1318:
1308:
1306:
1291:
1287:
1276:
1275:
1271:
1260:
1239:
1229:
1227:
1189:
1180:
1170:
1168:
1146:
1127:
1117:
1115:
1106:
1081:
1071:
1069:
1068:. July 19, 2016
1060:
1059:
1052:
1037:
1016:
1007:
1006:
963:
959:
953:
949:
946:
937:
934:
925:
922:
913:
910:
898:
893:Roland Stefandl
842:James A. Wilson
812:Lincoln T. Work
716:George C. Lewis
629:Maximilian Toch
617:Hugo Schweitzer
582:
550:
534:
511:
471:
451:
442:
406:
397:
392:
380:
302:York and Sawyer
243:
231:
226:
218:Maximilian Toch
185:
168:York and Sawyer
148:
114:
101:
94:
40:
38:
35:
12:
11:
5:
1758:
1748:
1747:
1742:
1728:
1727:
1716:
1705:
1692:
1691:External links
1689:
1687:
1686:
1659:
1640:(3): 209–240.
1624:
1593:
1566:
1509:
1483:
1453:
1439:
1414:
1385:
1359:
1333:
1316:
1285:
1269:
1237:
1199:. New Series.
1178:
1160:(5): 407–411.
1125:
1079:
1050:
1014:
960:
958:
955:
951:
950:
947:
940:
938:
935:
928:
926:
923:
916:
914:
911:
904:
902:
897:
896:
890:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
857:
851:
845:
839:
833:
827:
821:
815:
809:
803:
797:
794:Ira Vandewater
791:
785:
779:
773:
767:
761:
758:Carl R. DeLong
755:
749:
743:
740:William Callan
737:
731:
725:
722:Lewis H. Marks
719:
713:
707:
701:
695:
689:
686:John E. Teeple
683:
677:
671:
665:
659:
656:
650:
647:I. Frank Stone
644:
638:
632:
626:
620:
614:
608:
602:
599:Edward G. Love
596:
590:
583:
581:
578:
574:E. Janet Berry
549:
546:
538:The Percolator
533:
530:
510:
507:
470:
467:
450:
447:
441:
440:Accommodations
438:
405:
402:
396:
393:
391:
388:
379:
376:
242:
239:
230:
227:
225:
222:
210:Edward G. Love
184:
181:
124:
123:
112:
108:
107:
102:
100:Region served
99:
96:
95:
93:
92:
76:
74:
70:
69:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
32:
28:
27:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1757:
1746:
1743:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1735:
1725:
1721:
1717:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1694:
1682:
1678:
1674:
1670:
1663:
1655:
1651:
1647:
1643:
1639:
1635:
1628:
1612:
1608:
1604:
1597:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1562:
1556:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1498:
1494:
1487:
1471:
1467:
1464:
1457:
1449:
1443:
1428:
1427:The Penn Club
1424:
1418:
1402:
1395:
1389:
1374:
1370:
1363:
1347:
1343:
1337:
1329:
1323:
1321:
1305:(11): 715–716
1304:
1300:
1296:
1289:
1281:
1280:
1273:
1265:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1226:
1222:
1218:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1194:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1138:
1136:
1134:
1132:
1130:
1113:
1112:
1104:
1102:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1094:
1092:
1090:
1088:
1086:
1084:
1067:
1063:
1057:
1055:
1046:
1042:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
1021:
1019:
1010:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
968:
966:
961:
954:
944:
939:
932:
927:
920:
915:
908:
903:
900:
899:
894:
891:
888:
885:
882:
879:
876:
873:
870:
867:
864:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
831:
828:
825:
822:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
806:Howard Farkas
804:
801:
798:
795:
792:
789:
786:
783:
780:
777:
774:
771:
768:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
750:
747:
744:
741:
738:
735:
732:
729:
726:
723:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
696:
693:
690:
687:
684:
681:
678:
675:
672:
669:
666:
663:
662:Otto P. Amend
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
645:
642:
639:
636:
633:
630:
627:
624:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
603:
600:
597:
594:
591:
588:
585:
584:
577:
575:
571:
565:
561:
559:
553:
545:
543:
539:
529:
527:
521:
517:
515:
506:
504:
500:
495:
493:
492:Herman Frasch
489:
483:
475:
466:
462:
458:
456:
446:
437:
435:
429:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
401:
387:
385:
371:
367:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
335:
331:
328:
325:
321:
317:
315:
311:
307:
303:
299:
298:United States
295:
291:
290:New York City
286:
284:
280:
279:typhoid fever
275:
271:
263:
255:
247:
238:
236:
221:
219:
215:
211:
207:
206:Leo Baekeland
203:
199:
195:
191:
180:
178:
173:
169:
164:
162:
158:
152:
147:
143:
139:
134:
130:
121:
113:
109:
106:
103:
97:
90:
89:United States
86:
82:
81:New York City
78:
77:
75:
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
33:
29:
25:
20:
1672:
1668:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1627:
1617:21 September
1615:. Retrieved
1610:
1606:
1596:
1579:
1575:
1569:
1555:cite journal
1545:21 September
1543:. Retrieved
1530:
1526:
1500:. Retrieved
1496:
1486:
1476:21 September
1474:. Retrieved
1469:
1465:
1456:
1447:
1442:
1432:13 September
1430:. Retrieved
1426:
1417:
1407:13 September
1405:. Retrieved
1400:
1388:
1378:22 September
1376:. Retrieved
1372:
1362:
1352:22 September
1350:. Retrieved
1345:
1336:
1327:
1309:22 September
1307:. Retrieved
1302:
1298:
1288:
1278:
1272:
1263:
1230:16 September
1228:. Retrieved
1203:(862): 5–7.
1200:
1196:
1171:21 September
1169:. Retrieved
1157:
1153:
1118:22 September
1116:. Retrieved
1110:
1072:13 September
1070:. Retrieved
1065:
1044:
1008:
952:
800:Lee V. Steck
593:T. J. Parker
570:Hazel Bishop
567:
563:
554:
551:
537:
535:
523:
519:
513:
512:
503:Philadelphia
496:
484:
480:
464:
460:
454:
452:
449:Laboratories
443:
430:
407:
398:
381:
360:
352:distillation
340:benzene ring
337:
333:
329:
323:
322:
318:
306:Jacques Loeb
287:
268:
232:
186:
171:
165:
128:
127:
91:(1910-1980s)
57:Legal status
52:Private Club
1607:The Spatula
886:, 1987-1989
880:, 1983-1987
874:, 1982-1983
868:, 1978-1982
862:, 1976-1978
856:, 1974-1976
850:, 1972-1974
844:, 1970-1972
838:, 1968-1970
832:, 1966-1968
826:, 1964-1966
820:, 1962-1964
814:, 1960-1962
808:, 1958-1960
802:, 1950-1958
796:, 1954-1955
790:, 1952-1953
784:, 1950-1951
778:, 1948-1949
772:, 1945-1947
754:, 1941-1942
748:, 1939-1940
742:, 1937-1938
724:, 1933-1934
718:, 1931-1933
712:, 1929-1931
706:, 1926-1928
694:, 1923-1924
688:, 1921-1922
682:, 1918-1920
676:, 1915-1917
641:Morris Loeb
589:, 1898-1900
558:World War I
488:John Mallet
270:Morris Loeb
149: [
1734:Categories
1502:October 6,
957:References
542:Depression
526:salamander
509:Board room
395:Membership
356:salamander
346:, crossed
41:1898-12-12
378:Penn Club
283:pneumonia
224:Locations
183:Formation
163:(AIChE).
31:Formation
1654:26411067
1225:17835506
532:Services
354:, and a
294:New York
159:and the
133:chemists
85:New York
73:Location
1205:Bibcode
1197:Science
895:, 1998-
469:Library
348:retorts
111:Website
65:Purpose
39: (
1652:
1223:
766:, 1944
760:, 1943
736:, 1936
730:, 1935
700:, 1925
670:, 1914
664:, 1913
655:, 1911
649:, 1910
643:, 1909
637:, 1908
631:, 1907
625:, 1906
619:, 1905
613:, 1904
607:, 1903
601:, 1902
595:, 1901
155:, the
144:, the
140:, the
1613:: 359
1397:(PDF)
501:) in
153:]
1650:PMID
1619:2016
1561:link
1547:2016
1504:2011
1478:2016
1472:(10)
1434:2016
1409:2016
1380:2016
1354:2016
1311:2016
1232:2016
1221:PMID
1173:2016
1120:2016
1074:2016
350:for
342:for
281:and
216:and
120:.org
49:Type
1677:doi
1642:doi
1584:doi
1535:doi
1470:XII
1213:doi
1162:doi
490:,
208:,
116:www
1736::
1722:,
1711:,
1700:,
1673:13
1671:.
1648:.
1638:20
1636:.
1611:22
1609:.
1605:.
1578:.
1557:}}
1553:{{
1529:.
1525:.
1512:^
1495:.
1468:.
1425:.
1399:.
1371:.
1344:.
1319:^
1301:.
1297:.
1240:^
1219:.
1211:.
1201:34
1195:.
1181:^
1156:.
1152:.
1128:^
1082:^
1064:.
1053:^
1043:.
1017:^
964:^
560:.
366:.
316:.
296:,
292:,
212:,
192:,
179:.
151:de
87:,
83:,
1683:.
1679::
1656:.
1644::
1621:.
1590:.
1586::
1580:5
1563:)
1549:.
1537::
1531:6
1506:.
1480:.
1436:.
1411:.
1382:.
1356:.
1313:.
1303:X
1234:.
1215::
1207::
1175:.
1164::
1158:6
1122:.
1076:.
1047:.
43:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
